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Gruenewald PJ, LaScala EA, Ponicki WR. Identifying the Population Sources of Alcohol Impaired Driving: An Assessment of Context Specific Drinking Risks. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019. [PMID: 30422783 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-risk drinkers who drink in high-risk contexts like bars are recognized as a primary source of alcohol-impaired drivers and motor vehicle crashes within communities. We assess the contributions of drinking in other contexts to these outcomes. METHOD Self-report survey data from 8,553 adults in 50 California cities were used to estimate rates of driving after drinking (DAD; driving within 4 hours of drinking any alcohol) and a measure of alcohol-impaired driving (AID; driving when having had "too much" to safely drive home) associated with drinking in bars, homes, restaurants, parties, and other contexts. RESULTS Frequent drinking (b = .0588, z = 2.17, p = .030) and drinking outside the home, χ2(4) = 74.46, p < .001, at bars (b = .1418, z = 1.97, p = .049), and at restaurants (b = .2694, z = 5.60, p < .001) were related to greater DAD; lower risks were associated with drinking at home (b = -.0607, z = -2.16, p = .031). AID frequency was directly proportional to DAD (b = .0863, z = 8.43, p < .001) with no differences observed across contexts. Within a community of 100,000 persons over 6 months, 879 AID events were attributed to drinking at 102 restaurants and 726 AID events to drinking at 15 bars. CONCLUSIONS Drinking at bars and restaurants contributes about equally to DAD and AID, with AID events concentrated in small populations that frequent relatively few bars and broadly distributed across large populations that frequent many restaurants. High frequencies of drinking at home were also associated with surprisingly large numbers of DAD and AID events. Observed differences between individual and community risks for DAD and AID must be addressed in place-based community prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
| | - Elizabeth A LaScala
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
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Papalimperi AH, Athanaselis SA, Mina AD, Papoutsis II, Spiliopoulou CA, Papadodima SA. Incidence of fatalities of road traffic accidents associated with alcohol consumption and the use of psychoactive drugs: A 7-year survey (2011-2017). Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2299-2306. [PMID: 31410180 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or psychoactive substances increases the risk of severe, even fatal motor vehicle accidents. The aim of this descriptive study was to present the impact of alcohol and/or psychoactive substances on fatal road traffic accidents (RTAs) during the period 2011-2017. For this purpose, the toxicological investigation reports from the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the University of Athens were used. In total, 1,841 (32.2%) of the autopsies conducted by the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens over a 7-year period (2011-2017) were victims of fatal RTAs. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of alcohol and psychoactive substances. The results were classified according to sex, age, victim (car driver, motorcyclist, pedestrian, or passenger) and the date the accident occurred (day, month and year). In total, 40.7% of the RTA-related fatalities were associated with alcohol consumption, among which 20.3% were car drivers. Of these, 87.3% were male victims. A higher frequency of RTA-related fatalities associated with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >110 mg/dl was encountered in younger compared with older age groups. Psychoactive substances were detected in 348 (18.9%) of the victims (cannabis in 46.6% of these, benzodiazepines in 25.9%, opiates in 16.4% and cocaine in 11.1% of these). The percentage of the RTA-related victims that had consumed alcohol in combination with other psychoactive substances was 4.5%. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that alcohol and psychoactive substances are probably risk factors for RTA-related fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia H Papalimperi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios A Athanaselis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Areti D Mina
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis I Papoutsis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Chara A Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Papadodima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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Roberts W, Moore KE, Pittman BP, Fillmore MT, McKee SA. High Risk of Alcohol-Impaired Driving in Adults With Comorbid Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders in the U.S. Population. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:114-119. [PMID: 30807283 PMCID: PMC6396510 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol-impaired driving is a significant source of injury and morbidity in the United States. People with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are more likely to drive while impaired by alcohol than their nonclinical counterparts. Less is known about rates of impaired driving in people with AUD and a comorbid substance use disorder (SUD). The current study examined the association among AUD, other SUDs, and alcohol-impaired driving in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. METHOD Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III; n = 36,309). AUD and SUD diagnoses according to DSM-5 criteria were determined using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5. We compared rates of past-year alcohol-impaired driving in people with AUD, another SUD (i.e., cannabis use disorder, stimulant use disorder, opioid use disorder), or AUD comorbid with another SUD against those with no past-year AUD or SUD diagnoses. RESULTS People with AUD had increased odds (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 15.85-28.27) of past-year alcohol-impaired driving behavior compared with past-year drinkers with no AUD or SUD. Although other SUDs per se were not consistently associated with increased odds of these behaviors (AORs = 0.28-4.07), people with AUD comorbid with SUD showed comparatively higher odds of these behaviors (AORs = 30.46-93.97). These effects held even when alcohol use quantity/frequency and AUD severity were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS People with AUD and a comorbid SUD are at high risk for alcohol-impaired driving. More research is needed to understand the factors mediating increased odds of driving while impaired in people with substance use comorbidities, especially considering societal movement toward cannabis legalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Administration, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kelly E. Moore
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Brian P. Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark T. Fillmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Scherer M, Canham S, Voas RB, Furr-Holden CD. Intercorrelation of Alcohol and Other Drug Use Disorders among a National Sample of Drivers. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018; 50:143-150. [PMID: 28846058 PMCID: PMC6117115 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1366605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and painkiller use disorders in a sample of drivers. We studied nighttime drivers aged 16 to 87 (n = 4,277) from the 2007 National Roadside Survey who reported substance use behaviors and provided breath tests for alcohol. Logistic regression analyses assessed the relationships between (1) substance (i.e., alcohol/marijuana/cocaine/pain killer) use disorders; (2) demographic characteristics; and (3) BAC levels. Overall, 13.2% of participants met criteria for marijuana use disorder, 7% met criteria for cocaine use disorder, and 15.4% met criteria for extra-medicinal painkiller use disorder. When self-report data were analyzed, three reciprocal associations emerged: (1) marijuana use disorders and alcohol use disorders were correlated; (2) marijuana use disorders and cocaine use disorders were correlated; and (3) cocaine use disorders and painkiller use disorders were correlated. BAC data revealed that marijuana and cocaine use disorders were both associated with positive BAC levels, but only cocaine use disorders were associated with BAC levels over the legal limit. Results suggest significant poly-substance use disorders in a sample of nighttime drivers, with variations by demographic characteristics. The individual and public health consequences of multiple substance use disorders among drivers are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scherer
- a Associate Research Scientist, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation , Calverton , MD , USA
| | - Sarah Canham
- b Research Associate, Department of Gerontology , Simon Fraser University , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Robert B Voas
- c Senior Research Scientist, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation , Calverton , MD , USA
| | - C Debra Furr-Holden
- d Endowed Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics , Michigan State University , Flint , MI , USA
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Yao J, Voas RB, Lacey JH. Drivers with alcohol use disorders and their risks of crash involvement. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:210-216. [PMID: 29291548 PMCID: PMC5803372 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between driver blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and crash involvement is well understood. However, the role of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) (i.e., dependence or abuse) in crash occurrence, as distinguished from non-clinical heavy alcohol consumption, has not been adequately explored. METHODS Data from the 2010-2011 Crash Risk Study conducted in Virginia Beach, VA, were used in this study. Drivers involved in crashes were compared with control drivers, and four drinker groups were examined: alcohol dependent, alcohol abusers, heavy drinkers, and all other current (i.e., normative) drinkers. Logistic regression analyses were conducted on two outcomes: having a moderate BAC (≥0.05 g/dl), and crash involvement. RESULTS Overall, 2411 crash-involved and 5514 control drivers provided useable data, 52.4% of which were men and 70.8% Whites. The prevalence of drivers with AUDs was lower for the crash-involved drivers (8.7%) than for the control drivers (12.7%). Only heavy drinkers, but not abusive or dependent drinkers, were over four times more likely to drive with moderate BACs at nighttime. More important, at nighttime, the odds of crash involvement for dependent drinkers were only one third of those for normative drinkers. Daytime crashes, however, were more likely to involve normative drinkers than any of the other three drinker types. CONCLUSIONS Drivers with AUDs are not more likely than normative drinkers to drive with moderate BACs at night. After accounting for the influence of BAC, dependent drinkers have a lower risk of being involved in a crash, at any time of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Xili University Town Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China.
| | - Robert B Voas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Dr., Suite 900, Calverton, MD, 20705-3111, USA
| | - John H Lacey
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Dr., Suite 900, Calverton, MD, 20705-3111, USA
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Kelley-Baker T, Waehrer G, Pollini RA. Prevalence of Self-Reported Prescription Drug Use in a National Sample of U.S. Drivers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:30-38. [PMID: 27936362 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug-involved driving has become an increasing concern. Although the focus has been on illegal drugs, there is evidence that prescribed medications can impair driving ability. The purpose of this study was to determine the self-reported prevalence of prescription drug use, including medical and nonmedical use, among a nationally representative sample of drivers and to report related driver characteristics. METHOD As part of the 2013-2014 National Roadside Survey, drivers from 60 sites were randomly recruited and asked to complete a survey on prescription drug use. RESULTS Almost 20% of drivers reported using a prescription drug within the past 2 days, with the most common drug class being sedatives (8.0%), followed by antidepressants (7.7%), narcotics (7.5%), and stimulants (3.9%). Drivers who reported prescription drug use were significantly more likely to be female, older, non-Hispanic White, and report disability. Three of four drivers who reported medication use (78.2%) said the drug was prescribed for their use; the odds of using without a prescription were significantly higher for males, Black/African American, and Hispanic drivers, and lower for older drivers. Among those with a prescription, taking more than prescribed was most common for narcotics (6.8%), followed by sedatives (4.8%), stimulants (3.8%), and antidepressants (1.5%). CONCLUSIONS These findings help to identify drivers using potentially impairing prescription drugs, both medically and nonmedically, and may inform the targeting of interventions to reduce impaired driving related to medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geetha Waehrer
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Robin A Pollini
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
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7
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Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series data to assess outcomes of a South American road traffic alcohol policy change. Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nistal-Nuño B. Joinpoint regression analysis to evaluate traffic public health policies by national temporal trends from 2000 to 2015. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2017; 25:128-133. [PMID: 28675063 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2017.1341937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past 16 years, a variety of factors might have impacted traffic accidents in Chile. In order to identify and quantify differential rates of change over time this study employed a novel analytic method to assess temporal trends in traffic morbi-mortality. Overall death and injury rates and associated to alcohol per 100,000 inhabitants were monitored between 2000 and 2015. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate annual percent changes (APCs) and average APCs. Permutation tests were used to determine joinpoints. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The rate of traffic deaths related to alcohol declined from 2006 until 2015 at a rate of 9.53% per year. The rate of traffic injuries related to alcohol decreased at a rate of 4.32% per year since 2008 to 2015. The use of the most sensitive approach to trend analysis brings new ele-ments to form the epidemiological analyses in Chile and similar countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Nistal-Nuño
- a Emergency Medicine Department , Stanford University Medical Center , Palo Alto , CA , USA
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Nistal-Nuño B. Impact of a New Law to Reduce the Legal Blood Alcohol Concentration Limit– A Poisson Regression Analysis and Descriptive Approach. J Res Health Sci 2017. [PMCID: PMC7191009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Chile, a new law introduced in March 2012 lowered the blood alcohol concentration
(BAC) limit for impaired drivers from 0.1% to 0.08% and the BAC limit for driving under the influence
of alcohol from 0.05% to 0.03%, but its effectiveness remains uncertain. The goal of this investigation
was to evaluate the effects of this enactment on road traffic injuries and fatalities in Chile.
Study design: A retrospective cohort study.
Methods: Data were analyzed using a descriptive and a Generalized Linear Models approach, type
of Poisson regression, to analyze deaths and injuries in a series of additive Log-Linear Models
accounting for the effects of law implementation, month influence, a linear time trend and population
exposure. A review of national databases in Chile was conducted from 2003 to 2014 to evaluate the
monthly rates of traffic fatalities and injuries associated to alcohol and in total.
Results: It was observed a decrease by 28.1 percent in the monthly rate of traffic fatalities related to
alcohol as compared to before the law (P<0.001). Adding a linear time trend as a predictor, the
decrease was by 20.9 percent (P<0.001).There was a reduction in the monthly rate of traffic injuries
related to alcohol by 10.5 percent as compared to before the law (P<0.001). Adding a linear time trend
as a predictor, the decrease was by 24.8 percent (P<0.001).
Conclusions: Positive results followed from this new ‘zero-tolerance’ law implemented in 2012 in
Chile. Chile experienced a significant reduction in alcohol-related traffic fatalities and injuries, being a
successful public health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Nistal-Nuño
- Stanford University Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Department, Palo Alto, USA
,Correspondence Beatriz Nistal-Nuño (MD, BM, MSc)
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Lac A, Handren L, Crano WD. Conceptualizing and Measuring Weekend versus Weekday Alcohol Use: Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 17:872-81. [PMID: 27488456 PMCID: PMC5898433 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Culturally, people tend to abstain from alcohol intake during the weekdays and wait to consume in greater frequency and quantity during the weekends. The current research sought to empirically justify the days representing weekday versus weekend alcohol consumption. In study 1 (N = 419), item response theory was applied to a two-parameter (difficulty and discrimination) model that evaluated the days of drinking (frequency) during the typical 7-day week. Item characteristic curves were most similar for Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday (prototypical weekday) and for Friday and Saturday (prototypical weekend). Thursday and Sunday, however, exhibited item characteristics that bordered the properties of weekday and weekend consumption. In study 2 (N = 403), confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test six hypothesized measurement structures representing drinks per day (quantity) during the typical week. The measurement model producing the strongest fit indices was a correlated two-factor structure involving separate weekday and weekend factors that permitted Thursday and Sunday to double load on both dimensions. The proper conceptualization and accurate measurement of the days demarcating the normative boundaries of "dry" weekdays and "wet" weekends are imperative to inform research and prevention efforts targeting temporal alcohol intake patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lac
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
| | - Lindsay Handren
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - William D Crano
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
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Scherer M, Voas RB, Furr-Holden D. Marijuana as a predictor of concurrent substance use among motor vehicle operators. J Psychoactive Drugs 2013; 45:211-7. [PMID: 24175485 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.804230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the adverse effects associated with marijuana abuse and dependence, marijuana is becoming more common-place in activities such as driving. Previous literature has discussed the high rates of cocaine, opioid and benzodiazepine use among users of marijuana, but no research has addressed the rates of concurrent use among drivers meeting abuse or dependence criteria. Each of these substances may produce effects detrimental to driving safety which may be compounded by concurrent substance use. This research examines rates of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence among an active sample of drivers (N = 7,734) in the 2007 National Roadside Survey. Mean age of participants was 36.89 years, and the majority were male (60.1%) and identified as White (59.2%). Participants who used marijuana but did not meet diagnostic criteria for abuse (n = 165) or dependence (n = 112) were significantly more likely to test positive for all substances than were those who did not use marijuana. Further, those that met criteria for marijuana abuse or dependence were more likely than those who did not meet criteria to test positive for THC, cocaine, and benzodiazepines and THC, cocaine, and opioids, respectively. The current research has implications for policy development and drugged driving interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scherer
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Predictors of positive Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in a sample of Brazilian drivers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 34:277-85. [PMID: 23429773 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the frequency of positive Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) among drivers and to examine associated factors in a cross-sectional study of Brazilian state capitals. METHODS 3,398 drivers were approached on highways crossing all 27 Brazilian capitals from 12 p.m. to 12 a.m. (Fridays and Saturdays). They were breathalyzed and data on their driving characteristics and alcohol consumption were collected. Multivariate logistic regression following a hierarchical conceptual framework was used to evaluate associated factors. RESULTS The overall weighted prevalence of positive BAC (> 0.1 mg/L) was 4.2%. The multivariate analysis showed that education up to 8 years (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0), age > 30 years (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.8-3.8), type of vehicle (cars: OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.7-5.1; motorcycles: OR = 3.7; 95% CI: 2.1-6.4), binge drinking (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4), having been breathalyzed before (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.8-3.7), and purpose of the trip (coming from a party: OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-3.0; leisure trip: OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.32.4; driving after 8 p.m.: OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.3) were independently associated with DUI. CONCLUSION Study findings suggest that selected external environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as well as personal characteristics like alcohol consumption and the relationship between drinking and driving were associated with positive BAC among Brazilian drivers. Results can help to inform drinking and driving policy and preventive approaches.
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De Boni R, Pechansky F, Silva PLDN, de Vasconcellos MTL, Bastos FI. Is the Prevalence of Driving After Drinking Higher in Entertainment Areas? Alcohol Alcohol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/ags126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Lacey JH, Kelley-Baker T, Voas RB, Romano E, Furr-Holden CD, Torres P, Berning A. Alcohol- and drug-involved driving in the United States: methodology for the 2007 National Roadside Survey. EVALUATION REVIEW 2011; 35:319-53. [PMID: 21997324 PMCID: PMC3635851 DOI: 10.1177/0193841x11422446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the methodology used in the 2007 U.S. National Roadside Survey to estimate the prevalence of alcohol- and drug-impaired driving and alcohol- and drug-involved driving. This study involved randomly stopping drivers at 300 locations across the 48 continental U.S. states at sites selected through a stratified random sampling procedure. Data were collected during a 2-hr Friday daytime session at 60 locations and during 2-hr nighttime weekend periods at 240 locations. Both self-report and biological measures were taken. Biological measures included breath alcohol measurements from 9,413 respondents, oral fluid samples from 7,719 respondents, and blood samples from 3,276 respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Lacey
- Impaired Driving Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Tara Kelley-Baker
- Impaired Driving Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Robert B. Voas
- Impaired Driving Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Eduardo Romano
- Impaired Driving Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | | | - Pedro Torres
- Impaired Driving Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Amy Berning
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC
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