Potential antitumor applications of a monoclonal antibody specifically targeting human papilloma virus 16 E7 49-57 peptide

Human Papilloma Virus: An Unraveled Enigma of Universal Burden of Malignancies

HPV, or Human Papilloma Virus, has been the primary causative agent of genital warts and cervical cancer worldwide. It is a sexually transmitted infection mainly affecting women of reproductive age group, also infecting men and high-risk group individuals globally, resulting in high mortality. In recent years, HPV has also been found to be the major culprit behind anogenital cancers in both gender and oropharyngeal and colorectal cancers. Few studies have reported the incidence of HPV in breast cancers as well. For a few decades, the burden of HPV-associated malignancies has been increasing at an alarming rate due to a lack of adequate awareness, famine vaccine coverage and hesitancy. The effectiveness of currently available vaccines has been limited to prophylactic efficacy and does not prevent malignancies associated with post-exposure persistent infection. This review focuses on the current burden of HPV-associated malignancies, their causes and strategies to combat the growing prevalence of the cancers. With the advent of new technologies associated with treatment pertaining to therapeutic interventions and employing effective vaccine coverage, the burden of this disease may be reduced in the population.

Self-Induced Back-Action Actuated Nanopore Electrophoresis (SANE) Sensor for Label-Free Detection of Cancer Immunotherapy-Relevant Antibody-Ligand Interactions

We fabricated a novel single molecule nanosensor by integrating a solid-state nanopore and a double nanohole nanoaperture. The nanosensor employs Self-Induced Back-Action (SIBA) for optical trapping and enables SIBA-Actuated Nanopore Electrophoresis (SANE) for concurrent acquisition of bimodal optical and electrical signatures of molecular interactions. This work describes how to fabricate and use the SANE sensor to quantify antibody-ligand interactions. We describe how to analyze the bimodal optical-electrical data to improve upon the discrimination of antibody and ligand versus bound complex compared to electrical measurements alone. Example results for specific interaction detection are described for T-cell receptor-like antibodies (TCRmAbs) engineered to target peptide-presenting Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC) ligands, representing a model of target ligands presented on the surface of cancer cells. We also describe how to analyze the bimodal optical-electrical data to discriminate between specific and non-specific interactions between antibodies and ligands. Example results for non-specific interactions are shown for cancer-irrelevant TCRmAbs targeting the same pMHCs, as a control. These example results demonstrate the utility of the SANE sensor as a potential screening tool for ligand targets in cancer immunotherapy, though we believe that its potential uses are much broader.

Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapeutics Based on Human Papillomavirus for HPV-Induced Cancers

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main causes of malignant neoplasms, especially cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Although we have developed preventive vaccines that can protect from HPV infection, there are still many new cases of HPV-related cancers worldwide. Early diagnosis and therapy are therefore important for the treatment of these diseases. As HPVs are the major contributors to these cancers, it is reasonable to develop reagents, kits, or devices to detect and eliminate HPVs for early diagnosis and therapeutics. Immunological methods are precise strategies that are promising for the accurate detection and blockade of HPVs. During the last decades, the mechanism of how HPVs induce neoplasms has been extensively elucidated, and several oncogenic HPV early proteins, including E5, E6, and E7, have been shown to be positively related to the oncogenesis and malignancy of HPV-induced cancers. These oncoproteins are promising biomarkers for diagnosis and as targets for the therapeutics of HPV-related cancers. Importantly, many specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), or newly designed antibody mimics, as well as new immunological kits, devices, and reagents have been developed for both the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapeutics of HPV-induced cancers. In the current review, we summarize the research progress in the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapeutics based on HPV for HPV-induced cancers. In particular, we depict the most promising serological methods for the detection of HPV infection and several therapeutical immunotherapeutics based on HPV, using immunological tools, including native mAbs, radio-labelled mAbs, affitoxins (affibody-linked toxins), intracellular single-chain antibodies (scFvs), nanobodies, therapeutical vaccines, and T-cell-based therapies. Our review aims to provide new clues for researchers to develop novel strategies and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of HPV-induced tumors.

Detection of specific antibody-ligand interactions with a self-induced back-action actuated nanopore electrophoresis sensor

Recent advances in plasmonic nanopore technologies have enabled the use of concurrently acquired bimodal optical-electrical data for improved quantification of molecular interactions. This work presents the use of a new plasmonic nanosensor employing self-induced back-action (SIBA) for optical trapping to enable SIBA-actuated nanopore electrophoresis (SANE) for quantifying antibody-ligand interactions. T-cell receptor-like antibodies (TCRmAbs) engineered to target peptide-presenting major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands, representing a model of target ligands presented on the surface of cancer cells, were used to test the SANE sensor's ability to identify specific antibody-ligand binding. Cancer-irrelevant TCRmAbs targeting the same pMHCs were also tested as a control. It was found that the sensor could provide bimodal molecular signatures that could differentiate between antibody, ligand and the complexes that they formed, as well as distinguish between specific and non-specific interactions. Furthermore, the results suggested an interesting phenomenon of increased antibody-ligand complex bound fraction detected by the SANE sensor compared to that expected for corresponding bulk solution concentrations. A possible physical mechanism and potential advantages for the sensor's ability to augment complex formation near its active sensing volume at concentrations lower than the free solution equilibrium binding constant (K D ) are discussed.