1
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Martins C, Rasbach E, Heppt MV, Singh P, Kulcsar Z, Holzgruber J, Chakraborty A, Mucciarone K, Kleffel S, Brandenburg A, Hoetzenecker W, Rahbari NN, DeCaprio JA, Thakuria M, Murphy GF, Ramsey MR, Posch C, Barthel SR, Schatton T. Tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1 promotes Merkel cell carcinoma growth by activating downstream mTOR-mitochondrial ROS signaling. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi2012. [PMID: 38241371 PMCID: PMC10798567 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer. Inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint have improved MCC patient outcomes by boosting antitumor T cell immunity. Here, we identify PD-1 as a growth-promoting receptor intrinsic to MCC cells. In human MCC lines and clinical tumors, RT-PCR-based sequencing, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated PD-1 gene and protein expression by MCC cells. MCC-PD-1 ligation enhanced, and its inhibition or silencing suppressed, in vitro proliferation and in vivo tumor xenograft growth. Consistently, MCC-PD-1 binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2 induced, while antibody-mediated PD-1 blockade inhibited, protumorigenic mTOR signaling, mitochondrial (mt) respiration, and ROS generation. Last, pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR or mtROS reversed MCC-PD-1:PD-L1-dependent proliferation and synergized with PD-1 checkpoint blockade in suppressing tumorigenesis. Our results identify an MCC-PD-1-mTOR-mtROS axis as a tumor growth-accelerating mechanism, the blockade of which might contribute to clinical response in patients with MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Martins
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erik Rasbach
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Praveen Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zsofi Kulcsar
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Holzgruber
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Asmi Chakraborty
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyla Mucciarone
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonja Kleffel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Brandenburg
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Nuh N. Rahbari
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma Center of Excellence, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manisha Thakuria
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma Center of Excellence, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew R. Ramsey
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christian Posch
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Vienna Healthcare Group, 1130 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program of Glyco-Immunology and Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Martins C, Silva M, Itoh Y, Rasbach E, Heppt M, Meurer A, Brandenburg A, Barthel S, Schatton T. 493 Distinct antibody clones detect PD-1 checkpoint expression and block PD-L1 interactions on live murine melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Schatton T, Itoh Y, Martins C, Rasbach E, Singh P, Silva M, Mucciarone K, Heppt MV, Geddes-Sweeney J, Stewart K, Brandenburg A, Liang J, Dimitroff CJ, Mihm MC, Landsberg J, Schlapbach C, Lian CG, Murphy GF, Kupper TS, Ramsey MR, Barthel SR. Inhibition of melanoma cell-intrinsic Tim-3 stimulates MAPK-dependent tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3774-3784. [PMID: 35980306 PMCID: PMC9598011 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that dampens effector functions and causes terminal exhaustion of cytotoxic T-cells. Tim-3 inhibitors are under investigation in immuno-oncology (IO) trials, because blockade of T-cell-Tim-3 enhances antitumor immunity. Here, we identify an additional role for Tim-3 as a growth-suppressive receptor intrinsic to melanoma cells. Inhibition of melanoma cell-Tim-3 promoted tumor growth in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice, while melanoma-specific Tim-3 overexpression attenuated tumorigenesis. Antibody (Ab)-mediated Tim-3 blockade inhibited growth of immunogenic murine melanomas in T-cell-competent hosts, consistent with established antitumor effects of T-cell Tim-3 inhibition. In contrast, Tim-3 Ab administration stimulated tumorigenesis of both highly and lesser immunogenic murine and human melanomas in T-cell-deficient mice, confirming growth-promoting effects of melanoma-Tim-3 antagonism. Melanoma-Tim-3 activation suppressed, while its blockade enhanced, phosphorylation of pro-proliferative downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling mediators. Finally, pharmacologic MAPK inhibition reversed unwanted Tim-3 Ab-mediated tumorigenesis in T-cell-deficient mice and promoted desired antitumor activity of Tim-3 interference in T-cell-competent hosts. These results identify melanoma-Tim-3 blockade as a mechanism that antagonizes T-cell-Tim-3-directed IO therapeutic efficacy. They further reveal MAPK targeting as a combination strategy for circumventing adverse consequences of unintended melanoma-Tim-3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schatton
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Steven R. Barthel, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: 617-525-5698; Fax: 617-525-5571; ; and Tobias Schatton, Phone: 617-525-5533;
| | - Yuta Itoh
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christina Martins
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Erik Rasbach
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Praveen Singh
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mariana Silva
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kyla Mucciarone
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenna Geddes-Sweeney
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kate Stewart
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anne Brandenburg
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Liang
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Martin C. Mihm
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christine G. Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas S. Kupper
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew R. Ramsey
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Steven R. Barthel, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: 617-525-5698; Fax: 617-525-5571; ; and Tobias Schatton, Phone: 617-525-5533;
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4
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Blanco N, Stafford KA, Lavoie MC, Brandenburg A, Górna MW, Merski M. A simple model for the total number of SARS-CoV-2 infections on a national level. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e80. [PMID: 33762052 PMCID: PMC8027562 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify an appropriate simple mathematical model to fit the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases at the national level for the early portion of the pandemic, before significant public health interventions could be enacted. The total number of cases for the COVID-19 epidemic over time in 28 countries was analysed and fit to several simple rate models. The resulting model parameters were used to extrapolate projections for more recent data. While the Gompertz growth model (mean R2 = 0.998) best fit the current data, uncertainties in the eventual case limit introduced significant model errors. However, the quadratic rate model (mean R2 = 0.992) fit the current data best for 25 (89%) countries as determined by R2 values of the remaining models. Projection to the future using the simple quadratic model accurately forecast the number of future total number of cases 50% of the time up to 10 days in advance. Extrapolation to the future with the simple exponential model significantly overpredicted the total number of future cases. These results demonstrate that accurate future predictions of the case load in a given country can be made using this very simple model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Blanco
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology-University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - K. A. Stafford
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology-University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M. C. Lavoie
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology-University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A. Brandenburg
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. W. Górna
- Structural Biology Group, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Merski
- Structural Biology Group, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Effland A, Kobler E, Brandenburg A, Klatzer T, Neuhäuser L, Hölzel M, Landsberg J, Pock T, Rumpf M. Joint reconstruction and classification of tumor cells and cell interactions in melanoma tissue sections with synthesized training data. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2019; 14:587-599. [PMID: 30779021 PMCID: PMC6420907 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-019-01919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Cancers are almost always diagnosed by morphologic features in tissue sections. In this context, machine learning tools provide new opportunities to describe tumor immune cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment and thus provide phenotypic information that might be predictive for the response to immunotherapy. Methods We develop a machine learning approach using variational networks for joint image denoising and classification of tissue sections for melanoma, which is an established model tumor for immuno-oncology research. The manual annotation of real training data would require substantial user interaction of experienced pathologists for each single training image, and the training of larger networks would rely on a very large number of such data sets with ground truth annotation. To overcome this bottleneck, we synthesize training data together with a proper tissue structure classification. To this end, a stochastic data generation process is used to mimic cell morphology, cell distribution and tissue architecture in the tumor microenvironment. Particular components of this tool are random placement and rotation of a large number of patches for presegmented cell nuclei, a stochastic fast marching approach to mimic the geometry of cells and texture generation based on a color covariance analysis of real data. Here, the generated training data reflect a large range of interaction patterns. Results In several applications to histological tissue sections, we analyze the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach. As a result, depending on the scenario considered, almost all cells and nuclei which ought to be detected are actually marked as classified and hardly any misclassifications occur. Conclusions The proposed method allows for a computer-aided screening of histological tissue sections utilizing variational networks with a particular emphasis on tumor immune cell interactions and on the robust cell nuclei classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Effland
- Institute for Numerical Simulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Erich Kobler
- Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Anne Brandenburg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Teresa Klatzer
- Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Leonie Neuhäuser
- Institute for Numerical Simulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Pock
- Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Rumpf
- Institute for Numerical Simulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Krylov DS, Liu F, Brandenburg A, Spree L, Bon V, Kaskel S, Wolter AUB, Büchner B, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Magnetization relaxation in the single-ion magnet DySc 2N@C 80: quantum tunneling, magnetic dilution, and unconventional temperature dependence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11656-11672. [PMID: 29671443 PMCID: PMC5933001 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum tunneling and relaxation of magnetization in single molecule magnet DySc2N@C80 is thoroughly studied as a function of magnetic dilution, temperature, and magnetic field.
Relaxation of magnetization in endohedral metallofullerenes DySc2N@C80 is studied at different temperatures, in different magnetic fields, and in different molecular arrangements. Magnetization behavior and relaxation are analyzed for powder sample, and for DySc2N@C80 diluted in non-magnetic fullerene Lu3N@C80, adsorbed in voids of a metal–organic framework, and dispersed in a polymer. The magnetic field dependence and zero-field relaxation are also studied for single-crystals of DySc2N@C80 co-crystallized with Ni(ii) octaethylporphyrin, as well as for the single crystal diluted with Lu3N@C80. Landau–Zener theory is applied to analyze quantum tunneling of magnetization in the crystals. The field dependence of relaxation rates revealed a dramatic dependence of the zero-field tunneling resonance width on the dilution and is explained with the help of an analysis of dipolar field distributions. AC magnetometry is used then to get access to the relaxation of magnetization in a broader temperature range, from 2 to 87 K. Finally, a theoretical framework describing the spin dynamics with dissipation is proposed to study magnetization relaxation phenomena in single molecule magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Schlager D, Schütz J, Brandenburg A, Miernik A. Automated stone/tissue autofluorescence analysis in real-time – an ex vivo evaluation of an intelligent laser lithotripsy system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9056(18)32236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pieterman E, Liqui Lung F, Verbon A, Bax H, Ang C, Berkhout J, Blaauw G, Brandenburg A, van Burgel N, Claessen A, van Dijk K, Heron M, Hooghiemstra M, Leussenkamp-Hummelink R, van Lochem E, van Loo I, Mulder B, Ott A, Pontesilli O, Reuwer A, Rombouts P, Saegeman V, Scholing M, Vainio S, de Steenwinkel J. A multicentre verification study of the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus assay. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The effect of kinetic helicity (velocity-vorticity correlation) on turbulent momentum transport is investigated. The turbulent kinetic helicity (pseudoscalar) enters the Reynolds stress (mirror-symmetric tensor) expression in the form of a helicity gradient as the coupling coefficient for the mean vorticity and/or the angular velocity (axial vector), which suggests the possibility of mean-flow generation in the presence of inhomogeneous helicity. This inhomogeneous helicity effect, which was previously confirmed at the level of a turbulence- or closure-model simulation, is examined with the aid of direct numerical simulations of rotating turbulence with nonuniform helicity sustained by an external forcing. The numerical simulations show that the spatial distribution of the Reynolds stress is in agreement with the helicity-related term coupled with the angular velocity, and that a large-scale flow is generated in the direction of angular velocity. Such a large-scale flow is not induced in the case of homogeneous turbulent helicity. This result confirms the validity of the inhomogeneous helicity effect in large-scale flow generation and suggests that a vortex dynamo is possible even in incompressible turbulence where there is no baroclinicity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yokoi
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Brandenburg
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; and JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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10
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Herwig R, Gmuender H, Corvi R, Bloch KM, Brandenburg A, Castell J, Ceelen L, Chesne C, Doktorova TY, Jennen D, Jennings P, Limonciel A, Lock EA, McMorrow T, Phrakonkham P, Radford R, Slattery C, Stierum R, Vilardell M, Wittenberger T, Yildirimman R, Ryan M, Rogiers V, Kleinjans J. Inter-laboratory study of human in vitro toxicogenomics-based tests as alternative methods for evaluating chemical carcinogenicity: a bioinformatics perspective. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2215-2229. [PMID: 26525393 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals with alternative, human-based in vitro systems has become a major goal of toxicogenomics. The central read-out of these assays is the transcriptome, and while many studies exist that explored the gene expression responses of such systems, reports on robustness and reproducibility, when testing them independently in different laboratories, are still uncommon. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge about variability induced by the data analysis protocols. We have conducted an inter-laboratory study for testing chemical carcinogenicity evaluating two human in vitro assays: hepatoma-derived cells and hTERT-immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, representing liver and kidney as major target organs. Cellular systems were initially challenged with thirty compounds, genome-wide gene expression was measured with microarrays, and hazard classifiers were built from this training set. Subsequently, each system was independently established in three different laboratories, and gene expression measurements were conducted using anonymized compounds. Data analysis was performed independently by two separate groups applying different protocols for the assessment of inter-laboratory reproducibility and for the prediction of carcinogenic hazard. As a result, both workflows came to very similar conclusions with respect to (1) identification of experimental outliers, (2) overall assessment of robustness and inter-laboratory reproducibility and (3) re-classification of the unknown compounds to the respective toxicity classes. In summary, the developed bioinformatics workflows deliver accurate measures for inter-laboratory comparison studies, and the study can be used as guidance for validation of future carcinogenicity assays in order to implement testing of human in vitro alternatives to animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Herwig
- Department Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - H Gmuender
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Corvi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), European Commission Joint Research Centre, TP 126, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - K M Bloch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - A Brandenburg
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Castell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Ceelen
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Chesne
- Biopredic International, Parc d'affaires de la Bretèche, Bldg. A4, 35760, St Gregoire, France
| | - T Y Doktorova
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Limonciel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E A Lock
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - T McMorrow
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P Phrakonkham
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), European Commission Joint Research Centre, TP 126, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Radford
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C Slattery
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Stierum
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - M Vilardell
- Department Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Wittenberger
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Yildirimman
- Department Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Ryan
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - V Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Herbert V, Böer-Auer A, Brandenburg A, Falk T, Reiter-Owona I, Rockstroh J, Reich K. Severe ulcerative penile leishmaniasis – Importance of PCR-based diagnostics. J Infect 2015; 71:139-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Candelaresi S, Hillier A, Maehara H, Brandenburg A, Shibata K. SUPERFLARE OCCURRENCE AND ENERGIES ON G-, K-, AND M-TYPE DWARFS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/792/1/67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Rüdiger G, Brandenburg A. α effect in a turbulent liquid-metal plane Couette flow. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 89:033009. [PMID: 24730939 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.033009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the mean electromotive force in plane Couette flows of a nonrotating conducting fluid under the influence of a large-scale magnetic field for driven turbulence. A vertical stratification of the turbulence intensity results in an α effect owing to the presence of horizontal shear. Here we discuss the possibility of an experimental determination of the components of the α tensor using both quasilinear theory and nonlinear numerical simulations. For magnetic Prandtl numbers of the order of unity, we find that in the high-conductivity limit the α effect in the direction of the flow clearly exceeds the component in spanwise direction. In this limit, α runs linearly with the magnetic Reynolds number Rm, while in the low-conductivity limit it runs with the product Rm·Re, where Re is the kinetic Reynolds number, so that for a given Rm the α effect grows with decreasing magnetic Prandtl number. For the small magnetic Prandtl numbers of liquid metals, a common value for the horizontal elements of the α tensor appears, which makes it unimportant whether the α effect is measured in the spanwise or the streamwise directions. The resulting effect should lead to an observable voltage of about 0.5 mV in both directions for magnetic fields of 1 kG and velocity fluctuations of about 1 m/s in a channel of 50-cm height (independent of its width).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rüdiger
- Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Brandenburg
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Brandenburg A, Humme D, Terhorst D, Gellrich S, Sterry W, Beyer M. Long-term outcome of intravenous therapy with rituximab in patients with primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:1126-32. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Brandenburg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Skin cancer centre Charité; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
| | - D. Humme
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Skin cancer centre Charité; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - D. Terhorst
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Skin cancer centre Charité; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
- Centre d'Immunologie Marseille-Luminy; INSERM - CNRS - Université de la Mediterannée; Marseille France
| | - S. Gellrich
- Medical practice for Dermatology and Allergy Sylke Gellrich; Berlin Germany
| | - W. Sterry
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Skin cancer centre Charité; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - M. Beyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Skin cancer centre Charité; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
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15
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van Burgel ND, Brandenburg A, Gerritsen HJ, Kroes ACM, van Dam AP. High sensitivity and specificity of the C6-peptide ELISA on cerebrospinal fluid in Lyme neuroborreliosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1495-500. [PMID: 21375653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is a serious but treatable disease. The diagnosis of LNB poses a challenge to clinicians, and improved tests are needed. The C6-peptide ELISA is frequently used on serum but not on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Data on the sensitivity of the C6-peptide ELISA in CSF in patients suffering from LNB have been conflicting. Serum-CSF pairs from 59 LNB patients, 36 Lyme non-neuroborreliosis cases, 69 infectious meningitis/encephalitis controls and 74 neurological controls were tested in a C6-peptide ELISA. With the optimal cut-off of 1.1, the sensitivity of the C6-peptide ELISA for LNB patients in CSF was 95%, and the specificity was 83% in the Lyme non-neuroborreliosis patients, 96% in the infectious controls, and 97% in the neurological controls. These results suggest that the C6-peptide ELISA has a high sensitivity and good specificity for the diagnosis of LNB patients in CSF. The C6-peptide ELISA can be used on CSF in a clinical setting to screen for LNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D van Burgel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Brandenburg A, Lingsma M, Terpstra S, Vd Mijle H, Ott A. P18.04 Urinary Tract Infection After Removal of Urinary Catheter; no Effect of Nitrofurantoin Profylaxis. J Hosp Infect 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(06)60357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Abstract
A fully self-contained model of homochirality is presented that contains the effects of both polymerization and dissociation. The dissociation fragments are assumed to replenish the substrate from which new monomers can grow and undergo new polymerization. The mean length of isotactic polymers is found to grow slowly with the normalized total number of corresponding building blocks. Alternatively, if one assumes that the dissociation fragments themselves can polymerize further, then this corresponds to a strong source of short polymers, and an unrealistically short average length of only 3. By contrast, without dissociation, isotactic polymers becomes infinitely long.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brandenburg
- Nordita, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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18
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Brandenburg A, Andersen AC, Höfner S, Nilsson M. Homochiral growth through enantiomeric cross-inhibition. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2005; 35:225-41. [PMID: 16228640 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-005-0656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The stability and conservation properties of a recently proposed polymerization model are studied. The achiral (racemic) solution is linearly unstable once the relevant control parameter (here the fidelity of the catalyst) exceeds a critical value. The growth rate is calculated for different fidelity parameters and cross-inhibition rates. A chirality parameter is defined and shown to be conserved by the nonlinear terms of the model. Finally, a truncated version of the model is used to derive a set of two ordinary differential equations and it is argued that these equations are more realistic than those used in earlier models of that form.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brandenburg
- Nordita, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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19
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Meijer A, Brandenburg A, de Vries J, Beentjes J, Roholl P, Dercksen D. Chlamydophila abortus infection in a pregnant woman associated with indirect contact with infected goats. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23:487-90. [PMID: 15141338 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-004-1139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is the case of a pregnant woman who developed a severe Chlamydophila abortus infection after indirect contact with infected goats resulting in preterm stillbirth. The woman fully recovered after treatment with doxycycline. In the goat herd with which her husband worked Chlamydophila abortus was actively circulating, as shown by positive serology. When pregnant women present with rapidly worsening influenza-like illness, special attention should be given to possible contact (direct or indirect) with animals when recording the anamnesis. Pregnant women, especially those who live in rural areas, should generally be made aware of the risks of zoonotic diseases and how to avoid them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meijer
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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20
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Steiner H, Jakusch M, Kraft M, Karlowatz M, Baumann T, Niessner R, Konz W, Brandenburg A, Michel K, Boussard-Plédel C, Bureau B, Lucas J, Reichlin Y, Katzir A, Fleischmann N, Staubmann K, Allabashi R, Bayona JM, Mizaikoff B. In situ sensing of volatile organic compounds in groundwater: first field tests of a mid-infrared fiber-optic sensing system. Appl Spectrosc 2003; 57:607-613. [PMID: 14658691 DOI: 10.1366/000370203322005274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A prototype mid-infrared sensor system for the determination of volatile organic pollutants in groundwater was developed and tested under real-world conditions. The sensor comprises a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, coupled to the sensor head via mid-infrared transparent silver halide fiber-optic cables. A 10 cm unclad middle section of the 6-m-long fiber is coated with ethylene propylene copolymer in order to enrich the analytes within the penetration depth of the evanescent field protruding from the fiber sensor head. A mixture of tetrachloroethylene, dichlorobenzene, diethyl phthalate, and xylene isomers at concentrations in the low ppm region was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in an artificial aquifer system filled with Munich gravel. This simulated real-world site at a pilot scale enables in situ studies of the sensor response and spreading of the pollutants injected into the system with controlled groundwater flow. The sensor head was immersed into a monitoring well of the aquifer system at a distance of 1 m downstream of the sample inlet and at a depth of 30 cm. Within one hour, the analytes were clearly identified in the fingerprint region of the IR spectrum (1300 to 700 cm(-1)). The results have been validated by head-space gas chromatography, using samples collected during the field measurement. Five out of six analytes could be discriminated simultaneously; for two of the analytes the quantitative results are in agreement with the reference analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steiner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/151, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Lehr HP, Reimann M, Brandenburg A, Sulz G, Klapproth H. Real-time detection of nucleic acid interactions by total internal reflection fluorescence. Anal Chem 2003; 75:2414-20. [PMID: 12918985 DOI: 10.1021/ac0206519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of an optical readout system for the real-time analysis of fluorescent-labeled DNA microarrays is described. The system is targeted toward research applications in genomics, agriculture, and life sciences, where the end-point detection of state-of-the-art readout systems does not provide sufficient information on the hybridization process. The hybridization progress of molecules from the liquid phase in a flow cell to immobilized oligonucleotides on a transducer surface can be observed. The excitation of fluorochromes is realized by a semiconductor laser, and the fluorescence emission is collected by a cooled CCD camera. Quantitative data can be extracted from the images for analysis of the microarray. For the signal transduction, the principle of total internal reflection is used. With a multiple internal reflection arrangement, the sensor chip was adapted to the standard microscope slide format and a homogeneous evanescent illumination of the active area of the sensor surface was achieved. An application measurement was carried out with this readout system. The hybridization of Cy5-labeled 30-mer single-stranded oligonucleotides to fully complementary immobilized strands was observed in real time. A kinetic analysis was demonstrated with the recorded data. Melting curves of a 140-mer PCR product from a hemochromatosis patient sample hybridized to immobilized wild-type mutant 15- and 17-mer oligonucleotides were recorded and single-point mutations could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Lehr
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Heidenhofstrasse 8, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
The preparation of assemblies consisting of multiple molecular layers of bovine serum albumin (BSA), monoclonal antibodies against horseradish peroxidase (anti-HRP), and monoclonal antibodies against methotrexate (anti-MTT), as well as interaction of the assemblies with human blood plasma were observed using a grating coupler and Young interferometer (YI). The assemblies could be arranged according to decreasing amounts of nonspecific deposits bound irreversibly to them from blood plasma as follows-an adsorbed antibody monolayer saturated with adsorbed BSA, antibody multilayers linked with polycations, antibodies covalently immobilized on a BSA layer densely crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA), slightly crosslinked BSA double layer, slightly crosslinked antibody double layers. The occurrence of human serum albumin (HSA), human fibrinogen (Fg), IgG, and IgM in the plasma deposits was studied by binding the respective antibodies. IgG, IgM, and Fg were detected in plasma deposits on the immobilized assemblies while the composition of a plasma deposit on the unmodified sensor surface reflected roughly the plasma composition containing mainly adsorbed HSA and Fg. A crosslinked anti-HRP double layer was immobilized on a waveguiding branch of YI and a similar anti-MTT double layer was immobilized on the other branch. The sensor response to blood plasma was fairly decreased owing to a compensation of the respective optical changes in the two branches, in which a similar non-specific adsorption took place. The addition of HRP or MTT to plasma induced specific responses of the corresponding branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brynda
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 162 06 6 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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23
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Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A, Si ZG, Uwer P. Top-quark spin correlations at hadron colliders: predictions at next-to-leading order QCD. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:242002. [PMID: 11736496 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.242002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The collider experiments at the Tevatron and the LHC will allow for detailed investigations of the properties of the top quark. This requires precise predictions of the hadronic production of tt pairs and of their subsequent decays. In this Letter we present for the reactions pp, pp-->tt+X-->l+l'-+X the first calculation of the dilepton angular distribution at next-to-leading order in the QCD coupling, keeping the full dependence on the spins of the intermediate tt state. The angular distribution reflects the degree of correlation of the t and t spins which we determine for different choices of t and t spin bases. In the case of the Tevatron, the QCD corrections are sizable, and the distribution is quite sensitive to the parton content of the proton.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bernreuther
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen Germany
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24
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Christensson M, Hindmarsh M, Brandenburg A. Inverse cascade in decaying three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:056405. [PMID: 11736099 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.056405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We perform direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional freely decaying magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. For helical magnetic fields, an inverse cascade effect is observed in which power is transferred from smaller scales to larger scales. The magnetic field reaches a scaling regime with self-similar evolution, and power-law behavior at high wave numbers. We also find power-law decay in the magnetic and kinematic energies, and power-law growth in the characteristic length scale of the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christensson
- Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom.
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25
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26
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Rimmelzwaan GF, Nieuwkoop N, Brandenburg A, Sutter G, Beyer WE, Maher D, Bates J, Osterhaus AD. A randomized, double blind study in young healthy adults comparing cell mediated and humoral immune responses induced by influenza ISCOM vaccines and conventional vaccines. Vaccine 2000; 19:1180-7. [PMID: 11137255 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although current influenza vaccines have been shown to reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality, there is a desire to develop more efficacious products. Vaccines which can induce CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses in addition to strong antibody responses may be more effective in preventing disease since it has been demonstrated that CTL contribute to protective immunity, even against drift variants of influenza A viruses. The immunogenicity of two types of experimental influenza vaccines, which were based on immune stimulating complexes (ISCOM), were evaluated and compared with a conventional non-adjuvanted inactivated split virion vaccine, after immunization of human volunteers. In this randomized, double blind study, it was shown that the ISCOM vaccines altered the kinetics of the serum antibody response, resulting in more rapid titer rises against the vaccine strains. This accelerated antibody response coincided with enhanced in vitro proliferative T cell responses, which were observed shortly after vaccination. In addition, CTL responses were observed in a higher proportion of the vaccinees receiving an ISCOM vaccine, than in vaccinees receiving the conventional influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Rimmelzwaan
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Brandenburg A, Krauter R, Künzel C, Stefan M, Schulte H. Interferometric sensor for detection of surface-bound bioreactions. Appl Opt 2000; 39:6396-6405. [PMID: 18354653 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.006396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An integrated optical interferometer for direct detection of affinity reactions is presented. A modern version of a Young's interferometer is built with a waveguide structure as beam splitter and as sensing element. Resistive waveguides were produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon oxinitride. At the output of this device a fringe pattern is detected by a CCD line camera. The adsorption of molecules on top of the waveguides is observed with a detection limit of 750 fg/mm(2). The resolvable variation of effective refractive index is 9 x 10(-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brandenburg
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Physical Measurement Techniques, Heidenhohstrasse 8, Freiburg D-79110, Germany.
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28
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Nur YA, Brandenburg A, Niesters HG, Wagenaar JA, Osterhaus AD, Groen J. Need to increase awareness among family doctors and medical specialists of rickettsioses as an import disease in non-endemic areas. Neth J Med 2000; 56:186-9. [PMID: 10781710 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2977(00)00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Europeans travelling to (sub)-tropical countries have an increased risk for infections with Rickettsia. As serious consequences are associated with delay in specific antibiotic therapy, unequivocal diagnosis of this condition is needed. We focus here on the benefits of early, and consequences of late laboratory diagnosis, and emphasise the need of an increased awareness of rickettsioses among family doctors, as well as medical specialists, in non-endemic areas when evaluating patients with travel associated fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Nur
- Laboratory of Exotic Viral Infections, Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Miesch MS, Brandenburg A, Zweibel EG. Nonlocal transport of passive scalars in turbulent penetrative convection. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 61:457-67. [PMID: 11046285 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/1999] [Revised: 09/20/1999] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a Green's function approach for quantifying the transport of a passive scalar (tracer) field in three-dimensional simulations of turbulent convection. Nonlocal, nondiffusive behavior is described by a transilient matrix (the discretized Green's function), whose elements contain the fractional tracer concentrations moving from one subvolume to another as a function of time. The approach was originally developed for and applied to geophysical flows, but here we extend the formalism and apply it in an astrophysical context to three-dimensional simulations of turbulent compressible convection with overshoot into convectively stable bounding regions. We introduce a novel technique to compute this matrix in a single simulation by advecting labeled particles rather than solving the passive scalar equation for a large number of different initial conditions. The transilient matrices thus computed are used as a diagnostic tool to quantitatively describe nonlocal transport via matrix moments and transport coefficients in a generalized, multiorder diffusion equation. Results indicate that transport in both the vertical and horizontal directions is strongly influenced by the presence of coherent velocity structures, generally resembling ballistic advection more than diffusion. The transport of a small fraction of tracer particles deep into the underlying stable region is reasonably efficient, a result which has possible implications for the problem of light-element depletion in late-type stars.
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Affiliation(s)
- MS Miesch
- DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EW, United Kingdom and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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30
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Brynda E, Houska M, Brandenburg A, Wikerstal A, Skvor J. The detection of human beta 2-microglobulin by grating coupler immunosensor with three dimensional antibody networks. Biosens Bioelectron 1999; 14:363-8. [PMID: 10422237 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(99)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosensors for the detection of human beta 2-microglobulin (B2M) were prepared by immobilisation of covalently crosslinked assemblies containing various numbers of molecular layers of monoclonal antibody against B2M (anti-B2M) on the surface of a Ta2O5 grating coupler sensor. The immobilisation procedure consisted of repeated successive adsorption of anti-B2M and dextran sulfate (DS) followed by glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking of anti-B2M and washing out DS. The flexibility of the resulting anti-B2M networks was evaluated from the sensor response to the reversible expansion and contraction of the networks induced by changing pH of the ambient solution. A decreased GA concentration and the use of a higher-molecular-mass DS increased the network flexibility. The sensor sensitivity to B2M increased with increasing flexibility of the antibody networks and with increasing number of anti-B2M molecular layers, indicating that B2M can penetrate inside the antibody network.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brynda
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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31
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Hu KF, Elvander M, Merza M, Akerblom L, Brandenburg A, Morein B. The immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) is an efficient mucosal delivery system for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) envelope antigens inducing high local and systemic antibody responses. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 113:235-43. [PMID: 9717973 PMCID: PMC1905030 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ISCOM is an efficient mucosal delivery system for RSV envelope proteins as measured by antibody responses in respiratory tract secretions and in sera of mice following two intranasal (i.n.) administrations. Intranasally administered RSV ISCOMs induced high levels of IgA antibodies both in the upper respiratory tract and in the lungs. In the lungs, a prominent and long-lasting IgA response was recorded, which still persisted 22 weeks after the second i.n. immunization when the experiment ended. Subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization only induced low IgA titres in the upper respiratory tract and no measurable response to RSV was found in the lungs. Differences were also noticed in serum between the i.n. and s.c. modes of immunization. ISCOMs given intranasally induced earlier, higher and longer lasting IgM and IgG1 serum anti-RSV antibody responses than those induced by the s.c. mode of administration. A low serum IgE response was only detectable at 2 weeks after i.n. immunization with ISCOMs and after s.c. immunization with an inactivated virus, but no IgE response was detectable after s.c. injection of ISCOMs. The serum IgA response was more pronounced following s.c. injection of inactivated virus than after i.n. application of ISCOMs, and a clear-cut booster effect was obtained with a second immunization. Virtually no serum IgA response was detected after the s.c. administration of ISCOMs. In conclusion, the high immune responses induced by RSV ISCOMs in the respiratory tract and serum after i.n. administration indicate prominent mucosal delivery and adjuvant properties of the ISCOMs, warranting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Brandenburg
- Department of Mathematics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Merz Court, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - D. Moss
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. M. Soward
- Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
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Piehler J, Brandenburg A, Brecht A, Wagner E, Gauglitz G. Characterization of grating couplers for affinity-based pesticide sensing. Appl Opt 1997; 36:6554-6562. [PMID: 18259517 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.006554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The reflection grating coupler for direct affinity sensing is characterized in detail. The performance of this device and its potential in affinity sensing application are investigated with two affinity-based systems: A self-assembling protein-multilayer system based on avidin-biotin interaction was used to compare the response of the device with theoretical expectations. The analytical performance was characterized by a pesticide immunoassay carried out in an indirect test format with a covalently immobilized triazine derivative. Experimentally determined parameters were in good agreement with model calculations. During the binding of 12 protein monolayers at the surface, the change in effective refractive index Dn(eff) detected for a single layer decreased from approximately 8 x 10(-4) to less than 4 x10(-5) by more than 95%, indicating a filling of the evanescent field. By comparison with bulk refractive-index measurements, a refractive index n(D) approximately 1.38 of the protein multilayer was estimated. Fitting of the model gave a refractive index n(D) = 1.377 of the protein multilayer and an average thickness of 11 nm for a single protein layer. An average noise of Dn(eff) = 8.5 x 10(-7) was detected, corresponding to approximately 1% of the maximum response for a protein monolayer. At a triazine derivative attached to the surface through dextran-based surface chemistry, a maximum antibody loading that corresponds to an Dn(eff) of 1.5 x 10(-3) was observed. In an indirect immunoassay of the herbicide simazine, a detection limit of 0.25 mug/1 of simazine was reached with polyclonal Fab fragments in a concentration of 1 mug/ml.
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Brandenburg A, Enqvist K, Olesen P. Large-scale magnetic fields from hydromagnetic turbulence in the very early universe. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1996; 54:1291-1300. [PMID: 10020806 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Brandenburg A, Müller D, Teryaev OV. Study of the pion distribution amplitude in polarized muon pair production. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1996; 53:6180-6185. [PMID: 10019907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Anlauf H, Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A. Erratum: Probing Higgs sector CP violation with top quarks at a photon linear collider. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1996; 53:1725. [PMID: 10020166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Brandenburg A, Klapper I, Kurths J. Generalized entropies in a turbulent dynamo simulation. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1995; 52:R4602-R4605. [PMID: 9964084 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.r4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Yazdanbakhsh M, Paxton WA, Brandenburg A, Van Ree R, Lens M, Partono F, Maizels RM, Selkirk ME. Differential antibody isotype reactivity to specific antigens in human lymphatic filariasis: gp15/400 preferentially induces immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG4, and IgG2. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3772-9. [PMID: 7558279 PMCID: PMC173530 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.10.3772-3779.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filarial infection in humans is associated with a strong skewing of the immune response towards the TH2 arm, with prominent interleukin 4-producing cells and elevated levels of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and IgE antibodies in peripheral blood. To determine how such a generalized TH2 imbalance governs responses to individual parasite antigens, the profiles of isotypes of antibodies to two recombinant proteins of Brugia spp. were studied. One molecule was the C-terminal portion of the filarial heat shock protein 70 (Bpa-26), representative of a cytoplasmic protein, and the second antigen was a single unit of the tandem repeats of a Brugia polypeptide (BpL-4), a secreted product which is prominently exposed to the immune system. Serum samples from 146 individuals resident in areas in which brugian filariasis is endemic were used, and it was found that whereas the levels of IgG1 and IgG3 responses to both Bpa-26 and BpL-4 were high, IgG4 and IgE antibodies to only BpL-4, not to Bpa-26, were prominent. Thus, an antigen which is chronically exposed to the immune system elicited a TH2-dependent isotype switch, as manifested by increased IgG4 and IgE responses. Moreover, IgG4 and IgE responses to BpL-4 showed a strong negative association, suggesting that mediators other than interleukin 4 must be responsible for such differential regulation of these two isotypes. When the data were analyzed as a function of clinical status, a striking association between elevated levels of IgG3 antibodies to Bpa-26 and manifestation of chronic obstructive disease was found; elephantiasis patients showed significantly higher levels of IgG3 antibodies to Bpa-26 than microfilaremics and asymptomatic amicrofilaremics. This indicates that an imbalance of isotypes of antibodies to particular filarial antigens might play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Anlauf H, Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A. Probing Higgs sector CP violation with top quarks at a photon linear collider. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1995; 52:3803-3808. [PMID: 10019606 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Dellemijn PL, Brandenburg A, Niesters HG, van den Bent MJ, Rothbarth PH, Vlasveld LT. Successful treatment with ganciclovir of presumed Epstein-Barr meningo-encephalitis following bone marrow transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 16:311-2. [PMID: 7581154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to diagnose EBV-meningo-encephalitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient. The patient made complete recovery with ganciclovir treatment. Pitfalls in diagnosis with EBV-PCR and the potential therapeutic efficacy of ganciclovir in EBV infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Dellemijn
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Dr. Daniël Den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The integrated optical configuration of a Young interferometer is proposed for refractometry and chemical sensing. We coupled light into an integrated optical Ybranch by fixing a laser diode directly at the input of the optical device. We solved the problem of ambiguity in the interference order by operating the laser diode at currents below threshold, resulting in visibility modulation of the interference fringes caused by the low coherence length of the emitted light. A very compact device results that measures the refractive index of liquids or gases. An electronic scanning technique by means of a CCD array provides a fast readout without the need for moving parts.
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Brandenburg A, Brodsky SJ, Khoze VV, Müller D. Angular distributions in the Drell-Yan process: A closer look at higher twist effects. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 73:939-942. [PMID: 10057579 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A. Tracing CP violation in the production of top quark pairs by multiple TeV proton-proton collisions. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1994; 49:4481-4492. [PMID: 10017451 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.49.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Brandenburg A, Procaccia I, Segel D, Vincent A. Fractal level sets and multifractal fields in direct simulations of turbulence. Phys Rev A 1992; 46:4819-4828. [PMID: 9908701 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Brandenburg A, Nowak M, Winkler K. [Public health and citizen involvement--guidelines and general practice in Herne]. Gesundheitswesen 1992; 54:271-6. [PMID: 1643323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Health problems cannot be solved only by expanding medical and other systems of service. Limitations of these services are not only set by costs, but also by the disease patterns themselves. The traditional role of the patient must be redefined. It is necessary to develop personal health-coping strategies outside medical care, and for the citizen to participate in improving conditions of health in general. The public health system has the specific duty of initiating and establishing these new approaches to health promotion and coping with disease. A model for these new municipal health policies is presented with reference to medical practice in the city of Herne in the Ruhr area of Germany.
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Brandenburg A, Müller M, Winkler K. [Managing substance dependence in Herne]. Offentl Gesundheitswes 1991; 53:550-2. [PMID: 1663605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Brandenburg A, Müller M, Winkler K, Stallmann V. [Organizing a public health report and public health conference]. Offentl Gesundheitswes 1991; 53:573-4. [PMID: 1837896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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