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Zhu T, Zhou X, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang L, You C, Jameson PE, Ma P, Guo S. Ethylene-induced NbMYB4L is involved in resistance against tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:16-31. [PMID: 34633738 PMCID: PMC8659562 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several MYB transcription factors are known to play important roles in plant resistance to environmental stressors. However, the mechanism governing the involvement of MYBs in regulating tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance in plants is still unclear. In this study, we found that not only is Nicotiana benthamiana MYB4-like involved in defence against TMV, but also that the ethylene pathway participates in MYB4L-mediated resistance. Transcription of NbMYB4L was up-regulated in N. benthamiana infected with TMV. Silencing of NbMYB4L led to intensified TMV replication, whereas overexpression of NbMYB4L induced significant resistance to TMV. Transcription of NbMYB4L was greater in 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC, ethylene precursor)-pretreated plants but lower when the ethylene signalling pathway was blocked during TMV infection. Gene expression analysis showed that the transcription of NbMYB4L was largely suppressed in ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1(EIL1)-silenced plants. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) experiments indicated that NbEIL1 could directly bind to two specific regions of the NbMYB4L promoter. Furthermore, a luciferase assay revealed that NbEIL1 significantly induced the reporter activity of the MYB4L promoter in N. benthamiana. These results point to NbEIL1 functioning as a positive regulator of NbMYB4L transcription in N. benthamiana against TMV. Collectively, our work reveals that EIL1 and MYB4L constitute a coherent feed-forward loop involved in the robust regulation of resistance to TMV in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Xue Zhou
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | | | | | - Chun‐Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyShandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and EfficiencyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Peng‐Tao Ma
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Shan‐Li Guo
- College of Life ScienceYantai UniversityYantaiChina
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Liu Z, Shi L, Weng Y, Zou H, Li X, Yang S, Qiu S, Huang X, Huang J, Hussain A, Zhang K, Guan D, He S. ChiIV3 Acts as a Novel Target of WRKY40 to Mediate Pepper Immunity Against Ralstonia solanacearum Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1121-1133. [PMID: 31039081 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0313-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ChiIV3, a chitinase of pepper (Capsicum annuum), stimulates cell death in pepper plants. However, there are only scarce reports on its role in resistance against bacterial wilt disease such as that caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and their transcriptional regulation. In this study, the silencing of ChiIV3 in pepper plants significantly reduced the resistance to R. solanacearum. The transcript of ChiIV3 was induced by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) as well as exogenous application of methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that the ChiIV3 promoter consists of multiple stress-related cis elements, including six W-boxes and one MYB1AT. With the 5' deletion assay in the ChiIV3 promoter, the W4-box located from -640 to -635 bp was identified as the cis element that is required for the response to RSI. In addition, the W4-box element was shown to be essential for the binding of the ChiIV3 promoter by the WRKY40 transcription factor, which is known to positively regulate the defense response to R. solanacearum. Site-directed mutagenesis in the W4-box sequence impaired the binding of WRKY40 to the ChiIV3 promoter. Subsequently, the transcription of ChiIV3 decreased in WRKY40-silenced pepper plants. These results demonstrated that the expression of the defense gene ChiIV3 is controlled through multiple modes of regulation, and WRKY40 directly binds to the W4-box element of the ChiIV3 promoter region for its transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Lanping Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Yahong Weng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Huasong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Xia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Sheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Xueying Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Kan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Deyi Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Shuilin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
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Lee HJ, Park YJ, Kwak KJ, Kim D, Park JH, Lim JY, Shin C, Yang KY, Kang H. MicroRNA844-Guided Downregulation of Cytidinephosphate Diacylglycerol Synthase3 (CDS3) mRNA Affects the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Bacteria and Fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:892-900. [PMID: 25775269 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-15-0028-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that a large number of miRNA sequences have been determined in diverse plant species, reports demonstrating the functional roles of miRNAs in the plant response to pathogens are severely limited. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana miRNA844 (miR844) was investigated for its functional role in the defense response to diverse pathogens. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing miR844 (35S::miR844) displayed much more severe disease symptoms than the wild-type plants when challenged with the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 or the fungus Botrytis cinerea. By contrast, a loss-of-function mir844 mutant showed an enhanced resistance against the pathogens. Although no cleavage was observed at the predicted cleavage site of the putative target mRNA, cytidinephosphate diacylglycerol synthase3 (CDS3), cleavage was observed at 6, 12, 21, or 52 bases upstream of the predicted cleavage site of CDS3 mRNA, and the level of CDS3 mRNA was downregulated by the overexpression of miR844, implying that miR844 influences CDS3 transcript level. To further confirm that the miR844-mediated defense response was due to the decrease in CDS3 mRNA level, the disease response of a CDS3 loss-of-function mutant was analyzed upon pathogen challenge. Increased susceptibility of both cds3 mutant and 35S::miR844 plants to pathogens confirmed that miR844 affected the defense response by downregulating CDS3 mRNA. The expression of miR844 was decreased, and the CDS3 transcript level increased upon pathogen challenge. Taken together, these results provide evidence that downregulation of miR844 and a concomitant increase in CDS3 expression is a defensive response of Arabidopsis to bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jung Lee
- 1 Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Park
- 1 Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Kwak
- 1 Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- 2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - June Hyun Park
- 2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- 2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanseok Shin
- 2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Yeol Yang
- 1 Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- 1 Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Carstens M, McCrindle TK, Adams N, Diener A, Guzha DT, Murray SL, Parker JE, Denby KJ, Ingle RA. Increased resistance to biotrophic pathogens in the Arabidopsis constitutive induced resistance 1 mutant is EDS1 and PAD4-dependent and modulated by environmental temperature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109853. [PMID: 25303634 PMCID: PMC4193848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis constitutive induced resistance 1 (cir1) mutant displays salicylic acid (SA)-dependent constitutive expression of defence genes and enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens. To further characterise the role of CIR1 in plant immunity we conducted epistasis analyses with two key components of the SA-signalling branch of the defence network, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4). We demonstrate that the constitutive defence phenotypes of cir1 require both EDS1 and PAD4, indicating that CIR1 lies upstream of the EDS1-PAD4 regulatory node in the immune signalling network. In light of this finding we examined EDS1 expression in cir1 and observed increased protein, but not mRNA levels in this mutant, suggesting that CIR1 might act as a negative regulator of EDS1 via a post-transcriptional mechanism. Finally, as environmental temperature is known to influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions, we analysed cir1 plants grown at 18, 22 or 25°C. We found that susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 is modulated by temperature in cir1. Greatest resistance to this pathogen (relative to PR-1:LUC control plants) was observed at 18°C, while at 25°C no difference in susceptibility between cir1 and control plants was apparent. The increase in resistance to Pst DC3000 at 18°C correlated with a stunted growth phenotype, suggesting that activation of defence responses may be enhanced at lower temperatures in the cir1 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryke Carstens
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Tyronne K. McCrindle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Nicolette Adams
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Anastashia Diener
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Delroy T. Guzha
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Shane L. Murray
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Katherine J. Denby
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Ingle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Olukolu BA, Wang GF, Vontimitta V, Venkata BP, Marla S, Ji J, Gachomo E, Chu K, Negeri A, Benson J, Nelson R, Bradbury P, Nielsen D, Holland JB, Balint-Kurti PJ, Johal G. A genome-wide association study of the maize hypersensitive defense response identifies genes that cluster in related pathways. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004562. [PMID: 25166276 PMCID: PMC4148229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown of molecular events controlling the plant hypersensitive defense response (HR), a rapid localized cell death that limits pathogen spread and is mediated by resistance (R-) genes. Genetic control of the HR is hard to quantify due to its microscopic and rapid nature. Natural modifiers of the ectopic HR phenotype induced by an aberrant auto-active R-gene (Rp1-D21), were mapped in a population of 3,381 recombinant inbred lines from the maize nested association mapping population. Joint linkage analysis was conducted to identify 32 additive but no epistatic quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a linkage map based on more than 7000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of 26.5 million SNPs was conducted after adjusting for background QTL. GWA identified associated SNPs that colocalized with 44 candidate genes. Thirty-six of these genes colocalized within 23 of the 32 QTL identified by joint linkage analysis. The candidate genes included genes predicted to be in involved programmed cell death, defense response, ubiquitination, redox homeostasis, autophagy, calcium signalling, lignin biosynthesis and cell wall modification. Twelve of the candidate genes showed significant differential expression between isogenic lines differing for the presence of Rp1-D21. Low but significant correlations between HR-related traits and several previously-measured disease resistance traits suggested that the genetic control of these traits was substantially, though not entirely, independent. This study provides the first system-wide analysis of natural variation that modulates the HR response in plants. The hypersensitive pathogen defense response (HR) in plants typically consists of a rapid, localized cell death around the point of attempted pathogen penetration. It is found in all plant species and is associated with high levels of resistance to a wide range of pathogens and pests including bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, parasitic plants and insects. Little is known about the control of HR after initiation, largely because it is so rapid and localized and therefore difficult to quantify. Here we use a mutant maize gene conferring an exaggerated HR to quantify HR levels in a set of 3,381 mapping lines characterised at 26.5 million loci to identify genes associated with naturally-occurring variation in HR. Many of these genes seem to be involved in a set of connected regulatory pathways including protein degradation, control of programmed cell death, recycling of cellular components and regulation of oxidative stress. We have also shown that several of these genes show high levels of expression induction during HR. The study provides the first comprehensive list of natural variants in maize genes that modulate HR and cluster within reported pathways underlying molecular events during HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bode A Olukolu
- Department of Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vijay Vontimitta
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bala P Venkata
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Marla
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jiabing Ji
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Emma Gachomo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Adisu Negeri
- Department of Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Benson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Bradbury
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dahlia Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James B Holland
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America; Department of Crop Science, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America; USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gurmukh Johal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Lloyd AJ, William Allwood J, Winder CL, Dunn WB, Heald JK, Cristescu SM, Sivakumaran A, Harren FJM, Mulema J, Denby K, Goodacre R, Smith AR, Mur LAJ. Metabolomic approaches reveal that cell wall modifications play a major role in ethylene-mediated resistance against Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:852-68. [PMID: 21575089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is conferred by ethylene via poorly understood mechanisms. Metabolomic approaches compared the responses of the wild-type, the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1, which showed increased susceptibility, and the constitutively active ethylene mutants ctr1-1 and eto2 both exhibited decreased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy demonstrated reproducible biochemical differences between treatments and genotypes. To identify discriminatory mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) associated with resistance, discriminant function analysis was employed on spectra derived from direct injection electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry on the derived principal components of these data. Ethylene-modulated m/z were mapped onto Arabidopsis biochemical pathways and many were associated with hydroxycinnamate and monolignol biosynthesis, both linked to cell wall modification. A high-resolution linear triple quadrupole-Orbitrap hybrid system confirmed the identity of key metabolites in these pathways. The contribution of these pathways to defence against B. cinerea was validated through the use of multiple Arabidopsis mutants. The FT-IR microspectroscopy indicated that spatial accumulation of hydroxycinnamates and monolignols at the cell wall to confine disease was linked ot ethylene. These data demonstrate the power of metabolomic approaches in elucidating novel biological phenomena, especially when coupled to validation steps exploiting relevant mutant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lloyd
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth SY233DA, UK
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Poland JA, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wisser RJ, Pratt RC, Nelson RJ. Shades of gray: the world of quantitative disease resistance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:21-9. [PMID: 19062327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) would contribute to the design and deployment of durably resistant crop cultivars. However, the molecular mechanisms that control QDR remain poorly understood, largely due to the incomplete and inconsistent nature of the resistance phenotype, which is usually conditioned by many loci of small effect. Here, we discuss recent advances in research on QDR. Based on inferences from analyses of the defense response and from the few isolated QDR genes, we suggest several plausible hypotheses for a range of mechanisms underlying QDR. We propose that a new generation of genetic resources, complemented by careful phenotypic analysis, will produce a deeper understanding of plant defense and more effective utilization of natural resistance alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Poland
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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