1
|
Mitsumoto T, Ishii Y, Takimoto N, Takasu S, Namiki M, Nohmi T, Umemura T, Ogawa K. Site-specific genotoxicity of rubiadin: localization and histopathological changes in the kidneys of rats. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3273-3283. [PMID: 37794257 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Rubiadin (Rub) is a genotoxic component of madder color (MC) that is extracted from the root of Rubia tinctorum L. MC induces renal tumors and preneoplastic lesions that are found in the proximal tubule of the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM), suggesting that the renal carcinogenicity of MC is site specific. To clarify the involvement of Rub in renal carcinogenesis of MC, we examined the distribution of Rub in the kidney of male gpt delta rats that were treated with Rub for 28 days. We used desorption electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-Q-TOF-MSI), along with the histopathological analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and reporter gene mutation assays of the kidney. DESI-Q-TOF-MSI revealed that Rub and its metabolites, lucidin and Rub-sulfation, were specifically distributed in the OSOM. Histopathologically, karyomegaly characterized by enlarged nuclear and microvesicular vacuolar degeneration occurred in proximal tubule epithelial cells in the OSOM. The ɤ-H2AX- and p21-positive cells were also found in the OSOM rather than the cortex. Although dose-dependent increases in gpt and Spi- mutant frequencies were observed in both the medulla and cortex, the mutant frequencies in the medulla were significantly higher. The mutation spectra of gpt mutants showed that A:T-T:A transversion was predominant in Rub-induced gene mutations, consistent with those of MC. Overall, the data showed that the distribution of Rub and its metabolites resulted in site-specific histopathological changes, DNA damage, and gene mutations, suggesting that the distribution of genotoxic components and metabolites is responsible for the site-specific renal carcinogenesis of MC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2, Minami-Osawa, Hachihoji, Tokyo, 192-0364, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Takimoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Moeka Namiki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2, Minami-Osawa, Hachihoji, Tokyo, 192-0364, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang S, Bo H, Zhang Y, Zhen H, Zhong L. Alizarin, an Agonist of AHR Receptor, Enhances CYP1A1 Enzyme Activity and Induces Transcriptional Changes in Hepatoma Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:7373. [PMID: 37959792 PMCID: PMC10650112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytopigment alizarin was previously characterized as an anti-tumor drug owing to its antioxidant or antigenotoxic activities. However, the safety of alizarin is currently still under dispute. In this study, we explored the activity of alizarin in the AHR-CYP1A1 pathway and analyzed the transcriptional changes affected by alizarin using human hepatoma cell line HepG2-based assays. The results showed that alizarin decreased HepG2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values between 160.4 and 216.8 μM. Furthermore, alizarin significantly upregulated the expression of CYP1A1 and increased the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Alizarin also exhibited agonistic activity toward the AHR receptor in the XRE-mediated luciferase reporter gene assay, which was further confirmed via the molecular docking assay. In addition, the transcriptional analysis indicated that alizarin may act as a potential carcinogen through significantly enriching several items related to cancer in both DO and KEGG analysis. In brief, our findings indicated that alizarin shows agonistic activities to the AHR receptor through activating the AHR-CYP1A1 signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, which may lead to the risks for cancer developing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengxian Liang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haimei Bo
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongcheng Zhen
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Li Zhong
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.B.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pasdaran A, Zare M, Hamedi A, Hamedi A. A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Natural Colorants, Dyes, and Pigments: Challenges, and Opportunities for Food, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceutical Application. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300561. [PMID: 37471105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural pigments are important sources for the screening of bioactive lead compounds. This article reviewed the chemistry and therapeutic potentials of over 570 colored molecules from plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, algae, and marine sources. Moreover, related biological activities, advanced extraction, and identification approaches were reviewed. A variety of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-microbial, antiviral, and anti-protozoal activities, have been reported for different pigments. Considering their structural backbone, they were classified as naphthoquinones, carotenoids, flavonoids, xanthones, anthocyanins, benzotropolones, alkaloids, terpenoids, isoprenoids, and non-isoprenoids. Alkaloid pigments were mostly isolated from bacteria and marine sources, while flavonoids were mostly found in plants and mushrooms. Colored quinones and xanthones were mostly extracted from plants and fungi, while colored polyketides and terpenoids are often found in marine sources and fungi. Carotenoids are mostly distributed among bacteria, followed by fungi and plants. The pigments isolated from insects have different structures, but among them, carotenoids and quinone/xanthone are the most important. Considering good manufacturing practices, the current permitted natural colorants are: Carotenoids (canthaxanthin, β-carotene, β-apo-8'-carotenal, annatto, astaxanthin) and their sources, lycopene, anthocyanins, betanin, chlorophyllins, spirulina extract, carmine and cochineal extract, henna, riboflavin, pyrogallol, logwood extract, guaiazulene, turmeric, and soy leghemoglobin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu ML, Yu YN, Song YT, Wang CY, Miao Z, Chen BL, Guo S, Shen MM, Zhang MX, Zhan HQ, Yang PF, Wang QQ, Yin YL, Li P. Cardioprotective role of A-cycloglycosylated derivative of Rubiadin in diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110008. [PMID: 36989899 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a kind of idiopathic heart disease, which is one of the main complications of diabetes and seriously threatens the life of diabetic patients. Rubiadin, an anthraquinone compound extracted from the stems and roots of rubiaceae, has been widely discussed for its anti-diabetes, anti-oxidation and other pharmacological effects. However, Rubiadin can cause drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, A-cycloglycosylated derivative of Rubiadin (ACDR) was obtained by modifying its structure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ACDR on DCM cardiac injury and its mechanism. The DCM animal model was established by streptozotocin, and the success of DCM was verified by blood glucose level, echocardiographic evidence of impaired myocardial functions along with enhanced myocardial fibrosis. We performed liver function tests, morphological staining of the heart and tests for oxidative stress to evaluate cardiac functional and structural changes. Finally, the expression of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western bolt, and the expression of hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif 1 (Hey1) and P-p38 protein was detected by immunofluorescence chemistry and western blotting. The results showed that ACDR can improve cardiac dysfunction, reduce myocardial injury, reduce oxidative stress, and protect the liver in DCM rats. Interestingly, all variations were countered by LiCl. Our study suggests that, along with controlling hyperglycemia, ACDR may improve DCM by reducing NHE1 expression, further inhibiting P-p38 activity and increasing Hey1 expression to reduce oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
5
|
Khan A, Ezati P, Rhim JW. Alizarin: Prospects and sustainability for food safety and quality monitoring applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 223:113169. [PMID: 36738702 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Active and intelligent food packaging has emerged to ensure food safety, quality, or spoilage monitoring and extend the shelf life of food. The development of intelligent packaging has accelerated significantly in recent years with a focus on monitoring changes in the quality of packaged products in real-time throughout the food supply chain. As one of the popular natural colorants, alizarin has attracted much consideration due to its excellent functional properties and quality to color change under varying pH. Alizarin is an efficient and cost-effective biomaterial with numerous biological features such as antioxidant, antibacterial, non-cytotoxic, and antitumor. This review focuses on an in-depth summary and prospects for alizarin as a natural and safe colorant that has the potential to be incorporated into intelligent packaging to track the freshness of packaged foodstuffs. The use of alizarin as an intelligent packaging agent shows huge potential for the application of food packaging and brings it one step closer to real-time monitoring of food quality throughout the supply chain. Finally, various limitations and future requirements are discussed to underscore the importance of developing alizarin-based intelligent functional food packaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajahar Khan
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Parya Ezati
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JS, Kim SH, Kim YS, Kwon E, Lim HJ, Han KM, Choi YK, Jung CW, Kang BC. Nonclinical safety evaluation of food colorant lac dye via systematic toxicity profiling with assessment of in vivo antigenic potential. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1020379. [PMID: 36386152 PMCID: PMC9662299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lac dye is a natural colorant derived mainly from the insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) and has been used in food and beverage as a red-coloring additive. Despite its increasing use for human consumption as an alternative for allergy-associated cochineal, its toxicity profile remained incomplete to sufficiently assess its safety for the intended use. In this study, we evaluated systemic and genetic toxicity by performing acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats using highly purified lac dye (LD) formulated in water and a battery of genotoxicity tests, respectively. To assess antigenic potentials, we carried out an in vivo passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. A single dose of LD did not cause mortality at 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW), setting oral LD50 of >5000 mg/kg BW in SD rats. In the 90-day study, transient salivation without accompanying histopathological lesions in the salivary glands in 200 and 500 mg/kg BW groups and red-purple pigmentation on the surface of femora and skulls in 500 mg/kg groups were observed as nonadverse effects associated with LD, and no adverse effect was detected in all of the parameters examined, establishing a 500 mg/kg BW as no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). Furthermore, LD was not mutagenic nor clastogenic in the genotoxicity tests. When tested for antigenicity, LD did not induce anaphylactic skin responses as opposed to the positive reaction by ovalbumin, suggesting a lack of antigenicity. Taken together, these findings provide extended toxicity information on LD with direct evidence supporting the lack of antigenicity, providing essential guidance for its safe use in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Lim
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang-Min Han
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byeong-Cheol Kang,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wen M, Chen Q, Chen W, Yang J, Zhou X, Zhang C, Wu A, Lai J, Chen J, Mei Q, Yang S, Lan C, Wu J, Huang F, Wang L. A comprehensive review of Rubia cordifolia L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and clinical applications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:965390. [PMID: 36160419 PMCID: PMC9500525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.965390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubia cordifolia (family: Rubiaceae) L (R. cordifolia) is a perennial botanical drug climbing vine. As the main part of the traditional Chinese medicine, the rhizome has a long history. A great number of literary studies have reported that it can be used for the improvement of blood circulation, hemostasis, activation of collaterals, etc. When it comes to the wide application of R. cordifolia in traditional medicine, we systematically review its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological effects. Literatures were systematically searched using several scientific databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Baidu Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and other professional websites. Kew Botanical Garden and the iPlant were used for obtaining the scientific names and plant images of R. cordifolia. In addition, other information was also gathered from books including traditional Chinese herbal medicine, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and Chinese Materia Medica. So far, many prescriptions containing R. cordifolia have been widely used in the clinical treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding, primary dysmenorrhea and other gynecological diseases, allergic purpura, renal hemorrhage and other diseases. The phytochemistry studies have reported that more than 100 compounds are found in R. cordifolia, such as bicyclic peptides, terpenes, polysaccharides, trace elements, flavonoids, and quinones. Among them, quinones and peptides are the types of components with the highest contents in R. cordifolia. The modern pharmacological studies have revealed that R. cordifolia and its derived components have anti-tumor, anti-oxidative, anti-platelet aggregation, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, most studies are preclinical. The pharmacological mechanism of R. cordifolia has not been thoroughly studied. In addition, there are few pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of R. cordifolia, therefore the clinical safety data for R. cordifolia is lacking. To sum up, this review for the first time summarizes a systemic and integrated traditional uses, chemical compositions, pharmacological actions and clinical applications of R. cordifolia, which provides the novel and full-scale insight for the drug development, medicinal value, and application of R. cordifolia in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qibing Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cai Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianming Wu, ; Feihong Huang, ; Long Wang,
| | - Feihong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianming Wu, ; Feihong Huang, ; Long Wang,
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianming Wu, ; Feihong Huang, ; Long Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genotoxicity Comparison between Morinda citrifolia Fruit and Seed Substances. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121773. [PMID: 35741971 PMCID: PMC9222936 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the fruit and seed powder, fruit puree, and aqueous extracts of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae, noni). The genotoxic potential of the noni substances was evaluated using in vitro Ames, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus tests. All test procedures were conducted per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines, and good laboratory practice. None of the noni fruit test substances showed genotoxic signs up to 5000 and 2000 μg/plate in the Ames and micronucleus tests, respectively. In the chromosomal aberration test, neither the fruit puree nor aqueous extract showed structural and numerical aberrations up to 5000 and 4650 μg/mL, respectively, irrespective of metabolic activation, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups. The safe ranges of noni fruit and seed powders were up to 2500 and 2100 μg/mL, respectively, in the 6 h treatment group and up to 1600–4100 and 370–450 μg/mL, respectively, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups in the presence of metabolic activation. Noni fruit and seeds were safe in terms of genotoxicity under our experimental conditions. Our data are the first to provide valuable genotoxic information on Morinda citrifolia.
Collapse
|
9
|
Almasi H, Forghani S, Moradi M. Recent advances on intelligent food freshness indicators; an update on natural colorants and methods of preparation. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
10
|
Ishii Y, Nakamura K, Mitsumoto T, Takimoto N, Namiki M, Takasu S, Ogawa K. Visualization of the distribution of anthraquinone components from madder roots in rat kidneys by desorption electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161:112851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
11
|
Watroly MN, Sekar M, Fuloria S, Gan SH, Jeyabalan S, Wu YS, Subramaniyan V, Sathasivam KV, Ravi S, Mat Rani NNI, Lum PT, Vaijanathappa J, Meenakshi DU, Mani S, Fuloria NK. Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Rubiadin: A Promising Natural Anthraquinone for New Drug Discovery and Development. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4527-4549. [PMID: 34764636 PMCID: PMC8576757 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s338548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones (AQs) are found in a variety of consumer products, including foods, nutritional supplements, drugs, and traditional medicines, and have a wide range of pharmacological actions. Rubiadin, a 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, primarily originates from Rubia cordifolia Linn (Rubiaceae). It was first discovered in 1981 and has been reported for many biological activities. However, no review has been reported so far to create awareness about this molecule and its role in future drug discovery. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide comprehensive evidence of Rubiadin's phytochemistry, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, biological properties and therapeutic potential. Relevant literature was gathered from numerous scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar between 1981 and up-to-date. The distribution of Rubiadin in numerous medicinal plants, as well as its method of isolation, synthesis, characterisation, physiochemical properties and possible biosynthesis pathways, was extensively covered in this review. Following a rigorous screening and tabulating, a thorough description of Rubiadin's biological properties was gathered, which were based on scientific evidences. Rubiadin fits all five of Lipinski's rule for drug-likeness properties. Then, the in depth physiochemical characteristics of Rubiadin were investigated. The simple technique for Rubiadin's isolation from R. cordifolia and the procedure of synthesis was described. Rubiadin is also biosynthesized via the polyketide and chorismate/o-succinylbenzoic acid pathways. Rubiadin is a powerful molecule with anticancer, antiosteoporotic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. The mechanism of action for the majority of the pharmacological actions reported, however, is unknown. In addition to this review, an in silico molecular docking study was performed against proteins with PDB IDs: 3AOX, 6OLX, 6OSP, and 6SDC to support the anticancer properties of Rubiadin. The toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications were also described. Rubiadin was also proven to have the highest binding affinity to the targeted proteins in an in silico study; thus, we believe it may be a potential anticancer molecule. In order to present Rubiadin as a novel candidate for future therapeutic development, advanced studies on preclinical, clinical trials, bioavailability, permeability and administration of safe doses are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nasarudin Watroly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Srikanth Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | | | - Kathiresan V Sathasivam
- Faculty of Applied Science & Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 640 021, India
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Jaishree Vaijanathappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mauritius, Vacoas, Mauritius
| | | | - Shankar Mani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, Karnataka, 571418, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Räisänen R, Primetta A, Nikunen S, Honkalampi U, Nygren H, Pihlava JM, Vanden Berghe I, von Wright A. Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples from Cortinarius and Tapinella, Salix and Tanacetum spp. and Dyed Woollen Fabrics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E266. [PMID: 32443886 PMCID: PMC7277368 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocolourants have been investigated as alternatives to synthetic dyes. However, natural origin per se is not a label of harmlessness and research is needed to obtain safe dyes. We studied the cytotoxicity of the extracts from fungal (Cortinarius semisanguineus, Tapinella atrotomentosa) and plant (Tanacetum vulgare, Salix phylicifolia) sources and the woollen fabrics dyed with the extracts. Cytotoxicity in vitro using hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cells for 24 h and 72 h exposure was observed as the highest tolerated dose. All biocolourants produced intensive colour on fabrics with fastness properties from moderate to good. The Salix and Cortinarius samples did not show any cytotoxic effects, whereas the Tanacetum and Tapinella samples had slightly higher test values but were not interpreted as being significantly toxic. Higher than zero values of the undyed fabrics showed the importance of examining their toxicity as well. It was found that the cytotoxicity of the samples dyed with the biocolourants did not differ significantly from the undyed wool fabric. The concentrations of dyes used in the assays were very low, imitating the dose of the user. In addition to colouring properties, natural dyes may have pharmaceutical and antibacterial properties which would enhance the interest in using them in products for added value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Räisänen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Anja Primetta
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Nikunen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Ulla Honkalampi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (U.H.); (A.v.W.)
| | - Heli Nygren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Juha-Matti Pihlava
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Ina Vanden Berghe
- Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (IRPA/KIK), Parc du Cinquantenaire 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Atte von Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (U.H.); (A.v.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kharchoufa L, Merrouni IA, Yamani A, Elachouri M. Profile on medicinal plants used by the people of North Eastern Morocco: Toxicity concerns. Toxicon 2018; 154:90-113. [PMID: 30243516 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the North Eastern region of Morocco, many people are interested in medicinal plants and their uses. However, the rationale for the utilization of medicinal plants has remained largely underestimated with little or no scientific data on plant safety. In this paper we attempt to describe and establish a detailed list of current knowledge in relation to the toxicity of these plants and to evaluate the scientific data concerning the harmful effects of the selected natural products. Our approach consists of collecting published data from literature in specialized journals, books and website related to the toxic plants. This research revealed that 89 plant species, retrieved from 287 plants used as medicine in the North-Eastern region of Morocco, are considered toxic or present some kind of toxicity. Our data determines 55 compounds isolated from the plants which are dominated by five groups of toxic compounds: alkaloids followed by glucosides, terpenoids, protides and phenolics. The present work discusses toxicity-related issues arising from the use of medicinal plants by local people. We conclude that the database considered in this study could serve as an important source of information on the toxicity of medicinal plants used by this society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Kharchoufa
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Ilyass Alami Merrouni
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Amal Yamani
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Mostafa Elachouri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Noni) and Its Potential in Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060540. [PMID: 28587078 PMCID: PMC5490519 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultural and economic shifts in the early 19th century led to the rapid development of companies that made good profits from technologically-produced commodities. In this way, some habits changed in society, such as the overconsumption of processed and micronutrient-poor foods and devices that gave rise to a sedentary lifestyle. These factors influenced host-microbiome interactions which, in turn, mediated the etiopathogenesis of “new-era” disorders and diseases, which are closely related, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, and inflammatory bowel disease, which are characterized by chronic dysregulation of metabolic and immune processes. These pathological conditions require novel and effective therapeutic approaches. Morindacitrifolia (noni) is well known as a traditional healing plant due to its medicinal properties. Thus, many studies have been conducted to understand its bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action. However, in obesity and obesity-related metabolic (dysfunction) syndrome, other studies are necessary to better elucidate noni’s mechanisms of action, mainly due to the complexity of the pathophysiology of obesity and its metabolic dysfunction. In this review, we summarize not only the clinical effects, but also important cell signaling pathways in in vivo and in vitro assays of potent bioactive compounds present in the noni plant which have been reported in studies of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sugiyama KI, Furusawa H, Grúz P, Honma M. Detection of epigenetic mutagens including anthracene-derived compounds using yeast FLO1 promoter GFP reporter gene assay. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:429-435. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
16
|
Mohamad Shalan NAA, Mustapha NM, Mohamed S. Chronic toxicity evaluation of Morinda citrifolia fruit and leaf in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
Shan M, Yu S, Yan H, Chen P, Zhang L, Ding A. A Review of the Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma. Molecules 2016; 21:E1747. [PMID: 27999402 PMCID: PMC6274022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubia cordifolia Linn (Rubiaceae) is a climbing perennial herbal plant, which is widely distributed in China and India. Its root and rhizome, Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma (called Qiancao in China and Indian madder in India), is a well known phytomedicine used for hematemesis, epistaxis, flooding, spotting, traumatic bleeding, amenorrhea caused by obstruction, joint impediment pain, swelling and pain caused by injuries from falls. In addition, it is a kind of pigment utilized as a food additive and a dye for wool or fiber. This review mainly concentrates on studies of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of this Traditional Chinese Medicine. The phytochemical evidences indicated that over a hundred chemical components have been found and isolated from the medicine, such as anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, triterpenoids, cyclic hexapeptides and others. These components are considered responsible for the various bioactivities of the herbal drug, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, antitumor, effects on coagulation-fibrinolysis system, neuroprotection and other effects. Additionally, based on these existing results, we also propose some interesting future research directions. Consequently, this review should help us to more comprehensively understand and to more fully utilize the herbal medicine Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Sheng Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Peidong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Anwei Ding
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Epigenetic mutagen as histone modulator can be detected by yeast flocculation. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:687-693. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
19
|
Lajkó E, Bányai P, Zámbó Z, Kursinszki L, Szőke É, Kőhidai L. Targeted tumor therapy by Rubia tinctorum L.: analytical characterization of hydroxyanthraquinones and investigation of their selective cytotoxic, adhesion and migration modulator effects on melanoma cell lines (A2058 and HT168-M1). Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:119. [PMID: 26690297 PMCID: PMC4683936 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alizarin and purpurin are di- and trihydroxyanthraquinones derived from Rubia tinctorum L. Previous pharmacological studies have demonstrated that they exhibit certain degree of selective inhibitory effects towards cancer cells suggesting their application as a targeted drug for cancer. Our present work was aimed to investigate the suitability of hydroxyanthraquinones of Rubia tinctorum L. for targeted tumor therapy. The effects of alizarin, purpurin and an aqueous extract from transformed hairy root culture of Rubia tinctorum L. were examined on (1) cell proliferation, (2) apoptosis, (3) cell adhesion/morphology and (4) migration (chemotaxis, chemokinesis) of human melanoma cell lines (A2058, HT168-M1) and human fibroblast cells (MRC-5), as well as (5) the aqueous extract was analytically characterized. Methods The aqueous extract was prepared from R. tinctorum hairy root culture and qualitatively analyzed by HPLC and ESI–MS methods. The cell growth inhibitory activity of anthraquinones was evaluated by MTT-assay and by flow cytometry. The effect of anthraquinones on cell adhesion was measured by an impedance based technique, the xCELLigence SP. For the chemotaxis assay NeuroProbe® chamber was used. Computer based holographic microscopy was applied to analyze chemokinetic responses as well as morphometry. Statistical significance was determined by the one-way ANOVA test. Results In the aqueous extract, munjistin (Mr = 284, tR = 18.4 min) as a principal component and three minor anthraquinones (pseudopurpurin, rubiadin and nordamnacanthal) were identified. The purpurin elicited a stronger but not apoptosis-mediated antitumor effect in melanoma cells (A2058: 10−6–10−5 M: 90.6–64.1 %) than in normal fibroblasts (10−6–10−5 M: 97.6–84.8 %). The aqueous extract in equimolar concentrations showed the most potent cytotoxicity after 72 h incubation (A2058: 10−6–10−5 M: 87.4–55.0 %). All tested substances elicited chemorepellent effect in melanoma cells, while in MRC-5 fibroblasts, only the alizarin exhibited such a repellent character. Indices of chemokinesis measured by holographic microscopy (migration, migration directness, motility and motility speed) were significantly enhanced by alizarin and purpurin as well, while morphometric changes were weak in the two melanoma cell lines. Conclusions Our results highlight the effective and selective inhibitory activity of purpurin towards melanoma cells and its possible use as a targeted anticancer agent. The anthraquinones of the cytotoxic extract are suggested to apply in drug delivery systems as an anticancer drug. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-015-0271-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Lajkó
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - Péter Bányai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - Zsófia Zámbó
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - László Kursinszki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - László Kőhidai
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Anthraquinone Content in Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:208378. [PMID: 24062780 PMCID: PMC3770026 DOI: 10.1155/2013/208378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noni has been used in traditional medicine and as food for thousands of years. While the fruits serve as food and internal medicine, leaves were traditionally used only topically. In recent years, concern regarding the possible content of anthraquinones in noni has led to scrutiny by the European Food Safety Authority. Little research existed on the content of anthraquinones in different noni preparations, with no information about the potential effect of harvest and preparation methods. Our research focused on lucidin, alizarin, and rubiadin, the most important anthraquinones from a health perspective. We found that the production process (fermentation/juice production versus drying/lyophilization) has no effect on the anthraquinone content. The source product, however, does have implications: noni fruit puree from which seeds had been removed as well as consumer products produced from such puree had no detectable amounts of any anthraquinones. Products that did contain seed or leaf material in all cases did contain partly significant amounts of anthraquinones. To alleviate safety concerns, we suggest that noni products, whether fermented or unfermented juice or powder, should be derived only from fully ripe noni fruits, and that any seed material needs to be removed during the production process.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Ishii Y, Inoue K, Takasu S, Jin M, Matsushita K, Kuroda K, Fukuhara K, Nishikawa A, Umemura T. Determination of Lucidin-Specific DNA Adducts by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the Livers and Kidneys of Rats Given Lucidin-3-O-primeveroside. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1112-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300084p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishii
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Kuroda
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fukuhara
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Division
of Pathology, ‡Division of Organic Chemistry, and §Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nishikawa A, Inoue T, Umemura T, Inoue K, Yoshida M, Sekita K, Ishii Y, Ogawa K, Hirose A, Takagi A, Tsutsumi T, Ohno Y, Shibutani M, Takahashi M, Sugita-Konishi Y, Akiyama H, Kanno J. [Current topics in biological safety tests on foods, food additives and contaminants]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2011; 51:415-43. [PMID: 21228533 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.51.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- National Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|