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Wei X, Png CW, Weerasooriya M, Li H, Zhu C, Chen G, Xu C, Zhang Y, Xu X. Tumor Promoting Function of DUSP10 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Is Associated With Tumor-Promoting Cytokines. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e34. [PMID: 37670811 PMCID: PMC10475826 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which contributes more than 80% to totally lung cancer cases, remains the leading cause of cancer death and the 5-year survival is less than 20%. Continuous understanding on the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease and identification of biomarkers for therapeutic application and response to treatment will help to improve patient survival. Here we found that a molecule known as DUSP10 (also known as MAPK phosphatase 5) is oncogenic in NSCLC. Overexpression of DUSP10 in NSCLC cells resulted in reduced activation of ERK and JNK, but increased activation of p38, which was associated with increased cellular growth and migration. When inoculated in immunodeficient mice, the DUSP10-overexpression NSCLC cells formed larger tumors compared to control cells. The increased growth of DUSP10-overexpression NSCLC cells was associated with increased expression of tumor-promoting cytokines including IL-6 and TGFβ. Importantly, higher DUSP10 expression was associated with poorer prognosis of NSCLC patients. Therefore, DUSP10 could severe as a biomarker for NSCLC prognosis and could be a target for development of therapeutic method for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Breast Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Institute of Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Madhushanee Weerasooriya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Institute of Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Institute of Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Breast Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guiping Chen
- Breast Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Oncology & Cancer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Institute of Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Breast Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou 310006, China
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2
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Zhao Y, Jia S, Zhang K, Zhang L. Serum cytokine levels and other associated factors as possible immunotherapeutic targets and prognostic indicators for lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1064616. [PMID: 36874133 PMCID: PMC9977806 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1064616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80-85% of all cancer incidences. Lung cancer therapy and prognosis largely depend on the disease's degree at the diagnosis time. Cytokines are soluble polypeptides that contribute to cell-to-cell communication, acting paracrine or autocrine on neighboring or distant cells. Cytokines are essential for developing neoplastic growth, but they are also known to operate as biological inducers following cancer therapy. Early indications are that inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 play a predictive role in lung cancer. Nevertheless, the biological significance of cytokine levels in lung cancer has not yet been investigated. This review aimed to assess the existing literature on serum cytokine levels and additional factors as potential immunotherapeutic targets and lung cancer prognostic indicators. Changes in serum cytokine levels have been identified as immunological biomarkers for lung cancer and predict the effectiveness of targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Central Lab, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Becker V, Yuan X, Boewe AS, Ampofo E, Ebert E, Hohneck J, Bohle RM, Meese E, Zhao Y, Menger MD, Laschke MW, Gu Y. Hypoxia-induced downregulation of microRNA-186-5p in endothelial cells promotes non-small cell lung cancer angiogenesis by upregulating protein kinase C alpha. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:421-436. [PMID: 36845338 PMCID: PMC9945639 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment stimulates the angiogenic activity of endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate tumor vascularization, growth, and metastasis. The involvement of microRNA-186-5p (miR-186) in regulating the aberrant activity of tumor-associated ECs has so far not been clarified. In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-186 is significantly downregulated in ECs microdissected from human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues compared with matched non-malignant lung tissues. In vitro analyses of primary human dermal microvascular ECs (HDMECs) exposed to different stimuli indicated that this miR-186 downregulation is triggered by hypoxia via activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). Transfection of HDMECs with miR-186 mimic (miR-186m) significantly inhibited their proliferation, migration, tube formation, and spheroid sprouting. In contrast, miR-186 inhibitor (miR-186i) exerted pro-angiogenic effects. In vivo, endothelial miR-186 overexpression inhibited the vascularization of Matrigel plugs and the initial growth of tumors composed of NSCLC cells (NCI-H460) and HDMECs. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the gene encoding for protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is a bona fide target of miR-186. Activation of this kinase significantly reversed the miR-186m-repressed angiogenic activity of HDMECs. These findings indicate that downregulation of miR-186 in ECs mediates hypoxia-stimulated NSCLC angiogenesis by upregulating PKCα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Becker
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Xu Yuan
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anne S. Boewe
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Elke Ebert
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Johannes Hohneck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rainer M. Bohle
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yuan Gu
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Corresponding author: Yuan Gu, Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Yamada S, Kitai Y, Tadokoro T, Takahashi R, Shoji H, Maemoto T, Ishiura M, Muromoto R, Kashiwakura JI, Ishii KJ, Maenaka K, Kawai T, Matsuda T. Identification of RPL15 60S Ribosomal Protein as a Novel Topotecan Target Protein That Correlates with DAMP Secretion and Antitumor Immune Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:171-179. [PMID: 35725272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) contribute to antitumor immunity during cancer chemotherapy. We previously demonstrated that topotecan (TPT), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, induces DAMP secretion from cancer cells, which activates STING-mediated antitumor immune responses. However, how TPT induces DAMP secretion in cancer cells is yet to be elucidated. Here, we identified RPL15, a 60S ribosomal protein, as a novel TPT target and showed that TPT inhibited preribosomal subunit formation via its binding to RPL15, resulting in the induction of DAMP-mediated antitumor immune activation independent of TOP1. TPT inhibits RPL15-RPL4 interactions and decreases RPL4 stability, which is recovered by CDK12 activity. RPL15 knockdown induced DAMP secretion and increased the CTL population but decreased the regulatory T cell population in a B16-F10 murine melanoma model, which sensitized B16-F10 tumors against PD-1 blockade. Our study identified a novel TPT target protein and showed that ribosomal stress is a trigger of DAMP secretion, which contributes to antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Runa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruka Shoji
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taiga Maemoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Marie Ishiura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan;
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5
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Gu Y, Pais G, Becker V, Körbel C, Ampofo E, Ebert E, Hohneck J, Ludwig N, Meese E, Bohle RM, Zhao Y, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Suppression of endothelial miR-22 mediates non-small cell lung cancer cell-induced angiogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:849-864. [PMID: 34729252 PMCID: PMC8536510 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) are powerful regulators of angiogenesis, which is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we demonstrated that miR-22 is preferentially and highly expressed in ECs, while its endothelial level is significantly downregulated in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues when compared to matched nontumor lung tissues. This reduction of endothelial miR-22 is possibly induced by NSCLC cell-secreted interleukin-1β and subsequently activated transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. Endothelial miR-22 functions as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor that inhibits all of the key angiogenic activities of ECs and consequently NSCLC growth through directly targeting sirtuin 1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in ECs, leading to inactivation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC angiogenesis and indicate that endothelial miR-22 represents a potential target for the future antiangiogenic treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gu
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gianni Pais
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Vivien Becker
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christina Körbel
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Elke Ebert
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Johannes Hohneck
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rainer M. Bohle
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Jones JO, Moody WM, Shields JD. Microenvironmental modulation of the developing tumour: an immune-stromal dialogue. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2600-2633. [PMID: 32741067 PMCID: PMC8486574 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful establishment of a tumour relies on a cascade of interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells within an evolving microenvironment. Both immune and nonimmune cellular components are key factors in this process, and the individual players may change their role from tumour elimination to tumour promotion as the microenvironment develops. While the tumour-stroma crosstalk present in an established tumour is well-studied, aspects in the early tumour or premalignant microenvironment have received less attention. This is in part due to the challenges in studying this process in the clinic or in mouse models. Here, we review the key anti- and pro-tumour factors in the early microenvironment and discuss how understanding this process may be exploited in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O. Jones
- MRC Cancer UnitHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of OncologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - William M. Moody
- MRC Cancer UnitHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Bao G, Xu R, Wang X, Ji J, Wang L, Li W, Zhang Q, Huang B, Chen A, Zhang D, Kong B, Yang Q, Yuan C, Wang X, Wang J, Li X. Identification of lncRNA Signature Associated With Pan-Cancer Prognosis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:2317-2328. [PMID: 32991297 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3027680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as potential prognostic markers in various human cancers as they participate in many malignant behaviors. However, the value of lncRNAs as prognostic markers among diverse human cancers is still under investigation, and a systematic signature based on these transcripts that related to pan-cancer prognosis has yet to be reported. In this study, we proposed a framework to incorporate statistical power, biological rationale, and machine learning models for pan-cancer prognosis analysis. The framework identified a 5-lncRNA signature (ENSG00000206567, PCAT29, ENSG00000257989, LOC388282, and LINC00339) from TCGA training studies (n = 1,878). The identified lncRNAs are significantly associated (all P ≤ 1.48E-11) with overall survival (OS) of the TCGA cohort (n = 4,231). The signature stratified the cohort into low- and high-risk groups with significantly distinct survival outcomes (median OS of 9.84 years versus 4.37 years, log-rank P = 1.48E-38) and achieved a time-dependent ROC/AUC of 0.66 at 5 years. After routine clinical factors involved, the signature demonstrated better performance for long-term prognostic estimation (AUC of 0.72). Moreover, the signature was further evaluated on two independent external cohorts (TARGET, n = 1,122; CPTAC, n = 391; National Cancer Institute) which yielded similar prognostic values (AUC of 0.60 and 0.75; log-rank P = 8.6E-09 and P = 2.7E-06). An indexing system was developed to map the 5-lncRNA signature to prognoses of pan-cancer patients. In silico functional analysis indicated that the lncRNAs are associated with common biological processes driving human cancers. The five lncRNAs, especially ENSG00000206567, ENSG00000257989 and LOC388282 that never reported before, may serve as viable molecular targets common among diverse cancers.
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Kim Y, Shiba-Ishii A, Nakagawa T, Takeuchi T, Kawai H, Matsuoka R, Noguchi M, Sakamoto N. Gene expression profiles of the original tumors influence the generation of PDX models of lung squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2021; 101:543-553. [PMID: 33495573 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) murine models are employed for preclinical research on cancers, including non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Even though lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSCs) show the highest engraftment rate among NSCLCs, half of them nevertheless show PDX failure in immunodeficient mice. Here, using immunohistochemistry and RNA sequencing, we evaluated the distinct immunohistochemical and gene expression profiles of resected LUSCs that showed successful engraftment. Among various LUSCs, including the basal, classical, secretory, and primitive subtypes, those in the non-engrafting (NEG) group showed gene expression profiles similar to the pure secretory subtype with positivity for CK7, whereas those in the engrafting (EG) group were similar to the mixed secretory subtype with positivity for p63. Pathway analysis of 295 genes that demonstrated significant differences in expression between NEG and EG tumors revealed that the former had enriched expression of genes related to the immune system, whereas the latter had enriched expression of genes related to the cell cycle and DNA replication. Interestingly, NEG tumors showed higher infiltration of B cells (CD19+) and follicular dendritic cells (CD23+) in lymph follicles than EG tumors. Taken together, these findings suggest that the PDX cancer model of LUSC represents only a certain population of LUSCs and that CD19- and CD23-positive tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the original tumors may negatively influence PDX engraftment in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Aya Shiba-Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakagawa
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Takeuchi
- Tsukuba Human Biobank Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kawai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Tsukuba Human Biobank Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
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Jariyal H, Gupta C, Srivastava A. Hyaluronic acid induction on breast cancer stem cells unfolds subtype specific variations in stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:1078-1089. [PMID: 32479949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The reoccurrence of breast cancer is a major concern due to presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Considering the key role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in modulating the inflammation and cellular migration in cancer, the response of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) HA towards various subtypes of breast cancer and breast cancer stem cells remain elusive. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of exogenous HMW-HA and LMW-HA on stemness of CSCs and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition which may help in designing HA based therapeutic strategies. LMW-HA induces EMT in MCF-7 more prominently as compared to MDA-MB-231. However, HMW-HA did not show significant changes in the expression of EMT genes. Surprisingly, both HMW-HA and LMW-HA have shown to decrease the expression of EpCAM in MCF-7 cells and decrease the expression of CD44 in MDAMB-231 cells. HA has maintained the native stem cells phenotype of bCSCs isolated from MCF-7 only. The bCSCs isolated form MDAMB-231 showed a decrease in CD44. Luminal subtype has shown to follow Wnt/β-catenin whereas in the basal subtype localization of CD44 from surface to cytosol was observed in response to HA. Our study has demonstrated that bCSCs in luminal and basal cells follow differential intracellular signaling mechanisms in response to HA. This study could significantly influence the therapeutics involving HA in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Jariyal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Chanchal Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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10
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Mir Seyed Nazari P, Marosi C, Moik F, Riedl J, Özer Ö, Berghoff AS, Preusser M, Hainfellner JA, Pabinger I, Zlabinger GJ, Ay C. Low Systemic Levels of Chemokine C-C Motif Ligand 3 (CCL3) are Associated with a High Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122020. [PMID: 31847343 PMCID: PMC6966639 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tight interplay between inflammation and hemostasis has been described as a potential driver for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Here, we investigated the association of systemic cytokine levels and risk of VTE in patients with glioma. This analysis was conducted within the prospective, observational Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study. Patients with glioma were included at time of diagnosis or progression and were observed for a maximum of two years. Primary endpoint was objectively confirmed VTE. At study entry, a single blood draw was performed. A panel of nine cytokines was measured in serum samples with the xMAP technology developed by Luminex. Results: Overall, 76 glioma patients were included in this analysis, and 10 (13.2%) of them developed VTE during the follow-up. Chemokine C-C motif ligand 3 (CCL3) levels were inversely associated with risk of VTE (hazard ratio [HR] per double increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.385, 95% CI: 0.161–0.925, p = 0.033), while there was no association between the risk of VTE and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), respectively. In conclusion, low serum levels of CCL3 were associated with an increased risk of VTE. CCL3 might serve as a potential biomarker to predict VTE risk in patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mir Seyed Nazari
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.S.N.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (Ö.Ö.); (I.P.)
| | - Christine Marosi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (C.M.); (A.S.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Florian Moik
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.S.N.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (Ö.Ö.); (I.P.)
| | - Julia Riedl
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.S.N.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (Ö.Ö.); (I.P.)
| | - Öykü Özer
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.S.N.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (Ö.Ö.); (I.P.)
| | - Anna Sophie Berghoff
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (C.M.); (A.S.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (C.M.); (A.S.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Johannes A. Hainfellner
- Institute of Neurology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.S.N.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (Ö.Ö.); (I.P.)
| | - Gerhard J. Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Cihan Ay
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.S.N.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (Ö.Ö.); (I.P.)
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ikuta S, Aihara T, Yamanaka N. Preoperative C-reactive protein to albumin ratio is a predictor of survival after pancreatic resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019; 15:e109-e114. [PMID: 30632282 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Systemic inflammation and nutritional status are associated with clinical outcomes of cancer patients. We investigated the prognostic value of preoperative C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) after pancreatic resection. METHODS One-hundred and thirty-six PDA patients who underwent pancreatic resection between January 2005 and June 2017 were retrospectively enrolled. Preoperative inflammation-based scores including CAR, modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were evaluated as potential predictor of overall survival (OS) using Cox regression models. An optimal cutoff value for the continuous variable was estimated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Patients were categorized by CAR using a cutoff value of 0.09. High CAR was associated with advanced stage, increased mGPS and decreased LMR and PNI, but not with other factors such as tumor location, preoperative biliary drainage or preoperative chemotherapy. In univariate analysis, patients with high CAR had poor OS compared with those with low CAR (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated that high CAR was an independent predictor of poor OS (P = 0.03) in addition to advanced stage and residual tumors. The predictive ability of CAR evaluated by area under the ROC curve was consistently higher than that of other inflammation-based factors. CONCLUSION Preoperative CAR was an independent and superior predictor of survival after pancreatic resection in patients with PDA. [Correction added on 17 January 2019, after first online publication: In Conclusion, "in" has been corrected to "independent" for clarity.].
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12
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Tuomisto AE, Mäkinen MJ, Väyrynen JP. Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4383-4404. [PMID: 31496619 PMCID: PMC6710177 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a marker of poor prognosis preoperatively present in around 20%-40% of colorectal cancer patients. The hallmarks of systemic inflammation include an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins that enter the circulation. While the low-level systemic inflammation is often clinically silent, its consequences are many and may ultimately lead to chronic cancer-associated wasting, cachexia. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of cancer-related systemic inflammation, explore the role of systemic inflammation in promoting cancer growth, escaping antitumor defense, and shifting metabolic pathways, and how these changes are related to less favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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13
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Zanini D, Manfredi LH, Pelinson LP, Pimentel VC, Cardoso AM, Carmo Araújo Gonçalves VD, Santos CBD, Gutierres JM, Morsch VM, Leal DBR, Schetinger MRC. ADA activity is decreased in lymphocytes from patients with advanced stage of lung cancer. Med Oncol 2019; 36:78. [PMID: 31375946 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is directly associated with lung cancer. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) represents approximately 80% from all types of lung cancer. This latter is hard to diagnose and to treat due to the lack of symptoms in early stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate ADA activity and the expression of P2X7, A1, and A2A receptors and in lymphocytes. In addition, the profile of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines serum levels of patients with lung cancer in advanced stage was evaluated. Patients (n = 13) previously treated for lung cancer at stage IV (UICC) with chemotherapy had their blood collected. Cancer patients showed a decrease in ADA activity and an increase in A1 receptor expression in lymphocytes when compared to the control group. Moreover, patients exhibited an increase in IL-6 and TNF-α, while IL-17 and INF-ϒ serum levels were lower in patients with lung cancer. The decreased ADA activity and the increase in A1 receptor expression may contribute to adenosine pro-tumor effects by increasing IL-6 and TNF-α and decreasing IL-17 and INF-γ serum levels. Our data show an indirect evidence that purinergic signaling may have a role in promoting a profile of cytokines levels that favors tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zanini
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil. .,Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Luana Paula Pelinson
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victor Camera Pimentel
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Bertoncelli Dos Santos
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessié Martins Gutierres
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Meaney CL, Mitchell KA, Zingone A, Brown D, Bowman E, Yu Y, Wenzlaff AS, Neslund-Dudas C, Pine SR, Cao L, Schwartz AG, Ryan BM. Circulating Inflammation Proteins Associated With Lung Cancer in African Americans. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1192-1203. [PMID: 30953795 PMCID: PMC6592767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer incidence is higher among African Americans (AAs) compared with European Americans (EAs) in the United States. We and others have previously shown a relationship between immune and inflammation proteins with lung cancer in EAs. Our aim was to investigate the etiologic relationship between inflammation and lung cancer in AAs. METHODS We adopted a two-stage, independent study design (discovery cases, n = 316; control cases, n = 509) (validation cases, n = 399; control cases, n = 400 controls) and measured 30 inflammation proteins in blood using Meso Scale Discovery V- PLEX multiplex assays. RESULTS We identified and validated 10 proteins associated with lung cancer in AAS, some that were common between EAs and AAs (C-reactive proteins [OR: 2.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99-4.22], interferon γ [OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.10-2.19], interleukin 6 [OR: 6.28; 95% CI: 4.10-9.63], interleukin 8 [OR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.92-3.98]) and some that are only observed among AAs (interleukin 10 [OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.20-2.38], interleukin 15 [OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.96-4.07], interferon gamma-induced protein 10 [OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.09-2.18], monocyte chemotactic protein-4 [OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.38-0.76], macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha [OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.12-2.21], and tumor necrosis factor β [OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37-0.74]). We did not find evidence that either menthol cigarette smoking or global genetic ancestry drove these population differences. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight a distinct inflammation profile associated with lung cancer in AAs compared with EAs. These data provide new insight into the etiology of lung cancer in AAs. Further work is needed to understand what drives this relationship with lung cancer and whether these proteins have utility in the setting of early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Meaney
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khadijah A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Derek Brown
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yunkai Yu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela S Wenzlaff
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Sharon R Pine
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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15
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Liu S, Han Z, Trivett AL, Lin H, Hannifin S, Yang D, Oppenheim JJ. Cryptotanshinone has curative dual anti-proliferative and immunotherapeutic effects on mouse Lewis lung carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1059-1071. [PMID: 30972427 PMCID: PMC6584267 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer-related mortality with very limited effective therapy. Screening of a variety of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for their capacity to inhibit the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells and to induce the in vitro maturation of human DCs led to the identification of cryptotanshinone (CT), a compound purified from the TCM Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Here, CT was shown to inhibit the proliferation of mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells by upregulating p53, downregulating cyclin B1 and Cdc2, and, consequently, inducing G2/M cell-cycle arrest of LLC cells. In addition, CT promoted maturation of mouse and human DCs with upregulation of costimulatory and MHC molecules and stimulated DCs to produce TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-12p70, but not IL-10 in vitro. CT-induced maturation of DCs depended on MyD88 and also involved the activation of NF-κB, p38, and JNK. CT was effective in the treatment of LLC tumors and, when used in combination with low doses of anti-PD-L1, cured LLC-bearing mice with the induction of subsequent anti-LLC long-term specific immunity. CT treatment promoted T-cell infiltration and elevated the expression of genes typical of Th1 polarization in LLC tumor tissue. The therapeutic effect of CT and low doses of anti-PD-L1 was reduced by depletion of CD4 and CD8 T cells. This paper provides the first report that CT induces immunological antitumor activities and may provide a new promising antitumor immunotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Rm 21-89/31-19, Bldg 560, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.,Guang An Men Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Rm 21-89/31-19, Bldg 560, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Anna L Trivett
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Rm 21-89/31-19, Bldg 560, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Guang An Men Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sean Hannifin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Rm 21-89/31-19, Bldg 560, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - De Yang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Rm 21-89/31-19, Bldg 560, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Rm 21-89/31-19, Bldg 560, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
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16
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Cui S, Luo Y, Tseng HH, Ten Haken RK, El Naqa I. Combining handcrafted features with latent variables in machine learning for prediction of radiation-induced lung damage. Med Phys 2019; 46:2497-2511. [PMID: 30891794 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been burgeoning interest in applying machine learning methods for predicting radiotherapy outcomes. However, the imbalanced ratio of a large number of variables to a limited sample size in radiation oncology constitutes a major challenge. Therefore, dimensionality reduction methods can be a key to success. The study investigates and contrasts the application of traditional machine learning methods and deep learning approaches for outcome modeling in radiotherapy. In particular, new joint architectures based on variational autoencoder (VAE) for dimensionality reduction are presented and their application is demonstrated for the prediction of lung radiation pneumonitis (RP) from a large-scale heterogeneous dataset. METHODS A large-scale heterogeneous dataset containing a pool of 230 variables including clinical factors (e.g., dose, KPS, stage) and biomarkers (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), cytokines, and micro-RNAs) in a population of 106 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received radiotherapy was used for modeling RP. Twenty-two patients had grade 2 or higher RP. Four methods were investigated, including feature selection (case A) and feature extraction (case B) with traditional machine learning methods, a VAE-MLP joint architecture (case C) with deep learning and lastly, the combination of feature selection and joint architecture (case D). For feature selection, Random forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) were implemented to select relevant features. Specifically, each method was run for multiple times to rank features within several cross-validated (CV) resampled sets. A collection of ranking lists were then aggregated by top 5% and Kemeny graph methods to identify the final ranking for prediction. A synthetic minority oversampling technique was applied to correct for class imbalance during this process. For deep learning, a VAE-MLP joint architecture where a VAE aimed for dimensionality reduction and an MLP aimed for classification was developed. In this architecture, reconstruction loss and prediction loss were combined into a single loss function to realize simultaneous training and weights were assigned to different classes to mitigate class imbalance. To evaluate the prediction performance and conduct comparisons, the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were performed for nested CVs for both handcrafted feature selections and the deep learning approach. The significance of differences in AUCs was assessed using the DeLong test of U-statistics. RESULTS An MLP-based method using weight pruning (WP) feature selection yielded the best performance among the different hand-crafted feature selection methods (case A), reaching an AUC of 0.804 (95% CI: 0.761-0.823) with 29 top features. A VAE-MLP joint architecture (case C) achieved a comparable but slightly lower AUC of 0.781 (95% CI: 0.737-0.808) with the size of latent dimension being 2. The combination of handcrafted features (case A) and latent representation (case D) achieved a significant AUC improvement of 0.831 (95% CI: 0.805-0.863) with 22 features (P-value = 0.000642 compared with handcrafted features only (Case A) and P-value = 0.000453 compared to VAE alone (Case C)) with an MLP classifier. CONCLUSION The potential for combination of traditional machine learning methods and deep learning VAE techniques has been demonstrated for dealing with limited datasets in modeling radiotherapy toxicities. Specifically, latent variables from a VAE-MLP joint architecture are able to complement handcrafted features for the prediction of RP and improve prediction over either method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Cui
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huan-Hsin Tseng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Randall K Ten Haken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Manda G, Hinescu ME, Neagoe IV, Ferreira LF, Boscencu R, Vasos P, Basaga SH, Cuadrado A. Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5268-5295. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190122163832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background:Reactive oxygen species sustain tumorigenesis and cancer progression through deregulated redox signalling which also sensitizes cancer cells to therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anti-cancer therapy based on a provoked singlet oxygen burst, exhibiting a better toxicological profile than chemo- and radiotherapy. Important gaps in the knowledge on underlining molecular mechanisms impede on its translation towards clinical applications.Aims and Methods:The main objective of this review is to critically analyse the knowledge lately gained on therapeutic targets related to redox and inflammatory networks underlining PDT and its outcome in terms of cell death and resistance to therapy. Emerging therapeutic targets and pharmaceutical tools will be documented based on the identified molecular background of PDT.Results:Cellular responses and molecular networks in cancer cells exposed to the PDT-triggered singlet oxygen burst and the associated stresses are analysed using a systems medicine approach, addressing both cell death and repair mechanisms. In the context of immunogenic cell death, therapeutic tools for boosting anti-tumor immunity will be outlined. Finally, the transcription factor NRF2, which is a major coordinator of cytoprotective responses, is presented as a promising pharmacologic target for developing co-therapies designed to increase PDT efficacy.Conclusion:There is an urgent need to perform in-depth molecular investigations in the field of PDT and to correlate them with clinical data through a systems medicine approach for highlighting the complex biological signature of PDT. This will definitely guide translation of PDT to clinic and the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis F.V. Ferreira
- CQFM-Centro de Fisica Molecular and IN-Institute for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Paul Vasos
- Research Centre of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Selma H. Basaga
- Molecular Biology Genetics & Program, Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Rezalotfi A, Ahmadian E, Aazami H, Solgi G, Ebrahimi M. Gastric Cancer Stem Cells Effect on Th17/Treg Balance; A Bench to Beside Perspective. Front Oncol 2019; 9:226. [PMID: 31024835 PMCID: PMC6464032 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs), a small population among tumor cells, are responsible for tumor initiation, development, metastasis, and recurrence. They play a crucial role in immune evasion, immunomodulation, and impairment of effector immunity and believed to be emerged to change the balance of the immune system, importantly CD4+ T cells in the chronic inflamed tumor site. However, different subtypes of innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the formation of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment, we would look at T cells in this study. Tumor microenvironment induces differentiation of CD4+ T cells into different subsets of T cells, mainly suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg), and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, although their exact role in tumor immunity is still under debate depending on tumor types and stages. Counterbalance between Th17 and Treg cells in the gastrointestinal system result in the homeostasis and normal function of the immune system, particularly mucosal immunity. Recent data demonstrated a high infiltration of Th17 and Treg cells into the gastric tumor site and proved that tumor microenvironment might disturb the balance between Th17 and Treg. It is possible to assume an association between activation of CSCs which contribute to metastasis in late stages, and the imbalanced Th17/Treg cells observed in advanced gastric cancer patients. This review intends to clarify the importance of gastric tumor microenvironment specifically CSCs in relation to Th17/Tregs balance firstly and to highlight the relevance of imbalanced Th17/Treg subsets in determining the stages and behavior of the tumor secondly. Finally, the present study suggests a clinical approach looking at the plasticity of T cells with a focus on Th17 as a promising dedicated arm in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Rezalotfi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Ahmadian
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Aazami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ghasem Solgi
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Marzieh Ebrahimi
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19
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Brown D, Zingone A, Yu Y, Zhu B, Candia J, Cao L, Ryan BM. Relationship between Circulating Inflammation Proteins and Lung Cancer Diagnosis in the National Lung Screening Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:110-118. [PMID: 30297515 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we observed a strong relationship between circulating serum inflammation proteins in relation to lung cancer diagnosis and risk, both in case-control and prospective cohorts. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening has a high prevalence of false-positive nodules, thus companion noninvasive biomarkers that can distinguish between benign and malignant nodules could have clinical utility and positive impact on patient outcomes. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study within the National Lung Screening Trial. Concentrations of 30 inflammation proteins were measured on plasma samples of 262 cases and 528 controls using a highly sensitive and analytically validated electrochemiluminescence V-PLEX immunoassay. RESULTS Comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile, we found increased IFNγ and IL12/IL23p40 associated with increased odds of a lung cancer diagnosis [OR 1.89, 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.16-3.09; OR 2.49, 95% CI, 1.46-4.23, respectively]. Confirming our previous observations, we also detected a relationship between increased IL6, IL8, and C-reactive protein (CRP) with lung cancer diagnosis. These relationships were significant after adjustment for age, gender, race, smoking, body mass index (BMI), family history of lung cancer, and previous diagnoses of inflammatory conditions. However, none of these proteins could distinguish between a benign and malignant lung nodule (IL6: OR 1.25, 95% CI, 0.59-2.64; IL8: OR 1.40, 95% CI, 0.70-2.81; CRP: OR 0.98, 95% CI, 0.45-2.12). CONCLUSIONS We have discovered new associations for IFNγ and IL12/IL23p40 with lung cancer but have no evidence that these proteins can distinguish between benign and malignant lung nodules. IMPACT Circulating inflammation proteins are unlikely to have utility as companion LDCT biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Brown
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yunkai Yu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Zhu
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julián Candia
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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20
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha secreted from oral squamous cell carcinoma contributes to cancer pain and associated inflammation. Pain 2018; 158:2396-2409. [PMID: 28885456 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with oral cancer report severe pain during function. Inflammation plays a role in the oral cancer microenvironment; however, the role of immune cells and associated secretion of inflammatory mediators in oral cancer pain has not been well defined. In this study, we used 2 oral cancer mouse models: a cell line supernatant injection model and the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) chemical carcinogenesis model. We used the 2 models to study changes in immune cell infiltrate and orofacial nociception associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC). Oral cancer cell line supernatant inoculation and 4NQO-induced oSCC resulted in functional allodynia and neuronal sensitization of trigeminal tongue afferent neurons. Although the infiltration of immune cells is a prominent component of both oral cancer models, our use of immune-deficient mice demonstrated that oral cancer-induced nociception was not dependent on the inflammatory component. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), was identified in high concentration in oral cancer cell line supernatant and in the tongue tissue of 4NQO-treated mice with oSCC. Inhibition of TNFα signaling abolished oral cancer cell line supernatant-evoked functional allodynia and disrupted T-cell infiltration. With these data, we identified TNFα as a prominent mediator in oral cancer-induced nociception and inflammation, highlighting the need for further investigation in neural-immune communication in cancer pain.
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Luo Y, McShan D, Ray D, Matuszak M, Jolly S, Lawrence T, Ming Kong F, Ten Haken R, El Naqa I. Development of a Fully Cross-Validated Bayesian Network Approach for Local Control Prediction in Lung Cancer. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 3:232-241. [PMID: 30854500 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2018.2832609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that a Bayesian network (BN) approach can explore hierarchical biophysical relationships that influence tumor response and predict tumor local control (LC) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients before and during radiotherapy from a large-scale dataset. Our BN building approach has two steps. First, relevant biophysical predictors influencing LC before and during the treatment are selected through an extended Markov blanket (eMB) method. From this eMB process, the most robust BN structure for LC prediction was found via a wrapper-based approach. Sixty-eight patients with complete feature information were used to identify a full BN model for LC prediction before and during the treatment. Fifty more recent patients with some missing information were reserved for independent testing of the developed pre- and during-therapy BNs. A nested cross-validation (N-CV) was developed to evaluate the performance of the two-step BN approach. An ensemble BN model is generated from the N-CV sampling process to assess its similarity with the corresponding full BN model, and thus evaluate the sensitivity of our BN approach. Our results show that the proposed BN development approach is a stable and robust approach to identify hierarchical relationships among biophysical features for LC prediction. Furthermore, BN predictions can be improved by incorporating during treatment information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA,
| | - Daniel McShan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Martha Matuszak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Shruti Jolly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Theodore Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Feng Ming Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Randall Ten Haken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Oo AKK, Calle AS, Nair N, Mahmud H, Vaidyanath A, Yamauchi J, Khayrani AC, Du J, Alam MJ, Seno A, Mizutani A, Murakami H, Iwasaki Y, Chen L, Kasai T, Seno M. Up-Regulation of PI 3-Kinases and the Activation of PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem-Like Cells Through DNA Hypomethylation Mediated by the Cancer Microenvironment. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:653-663. [PMID: 29621663 PMCID: PMC6054593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have succeeded in converting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cancer stem cells (CSCs) by treating the iPSCs with conditioned medium of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. The converted CSCs, named miPS-LLCcm cells, exhibited the self-renewal, differentiation potential, and potential to form malignant tumors with metastasis. In this study, we further characterized miPS-LLCcm cells both in vivo and in vitro. The tumors formed by subcutaneous injection showed the structures with pathophysiological features consisting of undifferentiated and malignant phenotypes generally found in adenocarcinoma. Metastasis in the lung was also observed as nodule structures. Excising from the tumors, primary cultured cells from the tumor and the nodule showed self-renewal, differentiation potential as well as tumor forming ability, which are the essential characters of CSCs. We then characterized the epigenetic regulation occurring in the CSCs. By comparing the DNA methylation level of CG rich regions, the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were evaluated in all stages of CSCs when compared with the parental iPSCs. In DMRs, hypomethylation was found superior to hypermethylation in the miPS-LLCcm cells and its derivatives. The hypo- and hypermethylated genes were used to nominate KEGG pathways related with CSC. As a result, several categories were defined in the KEGG pathways from which most related with cancers, significant and high expression of components was PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Simultaneously, the AKT activation was also confirmed in the CSCs. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway should be an important pathway for the CSCs established by the treatment with conditioned medium of LLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Ko Ko Oo
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar.
| | - Anna Sanchez Calle
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Neha Nair
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hafizah Mahmud
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Junya Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Aprilliana Cahya Khayrani
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mizutani
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin 300100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tomonari Kasai
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Kalchiem-Dekel O, Paulk A, Kligerman SJ, Burke AP, Shah NG, Dixon RK. Development of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a patient with established adenocarcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:E1079-E1083. [PMID: 29312770 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Newly-appearing lung nodules on surveillance imaging in patients with pre-existing lung cancer can present a diagnostic dilemma when attempting to differentiate between metastatic disease, infection, and other inflammatory conditions. Here we report a case of an EGFR-/ALK-/BRAF+ metastatic adenocarcinoma patient who underwent lung biopsy for evaluation of upper-lobe predominant lung nodules revealed to represent pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). The patient was a heavy smoker and admitted to increase her smoking habit after initially learning about her diagnosis with lung cancer. Interestingly, despite the association of both lung adenocarcinoma and PLCH with the BRAFV600E mutation in smokers, pyrosequencing of the patient's PLCH lesions was negative for this mutation. Co-occurrence of PLCH with lung cancer is extremely rare. While most reported cases of PLCH tend to precede the occurrence of lung cancer, a minority of cases appear after a diagnosis of lung cancer has already been established and are thought to represent a local immunologic reaction to the tumor. It is therefore postulated that the appearance of PLCH lesions in this patient's lungs is a result of her increase in cigarette smoking, possibly augmented by co-existence of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Kalchiem-Dekel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adina Paulk
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth J Kligerman
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allen P Burke
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nirav G Shah
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renee K Dixon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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The diagnostic and prognostic value of interleukin-6 in patients with soft tissue sarcomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9640. [PMID: 28851899 PMCID: PMC5575335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of systemic inflammation has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS). The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has pleiotropic effects on various cell types in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of the present study was to determine whether serum IL-6 levels could be useful to assume the differentiation of benign soft tissue tumors from STS and to investigate the possible value of IL-6 for survival and oncological events in patients with STS. The medical records of 99 patients who underwent surgical resection were retrospectively reviewed. Serum IL-6 levels (median: 9.04 pg/ml) in patients with STS were statistically higher than those (3.31 pg/ml) in patients with benign soft tissue tumors. Our analyses confirmed that tumor size and IL-6 level were significant predictors of STS diagnosis. Next, we examined the relationship between IL-6 levels and survival in the 59 patients with STS. C-reactive protein levels, hemoglobin levels, and tumor grade were strongly correlated with IL-6 levels. Tumor grade and IL-6 level remained significant factors for survival and event-free survival. We suggest that measurement of IL-6 levels may be a useful method for identifying patients who are at a high risk of STS and tumor-related death.
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Jacobs JM, Traeger L, Eusebio J, Simon NM, Sequist LV, Greer JA, Temel JS, Pirl WF. Depression, inflammation, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A pilot study. J Psychosom Res 2017; 99:28-33. [PMID: 28712427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have high risk for depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder (MDD); however, those with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations may have decreased risk. The biological underpinning of this relationship is unknown. We examined differences in depression severity and MDD in patients with newly diagnosed stage IV NSCLC based on EGFR mutation status, and examined proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors known to play a role in cancer progression and depression. METHODS Fifty-five patients with newly diagnosed stage IV NSCLC completed self-report and clinician-administered depression assessments prior to receiving results of tumor genotyping. We measured serum levels of circulating biological markers of inflammation: IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-α, and TNF-α. We examined differences in depression severity, MDD, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with and without EGFR mutations. RESULTS Patients with EGFR mutations (n=10) had lower depression severity (t[43]=2.38, p=0.03) than those without EGFR mutations (n=38) and fewer patients with EGFR mutations had concurrent MDD (2.08%) relative to those without mutations (27.08%). Patients with MDD had higher levels of TNF-α than those without MDD (t[40]=2.95, p=0.005). Those with EGFR mutations exhibited higher levels of TNF-α relative to those without EGFR mutations (t[35]=2.17, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Patients with stage IV NSCLC harboring an EGFR mutation exhibited elevated proinflammatory marker TNF-α, yet had lower depression severity than patients without EGFR mutations. More work is warranted to examine the interaction between tumor genotyping and inflammatory cytokines in the context of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Jacobs
- Center for Psychiatric Oncology and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 10B, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Lara Traeger
- Center for Psychiatric Oncology and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 10B, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Justin Eusebio
- Center for Psychiatric Oncology and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 10B, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Naomi M Simon
- Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, One Bowdoin Square, 6th floor, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 7B, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Joseph A Greer
- Center for Psychiatric Oncology and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 10B, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Jennifer S Temel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 7B, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - William F Pirl
- Center for Psychiatric Oncology and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Suite 10B, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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Makino T, Hata Y, Otsuka H, Koezuka S, Kikuchi N, Isobe K, Tochigi N, Shibuya K, Homma S, Iyoda A. Diffuse fluorodeoxyglucose-positron uptake in the bone marrow of a patient with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-producing pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:103-106. [PMID: 28685085 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study presents the case of a 66-year-old male presenting with fever and chest pain. Chest enhanced computed tomography scanning revealed a mass shadow in the right upper lobe with chest wall invasion. 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) identified the localized uptake of the mass lesion in the right upper lobe, in addition to diffuse uptake by the bone marrow. The laboratory data on admission revealed marked leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein level (CRP). Serum concentrations of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin 6 were increased. Based on a clinical diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (c-T3N0M0 stage IIB), the patient underwent right upper lobectomy with chest wall resection. The histological examination showed a pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of the resected tumor tissues revealed positive staining for G-CSF. The patient's high-grade fever, leukocytosis, and elevated CRP level rapidly subsided following the resection. This confirmed that the tumor was a G-CSF-producing pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. Five months after the resection, the diffuse FDG uptake in the bone marrow was absent, even with the presence of a small pulmonary metastasis and marginal serum G-CSF elevation. Diffuse FDG uptake in bone marrow induced by G-CSF producing pleomorphic carcinoma must be taken into consideration, in order for it not to be misinterpreted as diffuse bone marrow metastases or hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Makino
- Division of Chest Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hata
- Division of Chest Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hajime Otsuka
- Division of Chest Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koezuka
- Division of Chest Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Nao Kikuchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Isobe
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Naobumi Tochigi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Sakae Homma
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Akira Iyoda
- Division of Chest Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
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Luo Y, El Naqa I, McShan DL, Ray D, Lohse I, Matuszak MM, Owen D, Jolly S, Lawrence TS, Kong FMS, Ten Haken RK. Unraveling biophysical interactions of radiation pneumonitis in non-small-cell lung cancer via Bayesian network analysis. Radiother Oncol 2017; 123:85-92. [PMID: 28237401 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In non-small-cell lung cancer radiotherapy, radiation pneumonitis≥grade 2 (RP2) depends on patients' dosimetric, clinical, biological and genomic characteristics. METHODS We developed a Bayesian network (BN) approach to explore its potential for interpreting biophysical signaling pathways influencing RP2 from a heterogeneous dataset including single nucleotide polymorphisms, micro RNAs, cytokines, clinical data, and radiation treatment plans before and during the course of radiotherapy. Model building utilized 79 patients (21 with RP2) with complete data, and model testing used 50 additional patients with incomplete data. A developed large-scale Markov blanket approach selected relevant predictors. Resampling by k-fold cross-validation determined the optimal BN structure. Area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC) measured performance. RESULTS Pre- and during-treatment BNs identified biophysical signaling pathways from the patients' relevant variables to RP2 risk. Internal cross-validation for the pre-BN yielded an AUC=0.82 which improved to 0.87 by incorporating during treatment changes. In the testing dataset, the pre- and during AUCs were 0.78 and 0.82, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our developed BN approach successfully handled a high number of heterogeneous variables in a small dataset, demonstrating potential for unraveling relevant biophysical features that could enhance prediction of RP2, although the current observations would require further independent validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Daniel L McShan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Ines Lohse
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Martha M Matuszak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Dawn Owen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Shruti Jolly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | - Randall K Ten Haken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
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Proteomic-Based Approaches for the Study of Cytokines in Lung Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:2138627. [PMID: 27445423 PMCID: PMC4944034 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2138627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic techniques are currently used to understand the biology of different human diseases, including studies of the cell signaling pathways implicated in cancer progression, which is important in knowing the roles of different proteins in tumor development. Due to its poor prognosis, proteomic approaches are focused on the identification of new biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment of lung cancer. Cytokines are proteins involved in inflammatory processes and have been proposed as lung cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets because it has been reported that some cytokines play important roles in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. In this review, we aim to summarize the different proteomic techniques used to discover new lung cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Several cytokines have been identified as important players in lung cancer using these techniques. We underline the most important cytokines that are useful as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also summarize some of the therapeutic strategies targeted for these cytokines in lung cancer.
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Lippitz BE, Harris RA. Cytokine patterns in cancer patients: A review of the correlation between interleukin 6 and prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1093722. [PMID: 27467926 PMCID: PMC4910721 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1093722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In tumor patients, IL-6 appears to be one component of a consistent cancer-associated cytokine network resulting in both a systemic immune stimulation and a microenvironment of cancer-induced immune suppression that ultimately protects the cancer cells. IL-6 has been associated with prognosis in cancer patients, but so far a systemical analysis has not been carried out. METHODS The present meta-analysis studies the relation between IL-6 serum levels and the prognosis of cancer patients in the available clinical literature of 100 articles published between 1993 and 2013 comprising 11,583 patients. RESULTS The IL-6 serum level was described as significantly correlating with survival in 82/101 series comprising 85.6% of patients (9917/11,583) with 23 different cancer types. A total of 64 studies dichotomized patient cohorts according to various cut-off IL-6 serum levels: in 59/64 of these series corresponding to 94.5% of the reported patients (7694/8142) significant correlations between IL-6 serum level and survival were seen. The median survival of cancer patients had been determined above various cut-off levels of serum IL-6 in 24 dichotomized studies (26 cohorts). There was a highly significant inverse correlation between median survival of the cohorts with IL-6 serum level above cut-off (1272 patients) and their corresponding IL-6 cut-off values (Spearman R -0,48 p= < 0.001) following a linear regression when both parameters were log-transformed (p < 0.001). A significant correlation between increasing serum IL-6 and tumor stage or metastases was described in 39/44 studies and 91% of published patients (4221/4636) where clinical parameters had been specified. CONCLUSIONS Closely associated with the patient's clinical condition and independent of the cancer histology, the increased IL-6 serum level uniformly appears to correlate with survival as paraneoplastic condition in later cancer stages independent of the cancer type. Modifications of this paraneoplastic immune reaction may offer new therapeutic options in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo E Lippitz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Yokokura S, Kanaji N, Tadokoro A, Yokokura S, Kadowaki N, Bandoh S. Confluence-dependent resistance to cisplatin in lung cancer cells is regulated by transforming growth factor-beta. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:175-81. [PMID: 27116015 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2016.1172370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Confluence-dependent resistance (CDR) is a phenomenon in which the efficacy of anti-cancer agents decreases when cell density increases. CDR in lung cancer has never been reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate if CDR can occur in NSCLC cells and to find a role for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β as a mechanism of CDR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines A549 and H2228 were exposed to cisplatin in a variety of cell density conditions. RNA interference targeting TGF-β receptor I was performed to silence the TGF-β pathway. RESULTS CDR to cisplatin was induced in NSCLC cells, whereas CDR to crizotinib, an inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase, was not observed. During confluent conditions, the TGF-β1 concentration in the culture medium was the highest. Exogenous TGF-β1 inhibited cell proliferation and reduced sensitivity to cisplatin. Inhibition of the TGF-β pathway increased in terms of sensitivity to cisplatin at confluency. CONCLUSIONS CDR to cisplatin can occur in NSCLC cells, and the TGF-β pathway is associated with the regulation of CDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yokokura
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Kagawa University, Miki-cho , Kita-gun , Kagawa 761-0793 , Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kanaji
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Kagawa University, Miki-cho , Kita-gun , Kagawa 761-0793 , Japan
| | - Akira Tadokoro
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Kagawa University, Miki-cho , Kita-gun , Kagawa 761-0793 , Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokokura
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Kagawa University, Miki-cho , Kita-gun , Kagawa 761-0793 , Japan
| | - Norimitsu Kadowaki
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Kagawa University, Miki-cho , Kita-gun , Kagawa 761-0793 , Japan
| | - Shuji Bandoh
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Kagawa University, Miki-cho , Kita-gun , Kagawa 761-0793 , Japan
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Peddireddy V, Badabagni SP, Sulthana S, Kolla VK, Gundimeda SD, Mundluru H. Association of TNFα -308, IFNγ +874, and IL10 -1082 gene polymorphisms and the risk of non-small cell lung cancer in the population of the South Indian state of Telangana. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 21:843-852. [PMID: 27282611 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-0972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine-mediated inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Genetic polymorphisms in cytokine genes and their association with lung cancer in the Indian population have not been reported. METHODS For the first time, we analyzed genetic polymorphisms of TNFα -308, IFNγ +874, and IL10 -1082 genes in 246 NSCLC patients and 250 healthy controls in the South Indian population from Telangana using ARMS PCR. RESULTS IFNγ+874 A/T and IL10-1082 G/G gene polymorphisms were found to be significantly associated with NSCLC with 1.56- and 1.68-fold disease risk, respectively. There was no association between the risk of NSCLC and TNFα-308 polymorphism. Gene polymorphisms stratified according to smoking revealed that IFNγ+874 A/T polymorphisms in smokers increased the disease risk by 2.91 fold. IL10-1082 G/G polymorphisms showed 2-fold increased risk among patients who were smokers when compared to the controls. However, there was no association between TNFα-308, IFNγ+874, and IL10-1082 gene polymorphism and the stage of the NSCLC patients. The overall risk associated with the combination of these polymorphisms indicated that the TNFα-308 G/A + IFNγ+874 A/T + IL10-1082 G/G genotype increased the risk by 1.5 fold. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate an association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and the risk of NSCLC in an Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, Telangana, India.
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Siva Prasad Badabagni
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, Telangana, India
| | - Shehnaz Sulthana
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical and Research Centre, Hyderabad, 500004, Telangana, India
| | - Venkata Karunakar Kolla
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, Telangana, India
| | | | - Hemaprasad Mundluru
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, Telangana, India
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Mikirova N, Riordan N, Casciari J. Modulation of Cytokines in Cancer Patients by Intravenous Ascorbate Therapy. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:14-25. [PMID: 26724916 PMCID: PMC4756791 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play an important role in tumor angiogenesis and inflammation. There is evidence in the literature that high doses of ascorbate can reduce inflammatory cytokine levels in cancer patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of treatment by intravenous vitamin C (IVC) on cytokines and tumor markers. MATERIAL/METHODS With the availability of protein array kits allowing assessment of many cytokines in a single sample, we measured 174 cytokines and additional 54 proteins and tumor markers in 12 cancer patients before and after a series of IVC treatments. RESULTS Presented results show for our 12 patients the effect of treatment resulted in normalization of many cytokine levels. Cytokines that were most consistently elevated prior to treatments included M-CSF-R, Leptin, EGF, FGF-6, TNF-α, β, TARC, MCP-1,4, MIP, IL-4, 10, IL-4, and TGF-β. Cytokine levels tended to decrease during the course of treatment. These include mitogens (EGF, Fit-3 ligand, HGF, IGF-1, IL-21R) and chemo-attractants (CTAC, Eotaxin, E-selectin, Lymphotactin, MIP-1, MCP-1, TARC, SDF-1), as well as inflammation and angiogenesis factors (FGF-6, IL-1β, TGF-1). CONCLUSIONS We are able to show that average z-scores for several inflammatory and angiogenesis promoting cytokines are positive, indicating that they are higher than averages for healthy controls, and that their levels decreased over the course of treatment. In addition, serum concentrations of tumor markers decreased during the time period of IVC treatment and there were reductions in cMyc and Ras, 2 proteins implicated in being upregulated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Mikirova
- Bio-Communication Research Institute, Riordan Clinic, Wichita, KS, U.S.A
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Pine SR, Mechanic LE, Enewold L, Bowman ED, Ryan BM, Cote ML, Wenzlaff AS, Loffredo CA, Olivo-Marston S, Chaturvedi A, Caporaso NE, Schwartz AG, Harris CC. Differential Serum Cytokine Levels and Risk of Lung Cancer Between African and European Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:488-97. [PMID: 26711330 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than European Americans. Previous studies suggested that certain circulating cytokines were associated with lung cancer. We hypothesized that variations in serum cytokine levels exist between African Americans and European Americans, and increased circulating cytokine levels contribute to lung cancer differently in the two races. METHODS Differences in 10 serum cytokine levels, IL1β, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFNγ, and TNFα, between 170 African-American and 296 European-American controls from the National Cancer Institute-Maryland (NCI-MD) case-control study were assessed. Associations of the serum cytokine levels with lung cancer were analyzed. Statistically significant results were replicated in the prospective Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial and the Wayne State University Karmanos Cancer Institute case-control study. RESULTS Six cytokines, IL4, IL5, IL8, IL10, IFNγ, and TNFα, were significantly higher among European-American as compared with African-American controls. Elevated IL6 and IL8 levels were associated with lung cancer among both races in all three studies. Elevated IL1β, IL10, and TNFα levels were associated with lung cancer only among African Americans. The association between elevated TNFα levels and lung cancer among European Americans was significant after adjustment for additional factors. CONCLUSIONS Serum cytokine levels vary by race and might contribute to lung cancer differently between African Americans and European Americans. IMPACT Future work examining risk prediction models of lung cancer can measure circulating cytokines to accurately characterize risk within racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Pine
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
| | - Leah E Mechanic
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Host Factors Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lindsey Enewold
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and Health Services and Economics Branch of the Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise D Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michele L Cote
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Angela S Wenzlaff
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Oncology and Biostatistics, Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Anil Chaturvedi
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Cui C, Feng H, Shi X, Wang Y, Feng Z, Liu J, Han Z, Fu J, Fu Z, Tong H. Artesunate down-regulates immunosuppression from colorectal cancer Colon26 and RKO cells in vitro by decreasing transforming growth factor β1 and interleukin-10. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 27:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immunology and antitumor immune responses have led to the development of new immunotherapies, including vaccination approaches and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit immune checkpoint pathways. These strategies have shown activity in melanoma and are now being tested in lung cancer. The antibody drugs targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and programmed cell death protein-1 immune checkpoint pathways work by restoring immune responses against cancer cells, and are associated with unconventional response patterns and immune-related adverse events as a result of their mechanism of action. As these new agents enter the clinic, nurses and other health care providers will require an understanding of the unique efficacy and safety profiles with immunotherapy to optimize potential patient benefits. This paper provides a review of the new immunotherapeutic agents in development for lung cancer, and strategies for managing patients on immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Davies
- Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
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Hara S, Hosoi K, Suga Y, Takata T, Degami H, Kinoshita Y, Min K. Multiple cytokines-producing pleomorphic carcinoma of lung with metastasis to the small intestine. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 20 Suppl:666-8. [PMID: 24200664 DOI: 10.5761/atcs.cr.13-00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 58-year-old man underwent upper lobectomy for primary pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Nine months later, the pleomorphic carcinoma was recurred with marked peripheral leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein. Chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and a bulky tumor in the small intestine. An enterectomy was performed and the intestinal tumor was removed. Immunostaining revealed tumor cells positive for G-CSF and TNF-α as well as an increased level of serum G-CSF and TNF-α. We describe a rare case of G-CSF and TNF-α producing pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hara
- Respiratory Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Itami City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
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The anti-lung cancer activities of steroidal saponins of P. polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara through enhanced immunostimulation in experimental Lewis tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice and induction of apoptosis in the A549 cell line. Molecules 2013; 18:12916-36. [PMID: 24141243 PMCID: PMC6269684 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
P. polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara (PPSCFH) has been used as medicinal Paris for the prevention and treatment of cancers in China for thousands of years. Its main components, steroidal saponins (PRS), have been confirmed to inhibit tumor growth. In the present study, the immunostimulation of PRS was investigated in Lewis bearing-C57BL/6 mice while the induction of apoptosis in A549 cells was also studied. The treatment with PRS (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor, volume, and weight in the C57BL/6 mice. The rates of inhibition of PRS (at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg) were 26.49 ± 17.30%, 40.32 ± 18.91% and 54.94 ± 16.48%, respectively. The spleen and thymus indexes were increased remarkably, while the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 in serum were decreased according to ELISA assays. For A549 cells, Hoechst 33342 staining and annexin V/PI by flow cytometry showed that PRS (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg/mL) induced nuclear changes of A549 cells with DNA condensation and fragmentations of chromatin, as well as inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, PRS could also attenuate the over-generation of intracellular ROS. Western blotting analysis showed a significant decrease on the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1, IL-6 and TGF-β1, as well as cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1, by treatment with PRS. Our results demonstrated that the inhibition of PRS on tumor growth might be associated with the amelioration of inflammation responses, induction of apoptosis, as well as the decrease of ROS. These results suggested that PRS implied a potential therapeutic effect in the lung cancer treatment.
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Koufos N, Michailidou D, Xynos ID, Tomos P, Athanasiadou K, Kosmas C, Tsavaris N. Modulation of peripheral immune responses by paclitaxel–ifosfamide–cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1995-2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Clinical significance of the frequency of regulatory T cells in regional lymph node lymphocytes as a prognostic factor for non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2013; 81:475-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Váradi C, Mittermayr S, Szekrényes Á, Kádas J, Takacs L, Kurucz I, Guttman A. Analysis of haptoglobin N-glycome alterations in inflammatory and malignant lung diseases by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2287-94. [PMID: 23580236 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A CE-based method was introduced to compare the N-glycosylation profile of haptoglobin in normal and pathologic conditions. To assess the biomarker potential of glycosylation changes in various lung diseases, haptoglobin was isolated from plasma samples of healthy, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer patients by means of two haptoglobin-specific monoclonal antibodies. Haptoglobin N-glycans were then enzymatically released, fluorescently labeled, and profiled by CE. Disease-associated changes of core and antennary fucosylation were identified by targeted exoglycosidase digestions and their levels were compared in the different patient groups. Terms such as core- and arm-fucosylation degree, as well as branching degree, were introduced for easier characterization of the changes and statistical analysis was used to examine which structures were responsible for the observed differences. Increased level of α1-6 fucosylated tri-antennary glycans was found in all disease groups compared to the control. Elevated amounts of core- and arm-fucosylation on tetra-antennary glycans were detected in the lung cancer group compared to the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group. A larger scale study is necessary to confirm and validate these preliminary findings in the glycosylation changes of haptoglobin, so could then be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of malignant and inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Váradi
- Horváth Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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The transcriptional consequences of somatic amplifications, deletions, and rearrangements in a human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1075-86. [PMID: 23226101 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer causes more deaths, worldwide, than any other cancer. Several histologic subtypes exist. Currently, there is a dearth of targeted therapies for treating one of the main subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). As for many cancers, lung SCC karyotypes are often highly anomalous owing to large somatic structural variants, some of which are seen repeatedly in lung SCC, indicating a potential causal association for genes therein. We chose to characterize a lung SCC genome to unprecedented detail and integrate our findings with the concurrently characterized transcriptome. We aimed to ascertain how somatic structural changes affected gene expression within the cell in ways that could confer a pathogenic phenotype. We sequenced the genomes of a lung SCC cell line (LUDLU-1) and its matched lymphocyte cell line (AGLCL) to more than 50x coverage. We also sequenced the transcriptomes of LUDLU-1 and a normal bronchial epithelium cell line (LIMM-NBE1), resulting in more than 600 million aligned reads per sample, including both coding and non-coding RNA (ncRNA), in a strand-directional manner. We also captured small RNA (<30 bp). We discovered significant, but weak, correlations between copy number and expression for protein-coding genes, antisense transcripts, long intergenic ncRNA, and microRNA (miRNA). We found that miRNA undergo the largest change in overall expression pattern between the normal bronchial epithelium and the tumor cell line. We found evidence of transcription across the novel genomic sequence created from six somatic structural variants. For each part of our integrated analysis, we highlight candidate genes that have undergone the largest expression changes.
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42
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Dual effect of serum amyloid A on the invasiveness of glioma cells. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:509089. [PMID: 23533307 PMCID: PMC3596950 DOI: 10.1155/2013/509089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence sustains a role for the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) in carcinogenesis and metastasis, and the protein has been suggested as a marker for tumor progression. Nevertheless, the demonstration of a direct activity of SAA on tumor cells is still incipient. We have investigated the effect of human recombinant SAA (rSAA) on two human glioma cell lines, A172 and T98G. rSAA stimulated the [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation of both lines, but had dual effects on migration and invasiveness which varied according to the cell line. In T98G, the rSAA increased migration and invasion behaviors whereas in A172 it decreased these behaviors. These findings agree with the effect triggered by rSAA on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities measured in a gelatinolytic assay. rSAA inhibited activity of both MMPs in A172 cells while increasing them in T98G cells. rSAA also affected the production of compounds present in the tumor microenvironment that orchestrate tumor progression, such as IL-8, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). We also observed that both lines expressed all three of the isoforms of SAA: SAA1, SAA2, and SAA4. These data suggest that some tumor cells are responsive to SAA and, in these cases, SAA may have a role in cancer progression that varies according to the cell type.
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Depression, survival, and epidermal growth factor receptor genotypes in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Palliat Support Care 2013; 11:223-9. [PMID: 23399428 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951512001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although depression appears to be associated with worse survival from cancer, the underlying mechanisms of this association are unknown. Tumor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotype is a known predictor of survival in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and appears to be associated with depression. We hypothesized that tumor EGFR genotype may account for a relationship between depression and survival in this population. We investigated this possible relationship in a cohort of patients with metastatic NSCLC, in which we had previously demonstrated an association between depression and worse survival. METHOD A cohort of 151 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic NSCLC were enrolled and followed in a randomized controlled trial of early palliative care. At enrollment, 150 had depression assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and categorical scoring for major depressive syndrome (MDS) was used for analyses. Patients with tumor tissue available underwent EGFR genotyping. Associations with survival were tested using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (14.0%) met criteria for MDS. Forty-four patients (29.3%) had EGFR genotyping, and 17 (38.6%) of these harbored EGFR mutations. Patients with EGFR mutations had significantly lower PHQ-9 scores (p = 0.03), and none met criteria for depression. EGFR mutations were significantly associated with superior survival (p = 0.02). When both depression and EGFR genotype were simultaneously entered into the model, only EGFR mutations remained significantly associated with survival (p = 0.02), and the effect of depression was attenuated. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Depression is associated with worse survival in metastatic NSCLC, and this relationship may be at least partially explained by tumor EGFR genotype. Further study into whether depression could be associated with specific biologic properties of cancer that vary by genotype is warranted.
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Shigematsu Y, Hanagiri T, Shiota H, Kuroda K, Baba T, Ichiki Y, Yasuda M, Uramoto H, Takenoyama M, Yasumoto K, Tanaka F. Immunosuppressive effect of regulatory T lymphocytes in lung cancer, with special reference to their effects on the induction of autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Oncol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23205074 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not easy to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against cancer in in vitro culture. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered to play a pivotal role in tumor immune escape. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of Tregs among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), regional lymph node lymphocytes (RLNLs) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in patients with lung cancer, and analyzed the effect of Tregs on the induction of CTLs in vitro. A total of 84 patients with non-small cell lung cancer underwent surgery between January 2003 and December 2004. The TILs, RLNLs and PBLs from these patients were subjected to a comparison analysis. The proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells in these lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of Tregs on the induction of CTLs was analyzed by the depletion of Tregs in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture (MLTC). The average proportions of Tregs in the TILs, RLNLs and PBLs were 10.4±9.5, 4.4±2.4 and 2.8±2.1%, respectively. The proportion of Tregs in the RLNLs was significantly higher than that in the PBLs (P<0.001); furthermore, TILs contained a larger number of Tregs than RLNLs (P=0.034). These Tregs substantially suppressed the induction of CTLs against autologous tumor cells. The depletion of Tregs in the MLTC resulted in the successful induction of CTLs. Tregs were found at a higher frequency in the TILs and RLNLs than in the PBLs in lung cancer patients. Since Tregs inhibited the induction of CTLs, the depletion of Tregs may represent a new therapeutic strategy for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shigematsu
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Yahatanishi 807-8555, Japan
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Tucker ZCG, Laguna BA, Moon E, Singhal S. Adjuvant immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:650-61. [PMID: 22226940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the biggest cancer killer in the United States and worldwide. In 2011, there are estimated to be 221,130 new cases of lung cancer in the United States. Over a million people will die of lung cancer worldwide this year alone. When possible, surgery to remove the tumor is the best treatment strategy for patients with NSCLC. However, even with adjuvant (postoperative) chemotherapy and radiation, more than 40% of patients will develop recurrences locally or systemically and ultimately succumb to their disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing superior approaches to treat patients who undergo surgery for NSCLC to eliminate residual disease that is likely responsible for these recurrences. Our group and others have been interested in using immunotherapy to augment the efficacy of current treatment strategies. Immunotherapy is very effective against minimal disease burden and small deposits of tumor cells that are accessible by the circulating immune cells. Therefore, this strategy may be ideally suited as an adjunct to surgery to seek and destroy microscopic tumor deposits that remain after surgery. This review describes the mechanistic underpinnings of immunotherapy and how it is currently being used to target residual disease and prevent postoperative recurrences after pulmonary resection in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C G Tucker
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 6 White, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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González-Santiago AE, Mendoza-Topete LA, Sánchez-Llamas F, Troyo-Sanromán R, Gurrola-Díaz CM. TGF-β1 serum concentration as a complementary diagnostic biomarker of lung cancer: establishment of a cut-point value. J Clin Lab Anal 2012; 25:238-43. [PMID: 21786325 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lung cancer is a malignant disease with increasing mortality rates. Cytokines play a role in normal cell growth regulation and differentiation and are also implicated in malignant disease. Among these cytokines, Transforming Growth Factor β type 1 (TGF-β1) acts as a tumor promoter in malignant cells. Several clinical studies have found high levels of TGF-β1 in various cancer types. The aim of this study was to establish a TGF-β1 cut-off point as a complementary diagnostic tool in lung cancer detection. Therefore, 72 clinically well-characterized individuals were studied, 41 lung cancer patients and 31 healthy subjects. Serum TGF-β1 concentration was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We compared statistically the serum TGF-β1 concentration between both groups with analysis of variance, linear regression and receiver operating curve analysis. We observed that lung cancer patients produced higher TGF-β1 levels than healthy individuals (37,225±9,436 vs. 28,416±9,324 pg/ml, P<0.001). The cut-point diagnostic value was 30,500 pg/ml with 80.5% sensitivity, 64.5% specificity and odds ratio: 7.5, 95% CI: 2.6-21.8. CONCLUSIONS We found significantly higher TGF-β1 levels in lung cancer patients than in healthy individuals. We propose the measurement of serum TGF-β1 levels as a complementary diagnostic test in lung cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E González-Santiago
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Sterlacci W, Wolf D, Savic S, Hilbe W, Schmid T, Jamnig H, Fiegl M, Tzankov A. High transforming growth factor β expression represents an important prognostic parameter for surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol 2011; 43:339-49. [PMID: 21840566 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment comprises various cellular components and associated subcellular molecules with antitumor and protumor effects. Because respective targeted treatment strategies are arising, it is important to characterize the exact role of these parameters. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of key immunologic factors in the tumor microenvironment of 383 surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer specimens. CD4, CD8, forkhead box protein P3, transforming growth factor β, Casitas B-cell lymphoma-b, programed death 1, T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1, granzyme B, mast cell tryptase, and stromal cell-derived factor 1 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a standardized tissue microarray platform. Extensive clinical data enabled detailed clinicopathologic correlations over a postoperative follow-up period of 15 years. Among the immunologic variables focused on, transforming growth factor β expression was the only prognostically relevant factor. Transforming growth factor β was more frequently expressed in adenocarcinoma as compared with other histologic subtypes. Expression of transforming growth factor β in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or in tumor cells was associated with significantly reduced postoperative survival time especially in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (P = .035 and P = .046, respectively). In these patients, the amount of transforming growth factor β-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes represented the only independent immunologic parameter with prognostic significance by multivariat analysis (P = .021; hazard ratio, 2.602; 95% confidence interval, 1.159-5.844). These results should help to identify patients who are most suitable for therapeutic strategies aiming to block the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sterlacci
- University Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Institute for Pathology, Carinagasse 47, 6807 Feldkirch, Austria.
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Pirl WF, Traeger L, Greer JA, Bemis H, Gallagher E, Lennes I, Sequist L, Heist R, Temel JS. Tumor epidermal growth factor receptor genotype and depression in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 2011; 16:1299-306. [PMID: 21807767 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression appears to be associated with worse survival from cancer, but underlying mechanisms for this association are unknown. In the present study, we explored the degree to which tumor genotype may be associated with depression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We examined differences in depression severity and rates of positive screens for major depressive disorder among newly diagnosed patients with stage IV NSCLC and known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotype. METHODS Newly diagnosed patients (n = 53) with metastatic NSCLC attending an initial thoracic oncology consultation completed self-report questionnaires regarding demographics, smoking behavior, and depression before meeting with their oncologist. Biopsy samples were subsequently genotyped, including screening for EGFR mutations. We conducted a retrospective chart review to obtain clinical data, including tumor stage, performance status, and EGFR genotype. RESULTS Twelve patients (22.6%) tested positive for EGFR mutation. No EGFR mutation-positive cases met the screening criteria for major depressive disorder, in comparison with 29.3% of patients with wild-type EGFR (p = .03). Mutations of EGFR were also associated with lower depression severity than with wild-type EGFR, independent of gender, performance status, and smoking history (p < .05). This finding persisted for both the cognitive-affective and somatic domains of depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS EGFR mutations were associated with lower depression severity and lower rates of probable major depressive disorder in patients with metastatic NSCLC, based on mood screening performed before results of genotyping were known. Findings support further work to explore the directionality of the associations and potential biological pathways to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Pirl
- M.P.H., Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Yawkey 9A, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. USA.
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Carpagnano GE, Palladino GP, Lacedonia D, Koutelou A, Orlando S, Foschino-Barbaro MP. Neutrophilic airways inflammation in lung cancer: the role of exhaled LTB-4 and IL-8. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:226. [PMID: 21649887 PMCID: PMC3130703 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in lung cancer biology presuppose its inflammatory origin. In this regard, LTB-4 and IL-8 are recognized to play a crucial role in neutrophil recruitment into airways during lung cancer.Notwithstanding the intriguing hypothesis, the exact role of neutrophilic inflammation in tumour biology remains complex and not completely known.The aim of this study was to give our contribution in this field by investigating LTB-4 and IL-8 in the breath condensate of NSCLC patients and verifying their role in cancer development and progression. METHOD We enrolled 50 NSCLC patients and 35 controls. LTB-4 and IL-8 concentrations were measured in the breath condensate and the blood of all the subjects under study using EIA kits. Thirty NSCLC patients and ten controls underwent induced sputum collection and analysis. RESULTS LTB-4 and IL-8 resulted higher in breath condensate and the blood of NSCLC patients compared to controls. Significantly higher concentrations were found as the cancer stages progressed. A positive correlation was observed between exhaled IL-8 and LTB-4 and the percentage of neutrophils in the induced sputum. CONCLUSION The high concentrations of exhaled LTB-4 and IL-8 showed the presence of a neutrophilic inflammation in the airways of NSCLC patients and gave a further support to the inflammatory signalling in lung cancer. These exhaled proteins could represent a suitable non-invasive marker in the diagnosis and monitoring of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna E Carpagnano
- Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, Institute of Respiratory Disease, University of Foggia, Via degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, Italy.
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Immunotherapy for lung cancers. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:250860. [PMID: 21318107 PMCID: PMC3035001 DOI: 10.1155/2011/250860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although treatment methods in surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy have improved, prognosis remains unsatisfactory and developing new therapeutic strategies is still an urgent demand. Immunotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach wherein activated immune cells can specifically kill tumor cells by recognition of tumor-associated antigens without damage to normal cells. Several lung cancer vaccines have demonstrated prolonged survival time in phase II and phase III trials, and several clinical trials are under investigation. However, many clinical trials involving cancer vaccination with defined tumor antigens work in only a small number of patients. Cancer immunotherapy is not completely effective in eradicating tumor cells because tumor cells escape from host immune scrutiny. Understanding of the mechanism of immune evasion regulated by tumor cells is required for the development of more effective immunotherapeutic approaches against lung cancer. This paper discusses the identification of tumor antigens in lung cancer, tumor immune escape mechanisms, and clinical vaccine trials in lung cancer.
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