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Wang P, Zhang H, Guo K, Liu C, Chen S, Pu B, Chen S, Feng T, Jiao H, Gao C. Rapamycin inhibits B16 melanoma cell viability invitro and invivo by inducing autophagy and inhibiting the mTOR/p70‑S6k pathway. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:140. [PMID: 38385108 PMCID: PMC10877231 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is an immunosuppressant that has been shown to prevent tumor growth following organ transplantation. However, its exact mode of antitumor action remains unknown. The present study used the B16-F10 (B16) murine melanoma model to explore the antitumor mechanism of rapamycin, and it was revealed that rapamycin reduced B16 cell viability in vitro and in vivo. In addition, in vitro and in vivo, the results of western blotting showed that rapamycin reduced Bcl2 expression, and enhanced the protein expression levels of cleaved caspase 3 and Bax, indicating that it can induce the apoptosis of B16 melanoma cells. Furthermore, the results of cell cycle analysis and western blotting showed that rapamycin induced B16 cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, based on the reduction in the protein expression levels of CDK1, cyclin D1 and CDK4, as well as the increase in the percentage of cells in G1 phase. Rapamycin also significantly increased the number of autophagosomes in B16 melanoma cells, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the results of RT-qPCR and western blotting showed that rapamycin upregulated the protein expression levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1, while downregulating the expression of p62 in vitro and in vivo, thus indicating that rapamycin could trigger cellular autophagy. The present study revealed that rapamycin in combination with chloroquine (CQ) further increased LC3 expression compared with that in the CQ group, suggesting that rapamycin induced an increase in autophagy in B16 cells. Furthermore, the results of western blotting showed that rapamycin blocked the phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70-S6k) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) proteins in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting that rapamycin may exert its antitumor effect by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the mTOR/p70-S6k pathway. In conclusion, rapamycin may inhibit tumor growth by inducing cellular G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. In addition, rapamycin may exert its antitumor effects by inducing the autophagy of B16 melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo, and the mTOR/p70-S6k signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Haifang Zhang
- Hainan Institute for Drug Control, Haikou, Hainan 570216, P.R. China
| | - Kaikai Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Chun Liu
- Hainan Institute for Drug Control, Haikou, Hainan 570216, P.R. China
| | - Shimin Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Baopeng Pu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Sirun Chen
- Hainan Medical University Press, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Tong Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Hanyi Jiao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
| | - Chang Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, P.R. China
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2
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Martins C, Rasbach E, Heppt MV, Singh P, Kulcsar Z, Holzgruber J, Chakraborty A, Mucciarone K, Kleffel S, Brandenburg A, Hoetzenecker W, Rahbari NN, DeCaprio JA, Thakuria M, Murphy GF, Ramsey MR, Posch C, Barthel SR, Schatton T. Tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1 promotes Merkel cell carcinoma growth by activating downstream mTOR-mitochondrial ROS signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi2012. [PMID: 38241371 PMCID: PMC10798567 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer. Inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint have improved MCC patient outcomes by boosting antitumor T cell immunity. Here, we identify PD-1 as a growth-promoting receptor intrinsic to MCC cells. In human MCC lines and clinical tumors, RT-PCR-based sequencing, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated PD-1 gene and protein expression by MCC cells. MCC-PD-1 ligation enhanced, and its inhibition or silencing suppressed, in vitro proliferation and in vivo tumor xenograft growth. Consistently, MCC-PD-1 binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2 induced, while antibody-mediated PD-1 blockade inhibited, protumorigenic mTOR signaling, mitochondrial (mt) respiration, and ROS generation. Last, pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR or mtROS reversed MCC-PD-1:PD-L1-dependent proliferation and synergized with PD-1 checkpoint blockade in suppressing tumorigenesis. Our results identify an MCC-PD-1-mTOR-mtROS axis as a tumor growth-accelerating mechanism, the blockade of which might contribute to clinical response in patients with MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Martins
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erik Rasbach
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Praveen Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zsofi Kulcsar
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Holzgruber
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Asmi Chakraborty
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyla Mucciarone
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonja Kleffel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Brandenburg
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Nuh N. Rahbari
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma Center of Excellence, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manisha Thakuria
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma Center of Excellence, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew R. Ramsey
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christian Posch
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Vienna Healthcare Group, 1130 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Shi Z, Kaneda-Nakashima K, Ohgaki R, Xu M, Okanishi H, Endou H, Nagamori S, Kanai Y. Inhibition of cancer-type amino acid transporter LAT1 suppresses B16-F10 melanoma metastasis in mouse models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13943. [PMID: 37626086 PMCID: PMC10457391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter highly expressed in various cancers to support their growth. Although high LAT1 expression is closely associated with cancer metastasis, its role in this process remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of LAT1 inhibition on cancer metastasis using B16-F10 melanoma mouse models. Our results demonstrated that nanvuranlat (JPH203), a high-affinity LAT1-selective inhibitor, suppressed B16-F10 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Similarly, LAT1 knockdown reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. LAT1 inhibitors and LAT1 knockdown diminished B16-F10 lung metastasis in a lung metastasis model. Furthermore, nanvuranlat and LAT1 knockdown suppressed lung, spleen, and lymph node metastasis in an orthotopic metastasis model. We discovered that the LAT1 inhibitor reduced the cell surface expression of integrin αvβ3. Our findings revealed that the downregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, induced by LAT1 inhibitors, decreased the expression of integrin αvβ3, contributing to the suppression of metastasis. These results highlight the critical role of LAT1 in cancer metastasis and suggest that LAT1 inhibition may serve as a potential target for anti-metastasis cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Shi
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kaneda-Nakashima
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Division of Science, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 2-4, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ohgaki
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okanishi
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endou
- J-Pharma Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Center for SI Medical Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Zhuang J, Chen Z, Chen Z, Chen J, Liu M, Xu X, Liu Y, Yang S, Hu Z, He F. Construction of an immune-related lncRNA signature pair for predicting oncologic outcomes and the sensitivity of immunosuppressor in treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Respir Res 2022; 23:123. [PMID: 35562727 PMCID: PMC9101821 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although immunotherapy has shown clinical activity in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), LUAD prognosis has been a perplexing problem. We aimed to construct an immune-related lncRNA pairs (IRLPs) score for LUAD and identify what immunosuppressor are appropriate for which group of people with LUAD. Methods Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD cohort, IRLPs were identified to construct an IRLPs scoring system by Cox regression and validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset using log-rank test and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Next, we used spearman’s correlation analysis, t-test, signaling pathways analysis and gene mutation analysis to explore immune and molecular characteristics in different IRLP subgroups. The “pRRophetic” package was used to predict the sensitivity of immunosuppressant. Results The IRLPs score was constructed based on eight IRLPs calculated as 2.12 × (MIR31HG|RRN3P2) + 0.43 × (NKX2-1-AS1|AC083949.1) + 1.79 × (TMPO-AS1|LPP-AS2) + 1.60 × (TMPO-AS1|MGC32805) + 1.79 × (TMPO-AS1|PINK1-AS) + 0.65 × (SH3BP5-AS1|LINC01137) + 0.51 × (LINC01004|SH3PXD2A-AS1) + 0.62 × (LINC00339|AGAP2-AS1). Patients with a lower IRLPs risk score had a better overall survival (OS) (Log-rank test PTCGA train dataset < 0.001, PTCGA test dataset = 0.017, PGEO dataset = 0.027) and similar results were observed in the AUCs of TCGA dataset and GEO dataset (AUC TCGA train dataset = 0.777, AUC TCGA test dataset = 0.685, AUC TCGA total dataset = 0.733, AUC GEO dataset = 0.680). Immune score (Cor = -0.18893, P < 0.001), stoma score (Cor = -0.24804, P < 0.001), and microenvironment score (Cor = -0.22338, P < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the patients with the higher IRLP risk score. The gene set enrichment analysis found that high-risk group enriched in molecular changes in DNA and chromosomes signaling pathways, and in this group the tumor mutation burden (TMB) was higher than in the low-risk group (P = 0.0015). Immunosuppressor methotrexate sensitivity was higher in the high-risk group (P = 0.0052), whereas parthenolide (P < 0.001) and rapamycin (P = 0.013) sensitivity were lower in the high-risk group. Conclusions Our study established an IRLPs scoring system as a biomarker to help in the prognosis, the identification of molecular and immune characteristics, and the patient-tailored selection of the most suitable immunosuppressor for LUAD therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02043-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Zhuang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongwu Chen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zishan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Maolin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinying Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Fei He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Fujian Digital Tumor Data Research Center, Fuzhou, China.
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5
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Guenzle J, Akasaka H, Joechle K, Reichardt W, Venkatasamy A, Hoeppner J, Hellerbrand C, Fichtner-Feigl S, Lang SA. Pharmacological Inhibition of mTORC2 Reduces Migration and Metastasis in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010030. [PMID: 33375117 PMCID: PMC7792954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in therapy, liver metastasis from melanoma is still associated with poor prognosis. Although targeting the mTOR signaling pathway exerts potent anti-tumor activity, little is known about specific mTORC2 inhibition regarding liver metastasis. Using the novel mTORC2 specific inhibitor JR-AB2-011, we show significantly reduced migration and invasion capacity by impaired activation of MMP2 in melanoma cells. In addition, blockade of mTORC2 induces cell death by non-apoptotic pathways and reduces tumor cell proliferation rate dose-dependently. Furthermore, a significant reduction of liver metastasis was detected in a syngeneic murine metastasis model upon therapy with JR-AB2-011 as determined by in vivo imaging and necropsy. Hence, our study for the first time highlights the impact of the pharmacological blockade of mTORC2 as a potent novel anti-cancer approach for liver metastasis from melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Guenzle
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.A.); (K.J.); (J.H.); (S.F.-F.)
| | - Harue Akasaka
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.A.); (K.J.); (J.H.); (S.F.-F.)
| | - Katharina Joechle
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.A.); (K.J.); (J.H.); (S.F.-F.)
| | - Wilfried Reichardt
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiology Medical Physics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5a, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Aina Venkatasamy
- Department of Radiology Medical Physics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5a, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Service de Radiologie 1, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory Stress Response and Innovative Therapies “Streinth”, Inserm IRFAC UMR_S1113, Université de Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jens Hoeppner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.A.); (K.J.); (J.H.); (S.F.-F.)
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.A.); (K.J.); (J.H.); (S.F.-F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg-CCCF, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven A. Lang
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.A.); (K.J.); (J.H.); (S.F.-F.)
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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6
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Wiśniewska M, Janczarek I, Piwczyński D. The Aging Phenomenon of Horses With Reference to Human–Horse Relations. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Comins C, Simpson GR, Rogers W, Relph K, Harrington K, Melcher A, Roulstone V, Kyula J, Pandha H. Synergistic antitumour effects of rapamycin and oncolytic reovirus. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:148-160. [PMID: 29720674 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are currently numerous oncolytic viruses undergoing clinical trial evaluation in cancer patients and one agent, Talimogene laherparepvec, has been approved for the treatment of malignant melanoma. This progress highlights the huge clinical potential of this treatment modality, and the focus is now combining these agents with conventional anticancer treatments or agents that enhance viral replication, and thereby oncolysis, in the tumour microenvironment. We evaluated the combination of reovirus with rapamycin in B16F10 cell, a murine model of malignant melanoma, based on potential mechanisms by which mTOR inhibitors might enhance viral oncolysis. Rapamycin was not immunomodulatory in that it had no effect on the generation of an antireovirus-neutralising antibody response in C57/black 6 mice. The cell cycle effects of reovirus (increase G0/G1 fraction) were unaffected by concomitant or sequential exposure of rapamycin. However, rapamycin attenuated viral replication if given prior or concomitantly with reovirus and similarly reduced reovirus-induced apoptotic cell death Annexin V/PI and caspase 3/7 activation studies. We found clear evidence of synergistic antitumour effects of the combination both in vitro and in vivo, which was sequence dependent only in the in vitro setting. In conclusion, we have demonstrated synergistic antitumour efficacy of reovirus and rapamycin combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Comins
- Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Leggett Building, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Guy Richard Simpson
- Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Leggett Building, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - William Rogers
- Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Leggett Building, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Kate Relph
- Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Leggett Building, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Victoria Roulstone
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Leggett Building, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7WG, UK.
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8
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Metformin exerts antitumor activity via induction of multiple death pathways in tumor cells and activation of a protective immune response. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25808-25825. [PMID: 29899823 PMCID: PMC5995253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effect of metformin has been demonstrated in several types of cancer; however, the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. In this study, we showed that metformin acts directly on melanoma cells as well as on the tumor microenvironment, particularly in the context of the immune response. In vitro, metformin induces a complex interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in melanoma cells. The anti-metastatic activity of metformin in vivo was assessed in several mouse models challenged with B16F10 cells. Metformin's activity was, in part, immune system-dependent, whereas its antitumor properties were abrogated in immunodeficient (NSG) mice. Metformin treatment increased the number of lung CD8-effector-memory T and CD4+Foxp3+IL-10+ T cells in B16F10-transplanted mice. It also decreased the levels of Gr-1+CD11b+ and RORγ+ IL17+CD4+ cells in B16F10-injected mice and the anti-metastatic effect was impaired in RAG-1−/− mice challenged with B16F10 cells, suggesting an important role for T cells in the protection induced by metformin. Finally, metformin in combination with the clinical metabolic agents rapamycin and sitagliptin showed a higher antitumor effect. The metformin/sitagliptin combination was effective in a BRAFV600E/PTEN tamoxifen-inducible murine melanoma model. Taken together, these results suggest that metformin has a pronounced effect on melanoma cells, including the induction of a strong protective immune response in the tumor microenvironment, leading to tumor growth control, and the combination with other metabolic agents may increase this effect.
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Pivonello C, Negri M, De Martino MC, Napolitano M, de Angelis C, Provvisiero DP, Cuomo G, Auriemma RS, Simeoli C, Izzo F, Colao A, Hofland LJ, Pivonello R. The dual targeting of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor enhances the mTOR inhibitor-mediated antitumor efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9718-31. [PMID: 26756219 PMCID: PMC4891079 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of mTOR and IGF pathways is frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), thus mTOR and IGF1R represent suitable therapeutic targets in HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) and OSI-906, blocker of IGF1R/IR, on HCC cell proliferation, viability, migration and invasion, and alpha-fetoprotein (α-FP) secretion. In HepG2 and HuH-7 we evaluated, the expression of mTOR and IGF pathway components; the effects of Sirolimus, Everolimus, Temsirolimus and OSI-906 on cell proliferation; the effects of Sirolimus, OSI-906, and their combination, on cell secretion, proliferation, viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion and migration. Moreover, intracellular mechanisms underlying these cell functions were evaluated in both cell lines. Our results show that HepG2 and HuH-7 present with the same mRNA expression profile with high levels of IGF2. OSI-906 inhibited cell proliferation at high concentration, while mTORi suppressed cell proliferation in a dose-time dependent manner in both cell lines. The co-treatment showed an additive inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and viability. This effect was not related to induction of apoptosis, but to G0/G1 phase block. Moreover, the co-treatment prevented the Sirolimus-induced AKT activation as escape mechanism. Both agents demonstrated to be differently effective in inhibiting α-FP secretion. Sirolimus, OSI-906, and their combination, blocked cell migration and invasion in HuH-7. These findings indicate that, co-targeting of IGF1R/IR and mTOR pathways could be a novel therapeutic approach in the management of HCC, in order to maximize antitumoral effect and to prevent the early development of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Negri
- IOS & Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Centro Direzionale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Napolitano
- Immunology Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- IOS & Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Centro Direzionale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gaia Cuomo
- IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Peng YF, Shi YH, Ding ZB, Ke AW, Gu CY, Hui B, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Dai Z, Fan J. Autophagy inhibition suppresses pulmonary metastasis of HCC in mice via impairing anoikis resistance and colonization of HCC cells. Autophagy 2014; 9:2056-68. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.26398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Dai W, Fan Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang Q, Wang X. A comprehensive study of iRGD-modified liposomes with improved chemotherapeutic efficacy on B16 melanoma. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:10-20. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.903580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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12
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Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of recombinant CBD–HepII polypeptide of human fibronectin inhibits metastasis of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 143:33-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Mango RL, Wu QP, West M, McCook EC, Serody JS, van Deventer HW. C-C chemokine receptor 5 on pulmonary mesenchymal cells promotes experimental metastasis via the induction of erythroid differentiation regulator 1. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:274-82. [PMID: 24197118 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED C-C Chemokine receptor 5 knockout (Ccr5(-/-)) mice develop fewer experimental pulmonary metastases than wild-type (WT) mice. This phenomenon was explored by applying gene expression profiling to the lungs of mice with these metastases. Consequently, erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) was identified as upregulated in the WT mice. Though commonly associated with bone marrow stroma, Erdr1 was differentially expressed in WT pulmonary mesenchymal cells (PMC) and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Moreover, the Ccr5 ligand Ccl4 increased its expression by 3.36 ± 0.14-fold. Ccr5 signaling was dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Map2k) but not the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k) pathway because treatment with U0126 inhibited upregulation of Erdr1, but treatment with LY294002 increased the expression by 3.44 ± 0.92-fold (P < 0.05). The effect Erdr1 on B16-F10 melanoma metastasis was verified by the adoptive transfer of WT MEFs into Ccr5(-/-) mice. In this model, MEFs that had been transduced with Erdr1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lowered metastasis by 33% compared with control transduced MEFs. The relevance of ERDR1 on human disease was assessed by coculturing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with M2-10B4 stromal cells that had been transfected with shRNA or control plasmids. After 96 hours of coculture, the cell counts were higher with control cell lines than with Erdr1 knockdown lines [odds ratio (OR), 1.88 ± 0.27, 2.52 ± 0.66, respectively]. This increase was associated with a decrease in apoptotic cells (OR, 0.69 ± 0.18, 0.58 ± 0.12, respectively). IMPLICATIONS Therefore, ERDR1 is a stromal-derived factor that promotes cancer cell survival in vitro and in an experimental metastasis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Mango
- University of North Carolina, CB 7305, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7305.
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Tovilovic G, Ristic B, Siljic M, Nikolic V, Kravic-Stevovic T, Dulovic M, Milenkovic M, Knezevic A, Bosnjak M, Bumbasirevic V, Stanojevic M, Trajkovic V. mTOR-independent autophagy counteracts apoptosis in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected U251 glioma cells. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:615-24. [PMID: 23669212 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of autophagy, a stress-inducible lysosomal self-digestion of cellular components, in modulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-triggered death of U251 human glioma cells. HSV-1 caused apoptotic death in U251 cells, characterized by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. HSV-1-induced apoptosis was associated with the induction of autophagic response, as confirmed by the conversion of cytosolic LC3-I to autophagosome-associated LC3-II, increase in intracellular acidification, presence of autophagic vesicles, and increase in proteolysis of the selective autophagic target p62. HSV-1-triggered autophagy was not associated with the significant increase in the expression of proautophagic protein beclin-1 or downregulation of the major autophagy suppressor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Moreover, the phosphorylation of mTOR and its direct substrate p70 S6 kinase was augmented by HSV-1 infection, while the mTOR stimulator Akt and inhibitor AMPK-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were accordingly activated and suppressed, respectively. An shRNA-mediated knockdown of the autophagy-essential LC3β, as well as pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 or 3-methyladenine, markedly accelerated apoptotic changes and ensuing cell death in HSV-1-infected glioma cells. These data indicate that AMPK/Akt/mTOR-independent autophagy could prolong survival of HSV-1-infected U251 glioma cells by counteracting the coinciding apoptotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Tovilovic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana Blvd.142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Hung TC, Lin CW, Hsu TL, Wu CY, Wong CH. Investigation of SSEA-4 binding protein in breast cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5934-7. [PMID: 23574147 DOI: 10.1021/ja312210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SSEA-4, a sialyl-glycolipid, has been commonly used as a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell marker, and its expression is correlated with the metastasis of some malignant tumors. However, there is no in-depth functional study related to the receptor and the role of this glycolipid. Here, we report the identification of an SSEA-4-binding protein in a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. By using affinity capture and glycan microarray techniques, the intracellular FK-506 binding protein 4 (FKBP4) was identified to bind directly to SSEA-4. The biological significance of SSEA-4/FKBP4 interaction was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Abstract
The PI3K-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway is involved in various cellular activities, including proliferation, migration, cell growth, cell survival and differentiation during adult homeostasis as well as in tumorigenesis. It has been suggested that the constitutive activation of PI3K/AKT signaling with concurrent loss of function of the tumor suppressor molecule PTEN contributes to cancer formation. Members of the PI3K-PTEN-AKT pathway, including these proteins and mTOR, are altered in melanoma tumors and cell lines. A hallmark of activation of the pathway is the loss of function of PTEN. Indeed, loss of heterozygosity of PTEN has been observed in approximately 30% of human melanomas, implicating this signaling pathway in this cancer. PI3K signaling activation, via loss of PTEN function, can inhibit proapoptotic genes such as the FoxO family of transcription factors, while inducing cell growth- and cell survival-related elements such as p70S6K and AKT. Determining how the PI3K-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway, alone or in cooperation with other pathways, orchestrates the induction of target genes involved in a diverse range of activities is a major challenge in research into melanoma initiation and progression. Moreover, the acquisition of basic knowledge will help patient management with appropriate therapies that are already, or will shortly be, on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Conde-Perez
- Institut Curie, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, Bat. 110, 91405, Orsay, France
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17
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Del Bello B, Toscano M, Moretti D, Maellaro E. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis inhibits autophagy, which acts as a pro-survival mechanism in human melanoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57236. [PMID: 23437349 PMCID: PMC3577730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between a non-lethal autophagic response and apoptotic cell death is still a matter of debate in cancer cell biology. In the present study performed on human melanoma cells, we investigate the role of basal or stimulated autophagy in cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity, as well as the contribution of cisplatin-induced activation of caspases 3/7 and conventional calpains. The results show that, while down-regulating Beclin-1, Atg14 and LC3-II, cisplatin treatment inhibits the basal autophagic response, impairing a physiological pro-survival response. Consistently, exogenously stimulated autophagy, obtained with trehalose or calpains inhibitors (MDL-28170 and calpeptin), protects from cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and such a protection is reverted by inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine or ATG5 silencing. In addition, during trehalose-stimulated autophagy, the cisplatin-induced activation of calpains is abrogated, suggesting the existence of a feedback loop between the autophagic process and calpains. On the whole, our results demonstrate that in human melanoma cells autophagy may function as a beneficial stress response, hindered by cisplatin-induced death mechanisms. In a therapeutic perspective, these findings suggest that the efficacy of cisplatin-based polychemotherapies for melanoma could be potentiated by inhibitors of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Del Bello
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marzia Toscano
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Moretti
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kim SH, Lee JE, Yang SH, Lee SW. Induction of cytokines and growth factors by rapamycin in the microenvironment of brain metastases of lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:953-958. [PMID: 23426399 PMCID: PMC3576186 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between rapamycin and astrocytes in a tumor-bearing mouse model with brain metastases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was investigated. For in vitro experiments, NCI-H358, a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, was co-cultured with immortalized astrocytes, and treated with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor. We evaluated the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) in tumor cells in vivo. Rapamycin is cytotoxic in vitro; however, co-culturing tumor cells and astrocytes induced tumor cell survival. IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, PDGF, MCP-1 and MIP-1 expression were higher in rapamycin-treated mice compared to the control group, however, IGF-1 expression was lower. Notably, treatment with rapamycin before inoculating tumor cells affected cytokine expression in the tumor microenvironment. We suggest that growth factors and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment play a role in the survival of cancer cells in brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul
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19
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The miR-290-295 cluster suppresses autophagic cell death of melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2012; 2:808. [PMID: 23150779 PMCID: PMC3496171 DOI: 10.1038/srep00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the expression levels of 307 miRNAs in six different B16F1 melanoma cell lines of differing malignant properties and found that the miR-290–295 cluster showed a strong upregulation in the more malignant B16F1 daughter cell lines. Its overexpression in B16F1 cells had no major effects on cell proliferation, migration or anchorage-independent growth, but conferred resistance to glucose starvation. This was mediated by miR-290-295-induced downregulation of several essential autophagy genes, including Atg7 and ULK1, which resulted in inhibition of autophagic cell death induced by glucose starvation. Similar effects were observed after knockdown of Atg7 or ULK1 in B16F1 melanoma cells, and after treatment with two chemical inhibitors of autophagy. Together, these results indicate that autophagy mediates cell death of melanoma cells under chronic nutrient deprivation, and they reveal an unanticipated role of the miR-290-295 cluster in conferring a survival advantage to melanoma cells by inhibiting autophagic cell death.
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Li X, Wu DI, Shen J, Zhou M, Lu Y. Rapamycin induces autophagy in the melanoma cell line M14 via regulation of the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:167-172. [PMID: 23255914 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy with rapamycin has been successfully implemented for kidney cancer, glioblastoma and prostate cancer. However, there are few studies concerning the effects of rapamycin on the treatment of human melanoma. In this study, we investigated whether rapamycin may be a promising strategy for the effective treatment of melanoma and explored the possible mechanism for this by culturing M14 cells in vitro and treating with rapamycin at three concentrations (10, 50 or 100 nmol/l). MDC and LC3B staining, western blot analysis, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy were employed. We revealed that rapamycin induced autophagy and inhibited the proliferation of M14 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed an upregulated expression of Bcl-2 and downregulated expression of Bax in M14 cells. In conclusion, rapamycin induced autophagy and inhibited the growth of M14 cells. The mechanism may involve regulation of the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Rapamycin appears to be a promising strategy for the effective treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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21
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Checinska A, Soengas MS. The gluttonous side of malignant melanoma: basic and clinical implications of macroautophagy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 24:1116-32. [PMID: 21995431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
True to their inherent aggressive behavior, melanomas keep impressing the melanoma community with their ability to bypass tumor suppressor mechanisms. Name a pathway with the potential to control cell survival and melanoma cells will likely have it potentiated by multiple genetic or epigenetic alterations. In the context of progression and chemoresistance, large efforts have been dedicated to the identification of protective mechanisms associated with or linked to apoptotic death programs. These studies have guided the design of targeted anticancer strategies. Still, the promise for pro-apoptotic inducers as lead compounds for drug development has yet to come to fruition. It was then a question of time to identify alternative modulators of cell viability. An ideal candidate that is raising great expectations in the oncology field is autophagy, a catabolic process with multiple roles in cell homeostasis. Here we review the incipient literature on autophagy markers in melanocytic lesions. Intriguingly, histopathological studies are unveiling an intrinsic inter- and intratumor variability in the expression of autophagy modulators. Nonetheless, functional studies support a key role of autopaphagy programs in the response to a variety of stress factors. These include adaptive responses to nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and many anticancer agents, among other stimuli. Strategies are being also developed to mobilize the endocytic machinery and shift autolysosomes into death effectors. The opportunities that lie ahead in this field are exciting. Various authophagy mediators are potentially druggable. Moreover, animal models and the development of sophisticated screening methods offer a platform for multilevel academic-industrial collaborations. These efforts are expected to open avenues of research and, hopefully, lead to a more rational approach to melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Checinska
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Pathology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Wang C, Gao D, Guo K, Kang X, Jiang K, Sun C, Li Y, Sun L, Shu H, Jin G, Sun H, Wu W, Liu Y. Novel synergistic antitumor effects of rapamycin with bortezomib on hepatocellular carcinoma cells and orthotopic tumor model. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:166. [PMID: 22559167 PMCID: PMC3469344 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite recent advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the chemotherapy efficacy against HCC is still unsatisfactory. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been emerged as an important cancer therapeutic target. However, HCC cells often resistant to rapamycin because of the paradoxical activation of Akt by rapamycin. In this study, we investigated whether bortezomib could enhance the antitumor effects of rapamycin. Methods The effects of rapamycin and bortezomib on HCC proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasiveness in vitro were assessed by CCK-8 analysis, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33342 staining and transwell assays, respectively. Total and phosphorylated protein levels of Akt were detected by Western blotting. The effects of rapamycin and/or bortezomib on the mRNA expression levels of p53, p27, p21 and Bcl-2 family in HCCLM3 cells were evaluated by RT-PCR. The roles of rapamycin and bortezomib on HCC growth and metastasis in xenograft models were evaluated by tumor volumes and fluorescent signals. The effects of rapamycin and bortezomib on cell proliferation and apoptosis in vivo were test by PCNA and TUNEL staining. Results Bortezomib synergized with rapamycin to reduce cell growth, induce apoptosis, and inhibit cell mobility in vitro. Further mechanistic studies showed that bortezomib inhibited rapamycin-induced phosphorylated Akt, which in turn enhanced apoptosis of HCC cell lines. The alteration of the mRNA expression of cell cycle inhibitors p53, p27, p21 and apoptosis associated genes Bcl-2, Bax were also involved in the synergistic antitumor effects of rapamycin and bortezomib. P53 inhibitor PFT-α significantly attenuate the effect of rapamycin and bortezomib on cell apoptosis, which indicated that the pro-apoptotic effect of rapamycin and bortezomib may be p53-dependent. Treatment of HCCLM3-R bearing nude mice with rapamycin and bortezomib significantly enhanced tumor growth inhibition (72.4%), comparing with either rapamycin- (54.7%) or bortezomib-treated mice (22.4%). In addition, the lung metastasis was significantly suppressed in mice received the combination treatment (16.6%). The combination treatment of rapamycin and bortezomib significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Conclusion The combination of rapamycin with bortezomib could be a novel and promising therapeutic approach to the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
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Giansanti V, Tillhon M, Mazzini G, Prosperi E, Lombardi P, Scovassi AI. Killing of tumor cells: A drama in two acts. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1304-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Zhou H, Huang S. Role of mTOR signaling in tumor cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2011; 12:30-42. [PMID: 21190521 DOI: 10.2174/138920311795659407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell migration and invasion play fundamental roles in cancer metastasis. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase, is a central regulator of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival. Recent studies have shown that mTOR also plays a critical role in the regulation of tumor cell motility, invasion and cancer metastasis. Current knowledge indicates that mTOR functions as two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 phosphorylates p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and regulates cell growth, proliferation, survival and motility. mTORC2 phosphorylates Akt, protein kinase C α (PKCα) and the focal adhesion proteins, and controls the activities of the small GTPases (RhoA, Cdc42 and Rac1), and regulates cell survival and the actin cytoskeleton. Here we briefly review recent knowledge of mTOR complexes and the role of mTOR signaling in tumor cell migration and invasion. We also discuss recent efforts about the mechanism by which rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, inhibits cell migration, invasion and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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25
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Hiscox S, Barrett-Lee P, Nicholson RI. Therapeutic targeting of tumor-stroma interactions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:609-21. [PMID: 21388336 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.561201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancers exist within a complex microenvironment populated by diverse cell types within a protein-rich extracellular matrix. It is becoming increasingly apparent that molecular interactions between epithelial cells and cells in the surrounding stroma promote growth, invasion and spread of the tumor itself and thus represents a crucial underlying driving force in tumorigenesis. AREAS COVERED This article reviews how key interactions between tumor epithelial cells and surrounding mesenchymal and immune cells can promote tumor progression and highlights molecular elements that might represent novel therapeutic targets. EXPERT OPINION The tumor microenvironment is increasingly being viewed as a potential therapeutic target with a number of strategies being developed to disrupt tumor-stroma interactions, in order to delay or circumvent tumor progression. Targeting elements of the tumor microenvironment, or signaling pathways in tumor cells activated as a consequence of stromal interactions, may prove a useful therapeutic strategy to prevent tumor development and progression. However, given the tumor cells' ability to circumvent various therapeutic agents when given as monotherapy, the success of these agents is likely to be seen when used in combination with existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hiscox
- Cardiff University, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff, UK.
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Niu H, Wang J, Li H, He P. Rapamycin potentiates cytotoxicity by docetaxel possibly through downregulation of Survivin in lung cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:28. [PMID: 21392382 PMCID: PMC3065416 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To elucidate whether rapamycin, the inhibitor of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), can potentiate the cytotoxic effect of docetaxel in lung cancer cells and to probe the mechanism underlying such enhancement. METHODS Lung cancer cells were treated with docetaxel and rapamycin. The effect on the proliferation of lung cancer cells was evaluated using the MTT method, and cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Protein expression and level of phosphorylation were assayed using Western Blot method. RESULTS Co-treatment of rapamycin and docetaxel was found to favorably enhance the cytotoxic effect of docetaxel in four lung cancer cell lines. This tumoricidal boost is associated with a reduction in the expression and phosphorylation levels of Survivin and ERK1/2, respectively. CONCLUSION The combined application of mTOR inhibitor and docetaxel led to a greater degree of cancer cell killing than that by either compound used alone. Therefore, this combination warrants further investigation in its suitability of serving as a novel therapeutic scheme for treating advanced and recurrent lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Niu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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Combined targeting of the VEGFr/EGFr and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway delays cell cycle progression and alters adhesion behavior of prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 301:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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