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Incidence and comorbidities of disruptive behavior disorders diagnosed in Finnish specialist psychiatric services. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:2063-2072. [PMID: 33398496 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-02015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), are some of the most common psychiatric conditions in childhood. Despite this, there has been limited research on DBDs. We examined the incidence, comorbidity and gender differences of DBDs diagnosed by specialist services. METHOD This was a nationwide register study of 570,815 children and adolescents born in 1996-2005. The 7050 individuals diagnosed with DBD by specialist healthcare services were matched to 26,804 controls. RESULTS By the age of 15, the cumulative incidence of diagnosed DBDs was 3.5% for boys and 1.4% for girls. The yearly incidence rate increased for girls after 13 years of age, while the incidence for boys was relatively stable between 8 and 15 years of age. When we compared subjects born between 1996-1998 and 1999-2001, we found that by the age of 12, the cumulative incidence per 100 people had increased from 0.56 to 0.68 among girls and from 2.3 to 2.6 among boys. This indicated a minor increase in treated incidence. The parents of children diagnosed with DBDs had lower educational levels than the parents of controls. Children with DBD were also more likely to have been diagnosed with other psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Although DBDs were 3.5 times more common among boys during the whole follow-up period, the yearly incidence during adolescence was fairly similar between boys and girls. DBD existed alongside various psychiatric disorders at a relatively young age and only a minor increase in treated incidence was found during childhood.
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Ning K, Patalay P, L Maggs J, Ploubidis GB. Early life mental health and problematic drinking in mid-adulthood: evidence from two British birth cohorts. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:1847-1858. [PMID: 33765212 PMCID: PMC8429378 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulating evidence suggests that externalising problems are consistently associated with alcohol use behaviours, but findings are inconsistent regarding the role of internalising problems. We investigate whether externalising and internalising problems are associated with problematic drinking in mid-adulthood, and whether potential associations are modified by age, sex and cohort. METHODS The National Child Development Study (NCDS58, n = 17,633) and 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70, n = 17,568) recruited new-borns in Great Britain in a single week in 1958 and 1970. Mental health was assessed with the Rutter Behaviour Questionnaire at ages 7, 11, and 16 in NCDS58 and ages 5, 10 and 16 in BCS70. Problematic drinking was measured with the CAGE questionnaire at age 33 in NCDS58 and age 34 in BCS70, and the AUDIT scale at age 44/45 in NCDS58 and age 46 in BCS70. Latent scores of externalising and internalising problems were added chronologically into lagged logistic regression models. RESULTS Externalising and internalising problems were associated in opposite directions with problematic drinking in mid-adulthood. Externalising was a risk factor (OR [95% CI] ranging from 1.06 [1.03, 1.10] to 1.11 [1.07, 1.15] for different ages), and internalising was a protective factor (OR [95% CI] ranging from 0.95 [0.92, 0.99] to 0.90 [0.86, 0.94] for different ages). Associations between early life mental health and mid-adulthood problematic drinking did not differ by developmental timing but were stronger in males. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights on links of externalising and internalising difficulties with alcohol use and has implications for public policy in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Kronström K, Multimäki P, Ristkari T, Parkkola K, Sillanmäki L, Sourander A. Ten-year changes in the psychosocial well-being, psychopathology, substance use, suicidality, bullying, and sense of coherence of 18-year-old males: a Finnish population-based time-trend study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:313-325. [PMID: 32232581 PMCID: PMC7932936 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied Finnish 18-year-old males attending obligatory military call-up assessments in 1999 (n = 2340) and 2009 (n = 4309) on time-trend changes in psychosocial well-being, psychopathology, substance use, suicidality, bullying, and sense of coherence. Subjects filled in questionnaires, including the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR) for psychopathology and the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (SOC-13) for sense of coherence. The prevalence of minor mental health problems in the last 6 months decreased from 22.3% in 1999 to 18.6% in 2009 (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9), whereas severe mental health problems remained stable. Suicidal thoughts decreased from 5.7 to 3.7% (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.8). The use of illicit drugs decreased from 6.0 to 4.7% (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.95), but being drunk at least once a week increased from 10.3 to 13.4% (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.5). Attention problems increased in YASR syndrome domains (mean score 2.9 vs 3.2, p < 0.001) and so did somatic complains (mean score 1.7 vs 1.9, p = 0.005). The SOC-13 scores remained stable. The percentage of males who had studied during the past 6 months increased from 91.4 to 93.4% (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6), while being employed decreased from 64.9 to 49.4% (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.5-0.6). The positive findings included reductions in the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and the use of illicit drugs, but being drunk at least once a week increased. Self-reported somatic problems and attention problems increased. Despite changes in society and family structures, there were only minor overall changes in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kronström
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Multimäki
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Terja Ristkari
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland.
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Ning K, Gondek D, Patalay P, Ploubidis GB. The association between early life mental health and alcohol use behaviours in adulthood: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228667. [PMID: 32069303 PMCID: PMC7028290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aims to summarise current evidence on the association between early life mental health and alcohol use behaviours in adulthood. Peer-reviewed publications were located by searching EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and the ISI Web of Science up to 31 October 2018. Prospective longitudinal studies reporting associations between externalising problems (EXT), internalising problems (INT), depression, anxiety before age 18, and alcohol use behaviours (alcohol consumption, heavy/problematic drinking, alcohol use disorder) after age 18 were included. After screening 17259 articles, 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. Information extracted included strength of associations, age when mental health and alcohol use behaviours were measured, sex differences in the association, and other sample characteristics. 103 tests in 23 articles were identified on the externalising domain and 135 tests in 26 articles on the internalising domain. 37 out of 103 tests reported positive associations between EXT and alcohol use behaviours. The likelihood of observing positive associations was higher for more severe alcohol use outcomes, but this trend disappeared among high-quality studies. Findings on associations between internalising domain and alcohol use varied across their subtypes. INT tended to be negatively associated with alcohol consumption but positively associated with more severe outcomes (heavy/problematic drinking, alcohol use disorder). Depression tended to be positively associated with alcohol outcomes, while no clear association between anxiety and alcohol outcomes was evident. Variation of the association across developmental timing, sex, culture, historical period was explored where appropriate. Great heterogeneity in the current literature calls for greater attention to view the relationship developmentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College of London, London, The United Kingdom
| | - Dawid Gondek
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College of London, London, The United Kingdom
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College of London, London, The United Kingdom
| | - George B. Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College of London, London, The United Kingdom
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5
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Karki S, Laukkanen E, Länsimies H, Tuomainen TP, Pietilä AM. Substance use and associated emotional and behavioral problems in Nepalese adolescents. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1562576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyen Karki
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eila Laukkanen
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Länsimies
- Administrative Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Pietilä
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Pasqualini M, Lanari D, Pieroni L. Parents who exit and parents who enter. Family structure transitions, child psychological health, and early drinking. Soc Sci Med 2018; 214:187-196. [PMID: 30177361 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper seeks to extend prior research by exploring whether family structure transition is associated with an increase in early alcohol consumption and whether this association is mediated by; children's socio-emotional problems, providing information on whether the effects of the transition; differ according to the number of changes, the family's initial status, or the time of exposure. The; data have been drawn from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to explore associations framed with; a life-course approach. Our findings suggest that types of family transitions (such as distinguishing; parental exits from and parental entrances to the family) are more important than the number of; family changes during childhood. The results show that moving from a two-parent household to a single-parent household directly increased the probability of being a frequent alcohol consumer among early adolescent boys, whereas the indirect effect on girls was found via socio-emotional difficulties. Our findings also show an increase in socio-emotional and behavioural difficulties in boys due to the entrance of a step-parent only if the transition occurred in the earliest childhood. Indeed, a sensitivity analysis of the time to which the children were exposed to the transition to a new family structure showed stronger effects for those who experienced a family structure change in the early life course, consistent with the cumulative disadvantage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pasqualini
- Department of Statistical Science, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
| | - D Lanari
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - L Pieroni
- Department of Political Science, University of Perugia, Italy
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7
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Meisel SN, Colder CR, Bowker JC, Hussong AM. A longitudinal examination of mediational pathways linking chronic victimization and exclusion to adolescent alcohol use. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:1795-1807. [PMID: 30058817 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined developmentally informed pathways from peer victimization and exclusion to adolescent alcohol use. Using multiple informants (target and peer report of negative peer experiences) and a longitudinal sample of 387 adolescents, we examined 2 developmental pathways from these negative peer experiences to alcohol use, 1 through externalizing symptoms and the other through internalizing symptoms. When analyzed in separate models, results suggested that self-reported chronic peer victimization and exclusion were positively related to alcohol use through internalizing symptoms and coping motivated drinking. The risk pathway replicated for exclusion when using peer report of negative peer experiences. When victimization and exclusion were tested simultaneously in the same model, the risk pathway through internalizing symptoms and coping drinking motives was only supported for chronic exclusion and this finding replicated across reporters. No support was found for negative peer experiences operating through externalizing symptoms. Findings from the present study help clarify developmental pathways linking negative peer experiences to alcohol use and suggest that experiencing chronic exclusion may have a particularly deleterious impact on alcohol use during adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Kjeldsen A, Stoolmiller M, Toumbourou JW, Nilsen W. Childhood problem behaviours as precursors of drinking to intoxication trajectories – from age 1.5 to 19. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1130-1150. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1478973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kjeldsen
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mike Stoolmiller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John W. Toumbourou
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED), School of Psychology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wendy Nilsen
- Work Research Institute, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Hu H, Eaton WW, Anthony JC, Wu LT, Cottler LB. Age of first drunkenness and risks for all-cause mortality: A 27-year follow-up from the epidemiologic catchment area study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 176:148-153. [PMID: 28535457 PMCID: PMC5466452 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset drunkenness is associated with an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD), which predicts excess mortality risk. Here, we estimated mortality risk for drinkers with and without early drunkenness. METHODS For 14,848 adult participants interviewed about drinking, drunken episodes, and AUD in 1981-83 for the Epidemiologic Catchment Area in New Haven (Connecticut), Baltimore (Maryland), St. Louis (Missouri), and Durham (North Carolina), we linked National Death Index records through 2007. RESULTS Cox regression modeling estimates showed excess mortality for drinkers with age of first drunkenness earlier than 15 years old (hazard ratio, HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.72) and when first drunkenness occurred at or after age 15 (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.29), as compared with adults who had never been drunk. Consistent results were observed, irrespective of AUD history. That is, early drunkenness signaled excess mortality risk even in absence of AUD. CONCLUSIONS In a large community sample from four cities in the US, early age of onset of drunkenness predicts mortality risk. We discuss experiments to investigate the possible causal significance of this predictive association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James C Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Li-Tzy Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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10
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Hussong AM, Ennett ST, Cox MJ, Haroon M. A systematic review of the unique prospective association of negative affect symptoms and adolescent substance use controlling for externalizing symptoms. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:137-147. [PMID: 28134539 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review examines whether negative affect symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, and internalizing symptoms more broadly) predict subsequent adolescent substance use after controlling for co-occurring externalizing symptoms. Following PRISMA procedures, we identified 61 studies that tested the association of interest. Findings varied depending on the type of negative affect symptom and to some extent on the substance use outcome. The most consistent associations were evident for depressive symptoms, particularly as predictors of substance use composite scores. No clear association between anxiety and substance use or between internalizing symptoms and substance use was evident, and indeed these associations were as often negative as positive. Mixed findings regarding the depression-substance use association, however, also call for greater attention to potential moderating factors that may help define who, when, and in what context depression serves as an important risk factor for later substance use above and beyond risk associated with externalizing symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Hussong
- Center for Developmental Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Susan T Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Melissa J Cox
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Maleeha Haroon
- Center for Developmental Science and Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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11
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Jun HJ, Sacco P, Bright CL, Camlin EAS. Relations Among Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms and Drinking Frequency During Adolescence. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:1814-25. [PMID: 26646723 PMCID: PMC4757907 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1058826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adolescence, internalizing (e.g., anxious, depressive, and withdrawn) and externalizing (e.g., aggressive, oppositional, delinquent, and hyperactive) symptoms are related with alcohol use. However, the directionality among internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and alcohol use during adolescence is equivocal. Moreover, gender differences and similarities among these behaviors are not definitive in existing literature. OBJECTIVES This study examined longitudinal relationships between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and past-month alcohol use among adolescent boys and girls. METHODS Using longitudinal survey data from a study of community-dwelling adolescents (n = 724), we estimated cross-lagged structural equation models to test relations between internalizing and externalizing symptoms (as measured by the Youth Self Report, YSR [Achenbach, 1991]) and self-report alcohol use in the past month among adolescents. Gender differences were tested in a multiple group structural equation model. RESULTS Alcohol use at age 12 was a predictor of internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 15 for both boys and girls. With regard to gender differences, girls demonstrated an association between internalizing symptoms and drinking at age 12, whereas boys showed a stronger association between externalizing symptoms and drinking at age 18. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Early alcohol use is problematic for youth, and results of this study lend support to prevention programs for youth. Preventing or curbing early drinking may offset later externalizing and internalizing symptoms, as well as ongoing alcohol use, regardless of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Jun
- a School of Social Work , University of Maryland , Baltimore, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Paul Sacco
- a School of Social Work , University of Maryland , Baltimore, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Charlotte Lyn Bright
- a School of Social Work , University of Maryland , Baltimore, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Elizabeth A S Camlin
- a School of Social Work , University of Maryland , Baltimore, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
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12
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Belendiuk KA, Pedersen SL, King KM, Pelham WE, Molina BSG. Change over time in adolescent and friend alcohol use: Differential associations for youth with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2015; 30:29-38. [PMID: 26437359 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for experiencing alcohol-related problems by adulthood. However, few studies have examined contextual factors that may contribute to this risk. The current study examined 1 widely investigated social-contextual risk factor, friend alcohol use, in a sample of adolescents with and without a history of ADHD. One hundred and 59 adolescents (14-17 years old) with childhood ADHD and 117 demographically similar youth without ADHD were interviewed annually in the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study. Adolescents reported the frequency of their own alcohol use in the prior 12 months and the number of friends who used alcohol regularly or occasionally (perceived friend alcohol use). Multiple-group parallel process models indicated that increases in friend alcohol use were more strongly associated with increases in adolescent alcohol use over time for individuals with ADHD (r = .15, SE = 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.08, 0.22]) than for those without ADHD (r = .06, SE = 0.03; 95% CI [0.00, 0.11]). These results suggest that social factors are an important part of escalating alcohol use among adolescents with ADHD histories, and they highlight the possibility that interventions focused on the peer context could be important for these at-risk youth. Additional social network research on adolescent alcohol use within the larger context of other relationships (e.g., family and romantic relationships) is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin M King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington
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13
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Alcohol use among adolescents, aggressive behaviour, and internalizing problems. J Adolesc 2014; 37:945-51. [PMID: 25038493 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is common among adolescents, but its association with behavioural and emotional problems is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate how self-reported psychosocial problems were associated with the use of alcohol in a community sample consisting of 4074 Finnish adolescents aged 13-18 years. Aggressive behaviour associated with alcohol use and a high level of alcohol consumption, while internalizing problems did not associate with alcohol use. Having problems in social relationships associated with abstinence and lower alcohol consumption. Tobacco smoking, early menarche and attention problems also associated with alcohol use.
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14
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Molina BSG, Pelham WE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of substance use disorder: developmental considerations, potential pathways, and opportunities for research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2014; 10:607-39. [PMID: 24437435 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many opportunities to explain attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related risk of substance use disorder (SUD) remain available for study. We detail these opportunities by considering characteristics of children with ADHD and factors affecting their outcomes side by side with overlapping variables in the developmental literature on SUD etiology. Although serious conduct problems are a known contributor to ADHD-related risk of SUD, few studies have considered their emergence developmentally and in relation to other candidate mediators and moderators that could also explain risk and be intervention targets. Common ADHD-related impairments, such as school difficulties, are in need of research. Heterogeneous social impairments have the potential for predisposing, and buffering, influences. Research on neurocognitive domains should move beyond standard executive function batteries to measure deficits in the interface between cognitive control, reward, and motivation. Ultimately, maximizing prediction will depend, as it has in the SUD literature, on simultaneous consideration of multiple risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke S G Molina
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213;
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15
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Baltieri DA. Order of onset of drug use and criminal activities in a sample of drug-abusing women convicted of violent crimes. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014; 33:202-10. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Antonio Baltieri
- Department of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience of ABC Medical School; São Paulo Brazil
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16
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Molina BSG, Pelham WE, Cheong J, Marshal MP, Gnagy EM, Curran PJ. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and growth in adolescent alcohol use: the roles of functional impairments, ADHD symptom persistence, and parental knowledge. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 121:922-935. [PMID: 22845650 PMCID: PMC4128089 DOI: 10.1037/a0028260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on the relation between childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adolescent alcohol use has found mixed results. Studies are needed that operationalize alcohol use in developmentally appropriate ways and that test theoretically plausible moderators and mediators in a longitudinal framework. The current study tested childhood ADHD as a predictor of alcohol use frequency at age 17 and age-related increases in alcohol use frequency, through adolescence for 163 adolescents with ADHD diagnosed in childhood and 120 adolescents without ADHD histories. Childhood ADHD did not predict either alcohol outcome. However, parental knowledge of the teen's friendships, activities, and whereabouts moderated the association such that childhood ADHD predicted alcohol use frequency at age 17 when parental knowledge was below median levels for the sample. Mediational pathways that explained this risk included social impairment, persistence of ADHD symptoms, grade point average, and delinquency. Social impairment was positively associated with alcohol use frequency through delinquency; it was negatively associated with alcohol use frequency as a direct effect independent of delinquency. These nuanced moderated-mediation findings help to explain previously inconsistent results for the ADHD-adolescent alcohol use association. The findings also imply that future research and intervention efforts should focus on ADHD-related social and academic impairments as well as symptom persistence and parenting efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick J Curran
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
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Karki S, Pietilä AM, Länsimies-Antikainen H, Varjoranta P, Pirskanen M, Laukkanen E. The Effects of Interventions to Prevent Substance Use Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2012.724276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Englund MM, Siebenbruner J. Developmental pathways linking externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms, and academic competence to adolescent substance use. J Adolesc 2012; 35:1123-40. [PMID: 22465287 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study extends previous research investigating the developmental pathways predicting adolescent alcohol and marijuana use by examining the cascading effects of externalizing and internalizing symptoms and academic competence in the prediction of use and level of use of these substances in adolescence. Participants (N=191) were drawn from a longitudinal study of first-born children of low-income mothers. Using data from ages 7, 9, 12, and 16 years, a series of nested two-part (semi-continuous) path models from a developmental cascade modeling framework were compared. Controlling for gender, SES, mother's age at child's birth, and minority status, we found (a) within-domain rank-order stability across time, (b) significant cross-domain effects over time, (c) higher externalizing symptoms significantly predicted use of alcohol and marijuana as well as higher levels of use in adolescence, and (d) higher levels of academic competence significantly added to the prediction of use of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Englund
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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19
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Enoch MA. The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:17-31. [PMID: 20596857 PMCID: PMC3005022 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcohol and drug dependence are equally important. Exposure to early life stress, that is unfortunately common in the general population, has been shown to predict a wide range of psychopathology, including addiction. OBJECTIVE This review will look at the characteristics of early life stress that may be specific predictors for adolescent and adult alcohol and drug dependence and will focus on studies in humans, non-human primates and rodents. RESULTS Experiencing maltreatment and cumulative stressful life events prior to puberty and particularly in the first few years of life is associated with early onset of problem drinking in adolescence and alcohol and drug dependence in early adulthood. Early life stress can result in permanent neurohormonal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, morphological changes in the brain, and gene expression changes in the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway, all of which are implicated in the development of addiction. However, a large proportion of children who have experienced even severe early life stress do not develop psychopathology indicating that mediating factors such as gene-environment interactions and family and peer relationships are important for resilience. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be a direct pathway from chronic stress exposure in pre-pubertal children via adolescent problem drinking to alcohol and drug dependence in early adulthood. However, this route can be moderated by genetic and environmental factors. The role that gene-environment interactions play in the risk-resilience balance is being increasingly recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- NIH/NIAAA/DICBR/LNG, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S32, MSC 9412, Bethesda, MD 20892-9412, USA.
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20
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Factors associated with reported childhood depressive symptoms at age 8 and later self-reported depressive symptoms among boys at age 18. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46:207-18. [PMID: 20145907 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to study conditions associated with depressive symptoms at ages 8 and 18 in a representative birth cohort of Finnish males. METHODS The participants in this community-based 10-year follow-up study consisted of 2,348 boys born in 1981. At age 8, three informant sources were used: parents, teachers, and the children themselves. Depressive symptoms were established using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). At age 18, self-report questionnaires were used to study the boys' family factors, life events, adaptive functioning, and substance use. Depressive symptoms at age 18 were established using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS Poor adaptive functioning at age 18 was independently associated with both child and late adolescent depressive symptoms. Use of illicit drugs and somatic health problems were independently associated with later depressive symptoms. Parental divorce in early childhood independently predicted depressive symptoms both in childhood and in late adolescence. Teacher reports of child's total problems at age 8 independently predicted depressive symptoms at age 18. CONCLUSIONS Depression in males at ages 8 and 18 is particularly associated with stressful life events in childhood, whereas late depression is associated with somatic health problems and substance use. Further population-based studies comparing conditions associated with childhood and adolescent depression are needed.
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21
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Niemelä S, Brunstein-Klomek A, Sillanmäki L, Helenius H, Piha J, Kumpulainen K, Moilanen I, Tamminen T, Almqvist F, Sourander A. Childhood bullying behaviors at age eight and substance use at age 18 among males. A nationwide prospective study. Addict Behav 2011; 36:256-60. [PMID: 21146319 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Childhood bullying behaviors (bullying and victimization) were studied as risk factors for substance use among Finnish males. The study design was a nationwide prospective general population study, where information was collected in 1989 and 1999. Bullying behaviors and childhood psychopathology at age eight were collected from teachers, parents and boys themselves. At age 18, self-reports of frequent drunkenness (once a week or more often), daily heavy smoking (10 cigarettes or more per day), and illicit drug use during the past six months were obtained from 78% of the boys attending the study at age eight (n=2946). Being frequently victimized at age eight predicted daily heavy smoking, and this was evident even after adjusting for childhood family background, psychopathology at age eight and at age 18, and other forms of substance use. In multivariate analysis, bullying others frequently predicted illicit drug use, while being a victim of bullying associated with a lower occurrence of illicit drug use. Bullying behaviors had no association with frequent drunkenness independent of other factors. Accordingly, being a victim of bullying predisposes in particular to subsequent smoking. Bullying others in childhood can be regarded as an early indicator to illicit drug use later in life. The screening and intervention possibilities in order to recognize the risk group for later health compromising behaviors are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland.
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22
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Burk LR, Armstrong JM, Goldsmith HH, Klein MH, Strauman TJ, Costanzo P, Essex MJ. Sex, temperament, and family context: how the interaction of early factors differentially predict adolescent alcohol use and are mediated by proximal adolescent factors. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2011; 25:1-15. [PMID: 21443307 PMCID: PMC3174803 DOI: 10.1037/a0022349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol use is common and has serious immediate and long-term ramifications. While concurrent individual and context factors are robustly associated with adolescent alcohol use, the influence of early childhood factors, particularly in interaction with child sex, are less clear. Using a prospective community sample of 362 (190 girls), this study investigated sex differences in the joint influence of distal childhood and proximal adolescent factors on Grade 10 alcohol use. All risk factors and two-way early individual-by-context interactions, and interactions of each of these with child sex, were entered into the initial regression. Significant sex interactions prompted the use of separate models for girls and boys. In addition to the identification of early (family socioeconomic status, authoritative parenting style) and proximal adolescent (mental health symptoms, deviant friends) risk factors for both girls and boys, results highlighted important sex differences. In particular, girls with higher alcohol consumption at Grade 10 were distinguished by the interaction of early temperamental disinhibition and exposure to parental stress; boys with higher alcohol consumption at Grade 10 were distinguished primarily by early temperamental negative affect. Results have implications for the timing and type of interventions offered to adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea R Burk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - H Hill Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Marjorie H Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | | | | | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
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Enoch MA, Steer CD, Newman TK, Gibson N, Goldman D. Early life stress, MAOA, and gene-environment interactions predict behavioral disinhibition in children. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 9:65-74. [PMID: 19804559 PMCID: PMC2824071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several, but not all, studies have shown that the monoamine oxidase A functional promoter polymorphism (MAOA-LPR) interacts with childhood adversity to predict adolescent and adult antisocial behavior. However, it is not known whether MAOA-LPR interacts with early life (pre-birth-3 years) stressors to influence behavior in prepubertal children. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, UK, is a community-representative cohort study of children followed from pre-birth onwards. The impact of family adversity from pre-birth to age 3 years and stressful life events from 6 months to 7 years on behavioral disinhibition was determined in 7500 girls and boys. Behavioral disinhibition measures were: mother-reported hyperactivity and conduct disturbances (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) at ages 4 and 7 years. In both sexes, exposure to family adversity and stressful life events in the first 3 years of life predicted behavioral disinhibition at age 4, persisting until age 7. In girls, MAOA-LPR interacted with stressful life events experienced from 6 months to 3.5 years to influence hyperactivity at ages 4 and 7. In boys, the interaction of MAOA-LPR with stressful life events between 1.5 and 2.5 years predicted hyperactivity at age 7 years. The low activity MAOA-LPR variant was associated with increased hyperactivity in girls and boys exposed to high stress. In contrast, there was no MAOA-LPR interaction with family adversity. In a general population sample of prepubertal children, exposure to common stressors from pre-birth to 3 years predicted behavioral disinhibition, and MAOA-LPR- stressful life event interactions specifically predicted hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Kimber B, Sandell R. Prevention of substance use among adolescents through social and emotional training in school: a latent-class analysis of a five-year intervention in Sweden. J Adolesc 2009; 32:1403-13. [PMID: 19879642 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study considers the impact of a program for social and emotional learning in Swedish schools on use of drugs, volatile substances, alcohol and tobacco. The program was evaluated in an effectiveness study. Intervention students were compared longitudinally with non-intervention students using nonparametric latent class analysis to identify subgroups of students with similar use levels and trajectories. Statistically significant intervention-by-duration interactions, with medium to large effect sizes to the advantage of the SET students were found for all substances in one or more, but not all, of the latent classes. Favorable trajectories were found for non-users/light users of drugs, moderate sniffers, non-users/light users of alcohol, and occasional smokers. Only among heavy smokers was there a possible iatrogenic effect of SET. Such programs, given a duration of two years or more, may dampen increases in use with age and discourage early debut, although they are not specifically targeted at use itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Kimber
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Strandheim A, Holmen TL, Coombes L, Bentzen N. Alcohol intoxication and mental health among adolescents--a population review of 8983 young people, 13-19 years in North-Trøndelag, Norway: the Young-HUNT Study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2009; 3:18. [PMID: 19549305 PMCID: PMC2708131 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to describe alcohol use among Norwegian teenagers and investigate the associations between mental health problems and alcohol intoxications with focus on age and gender. METHODS Population based, cross-sectional survey addressing all adolescents aged 13-19 years, attending secondary or high school in North - Trøndelag County, Norway. 8983 youths (91%) answered the Young-HUNT questionnaire in the 1995-1997 survey. Logistic regression models were used to study associations. RESULTS 80% of the respondents reported that they had tried drinking alcohol, and 57% had been intoxicated at least once. The proportion of the students, which had tried alcohol, was equal in both genders and increased with age. Attention problems and conduct problems were strongly associated with frequent alcohol intoxications in both genders. Anxiety and depressive symptoms among girls were also related to high numbers of intoxications CONCLUSION Gender differences in number of alcohol intoxications were small. There was a close association between both conduct and attention problems and high alcohol consumption in both genders. Girls with symptoms of anxiety and depression reported more frequent alcohol intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arve Strandheim
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Turid Lingaas Holmen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway,Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT research centre, Verdal, Norway
| | - Lindsey Coombes
- Oxford Brookes University, the School of Health and Social Care, Oxford, UK
| | - Niels Bentzen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway
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26
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Rose AK, Grunsell L. The Subjective, Rather Than the Disinhibiting, Effects of Alcohol Are Related to Binge Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1096-104. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Galéra C, Bouvard MP, Messiah A, Fombonne E. Hyperactivity-inattention symptoms in childhood and substance use in adolescence: the youth gazel cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 94:30-7. [PMID: 18065164 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study addresses in both genders the relationship between childhood Hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and subsequent adolescent substance use, while controlling for psychiatric comorbidity, temperament and environmental risk factors. METHODS 916 subjects (421 males, 495 females) aged 7-18 were recruited from the general population and surveyed in 1991 and 1999. Child psychopathology and substance use patterns were evaluated through parent and adolescent self-reports. Multivariate modeling was performed to assess the effects of childhood Hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and other risk factors on adolescent substance use. RESULTS In males, Hyperactivity-inattention symptoms alone accounted for the risk of subsequent regular cannabis smoking (OR=3.14, p=0.03) and subsequent lifetime use of other drugs including stimulants, opiates, inhalants and sedatives (OR=2.72, p=0.02). In females, Hyperactivity-inattention symptoms did not independently increase the liability to later substance use. In males, the temperament trait activity was a significant predictor of subsequent regular cannabis smoking (OR=2.32, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS This survey points to a possible specific link between Hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and subsequent cannabis use and experimentation of harder drugs in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Galéra
- Child Psychiatry Department, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.
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28
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Sourander A, Jensen P, Davies M, Niemelä S, Elonheimo H, Ristkari T, Helenius H, Sillanmäki L, Piha J, Kumpulainen K, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Almqvist F. Who is at greatest risk of adverse long-term outcomes? The Finnish From a Boy to a Man study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46:1148-1161. [PMID: 17712238 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31809861e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study associations between comorbid psychopathology and long-term outcomes in a large birth cohort sample from age 8 to early adulthood. METHOD The sample included long-term outcome data on 2,556 Finnish boys born in 1981. The aim was to study the impact of early childhood psychopathology types (externalizing versus internalizing versus both) and informant sources (self-report versus parent/teacher reports) on young adult outcomes, based on data from a military registry of psychiatric diagnosis, a police registry on criminal and drug offenses, and self-reported problems in late adolescence and early adulthood. RESULTS Children with combined conduct and internalizing problems at age 8 had the worst outcomes and highest risk of subsequent psychiatric disorders, criminal offenses, and self-reported problems at follow-up, with 62% of these boys manifesting psychiatric disorders, committing criminal offenses, or both at follow-up. Although these children included only 4% of the sample, they were responsible for 26% of all criminal offenses at follow-up. In contrast, children with conduct problems without internalizing problems and those with attention problems had much less severe but nonetheless elevated levels of risk of antisocial personality disorder and criminal offenses. Long-term outcomes for these two groups were substantially better than for children with combined conduct and internalizing problems. Children with "pure" emotional problems had an elevated risk only of similar emotional problems at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The subjective suffering and long-term burden to society is especially high among children with comorbid conduct and internalizing problems in childhood. A major challenge for child and adolescent psychiatric, education, and social services is to develop effective intervention strategies focusing on these children. Additional longitudinal epidemiological studies of this comorbidity group are needed, and, if replicated, such findings will have important implications for future diagnostic classification systems (DSM-V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Sourander
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital..
| | - Peter Jensen
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Mark Davies
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Henrik Elonheimo
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Terja Ristkari
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Hans Helenius
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Jorma Piha
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Kirsti Kumpulainen
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Tuula Tamminen
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Irma Moilanen
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Dr. Sourander is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsoö Norway; Dr. Jensen and Mr. Davies are with the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University; Mr. Helenius and Mr. Sillanmä ki are with the Department of Biostatistics, Turku University; Drs. Piha and Niemelä are with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University; Mr. Elonheimo is with the Faculty of Law, Turku University; Mrs. Ristkari is with the Department of Psychiatry, Turku University; Dr. Kumpulainen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Dr. Tamminen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Dr. Moilanen is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Dr. Almqvist is with the Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital
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29
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Enoch MA. Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcoholism: resilience vs. risk. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1094:193-201. [PMID: 17347351 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1376.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The physiological changes of adolescence may promote risk-taking behaviors, including binge drinking. Approximately 40% of alcoholics were already drinking heavily in late adolescence. Most cases of alcoholism are established by the age of 30 years with the peak prevalence at 18-23 years of age. Therefore the key time frame for the development, and prevention, of alcoholism lies in adolescence and young adulthood. Severe childhood stressors have been associated with increased vulnerability to addiction, however, not all stress-exposed children go on to develop alcoholism. Origins of resilience can be both genetic (variation in alcohol-metabolizing genes, increased susceptibility to alcohol's sedative effects) and environmental (lack of alcohol availability, positive peer and parental support). Genetic vulnerability is likely to be conferred by multiple genes of small to modest effects, possibly only apparent in gene-environment interactions. For example, it has been shown that childhood maltreatment interacts with a monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene variant to predict antisocial behavior that is often associated with alcoholism, and an interaction between early life stress and a serotonin transporter promoter variant predicts alcohol abuse in nonhuman primates and depression in humans. In addition, a common Met158 variant in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene can confer both risk and resilience to alcoholism in different drinking environments. It is likely that a complex mix of gene(s)-environment(s) interactions underlie addiction vulnerability and development. Risk-resilience factors can best be determined in longitudinal studies, preferably starting during pregnancy. This kind of research is important for planning future measures to prevent harmful drinking in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Molina BSG, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Thompson AL, Marshal MP. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder is age specific. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:643-54. [PMID: 17374044 PMCID: PMC2680082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess age specificity in the risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD) among adolescents and young adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood. METHOD Children diagnosed with ADHD (n=364 probands) were interviewed an average of 8 years later in the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study, either as adolescents (11-17 years old) or as young adults (18-28 years of age). Demographically similar age-matched participants without ADHD were recruited as adolescents (n=120) or as adults (n=120) for comparison with the probands. Alcohol involvement was assessed comprehensively to include measures of heavy drinking that are standard in alcoholism research and prognostic of later alcohol-related problems. RESULTS Results revealed age specificity in the association such that episodic heavy drinking (measured as 5+ drinks per occasion), drunkenness, DSM-IV AUD symptoms, and DSM-IV AUD were elevated among 15- to 17-year-old probands, but not among younger adolescents. Among young adults, drinking quantity and AUD were elevated among probands with antisocial personality disorder. Childhood predictors indexing antisocial behavior were also examined. CONCLUSIONS The age- specificity of these findings helps to explain prior inconsistencies across previous studies regarding risk for alcohol-related outcomes among children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke S G Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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