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Armoon B, Eslamian A, Sepahvand E, Bayani A, Ahounbar E, Zarepour P, Pourjahani F, Mohammadi R. Substance use and associated factors among Iranian university students: a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1953165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ayoub Eslamian
- Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Sepahvand
- Department of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Bayani
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elahe Ahounbar
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Zarepour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Fateme Pourjahani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Chekib Z, Zammit N, Manel L, Menel M, Elghardallou M, Jihen S, Ali M, Thouraya A. Illicit substance use among Tunisian college students: prevalence and risk factors. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 30:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0108/ijamh-2016-0108.xml. [PMID: 28599377 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Illicit substance use among college students represents one of the most complicated social problems. Studying its predictors could help deal with this problem more efficiently. Aims To determine the prevalence of life time illicit substance use and its predictors among Tunisian college students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in five colleges in the region of Sousse, Tunisia in the 2012-2013 school year. A sample of 556 college students responded to an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire. Collected data concerned socio-demographic characteristics and substances use. Results The mean age of students was 21.8 ± 2.2 years. Females represented 51.8% of participants. Among respondents: 31 (5.6%) had used illicit substance at least once. Cannabis was the main substance used by 26 (4.7%) students. The average age of the illicit substance use initiation was 19 (±2.5) years while it was almost 17 (±3) years for both tobacco and alcohol use initiations. Proportions of male students and academic failure were significantly more important among illicit substance users than among non users. While the most influential factors on illicit substance use were: alcohol use, tobacco use and low socioeconomic level. Conclusion This study highlights the strong association between the other risk behaviors and illicit drug use. Future interventions should focus on the whole risk behaviors simultaneously at late adolescence with regard to the environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedini Chekib
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nawel Zammit
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Limam Manel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mellouli Menel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Elghardallou
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sahli Jihen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mtiraoui Ali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ajmi Thouraya
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,Sousse, Tunisia
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Pumariega AJ, Burakgazi H, Unlu A, Prajapati P, Dalkilic A. Substance Abuse: Risk Factors for Turkish Youth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20140317061538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hatice Burakgazi
- Cooper School of Medicine of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ali Unlu
- Governance of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Parna Prajapati
- Cooper School of Medicine of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alican Dalkilic
- Cooper School of Medicine of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Kraus L, Hay G, Richardson C, Yargic I, Ilhan MN, Ay P, Karasahin F, Pinarci M, Tuncoglu T, Piontek D, Schulte B. Estimating high-risk cannabis and opiate use in Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 36:626-632. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institute for Therapy Research; Munich Germany
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gordon Hay
- Centre for Public Health; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Clive Richardson
- Department of Economic and Regional Development; Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences; Athens Greece
| | - Ilhan Yargic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; İstanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mustafa Necmi Ilhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health; Gazi University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Pinar Ay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Füsun Karasahin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health; Gazi University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Mustafa Pinarci
- Turkish National Police; Turkish Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; Ankara Turkey
| | - Tolga Tuncoglu
- Turkish National Police; Turkish Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Bernd Schulte
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research; Hamburg University; Hamburg Germany
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Sonmez MB, Cakir D, Cinar RK, Gorgulu Y, Vardar E. Substance Use and Parent Characteristics Among High School Students: Edirne Sample in Turkey. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2015.1037516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Evren C, Evren B. Energy-drink consumption and its relationship with substance use and sensation seeking among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 15:44-50. [PMID: 26006774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of energy-drink (ED) consumption among 10th grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. Cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools from the 15 districts in Istanbul. The questionnaire included sections about demographic data, self-destructive behavior and use of substances including tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Also Psychological Screening Test for Adolescents (PSTA) was used. The analyses were conducted based on the 4957 subjects. Rate of those reported a ED consumption once within last year was 62.0% (n=3072), whereas rate of those reported ED consumption at least once in a month was 31.1%. There were consistent, statistically significant associations between genders, lifetime substance use (tobacco, alcohol and drug use), measures of sensation seeking, psychological problems (depression, anxiety, anger, impulsivity) and self-destructive behavior (self-harming behavior and suicidal thoughts) with ED consumption. In logistic regression models male gender, sensation seeking, life-time tobacco, alcohol and drug use predicted all frequencies of ED consumption. In addition to these predictors, anger and self-harming behavior also predicted ED consumption at least once in a month. There were no interactions between the associations of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use with ED consumption. The findings suggest that the ED consumption of male students is related with three clusters of substances (tobacco, alcohol and drug) through sensation seeking and these relationships do not interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Evren
- Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Evren
- Baltalimani State Hospital for Muskuloskeletal Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Evren C, Evren B, Bozkurt M, Ciftci-Demirci A. Effects of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use on psychological and behavioral problems among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2014; 27:405-13. [PMID: 25460280 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2014-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the effects of life-time tobacco, alcohol, and substance use on psychological and behavioral variables among 10th grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employed a cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools from the 15 districts in Istanbul. The questionnaire featured a section about use of substances, including tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. The depression, anxiety, anger, assertiveness, sensation seeking and impulsiveness subscales of the Psychological Screening Test for Adolescents (PSTA) were used. The analyses were conducted based on 4957 subjects. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses were conducted with each school with the related and behavioral variables as the dependent variables. Gender, tobacco, alcohol, and drug use being the independent variables. All four independent variables predicted the dependent variables. Lifetime tobacco and drug use had significant effects on all the subscale score, whereas lifetime alcohol use had significant effects on all the subscale scores other than lack of assertiveness, and male gender was a significant covariant for all the subscale scores. Drug use showed the highest effect on dependent variables. Interaction was found between effects of tobacco and alcohol on anxiety, whereas interactions were found between effects of tobacco and drugs on lack of assertiveness and impulsiveness. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that male students with lifetime tobacco, alcohol or drug use have particularly high risk of psychological and behavioral problems. The unique effects of substance clusters on these problems may be useful in developing secondary preventive practices for substance use and abuse problems in Istanbul.
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Evren C, Evren B, Bozkurt M, Can Y. Non-suicidal self-harm behavior within the previous year among 10th-grade adolescents in Istanbul and related variables. Nord J Psychiatry 2014; 68:481-7. [PMID: 24456473 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2013.872699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suicidal self-harm behavior (SHB), which is a pervasive and dangerous problem, is frequent among adolescents and it is important to evaluate the associated psychological and social factors to better understand its nature and to plan treatment programs. AIMS Aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of SHB and the associated variables such as substance use, psychological, behavioral and social factors among 10th-grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. METHODS Cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools from the 15 districts in Istanbul/Turkey. A representative sample of 4957 10th-grade students was studied between October 2012 and December 2012. RESULTS SHB within the previous year were reported by 14.4% of the students (n = 713). Lifetime suicidal thoughts or behavior, tobacco, alcohol and/or drug use, symptoms of depression, anxiety and impulsive, delinquent and aggressive behaviors were also associated with SHB in Turkish 10th-grade students. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study may be relevant in prevention and management of SHB as well as important problems among students, such as substance use, impulsive, delinquent, aggressive and suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Evren
- Cuneyt Evren, Alcohol and Drug Research, Treatment and Training Center (AMATEM), Bakirkoy State Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders , Istanbul , Turkey
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Evren C, Dalbudak E, Evren B, Can Y, Umut G. The severity of attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and its relationship with lifetime substance use and psychological variables among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1665-70. [PMID: 25015303 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine the severity of attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms (ADHS) and related psychological and behavioral variables among 10th grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. METHODS Cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools in 15 districts Istanbul. The questionnaire included sections about demographic data and use of substances including tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Also ADHS, depression, anxiety, anger and sensation seeking subscales of Psychological Screening Test for Adolescents (PSTA) were used. The analyses were conducted based on the 4938 subjects. RESULTS Mean ADHS score was higher in females and among those with a lifetime use of tobacco, alcohol and drug, and having self-harming behavior and suicidal thoughts. ADHS score was correlated with depression, anxiety, anger and sensation seeking scores. In univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA); depression, anxiety, anger, sensation seeking, lifetime alcohol use and suicidal thoughts predicted the severity of ADHS. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that, since ADHS is associated with depression, anxiety, anger, sensation seeking, lifetime alcohol use and suicidal thoughts among 10th grade students, clinicians should screen suicidality and comorbid psychiatric symptoms routinely in adolescents with ADHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Evren
- Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ercan Dalbudak
- Turgut Özal University, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Evren
- Baltalimani State Hospital for Muskuloskeletal Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yesim Can
- Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Umut
- Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to report independent correlates of ecstasy use in the Swedish general population. Data were drawn from a Swedish national household survey conducted in 2008-2009 on a random, stratified sample of 58,000 inhabitants of Sweden, aged 15 to 64. The response rate was 38.3%. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of recent (past-year) and former ecstasy use. Results are discussed and limitations of the study are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Abrahamsson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Dew BJ, Elifson KW, Sterk CE. Treatment Implications for Young Adult Users of MDMA. JOURNAL OF ADDICTIONS & OFFENDER COUNSELING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1874.2006.tb00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Toprak S, Cetin I, Guven T, Can G, Demircan C. Self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college students. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187:140-4. [PMID: 21040980 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts are well represented behaviours in the general population of both developed and developing countries. These behaviours are indicative of underlying risk factors that show a strong interdependent correlation. In this study we attempted to define correlates for and prevalence of self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts among Turkish college students. This 2006 study included 636 students from two Turkish state universities. Our results showed that the lifetime prevalence of self-harm was 15.4%, the prevalence of suicidal ideation was 11.4%, and the prevalence of suicide attempts was 7.1%. We uncovered correlates for self-harm, including low income, unsatisfying familial relationships, smoking, and alcohol, inhalant, and tranquilizer abuse. Tranquilizer abuse shared a dual role as a correlate for suicide ideation and as a means to attempt suicide. Additionally, we found that drug abusers and adolescents who practise self-harm presented the highest suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadik Toprak
- Forensic Medicine Department, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey.
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Hariri AG, Karadag F, Gokalp P, Essizoglu A. Risky sexual behavior among patients in Turkey with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and heroin addiction. J Sex Med 2011; 8:2284-91. [PMID: 21492406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Risky sexual behavior associated with such sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as hepatitis B and C, herpes, Treponema pallidum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is more frequent among psychiatric patients and parenteral drug abusers than the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate risky sexual behavior in psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCH), bipolar disorder, and heroin addiction (HA), and to compare them with those observed in healthy controls. METHODS The study group (N = 485; 234 females and 251 males) consisted of patients that consecutively presented to Bakırkoy State and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases in Istanbul and normal healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The chi-squared test was used for comparisons between groups and categorical variables. One-way analysis of variance (post-hoc Bonferroni test) was used for demographic data. A 22-item questionnaire for collecting demographic, illness history, and sexual activity data, and a structured 23-item form for collecting data on risky sexually behavior were administered to the participants. RESULTS In all, 10% of the participants had a positive history for STIs. The majority of risky sexual behaviors was observed among the HA patients. The frequency of being sexually assaulted and having homosexual acts among the SCH group were higher. None of the patients had a positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test result. The frequency of positivity for hepatitis B and C markers was highest among the HA patients. CONCLUSIONS The provision of information and training about all STIs and risky sexual behavior should become routine in the treatment of mentally ill patients, especially those that abuse drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytul Gursu Hariri
- Erenkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Comparative epidemiology of betel nut use versus ecstasy use among Taiwanese adolescents: findings from a national survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 113:177-83. [PMID: 20732770 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether variation may exist in betel nut- and ecstasy-involved adolescents in terms of sociobehavioral characteristics, the experience of psychoactive substance use, and behavioral/emotional problems. METHODS Students (n = 53,528) aged 12-18 sampled via stratified, multistage, random cluster sampling in 2004, 2005, and 2006 throughout Taiwan were categorized into four groups: betel nut- and ecstasy-naïve (n = 51,009), betel nut use only (n = 1965), ecstasy use only (n = 196), and use of both (n = 152). Participants completed a questionnaire with information on sociodemographic features, substance-use experiences, and the Chinese adaptation of the Youth Self Report. RESULTS Having a job, a larger weekly allowance, truancy, sexual experience, and externalizing behaviors were all in strong association with the involvement of either betel nut or ecstasy use. Compared with ecstasy-only users, betel nut-only users were more likely to be male, from the Eastern region of Taiwan, with initiation motivated by family members or friends, and having excess risks for Anxiety/Depression, Thought Problems, and Attention Problems. In contrast, ecstasy-only users were more likely to be female and involved in using other illegal drugs, with their initiation motivated by entertainment and with the drug use taking place in such settings. CONCLUSIONS The variation in the experience of psychoactive substance use and behavioral problems for betel nut and ecstasy users suggests the existence of subgroups of drug-using adolescents in Taiwan. The identification of such heterogeneity may guide the efforts to reduce substance use and develop subgroup-tailored preventive programs.
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Lee JP, Battle RS, Soller B, Brandes N. Thizzin'-Ecstasy use contexts and emergent social meanings. ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY 2011; 19:528-541. [PMID: 22025908 PMCID: PMC3198798 DOI: 10.3109/16066359.2010.545156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The drug "Ecstasy" has been most commonly associated with raves, or electronic music dance events, and attributed with sexual disinhibition. In an ethnographic investigation of drug use among second-generation Southeast Asian youth in Northern California (2003), respondents described little use of or interest in using Ecstasy; yet in a second study, Ecstasy was the fourth most commonly-used substance. This paper investigates the social contexts for this change in use patterns. Respondents were second-generation Southeast Asian youths and young adults between the ages of 15 and 26 who were currently or recently drug-involved. We compared qualitative data from the two studies and found emerging patterns of meaning and context related to the observed change in use patterns. Ecstasy use among co-resident African American youth within the context of the local "hyphy" hip-hop music subculture had influenced Southeast Asian youths' uptake of the drug, known as "thizz." Respondents referred to the effects of the drug as "thizzin'," described as energizing, disinhibiting, numbing, and emotion enhancing. Reported consequences of "thizzin'" included violence and aggression as well as fun, while sexual disinhibition was rarely mentioned. The meanings assigned to drugs, including the effects ascribed to them, may be relative to the social contexts within which users are exposed to and consume drugs. The findings indicate the susceptibility of youths to local trends in drug use, particularly associated with popular cultural movements and music. Second-generation youths may be particularly susceptible relative to the conditions of their immigration and processes of identity formation unique to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet P Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1995 University Avenue. #450, Berkeley, CA 94704
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Gagnon V, Fallu JS, Brière FN, Janosz M. [Initiation of ecstasy use in Québec senior high school adolescents: distal and proximal predictors]. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2011; 56:62-70. [PMID: 21324244 DOI: 10.1177/070674371105600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify distal and proximal predictors of ecstasy use initiation during adolescence. METHOD The sample included 2162 adolescents from Québec disadvantaged community high schools, with an annual follow-up for 5 years. Path analysis was used to predict ecstasy use initiation in secondary 5 (aged 16 to 17 years) from predictors in secondary 1 and 2 (aged 12 to 14 years) and in secondary 4 (aged 15 to 16 years). RESULTS Secondary 5 adolescents initiating ecstasy use showed a higher risk on multiple factors, compared with nonusers. Initiation was mainly predicted by proximal risk factors related to individual use as well as peer use and deviance. Nevertheless, many proximal factors developed consistently with their corresponding distal factor (indirect link). Marijuana use was the strongest predictor of ecstasy use initiation. All things being equal, relative risk was 2.04 times higher in adolescents having used marijuana in the past year (secondary 4). CONCLUSIONS Ecstasy use initiation in secondary 5 seems to be globally related to an externalized, rather than internalized, profile. This ecstasy use was strongly associated with other substance use and likely shares many risk factors with other substance use, specifically marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gagnon
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
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Chen WJ, Fu TC, Ting TT, Huang WL, Tang GM, Hsiao CK, Chen CY. Use of ecstasy and other psychoactive substances among school-attending adolescents in Taiwan: national surveys 2004-2006. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:27. [PMID: 19159468 PMCID: PMC2636802 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the backdrop of a global ecstasy epidemic, this study sought to examine the trend, correlates, and onset sequence of ecstasy use among adolescents in Taiwan, where a well-established gateway drug such as marijuana is much less popular. Methods A multistage probability survey of school-attending adolescents in grades 7, 9, 10, and 12, aged 11–19 years, was conducted in 2004, 2005, and 2006. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire elicited response rates ranging from 94.3% to 96.6%. The sample sizes were 18232 respondents in 2004, 17986 in 2005, and 17864 in 2006. Results In terms of lifetime prevalence and incidence, ecstasy and ketamine by and large appeared as the first and second commonly used illegal drugs, respectively, among middle (grades 7 and 9) and high school students (grades 10 and 12) during the 3-year survey period; however, this order was reversed in the middle school-aged students starting in 2006. Having sexual experience, tobacco use, and betel nut use were factors consistently associated with the onset of ecstasy use across years. The majority of ecstasy users had been involved in polydrug use, such as the use of ketamine (41.4%–53.5%), marijuana (12.7%–18.7%), and methamphetamine (4.2%–9.5%). Conclusion From 2004 to 2006, a decline was noted in the prevalence and incidence rate of ecstasy, a leading illegal drug used by school-attending adolescents in Taiwan since the early 2000s. The emerging ketamine use trend may warrant more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Leung KS, Li JH, Tsay WI, Callahan C, Liu SF, Hsu J, Hoffer L, Cottler LB. Dinosaur girls, candy girls, and Trinity: voices of Taiwanese club drug users. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2008; 7:237-57. [PMID: 19042808 DOI: 10.1080/15332640802313205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research among Asian users of methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), also known as Ecstasy, is rare. To evaluate the feasibility of a study on the abuse of and dependence on Ecstasy, two focus groups of users (n= 12) and health professionals (n=7) were conducted in Taiwan. Major results included blatant human testing with "candy and dinosaur girls" and a specific sequence of drugs called a "Trinity" (Ecstasy, ketamine, and marijuana). "Head-shaked bars" and "KTVs" were public places where illegal behaviors were implicitly allowed. Depression after Ecstasy use was not reported. For future studies, participants suggested that magnetic resonance imaging could be a strong incentive for young users to enhance willingness to participate. Cultural issues of Ecstasy use are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Sang Leung
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 40N Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Peters GJY, Kok G, Abraham C. Social cognitive determinants of ecstasy use to target in evidence-based interventions: a meta-analytical review. Addiction 2008; 103:109-18. [PMID: 17999706 PMCID: PMC2253702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The health hazards and prevalence of ecstasy use have been documented in two decades of research, but no review reporting on potentially modifiable antecedents of use is available. The aim of this study was to integrate systematically research identifying cognitive correlates of ecstasy use. Such research has the potential to identify targets for evidence-based interventions designed to discourage use. METHODS The databases PsycINFO and MedLine were searched, inclusion criteria applied to resulting hits, and descendency and ancestry approaches applied to the selected publications. Reported associations between cognitive determinants, including intention to use and ecstasy use measures, were synthesized by calculating a weighted mean effect size, r. RESULTS The pattern of associations lent support both to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the expectancy approach as descriptions of potentially useful determinants. Attitudes were associated most strongly with intention and use, followed by subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. CONCLUSIONS Consideration of the strength of associations and the potential modifiability of identified cognitions suggests that evidence-based interventions to discourage ecstasy use should target negative expectancies, perceived behavioural control and anticipated regret, and consider tailoring perceived behavioural control elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjalt-Jorn Y Peters
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerjo Kok
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht Universitythe Netherlands, UK
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Yen CF, Hsu SY, Cheng CP. Polysubstance use and its correlates in adolescent ecstasy users in Taiwan. Addict Behav 2007; 32:2286-91. [PMID: 17314013 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether individual, family and peer factors can increase the risk of polysubstance use in Taiwanese adolescent ecstasy users. Two hundred adolescents with ecstasy use were recruited into this study. Their experience of using any other harmful substance in the preceding year and a variety of individual, family and peer characteristics were collected. The correlates of polysubstance use were examined using the two-step procedure of variable selection. The results indicated that 59 (29.5%) of the adolescent ecstasy users were polysubstance users. Ketamine, alcohol and areca quid were the three most prevalent substances used. Users who experienced dropping out of school, had poor mental health status and whose fathers had a low education level had an increased risk of polysubstance use. Clinicians should thoroughly screen adolescent ecstasy users who have the above factors as they are more likely to use other substances concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
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Yen CF, Cheng CP, Tsai JL, Hsu SY. Family, peer and individual factors related to methylenedioxymethamphetamine use in Taiwanese adolescents. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 61:552-7. [PMID: 17875035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the correlates of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use is crucial for the development and implementation of effective prevention programs for adolescents. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify the family, peer and individual factors that were related to MDMA use in Taiwanese adolescents. Two hundred adolescents who used MDMA and 200 who did not use MDMA were recruited into the study. The family, peer and individual factors related to MDMA use were examined using chi(2) automatic interaction detection (CHAID) analysis. The results indicated that the adolescents who had more friends involved with substance use, disruptive family and attitude favoring MDMA use were more likely to use MDMA. Multiple factors of family, peer and individuals were related to MDMA use among Taiwanese adolescents. This knowledge may be helpful when designing and implementing preventive intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, and Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Reid LW, Elifson KW, Sterk CE. Hug drug or thug drug? Ecstasy use and aggressive behavior. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2007; 22:104-19. [PMID: 17390566 DOI: 10.1891/vv-v22i1a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While clinical studies have established a link between aggression and ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine [MDMA]), no research has attempted to explore how this link manifests itself in behavioral outcomes. In this research we examine the effects of ecstasy on aggressive and violent behavior in a sample of active users. Data were collected from 260 ecstasy users in Atlanta, Georgia. Data analysis included ordered logit regression to examine the likelihood of engaging in aggressive behavior, controlling for key predictors of aggression independent of ecstasy use. Our results indicate that those with a higher prevalence of lifetime ecstasy use exhibit higher levels of aggressive and violent behavior. However, the effect of lifetime ecstasy use differs by levels of low self-control as a measure of propensity for aggression. Those who exhibit low self-control are more affected by ecstasy use than those who do not in terms of aggression. Our findings add an important dimension to our current knowledge about the relationship between aggression and ecstasy.
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Abstract
AIM Although several relatively recent reviews have summarized the neuropsychiatric effects associated with chronic ecstasy use, there is no published comprehensive review of studies on the acute subjective effects (ASEs) of MDMA/ecstasy. DESIGN The present study reviewed the prevalence, intensity and duration of ASEs collected from 24 studies that provided frequency data on the prevalence of self-reported ecstasy effects and/or provided data on the intensity of ecstasy effects. FINDINGS Although hundreds of ASEs have been reported following MDMA consumption, we identified a subset of effects reported repeatedly by meaningful proportions and large numbers of participants across multiple investigations, most of which were either emotional (e.g. anxiety, depression, closeness, fear, euphoria, calmness) or somatic (e.g. nausea/vomiting, bruxism, muscle aches/headache, sweating, numbness, body temperature changes, fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, increased energy). Only one sexual ASE (sexual arousal/increased sensual awareness), one cognitive ASE (confused thought), one sensory-perceptual ASE (visual effects/changes in visual perception), one sleep-related ASE (sleeplessness) and one appetite-related ASE (decreased appetite) were reported across five or more investigations. Three factors-number of hours between ingestion and assessment, dose level, and gender-have been associated with the acute subjective experience of MDMA/ecstasy. CONCLUSIONS This review provides useful information for clinicians and researchers who want to understand the desirable and undesirable ASEs that may motivate and restrain ecstasy use, for public health advocates who seek to reduce biomedical harms (e.g. fainting, dehydration, shortness of breath, bruxism) associated with recreational use of MDMA/ecstasy, and for educators who wish to design credible prevention messages that neither underestimate nor exaggerate users' experiences of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Baylen
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Schifano F, Corkery J, Deluca P, Oyefeso A, Ghodse AH. Ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) consumption, seizures, related offences, prices, dosage levels and deaths in the UK (1994-2003). J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20:456-63. [PMID: 16574720 DOI: 10.1177/0269881106060147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, a global trend of escalating ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) use was observed. Mentions on medical death certificates, last year's ecstasy use, number of drug offenders, seizures, prices and dosage levels figures were used for this descriptive and correlational study. Figures (1994-2003) were taken from the UK General Mortality Registers, from the Home Office Statistical Bulletins, from the British Crime Survey and from those reported to both the National Crime Intelligence and Forensic Science Services. A total of 394 ecstasy deaths mentions were here identified from the UK; in 42% of cases ecstasy was the sole drug mentioned. Overall, number of fatalities showed a year-per-year increase and positively correlated with: prevalence of last year's use (p < 0.01); number of offenders (p < 0.01) and number of seizures (p < 0.01) but negatively correlated with ecstasy price (p < 0.05). Price negatively correlated with: prevalence of last year's use (p < 0.001) and number of seizures (p < 0.01); but positively correlated with average MDMA dosage per tablet (p < 0.01). MDA, MDEA and MBDB accounted for a significant proportion of tablets only up to 1997, but not afterwards. Increasing production with a concomitant decrease in ecstasy price may have facilitated an increase in consumption levels and this, in turn, may have determined an increase in number of ecstasy deaths mentions. Only medical death certificates and not coroners' reports at the end of their inquests were here analysed; no data were available in respect of other drugs use and toxicology results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Schifano
- National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Martins SS, Mazzotti G, Chilcoat HD. Trends in ecstasy use in the United States from 1995 to 2001: comparison with marijuana users and association with other drug use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 13:244-52. [PMID: 16173888 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.13.3.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate changes in the prevalence of ecstasy use over time, analyze the overlap of ecstasy use and other drug use, and compare other drug use in ecstasy versus marijuana users. The authors hypothesized that ecstasy users early in the "epidemic" would be polydrug users and that associations between ecstasy and other drug use would diminish as the prevalence of ecstasy use increased. Data were drawn from public use data files from the 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Ecstasy use increased in the U.S. population and the prevalence was greater in younger age groups. Ecstasy users were likely to use a variety of other drugs; however, association of ecstasy use with other drug use was strongest early in the "epidemic," diminishing as the number of new users increased. Later, more drug-naive adolescents and young adults began experimenting with ecstasy. These results can orient prevention strategies that target ecstasy users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Martins
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205-1900, USA.
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Abstract
This review summarizes the latest literature on "party" or "club" drugs, defined as MDMA, GHB, ketamine, and Rohypnol, as published from 2002 to early 2005. Club drugs have been categorized as being used at raves and dance parties. The literature shows that each drug has different properties, users, and settings. Each drug has different adverse effects and requires different acute care protocols. Although these drugs were identified early, scientific information about them, including the toxicological tests to identify them, is still evolving. Increasing numbers of studies on the short- and long-term effects of these drugs on humans are being published, but because of limitations on research using human subjects, they may not always be as rigorous as desired and can be cited by drug users to discredit findings of harm. The lack of research-based information on these drugs has led to the emergence of web sites that may or may not provide accurate data. Evaluated chemical dependency treatment protocols using the latest research for each of these different drugs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Carlisle Maxwell
- The Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center, The School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78703, USA.
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