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Iyer K, Mitra A, Mitra D. Identification of 5' upstream sequence involved in HSPBP1 gene transcription and its downregulation during HIV-1 infection. Virus Res 2023; 324:199034. [PMID: 36581045 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) is known to modulate the host environment for successful replication and propagation like other viruses. The virus utilises its proteins to interact with or modulate host factors and host signalling pathways that may otherwise restrict the virus. A previous study from our lab has shown that the host heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) binding protein (HSPBP1) is a co-chaperone that inhibits viral replication. We have also shown that the virus downregulates HSPBP1 during infection. However, the mechanism of downregulation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we hypothesized that the HSPBP1 promoter may be repressed during infection leading to its downmodulation at the RNA and protein levels. The 5' upstream region of the HSPBP1 gene was first mapped and it was identified that a fragment comprising of a ∼600 bp upstream region of the transcription start site show the highest promoter-like activity. Further, the Sp1 transcription factor was shown to be essential for normal promoter activation. Our results further demonstrate that HIV-1 downregulates the activity of the identified promoter. It was seen that the viral transactivator protein, Tat, was responsible for the downmodulation of the HSPBP1 promoter. HIV-1 Tat is known to bind and regulate several cellular promoters during infection, thereby making the environment conducive for establishment of the virus. Our results further show that Tat is recruited to the HSPBP1 promoter and in the presence of Tat, recruitment of Sp1 on HSPBP1 promoter was decreased, which explains the suppression of HSPBP1 during HIV-1 infection. Therefore, this study further adds to the list of cellular promoters that are modulated by Tat during HIV-1 infection either directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Iyer
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Alapani Mitra
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Debashis Mitra
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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2
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Iglesia RP, Prado MB, Alves RN, Escobar MIM, Fernandes CFDL, Fortes ACDS, Souza MCDS, Boccacino JM, Cangiano G, Soares SR, de Araújo JPA, Tiek DM, Goenka A, Song X, Keady JR, Hu B, Cheng SY, Lopes MH. Unconventional Protein Secretion in Brain Tumors Biology: Enlightening the Mechanisms for Tumor Survival and Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:907423. [PMID: 35784465 PMCID: PMC9242006 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.907423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical secretion pathways, collectively known as unconventional protein secretion (UPS), are alternative secretory mechanisms usually associated with stress-inducing conditions. UPS allows proteins that lack a signal peptide to be secreted, avoiding the conventional endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex secretory pathway. Molecules that generally rely on the canonical pathway to be secreted may also use the Golgi bypass, one of the unconventional routes, to reach the extracellular space. UPS studies have been increasingly growing in the literature, including its implication in the biology of several diseases. Intercellular communication between brain tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment is orchestrated by various molecules, including canonical and non-canonical secreted proteins that modulate tumor growth, proliferation, and invasion. Adult brain tumors such as gliomas, which are aggressive and fatal cancers with a dismal prognosis, could exploit UPS mechanisms to communicate with their microenvironment. Herein, we provide functional insights into the UPS machinery in the context of tumor biology, with a particular focus on the secreted proteins by alternative routes as key regulators in the maintenance of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Piatniczka Iglesia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mariana Brandão Prado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes Alves
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melo Escobar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Felix de Lima Fernandes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ailine Cibele dos Santos Fortes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara da Silva Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Marcia Boccacino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Cangiano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Ribeiro Soares
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Alves de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deanna Marie Tiek
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anshika Goenka
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiao Song
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jack Ryan Keady
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bo Hu
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shi Yuan Cheng
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Marilene Hohmuth Lopes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marilene Hohmuth Lopes,
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Youn CK, Lee JH, Hariharasudhan G, Kim HB, Kim J, Lee S, Lim SC, Yoon SP, Park SG, Chang IY, You HJ. HspBP1 is a dual function regulatory protein that controls both DNA repair and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:309. [PMID: 35387978 PMCID: PMC8986865 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hsp70-binding protein 1 (HspBP1) belongs to a family of co-chaperones that regulate Hsp70 activity and whose biological significance is not well understood. In the present study, we show that when HspBP1 is either knocked down or overexpressed in BRCA1-proficient breast cancer cells, there were profound changes in tumorigenesis, including anchorage-independent cell growth in vitro and in tumor formation in xenograft models. However, HspBP1 did not affect tumorigenic properties in BRCA1-deficient breast cancer cells. The mechanisms underlying HspBP1-induced tumor suppression were found to include interactions with BRCA1 and promotion of BRCA1-mediated homologous recombination DNA repair, suggesting that HspBP1 contributes to the suppression of breast cancer by regulating BRCA1 function and thereby maintaining genomic stability. Interestingly, independent of BRCA1 status, HspBP1 facilitates cell survival in response to ionizing radiation (IR) by interfering with the association of Hsp70 and apoptotic protease-activating factor-1. These findings suggest that decreased HspBP1 expression, a common occurrence in high-grade and metastatic breast cancers, leads to genomic instability and enables resistance to IR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Kyung Youn
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Meridian & AcupointᆞDiagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, 67, Dongsindae-gil, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gurusamy Hariharasudhan
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Beum Kim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Natural Medical Sciences, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeho Kim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Lee
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Pil Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gon Park
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Youb Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Jin You
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Matyśniak D, Chumak V, Nowak N, Kukla A, Lehka L, Oslislok M, Pomorski P. P2X7 receptor: the regulator of glioma tumor development and survival. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:135-154. [PMID: 34964926 PMCID: PMC8850512 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is an ionotropic nucleotide receptor, forming the cation channel upon ATP stimulation. It can also function as a large membrane pore as well as transmit ATP-dependent signal without forming a channel at all. P2X7 activity in somatic cells is well-known, but remains poorly studied in glioma tumors. The current paper presents the comprehensive study of P2X7 activity in C6 and glioma cell line showing the wide range of effects the receptor has on glioma biology. We observed that P2X7 stimulation boosts glioma cell proliferation and increases cell viability. P2X7 activation promoted cell adhesion, mitochondria depolarization, and reactive oxygen species overproduction in C6 cells. P2X7 receptor also influenced glioma tumor growth in vivo via activation of pro-survival signaling pathways and ATP release. Treatment with Brilliant Blue G, a selective P2X7 antagonist, effectively inhibited glioma tumor development; decreased the expression of negative prognostic cancer markers pro-survival and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins; and modulated the immune response toward glioma tumor in vivo. Finally, pathway-specific enrichment analysis of the microarray data from human patients also showed an upregulation of P2X7 receptor in gliomas from grades I to III. The presented results shed more light on the role of P2X7 receptor in the biology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Matyśniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vira Chumak
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- Regenerative Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Nowak
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Kukla
- Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Lilya Lehka
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Magdalena Oslislok
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomorski
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Marino Gammazza A, Campanella C, Bucchieri F, Cappello F. Extracellular heat shock proteins in cancer: From early diagnosis to new therapeutic approach. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:36-45. [PMID: 34563652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In cancer, human cells lose the ability to properly control the series of events that occur constantly during cell growth and division, including protein expression, stability, and dynamics. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are key molecules in these events, constitutively expressed at high levels and could furthermore be induced by the response to cancer-induced stress. In tumor cells, Hsps have been shown to be implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, immune responses, angiogenesis and metastasis; in some cases, they can be overexpressed and dysregulated, representing important cancer hallmarks. In the past few years, it has been demonstrated that Hsps can be released by tumor cells through several secreting pathways, including the extracellular vesicles (EVs), thus modulating the tumor microenvironment as well as long-distance intercellular communication and metastatization. In this review, we discuss the role of extracellular Hsps in cancer, with a particular interest in Hsps in EVs. We would also like to highlight the importance of fully understanding of the role of extracellular Hsps released by EVs and encourage further research in this field the use of Hsps as early cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
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6
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Xia L, Wang Z, Wu X, Zeng T, Luo W, Hu X, Ni Y, Che G, Liu L, Zhang W, Xie D, Li W. Multiplatform discovery and regulatory function analysis of structural variations in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109660. [PMID: 34496260 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), the most common form of lung cancer, is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. We perform whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on samples from 43 primary patients with NSCLC and matched normal samples and analyze their matched open chromatin data and transcriptome data. Our results indicate that next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the Bionano Genomics (BNG) platform should be viewed as complementary technologies in terms of structural variations detection. By creating a framework integrating these two platforms, we detect high-technical-confidence somatic structural variations (SVs) in NSCLC cases, which could aid in the efficient investigation of new candidate oncogenes, such as TRIO and SESTD1. Our findings highlight the impact of somatic SVs on NSCLC oncogenesis and lay a foundation for exploring associations among somatic SVs, gene expression, and regulatory networks in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- Frontier Science Center for Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhoufeng Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tianfu Zeng
- Frontier Science Center for Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xinlei Hu
- Frontier Science Center for Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yinyun Ni
- Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guowei Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Frontier Science Center for Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Weimin Li
- Frontier Science Center for Disease Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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7
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Mahboubi H, Moujaber O, Kodiha M, Stochaj U. The Co-Chaperone HspBP1 Is a Novel Component of Stress Granules that Regulates Their Formation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040825. [PMID: 32235396 PMCID: PMC7226807 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-chaperone HspBP1 interacts with members of the hsp70 family, but also provides chaperone-independent functions. We report here novel biological properties of HspBP1 that are relevant to the formation of cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs). SG assembly is a conserved reaction to environmental or pathological insults and part of the cellular stress response. Our study reveals that HspBP1 (1) is an integral SG constituent, and (2) a regulator of SG assembly. Oxidative stress relocates HspBP1 to SGs, where it co-localizes with granule marker proteins and polyA-RNA. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation identified novel HspBP1-binding partners that are critical for SG biology. Specifically, HspBP1 associates with the SG proteins G3BP1, HuR and TIA-1/TIAR. HspBP1 also interacts with polyA-RNA in vivo and binds directly RNA homopolymers in vitro. Multiple lines of evidence and single-granule analyses demonstrate that HspBP1 is crucial for SG biogenesis. Thus, HspBP1 knockdown interferes with stress-induced SG assembly. By contrast, HspBP1 overexpression promotes SG formation in the absence of stress. Notably, the hsp70-binding domains of HspBP1 regulate SG production in unstressed cells. Taken together, we identified novel HspBP1 activities that control SG formation. These features expand HspBP1’s role in the cellular stress response and provide new mechanistic insights into SG biogenesis.
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Sokolowska I, Ngounou Wetie AG, Woods AG, Jayathirtha M, Darie CC. Role of Mass Spectrometry in Investigating a Novel Protein: The Example of Tumor Differentiation Factor (TDF). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:417-433. [PMID: 31347062 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Better understanding of central nervous system (CNS) molecules can include the identification of new molecules and their receptor systems. Discovery of novel proteins and elucidation of receptor targets can be accomplished using mass spectrometry (MS). We describe a case study of such a molecule, which our lab has studied using MS in combination with other protein identification techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and Western Blotting. This molecule is known as tumor differentiation factor (TDF), a recently-found protein secreted by the pituitary into the blood. TDF mRNA has been detected in brain; not heart, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, or pancreas. Currently TDF has an unclear function, and prior to our studies, its localization was only minimally understood, with no understanding of receptor targets. We investigated the distribution of TDF in the rat brain using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). TDF protein was detected in pituitary and most other brain regions, in specific neurons but not astrocytes. We found TDF immunoreactivity in cultured neuroblastoma, not astrocytoma. These data suggest that TDF is localized to neurons, not to astrocytes. Our group also conducted studies to identify the TDF receptor (TDF-R). Using LC-MS/MS and Western blotting, we identified the members of the Heat Shock 70-kDa family of proteins (HSP70) as potential TDF-R candidates in both MCF7 and BT-549 human breast cancer cells (HBCC) and PC3, DU145, and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells (HPCC), but not in HeLa cells, NG108 neuroblastoma, or HDF-a and BLK CL.4 cells fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells. These studies have combined directed protein identification techniques with mass spectrometry to increase our understanding of a novel protein that may have distinct actions as a hormone in the body and as a growth factor in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sokolowska
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
| | - Armand G Ngounou Wetie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Alisa G Woods
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Madhuri Jayathirtha
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Graziano F, Rappa F, Marino Gammazza A, Logozzi M, Fais S, Maugeri R, Bucchieri F, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Cappello F, Iacopino DG, Campanella C. Exosomal Chaperones and miRNAs in Gliomagenesis: State-of-Art and Theranostics Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2626. [PMID: 30189598 PMCID: PMC6164348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas have poor prognosis no matter the treatment applied, remaining an unmet clinical need. As background for a substantial change in this situation, this review will focus on the following points: (i) the steady progress in establishing the role of molecular chaperones in carcinogenesis; (ii) the recent advances in the knowledge of miRNAs in regulating gene expression, including genes involved in carcinogenesis and genes encoding chaperones; and (iii) the findings about exosomes and their cargo released by tumor cells. We would like to trigger a discussion about the involvement of exosomal chaperones and miRNAs in gliomagenesis. Chaperones may be either targets for therapy, due to their tumor-promoting activity, or therapeutic agents, due to their antitumor growth activity. Thus, chaperones may well represent a Janus-faced approach against tumors. This review focuses on extracellular chaperones as part of exosomes' cargo, because of their potential as a new tool for the diagnosis and management of gliomas. Moreover, since exosomes transport chaperones and miRNAs (the latter possibly related to chaperone gene expression in the recipient cell), and probably deliver their cargo in the recipient cells, a new area of investigation is now open, which is bound to generate significant advances in the understanding and treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy.
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 90143 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Graziano
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosario Maugeri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Domenico G Iacopino
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Claudia Campanella
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy.
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10
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Rajesh Y, Biswas A, Mandal M. Glioma progression through the prism of heat shock protein mediated extracellular matrix remodeling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:299-311. [PMID: 28844885 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial tumor is one of the intrinsic brain tumors with high migratory and infiltrative potential. This essentially contributes to the overall poor prognosis by circumvention of conventional treatment regimen in glioma. The underlying mechanism in gliomagenesis is bestowed by two processes- Extracellular matrix (ECM) Remodeling and Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Heat Shock Family of proteins (HSPs), commonly known as "molecular chaperons" are documented to be upregulated in glioma. A positive correlation also exists between elevated expression of HSPs and invasive capacity of glial tumor. HSPs overexpression leads to mutational changes in glioma, which ultimately drive cells towards EMT, ECM modification, malignancy and invasion. Differential expression of HSPs - a factor providing cytoprotection to glioma cells, also contributes towards its radioresistance /chemoresistance. Various evidences also display upregulation of EMT and ECM markers by various heat shock inducing proteins e.g. HSF-1. The aim of this review is to study in detail the role of HSPs in EMT and ECM leading to radioresistance/chemoresistance of glioma cells. The existing treatment regimen for glioma could be enhanced by targeting HSPs through immunotherapy, miRNA and exosome mediated strategies. This could be envisaged by better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying glial tumorigenesis in relation to EMT and ECM remodeling under HSPs influence. Our review might showcase fresh potential for the development of next generation therapeutics for effective glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rajesh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Angana Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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11
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Mahboubi H, Stochaj U. Quantitative analysis of the interplay between hsc70 and its co-chaperone HspBP1. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1530. [PMID: 26713263 PMCID: PMC4690350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Chaperones and their co-factors are components of a cellular network; they collaborate to maintain proteostasis under normal and harmful conditions. In particular, hsp70 family members and their co-chaperones are essential to repair damaged proteins. Co-chaperones are present in different subcellular compartments, where they modulate chaperone activities. Methods and Results. Our studies assessed the relationship between hsc70 and its co-factor HspBP1 in human cancer cells. HspBP1 promotes nucleotide exchange on hsc70, but has also chaperone-independent functions. We characterized the interplay between hsc70 and HspBP1 by quantitative confocal microscopy combined with automated image analyses and statistical evaluation. Stress and the recovery from insult changed significantly the subcellular distribution of hsc70, but had little effect on HspBP1. Single-cell measurements and regression analysis revealed that the links between the chaperone and its co-factor relied on (i) the physiological state of the cell and (ii) the subcellular compartment. As such, we identified a linear relationship and strong correlation between hsc70 and HspBP1 distribution in control and heat-shocked cells; this correlation changed in a compartment-specific fashion during the recovery from stress. Furthermore, we uncovered significant stress-induced changes in the colocalization between hsc70 and HspBP1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Discussion. Our quantitative approach defined novel properties of the co-chaperone HspBP1 as they relate to its interplay with hsc70. We propose that changes in cell physiology promote chaperone redistribution and thereby stimulate chaperone-independent functions of HspBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Mahboubi
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Glioblastomas are devastating central nervous system tumors with abysmal prognoses. These tumors are often difficult to resect surgically, are highly invasive and proliferative, and are resistant to virtually all therapeutic attempts, making them universally lethal diseases. One key enabling feature of their tumor biology is the engagement of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress response originating in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) designed to handle the pathologies of aggregating malfolded proteins in that organelle. Glioblastomas and other tumors have co-opted this stress response to allow their continued uncontrolled growth by enhanced protein production (maintained by chaperone-assisted protein folding) and lipid biosynthesis driven downstream of the UPR. These features can account for the extensive extracellular remodeling/invasiveness/angiogenesis and proliferative capacity, and ultimately result in tumor phenotypes of chemo- and radio-resistance. The UPR in general, and its chaperoning capacity in particular, are thus putative high-value targets for treatment intervention. Such therapeutic strategies, and potential problems with them, will be discussed and analyzed.
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13
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Graner MW. The unfolded protein response in glioblastomas: passing the stress test. CNS Oncol 2015; 2:469-72. [PMID: 25054814 DOI: 10.2217/cns.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Neurosurgery, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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14
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Graner MW, Lillehei KO, Katsanis E. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones and their roles in the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines. Front Oncol 2015; 4:379. [PMID: 25610811 PMCID: PMC4285071 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major site of passage for proteins en route to other organelles, to the cell surface, and to the extracellular space. It is also the transport route for peptides generated in the cytosol by the proteasome into the ER for loading onto major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules for eventual antigen presentation at the cell surface. Chaperones within the ER are critical for many of these processes; however, outside the ER certain of those chaperones may play important and direct roles in immune responses. In some cases, particular ER chaperones have been utilized as vaccines against tumors or infectious disease pathogens when purified from tumor tissue or recombinantly generated and loaded with antigen. In other cases, the cell surface location of ER chaperones has implications for immune responses as well as possible tumor resistance. We have produced heat-shock protein/chaperone protein-based cancer vaccines called “chaperone-rich cell lysate” (CRCL) that are conglomerates of chaperones enriched from solid tumors by an isoelectric focusing technique. These preparations have been effective against numerous murine tumors, as well as in a canine with an advanced lung carcinoma treated with autologous CRCL. We also published extensive proteomic analyses of CRCL prepared from human surgically resected tumor samples. Of note, these preparations contained at least 10 ER chaperones and a number of other residents, along with many other chaperones/heat-shock proteins. Gene ontology and network analyses utilizing these proteins essentially recapitulate the antigen presentation pathways and interconnections. In conjunction with our current knowledge of cell surface/extracellular ER chaperones, these data collectively suggest that a systems-level view may provide insight into the potent immune stimulatory activities of CRCL with an emphasis on the roles of ER components in those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Kevin O Lillehei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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15
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Rapid isolation of extracellular vesicles from cell culture and biological fluids using a synthetic peptide with specific affinity for heat shock proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110443. [PMID: 25329303 PMCID: PMC4201556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that extracellular vesicles are an important source material for many clinical applications, including minimally-invasive disease diagnosis. However, challenges for rapid and simple extracellular vesicle collection have hindered their application. We have developed and validated a novel class of peptides (which we named venceremin, or Vn) that exhibit nucleotide-independent specific affinity for canonical heat shock proteins. The Vn peptides were validated to specifically and efficiently capture HSP-containing extracellular vesicles from cell culture growth media, plasma, and urine by electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, sequencing of nucleic acid cargo, proteomic profiling, immunoblotting, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. All of these analyses confirmed the material captured by the Vn peptides was comparable to those purified by the standard ultracentrifugation method. We show that the Vn peptides are a useful tool for the rapid isolation of extracellular vesicles using standard laboratory equipment. Moreover, the Vn peptides are adaptable to diverse platforms and therefore represent an excellent solution to the challenge of extracellular vesicle isolation for research and clinical applications.
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16
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Investigation into the potential for hypoxic interior of neoplasms to enhance HSPA expression in glioma. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 394:53-8. [PMID: 24833466 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70/HSPA) is induced by a wide range of cellular stress conditions, such as cancer and hypoxia. This study investigated the level of HSPA gene expression in human cell lines exposed to hypoxic conditions. Three human glioma cell lines were selected for this study, each representing different types of glioma (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma), with a normal human astrocyte cell line used as a control. HSPA RNA transcripts and proteins were examined in these samples using qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry techniques. The average HSPA mRNA copy numbers detected in three glioma cell lines were approximately sixfold higher than in a normal astrocyte cell line. The expression of HSPA was induced in normal cell lines immediately after exposure to hypoxia with 33% of cells exhibiting expression. However, the effects of hypoxia on gene expression were marginal in glioma cells, due to the already increased levels of HSPA with both pre- and post-hypoxia samples showing expression in approximately 90% of cells. These results show that whilst the stress caused by both cancer and hypoxia induce HSPA expression the underlying imprint of tumourgenesis leads to sustained expression.
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17
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Beaman GM, Dennison SR, Chatfield LK, Phoenix DA. Reliability of HSP70 (HSPA) expression as a prognostic marker in glioma. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:301-7. [PMID: 24833463 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70/HSPA) is induced by a wide range of cellular stress conditions, such as cancer and hypoxia, with production also being linked to tumourigenesis. HSPA mRNA transcripts and proteins were examined in three human glioma cell lines, representing astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma, plus 18 clinical brain tissue samples. GAPDH was used as a control gene throughout these studies and exhibited a consistent level of expression in a normal astrocyte cell line, tumourous cell lines and tissue samples. In contrast, the average HSPA mRNA copy numbers detected in glioblastoma tissue were between 1.8- and 8.8-fold higher than in lower grade glioma and control tissue, respectively, which is suggestive of a grade-related transcription profile. Similar patterns of grade-related expression were also observed in glioma cell lines. This study indicates for the first time that HSPA expression in glioma cells may possibly be grade related, and hence could have potential as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Maria Beaman
- School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
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18
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Redzic JS, Ung TH, Graner MW. Glioblastoma extracellular vesicles: reservoirs of potential biomarkers. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2014; 7:65-77. [PMID: 24634586 PMCID: PMC3952682 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s39768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and most devastating of the primary central nervous system tumors, with few patients living beyond 2 years postdiagnosis. The damage caused by the disease and our treatments for the patients often leave them physically and cognitively debilitated. Generally, GBMs appear after very short clinical histories and are discovered by imaging (using magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and the diagnosis is validated by pathology, following surgical resection. The treatment response and diagnosis of tumor recurrence are also tracked by MRI, but there are numerous problems encountered with these monitoring modalities, such as ambiguous interpretation and forms of pseudoprogression. Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers would be an immense boon in following treatment schemes and in determining recurrence, which often requires an invasive intracranial biopsy to verify imaging data. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are stable, membrane-enclosed, virus-sized particles released from either the cell surface or from endosomal pathways that lead to the systemic release of EVs into accessible biofluids, such as serum/plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. EVs carry a wide variety of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other metabolites, with many common features but with enough individuality to be able to identify the cell of origin of the vesicles. These components, if properly interrogated, could allow for the identification of tumor-derived EVs in biofluids, indicating tumor progression, relapse, or treatment failure. That knowledge would allow clinicians to continue with treatment regimens that were actually effective or to change course if the therapies were failing. Here, we review the features of GBM EVs, in terms of EV content and activities that may lead to the use of EVs as serially accessible biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina S Redzic
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy H Ung
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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Woods AG, Sokolowska I, Deinhardt K, Darie CC. Investigating a Novel Protein Using Mass Spectrometry: The Example of Tumor Differentiation Factor (TDF). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 806:509-23. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06068-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Epple LM, Dodd RD, Merz AL, Dechkovskaia AM, Herring M, Winston BA, Lencioni AM, Russell RL, Madsen H, Nega M, Dusto NL, White J, Bigner DD, Nicchitta CV, Serkova NJ, Graner MW. Induction of the unfolded protein response drives enhanced metabolism and chemoresistance in glioma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73267. [PMID: 24039668 PMCID: PMC3748289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based cytoprotective mechanism acting to prevent pathologies accompanying protein aggregation. It is frequently active in tumors, but relatively unstudied in gliomas. We hypothesized that UPR stress effects on glioma cells might protect tumors from additional exogenous stress (ie, chemotherapeutics), postulating that protection was concurrent with altered tumor cell metabolism. Using human brain tumor cell lines, xenograft tumors, human samples and gene expression databases, we determined molecular features of glioma cell UPR induction/activation, and here report a detailed analysis of UPR transcriptional/translational/metabolic responses. Immunohistochemistry, Western and Northern blots identified elevated levels of UPR transcription factors and downstream ER chaperone targets in gliomas. Microarray profiling revealed distinct regulation of stress responses between xenograft tumors and parent cell lines, with gene ontology and network analyses linking gene expression to cell survival and metabolic processes. Human glioma samples were examined for levels of the ER chaperone GRP94 by immunohistochemistry and for other UPR components by Western blotting. Gene and protein expression data from patient gliomas correlated poor patient prognoses with increased expression of ER chaperones, UPR target genes, and metabolic enzymes (glycolysis and lipogenesis). NMR-based metabolomic studies revealed increased metabolic outputs in glucose uptake with elevated glycolytic activity as well as increased phospholipid turnover. Elevated levels of amino acids, antioxidants, and cholesterol were also evident upon UPR stress; in particular, recurrent tumors had overall higher lipid outputs and elevated specific UPR arms. Clonogenicity studies following temozolomide treatment of stressed or unstressed cells demonstrated UPR-induced chemoresistance. Our data characterize the UPR in glioma cells and human tumors, and link the UPR to chemoresistance possibly via enhanced metabolism. Given the role of the UPR in the balance between cell survival and apoptosis, targeting the UPR and/or controlling metabolic activity may prove beneficial for malignant glioma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Epple
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Cancer Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebecca D. Dodd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Merz
- Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anjelika M. Dechkovskaia
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Herring
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Winston
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alex M. Lencioni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rae L. Russell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Helen Madsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Meheret Nega
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel L. Dusto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Darell D. Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher V. Nicchitta
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. Serkova
- Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Graner
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Cancer Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sokolowska I, Woods AG, Gawinowicz MA, Roy U, Darie CC. Characterization of tumor differentiation factor (TDF) and its receptor (TDF-R). Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2835-48. [PMID: 23076253 PMCID: PMC11113447 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor differentiation factor (TDF) is an under-investigated protein produced by the pituitary with no definitive function. TDF is secreted into the bloodstream and targets the breast and prostate, suggesting that it has an endocrine function. Initially, TDF was indirectly discovered based on the differentiation effect of alkaline pituitary extracts of the mammosomatotropic tumor MtTWlO on MTW9/PI rat mammary tumor cells. Years later, the cDNA clone responsible for this differentiation activity was isolated from a human pituitary cDNA library using expression cloning. The cDNA encoded a 108-amino-acid polypeptide that had differentiation activity on MCF7 breast cancer cells and on DU145 prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Recently, our group focused on identification of the TDF receptor (TDF-R). As potential TDF-R candidates, we identified the members of the Heat Shock 70-kDa family of proteins (HSP70) in both MCF7 and BT-549 human breast cancer cells (HBCC) and PC3, DU145, and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells (HPCC), but not in HeLa cells, NG108 neuroblastoma, or HDF-a and BLK CL.4 cells fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells. Here we review the current advances on TDF, with particular focus on the structural investigation of its receptor and on its functional effects on breast and prostate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sokolowska
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810 USA
| | - Alisa G. Woods
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810 USA
| | - Mary Ann Gawinowicz
- Protein Core Facility, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 160 Fort Washington Avenue, Room 415, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Urmi Roy
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810 USA
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810 USA
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22
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Epple LM, Griffiths SG, Dechkovskaia AM, Dusto NL, White J, Ouellette RJ, Anchordoquy TJ, Bemis LT, Graner MW. Medulloblastoma exosome proteomics yield functional roles for extracellular vesicles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42064. [PMID: 22848702 PMCID: PMC3407172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas are the most prevalent malignant pediatric brain tumors. Survival for these patients has remained largely the same for approximately 20 years, and our therapies for these cancers cause significant health, cognitive, behavioral and developmental sequelae for those who survive the tumor and their treatments. We obviously need a better understanding of the biology of these tumors, particularly with regard to their migratory/invasive behaviors, their proliferative propensity, and their abilities to deflect immune responses. Exosomes, virus-sized membrane vesicles released extracellularly from cells after formation in, and transit thru, the endosomal pathway, may play roles in medulloblastoma pathogenesis but are as yet unstudied in this disease. Here we characterized exosomes from a medulloblastoma cell line with biochemical and proteomic analyses, and included characterization of patient serum exosomes. Further scrutiny of the proteomic data suggested functional properties of the exosomes that are relevant to medulloblastoma tumor biology, including their roles as proliferation stimulants, their activities as attractants for tumor cell migration, and their immune modulatory impacts on lymphocytes. Aspects of this held true for exosomes from other medulloblastoma cell lines as well. Additionally, pathway analyses suggested a possible role for the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A); however, inhibition of the protein’s activity actually increased D283MED cell proliferation/clonogenecity, suggesting that HNF4A may act as a tumor suppressor in this cell line. Our work demonstrates that relevant functional properties of exosomes may be derived from appropriate proteomic analyses, which translate into mechanisms of tumor pathophysiology harbored in these extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Epple
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Cancer Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Anjelika M. Dechkovskaia
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel L. Dusto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas J. Anchordoquy
- School of Pharmacy, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lynne T. Bemis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sokolowska I, Woods AG, Gawinowicz MA, Roy U, Darie CC. Identification of a potential tumor differentiation factor receptor candidate in prostate cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:2579-94. [PMID: 22613557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor differentiation factor (TDF) is a pituitary protein that is secreted into the bloodstream and has an endocrine function. TDF and TDF-P1, a 20-residue peptide selected from the ORF of TDF, induce differentiation in human breast and prostate cancer cells, but not in other cells. TDF has no known mechanism of action. In our recent study, we identified heat shock 70 kDa proteins (HSP70s) as TDF receptors (TDF-Rs) in breast cancer cells. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether TDF-R candidates from prostate cancer cells are the same as those identified in breast cancer cells. Here, we used TDF-P1 to purify the potential TDF-R candidates by affinity purification chromatography from DU145 and PC3 steroid-resistant prostate cancer cells, LNCaP steroid-responsive prostate cancer cells, and nonprostate NG108 neuroblastoma and BLK CL.4 fibroblast-like cells. We identified the purified proteins by MS, and validated them by western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoaffinity purification chromatography, and structural biology. We identified seven candidate proteins, of which three were from the HSP70 family. These three proteins were validated as potential TDF-R candidates in LNCaP steroid-responsive and in DU145 and PC3 steroid-resistant prostate cancer cells, but not in NG108 neuroblastoma and BLK CL.4 fibroblast-like cells. Our previous study and the current study suggest that GRP78, and perhaps HSP70s, are strong TDF-R candidates, and further suggest that TDF interacts with its receptors exclusively in breast and prostate cells, inducing cell differentiation through a novel, steroid-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sokolowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
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Sokolowska I, Woods AG, Gawinowicz MA, Roy U, Darie CC. Identification of potential tumor differentiation factor (TDF) receptor from steroid-responsive and steroid-resistant breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:1719-33. [PMID: 22130669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor differentiation factor (TDF) is a recently discovered protein, produced by the pituitary gland and secreted into the bloodstream. TDF and TDF-P1, a 20-amino acid peptide selected from the open reading frame of TDF, induce differentiation in human breast and prostate cancer cells but not in other cells. TDF protein has no identified site of action or receptor, and its mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we used TDF-P1 to purify and identify potential TDF receptor (TDF-R) candidates from MCF7 steroid-responsive breast cancer cells and non-breast HeLa cancerous cells using affinity purification chromatography (AP), and mass spectrometry (MS). We identified four candidate proteins from the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family in MCF7 cells. Experiments in non-breast HeLa cancerous cells did not identify any TDF-R candidates. AP and MS experiments were validated by AP and Western blotting (WB). We additionally looked for TDF-R in steroid-resistant BT-549 cells and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF-a) using AP and WB. TDF-P1 interacts with potential TDF-R candidates from MCF7 and BT-549 breast cells but not from HeLa or HDF-a cells. Immunofluorescence (IF) experiments identified GRP78, a TDF-R candidate, at the cell surface of MCF7, BT-549 breast cells, and HeLa cells but not HDF-a cells. IF of other HSP70 proteins demonstrated labeling on all four cell types. These results point toward GRP78 and HSP70 proteins as strong TDF-R candidates and suggest that TDF interacts with its receptor, exclusively on breast cells, through a steroid-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sokolowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, USA
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Fedrigo CA, Grivicich I, Schunemann DP, Chemale IM, Santos DD, Jacovas T, Boschetti PS, Jotz GP, Filho AB, da Rocha AB. Radioresistance of human glioma spheroids and expression of HSP70, p53 and EGFr. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:156. [PMID: 22077956 PMCID: PMC3223500 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy is routinely prescribed for high-grade malignant gliomas. However, the efficacy of this therapeutic modality is often limited by the occurrence of radioresistance, reflected as a diminished susceptibility of the irradiated cells to undergo cell death. Thus, cells have evolved an elegant system in response to ionizing radiation induced DNA damage, where p53, Hsp70 and/or EGFr may play an important role in the process. In the present study, we investigated whether the content of p53, Hsp70 and EGFr are associated to glioblastoma (GBM) cell radioresistance. METHODS Spheroids from U-87MG and MO59J cell lines as well as spheroids derived from primary culture of tumor tissue of one GBM patient (UGBM1) were irradiated (5, 10 and 20 Gy), their relative radioresistance were established and the p53, Hsp70 and EGFr contents were immunohistochemically determined. Moreover, we investigated whether EGFr-phospho-Akt and EGFr-MEK-ERK pathways can induce GBM radioresistance using inhibitors of activation of ERK (PD098059) and Akt (wortmannin). RESULTS At 5 Gy irradiation UGBM1 and U-87MG spheroids showed growth inhibition whereas the MO59J spheroid was relatively radioresistant. Overall, no significant changes in p53 and Hsp70 expression were found following 5 Gy irradiation treatment in all spheroids studied. The only difference observed in Hsp70 content was the periphery distribution in MO59J spheroids. However, 5 Gy treatment induced a significant increase on the EGFr levels in MO59J spheroids. Furthermore, treatment with inhibitors of activation of ERK (PD098059) and Akt (wortmannin) leads to radiosensitization of MO59J spheroids. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the PI3K-Akt and MEK-ERK pathways triggered by EGFr confer GBM radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Fedrigo
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Diagnóstico Genético e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Daniel P Schunemann
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Diagnóstico Genético e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Ivan M Chemale
- Serviço de Neurocirurgia do Hospital Beneficência de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Daiane dos Santos
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Thais Jacovas
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Patryck S Boschetti
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
| | - Geraldo P Jotz
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Aroldo Braga Filho
- Serviço de Radioterapia do Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Adriana B da Rocha
- Laboratório de Marcadores de Estresse Celular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Diagnóstico Genético e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil
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Yashin DV, Dukhanina EA, Kabanova OD, Romanova EA, Lukyanova TI, Tonevitskii AG, Raynes DA, Gnuchev NV, Guerriero V, Georgiev GP, Sashchenko LP. The heat shock-binding protein (HspBP1) protects cells against the cytotoxic action of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10258-64. [PMID: 21247889 PMCID: PMC3060480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock-binding protein HspBP1 is a member of the Hsp70 co-chaperone family. The interaction between HspBP1 and the ATPase domain of the major heat shock protein Hsp70 up-regulates nucleotide exchange and reduces the affinity between Hsp70 and the peptide in its peptide-binding site. Previously we have shown that Tag7 (also known as peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-S), an innate immunity protein, interacts with Hsp70 to form a stable Tag7-Hsp70 complex with cytotoxic activity against some tumor cell lines. This complex can be produced in cytotoxic lymphocytes and released during interaction with tumor cells. Here the effect of HspBP1 on the cytotoxic activity of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex was examined. HspBP1 could bind not only to Hsp70, but also to Tag7. This interaction eliminated the cytotoxic activity of Tag7-Hsp70 complex and decreased the ATP concentration required to dissociate Tag7 from the peptide-binding site of Hsp70. Moreover, HspBP1 inhibited the cytotoxic activity of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex secreted by lymphocytes. HspBP1 was detected in cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes. This protein was released simultaneously with Tag7-Hsp70 during interaction of these lymphocytes with tumor cells. The simultaneous secretion of the cytotoxic complex with its inhibitor could be a mechanism protecting normal cells from the cytotoxic effect of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Yashin
- From the Institute of Gene Biology and
- the Centre for Medical Studies, University of Oslo, Moscow 119344, Russia
| | - Elena A. Dukhanina
- From the Institute of Gene Biology and
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow 119344, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vince Guerriero
- the Department of Animal Sciences and
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and
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Immunotherapy of brain cancers: the past, the present, and future directions. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:296453. [PMID: 21437175 PMCID: PMC3061456 DOI: 10.1155/2010/296453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of brain cancers, especially high grade gliomas (WHO stage III and IV) is slowly making progress, but not as fast as medical researchers and the patients would like. Immunotherapy offers the opportunity to allow the patient's own immune system a chance to help eliminate the cancer. Immunotherapy's strength is that it efficiently treats relatively small tumors in experimental animal models. For some patients, immunotherapy has worked for them while not showing long-term toxicity. In this paper, we will trace the history of immunotherapy for brain cancers. We will also highlight some of the possible directions that this field may be taking in the immediate future for improving this therapeutic option.
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Hecker JG, McGarvey M. Heat shock proteins as biomarkers for the rapid detection of brain and spinal cord ischemia: a review and comparison to other methods of detection in thoracic aneurysm repair. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:119-31. [PMID: 20803353 PMCID: PMC3059797 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are members of highly conserved families of molecular chaperones that have multiple roles in vivo. We discuss the HSPs in general, and Hsp70 and Hsp27 in particular, and their rapid induction by severe stress in the context of tissue and organ expression in physiology and disease. We describe the current state of knowledge of the relationship and interactions between extra- and intracellular HSPs and describe mechanisms and significance of extracellular expression of HSPs. We focus on the role of the heat shock proteins as biomarkers of central nervous system (CNS) ischemia and other severe stressors and discuss recent and novel technologies for rapid measurement of proteins in vivo and ex vivo. The HSPs are compared to other proposed small molecule biomarkers for detection of CNS injury and to other methods of detecting brain and spinal cord ischemia in real time. While other biomarkers may be of use in prognosis and in design of appropriate therapies, none appears to be as rapid as the HSPs; therefore, no other measurement appears to be of use in the immediate detection of ongoing severe ischemia with the intention to immediately intervene to reduce the severity or risk of permanent damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Hecker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6112, USA.
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Asperger A, Renner C, Menzel M, Gebhardt R, Meixensberger J, Gaunitz F. Identification of Factors Involved in the Anti-Tumor Activity of Carnosine on Glioblastomas Using a Proteomics Approach. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:272-81. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2010.550666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zeiger SLH, McKenzie JR, Stankowski JN, Martin JA, Cliffel DE, McLaughlin B. Neuron specific metabolic adaptations following multi-day exposures to oxygen glucose deprivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:1095-104. [PMID: 20656023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior exposure to sub toxic insults can induce a powerful endogenous neuroprotective program known as ischemic preconditioning. Current models typically rely on a single stress episode to induce neuroprotection whereas the clinical reality is that patients may experience multiple transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) prior to suffering a stroke. We sought to develop a neuron-enriched preconditioning model using multiple oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) episodes to assess the endogenous protective mechanisms neurons implement at the metabolic and cellular level. We found that neurons exposed to a five minute period of glucose deprivation recovered oxygen utilization and lactate production using novel microphysiometry techniques. Using the non-toxic and energetically favorable five minute exposure, we developed a preconditioning paradigm where neurons are exposed to this brief OGD for three consecutive days. These cells experienced a 45% greater survival following an otherwise lethal event and exhibited a longer lasting window of protection in comparison to our previous in vitro preconditioning model using a single stress. As in other models, preconditioned cells exhibited mild caspase activation, an increase in oxidized proteins and a requirement for reactive oxygen species for neuroprotection. Heat shock protein 70 was upregulated during preconditioning, yet the majority of this protein was released extracellularly. We believe coupling this neuron-enriched multi-day model with microphysiometry will allow us to assess neuronal specific real-time metabolic adaptations necessary for preconditioning.
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Martin S, Hill DS, Paton JC, Paton AW, Birch-Machin MA, Lovat PE, Redfern CPF. Targeting GRP78 to enhance melanoma cell death. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:675-82. [PMID: 20546536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis may offer an alternative therapeutic strategy for metastatic melanoma. Fenretinide and bortezomib induce apoptosis of melanoma cells but their efficacy may be hindered by the unfolded protein response, which promotes survival by ameliorating endoplasmic reticulum stress. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of GRP78, a vital unfolded protein response mediator, increases cell death in combination with endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agents. Down-regulation of GRP78 by small-interfering RNA increased fenretinide- or bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Treatment of cells with a GRP78-specific subtilase toxin produced a synergistic enhancement with fenretinide or bortezomib. These data suggest that combining endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agents with strategies to down-regulate GRP78, or other components of the unfolded protein response, may represent a novel therapeutic approach for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Martin
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research and Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Morrow G, Kim HJ, Le Pécheur M, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Tanguay RM. Protection from aging by small chaperones: A trade-off with cancer? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1197:67-75. [PMID: 20536835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process accompanied by a decreased capacity of cells to cope with random molecular damages. Damaged proteins can form aggregates and have cytotoxic properties, a feature of many age-associated diseases. Small Hsps are chaperones involved in the refolding and/or disposal of protein aggregates. In Drosophila melanogaster, the mitochondrial DmHsp22 is preferentially upregulated during aging. Its over-expression results in an extension of lifespan (>30%) and an increased resistance to stress. Although DmHsp22 has a chaperone-like activity in vitro, additional mechanisms by which it may extend lifespan in vivo are unknown. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis and comparative mitochondrial proteomic analysis by MALDI-TOF were performed to unveil differences in long-lived DmHsp22 over-expressing flies. Flies over-expressing DmHsp22 display an upregulation of genes normally downregulated with age and involved in energy production and protein biosynthesis. Interestingly, DmHsp22 over-expression extended lifespan of normal fibroblasts by slowing the aging process. However, its expression also increased the malignant properties of human transformed cells. The delicate balance between beneficial and noxious effects of this small chaperone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Morrow
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes and PROTEO Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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