1
|
The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma-Current Understanding and What Is Missing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060744. [PMID: 35327141 PMCID: PMC8944511 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental aeroallergens. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Although several studies aimed at evaluating the genetic and immune pathways associated with the disease, the results reported are inconsistent. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease bears great similarity to what is described for human asthma. Currently available studies identified two chromosome regions (ECA13 and ECA15) and several genes associated with the disease. The inflammatory response appears to be mediated by T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17) and neutrophilic inflammation significantly contributes to the persistence of airway inflammatory status. This review evaluates the reported findings pertaining to the genetical and immunological background of severe equine asthma and reflects on their implications in the pathophysiology of the disease whilst discussing further areas of research interest aiming at advancing treatment and prognosis of affected individuals.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Genetic factors influence the development of guttural pouch tympany, recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, severe equine asthma, exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, and possibly also some malformations and infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. The current data suggest that most of these diseases are complex, resulting from the interaction between several genes and environmental factors. To date, no specific genes or causative mutations have been identified that would allow the development of practical genetic tests. In the future, genetic profiling panels, based on multiple genetic markers and environmental risk factors, may allow identification of individuals with an increased genetic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinzenz Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern, and Agroscope, Laenggassstrasse 124, Berne 3012, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raudsepp T, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Petersen JL. Ten years of the horse reference genome: insights into equine biology, domestication and population dynamics in the post-genome era. Anim Genet 2019; 50:569-597. [PMID: 31568563 PMCID: PMC6825885 DOI: 10.1111/age.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The horse reference genome from the Thoroughbred mare Twilight has been available for a decade and, together with advances in genomics technologies, has led to unparalleled developments in equine genomics. At the core of this progress is the continuing improvement of the quality, contiguity and completeness of the reference genome, and its functional annotation. Recent achievements include the release of the next version of the reference genome (EquCab3.0) and generation of a reference sequence for the Y chromosome. Horse satellite‐free centromeres provide unique models for mammalian centromere research. Despite extremely low genetic diversity of the Y chromosome, it has been possible to trace patrilines of breeds and pedigrees and show that Y variation was lost in the past approximately 2300 years owing to selective breeding. The high‐quality reference genome has led to the development of three different SNP arrays and WGSs of almost 2000 modern individual horses. The collection of WGS of hundreds of ancient horses is unique and not available for any other domestic species. These tools and resources have led to global population studies dissecting the natural history of the species and genetic makeup and ancestry of modern breeds. Most importantly, the available tools and resources, together with the discovery of functional elements, are dissecting molecular causes of a growing number of Mendelian and complex traits. The improved understanding of molecular underpinnings of various traits continues to benefit the health and performance of the horse whereas also serving as a model for complex disease across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lange-Consiglio A, Stucchi L, Zucca E, Lavoie JP, Cremonesi F, Ferrucci F. Insights into animal models for cell-based therapies in translational studies of lung diseases: Is the horse with naturally occurring asthma the right choice? Cytotherapy 2019; 21:525-534. [PMID: 30929991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human asthma is a widespread disease associated with chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to loss of quality of life, disability and death. Corticosteroid administration is the mainstream treatment for asthmatic patients. Corticosteroids reduce airway obstruction and improve quality of life, although symptoms persist despite treatment in many patients. Moreover, available therapies failed to reverse the lung pathology present in asthma. Animal models, mostly rats and mice, in which the disease is experimentally induced, have been studied to identify new therapeutic targets for human asthma. Alternative animal models could include horses in which naturally occurring asthma could represent an important step to test therapies, potentially designed around mouse studies, before being translated to human testing. Horses naturally suffer from asthma, which has striking parallels with human asthma. Severe equine asthma (SEA) is characterized by reversible bronchospasms and neutrophil accumulation in the lungs immunologically mediated mainly by Th2. Moreover, the pulmonary remodelling that occurs in SEA closely resembles that of human asthma, making the equine model unique for investigation of tissue repair and new therapies. Cell therapy, consisting on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and derivatives (conditioned medium and extracellular vesicles), could represent a novel therapeutic contribution for tissue regeneration. Cell therapy may prove advantageous over conventional therapy in that it may repair or regenerate the site of injury and reduce the reaction to allergens, rather than simply modulating the inflammatory process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lange-Consiglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Reproduction Unit, Centro Clinico-Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale di Ateneo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Equine Medicine Unit, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Equine Medicine Unit, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jean Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Fausto Cremonesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Reproduction Unit, Centro Clinico-Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale di Ateneo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Medicine Unit, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mason VC, Schaefer RJ, McCue ME, Leeb T, Gerber V. eQTL discovery and their association with severe equine asthma in European Warmblood horses. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:581. [PMID: 30071827 PMCID: PMC6090848 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe equine asthma, also known as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is a debilitating, performance limiting, obstructive respiratory condition in horses that is phenotypically similar to human asthma. Past genome wide association studies (GWAS) have not discovered coding variants associated with RAO, leading to the hypothesis that causative variant(s) underlying the signals are likely non-coding, regulatory variant(s). Regions of the genome containing variants that influence the number of expressed RNA molecules are expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Variation associated with RAO that also regulates a gene's expression in a disease relevant tissue could help identify candidate genes that influence RAO if that gene's expression is also associated with RAO disease status. RESULTS We searched for eQTLs by analyzing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two half-sib families and one unrelated cohort of 82 European Warmblood horses that were previously treated in vitro with: no stimulation (MCK), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), recombinant cyathostomin antigen (RCA), and hay-dust extract (HDE). We identified high confidence eQTLs that did not violate linear modeling assumptions and were not significant due to single outlier individuals. We identified a mean of 4347 high confidence eQTLs in four treatments of PBMCs, and discovered two trans regulatory hotspots regulating genes involved in related biological pathways. We corroborated previous RAO associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and increased the resolution of past GWAS by analyzing 1,056,195 SNPs in 361 individuals. We identified four RAO-associated SNPs that only regulate gene expression of dexamethasone-induced protein (DEXI), however we found no significant association between DEXI gene expression and presence of RAO. CONCLUSIONS Thousands of genetic variants regulate gene expression in PBMCs of European Warmblood horses in cis and trans. Most high confidence eSNPs are significantly enriched near the transcription start sites of their target genes. Two trans regulatory hotspots on chromosome 11 and 13 regulate many genes involved in transmembrane cell signaling and neurological development respectively when PBMCs are treated with HDE. None of the top fifteen RAO associated SNPs strongly influence disease status through gene expression regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor C. Mason
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert J. Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Molly E. McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lanz S, Brunner A, Graubner C, Marti E, Gerber V. Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Horses is Associated with Airway Hyperreactivity. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1877-1883. [PMID: 28921663 PMCID: PMC5697210 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic and epidemiologic evidence suggests that in horses, as in other species, different manifestations of hypersensitivity may occur together. Hypothesis Horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) show airway hyperreactivity (AH) to inhaled histamine, even in the absence of overt clinical signs of equine asthma (EA). Animals Twenty‐two healthy controls (group C), 24 horses suffering from IBH alone (group IBH), and 23 horses suffering from IBH and EA (group IBH/EA). Methods The clinical histories were assessed using 2 standardized questionnaires, the Horse Owner Assessed Respiratory Signs Index (HOARSI), and IBH scoring. Horses were classified as EA‐affected if their HOARSI was >1 and as IBH‐affected if IBH score was >0. Confounding disorders were excluded by clinical examination. The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was measured and flowmetric plethysmography used to assess airway reactivity to increasing doses of inhaled histamine. Results The median histamine provocation concentration (PC) when ∆flow values increased by 35% (PC35) was significantly higher in group C (5.94 [1.11–26.33] mg/mL) compared to group IBH (2.95 [0.23–10.13] mg/mL) and group IBH/EA (2.03 [0.43–10.94] mg/mL; P < 0.01). The PC50 and PC75 showed very similar differences between groups. Furthermore, PaO2 was significantly lower in group IBH (84 ± 8 mmHg) and group IBH/EA (78 ± 11 mmHg) compared to group C (89 ± 6 mmHg; P < 0.01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance IBH is associated with AH and decreased PaO2, even in the absence of overt respiratory clinical signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lanz
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - A Brunner
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - C Graubner
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - E Marti
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schnider D, Rieder S, Leeb T, Gerber V, Neuditschko M. A genome-wide association study for equine recurrent airway obstruction in European Warmblood horses reveals a suggestive new quantitative trait locus on chromosome 13. Anim Genet 2017; 48:691-693. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Schnider
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Länggassstrasse 124 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Swiss National Stud Farm; Agroscope; Les Longs-Prés 1580 Avenches Switzerland
| | - S. Rieder
- Swiss National Stud Farm; Agroscope; Les Longs-Prés 1580 Avenches Switzerland
| | - T. Leeb
- Institute of Genetics; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bremgartenstrasse 109a 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - V. Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Länggassstrasse 124 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Swiss National Stud Farm; Agroscope; Les Longs-Prés 1580 Avenches Switzerland
| | - M. Neuditschko
- Swiss National Stud Farm; Agroscope; Les Longs-Prés 1580 Avenches Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neuditschko M, Raadsma HW, Khatkar MS, Jonas E, Steinig EJ, Flury C, Signer-Hasler H, Frischknecht M, von Niederhäusern R, Leeb T, Rieder S. Identification of key contributors in complex population structures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177638. [PMID: 28520805 PMCID: PMC5433729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the genetic contribution of individuals to population structure is essential to select informative individuals for genome sequencing, genotype imputation and to ascertain complex population structures. Existing methods for the selection of informative individuals for genomic imputation solely focus on the identification of key ancestors, which can lead to a loss of phasing accuracy of the reference population. Currently many methods are independently applied to investigate complex population structures. Based on the Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD) of a genomic relationship matrix we describe a novel approach to evaluate the genetic contribution of individuals to population structure. We combined the identification of key contributors with model-based clustering and population network visualization into an integrated three-step approach, which allows identification of high-resolution population structures and substructures around such key contributors. The approach was applied and validated in four disparate datasets including a simulated population (5,100 individuals and 10,000 SNPs), a highly structured experimental sheep population (1,421 individuals and 44,693 SNPs) and two large complex pedigree populations namely horse (1,077 individuals and 38,124 SNPs) and cattle (2,457 individuals and 45,765 SNPs). In the simulated and experimental sheep dataset, our method, which is unsupervised, successfully identified all known key contributors. Applying our three-step approach to the horse and cattle populations, we observed high-resolution population substructures including the absence of obvious important key contributors. Furthermore, we show that compared to commonly applied strategies to select informative individuals for genotype imputation including the computation of marginal gene contributions (Pedig) and the optimization of genetic relatedness (Rel), the selection of key contributors provided the highest phasing accuracies within the selected reference populations. The presented approach opens new perspectives in the characterization and informed management of populations in general, and in areas such as conservation genetics and selective animal breeding in particular, where assessing the genetic contribution of influential and admixed individuals is crucial for research and management applications. As such, this method provides a valuable complement to common applied tools to visualize complex population structures and to select individuals for re-sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Neuditschko
- Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, Avenches, Switzerland
- Reprogen – Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Herman W. Raadsma
- Reprogen – Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Mehar S. Khatkar
- Reprogen – Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Jonas
- Reprogen – Animal Bioscience Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- SLU, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eike J. Steinig
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Christine Flury
- School of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Signer-Hasler
- School of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Frischknecht
- Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, Avenches, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Rieder
- Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, Avenches, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Ghosh S, Das PJ, McQueen CM, Gerber V, Swiderski CE, Lavoie JP, Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T. Analysis of genomic copy number variation in equine recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Anim Genet 2016; 47:334-44. [PMID: 26932307 DOI: 10.1111/age.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We explored the involvement of genomic copy number variants (CNVs) in susceptibility to recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), or heaves-an asthmalike inflammatory disease in horses. Analysis of 16 RAO-susceptible (cases) and six RAO-resistant (control) horses on a custom-made whole-genome 400K equine tiling array identified 245 CNV regions (CNVRs), 197 previously known and 48 new, distributed on all horse autosomes and the X chromosome. Among the new CNVRs, 30 were exclusively found in RAO cases and were further analyzed by quantitative PCR, including additional cases and controls. Suggestive association (P = 0.03; corrected P = 0.06) was found between RAO and a loss on chromosome 5 involving NME7, a gene necessary for ciliary functions in lungs and involved in primary ciliary dyskinesia in humans. The CNVR could be a potential marker for RAO susceptibility but needs further study in additional RAO cohorts. Other CNVRs were not associated with RAO, although several involved genes of interest, such as SPI2/SERPINA1 from the serpin gene family, which are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma in humans. The SPI2/SERPINA1 CNVR showed striking variation among horses, but it was not significantly different between RAO cases and controls. The findings provide baseline information on the relationship between CNVs and RAO susceptibility. Discovery of new CNVs and the use of a larger population of RAO-affected and control horses are needed to shed more light on their significance in modulating this complex and heterogeneous disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - P J Das
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,National Research Centre on Yak (ICAR), Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh, 790101, India
| | - C M McQueen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - V Gerber
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C E Swiderski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - B P Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,New Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mazan MR. Update on noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the lower airway. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:159-85. [PMID: 25770068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction are 2 nonseptic diseases of the equine respiratory system with a shared cause of exposure to particulate matter. They appear to occupy 2 ends of a spectrum of disease, but are differentiated by history, clinical signs, and response to treatment. Diagnosis can be made by sampling of respiratory fluids and lung function testing. Treatment consists of environmental modification and pharmacologic treatment with systemic or inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Mazan
- Large Animal Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westborough Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kehrli D, Jandova V, Fey K, Jahn P, Gerber V. Multiple hypersensitivities including recurrent airway obstruction, insect bite hypersensitivity, and urticaria in 2 warmblood horse populations. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:320-6. [PMID: 25270534 PMCID: PMC4858110 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple hypersensitivities (MHS) have been described in humans, cats, and dogs, but not horses. HYPOTHESES Horses suffering from recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), or urticaria (URT) will have an increased risk of also being affected by another one of these hypersensitivities. This predisposition for MHS also will be associated with decreased shedding of strongylid eggs in feces and with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP BIEC2-224511), previously shown to be associated with RAO. ANIMALS The first population (P1) included 119 randomly sampled horses representative of the Swiss sporthorse population; the replication population (P2) included 210 RAO-affected Warmblood horses and 264 RAO-unaffected controls. All horses were Warmbloods, 14 years or older. METHODS Associations between disease phenotypes (RAO, IBH, URT, MHS) fecal egg counts, the SNP BIEC2-224511 as well as management and environmental factors were investigated. RESULTS In P1, RAO-affected horses had a 13.1 times higher odds ratio (OR) of also suffering from IBH (P = .004). In P2, the respective OR was 7.4 (P = .002) and IBH-affected horses also showed a 7.1 times increased OR of concomitantly suffering from URT (P < .001). IBH, URT, and MHS phenotypes were significantly associated with the absence of nematode eggs in the feces. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This is the first report of MHS in horses. Specifically, an increased risk for IBH should be expected in RAO-affected horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kehrli
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Berne and AgroscopeBerneSwitzerland
| | - V. Jandova
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Berne and AgroscopeBerneSwitzerland
| | - K. Fey
- Equine ClinicInternal MedicineJustus‐Liebig‐University GießenGießenGermany
| | - P. Jahn
- Equine ClinicUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - V. Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Berne and AgroscopeBerneSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gerber V, Tessier C, Marti E. Genetics of upper and lower airway diseases in the horse. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:390-7. [PMID: 24773614 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predispositions for guttural pouch tympany, recurrent laryngeal neuropathy and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) are well documented. There is also evidence that exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage and infectious diseases of the respiratory tract in horses have a genetic component. The clinical expression of equine respiratory diseases with a genetic basis results from complex interactions between the environment and the genetic make-up of each individual horse. The genetic effects are likely to be due to variations in several genes, i.e. they are polygenic. It is therefore unlikely that single gene tests will be diagnostically useful in these disorders. Genetic profiling panels, combining several genetic factors with an assessment of environmental risk factors, may have greater value, but much work is still needed to uncover diagnostically useful genetic markers or even causative variants for equine respiratory diseases. Nonetheless, chromosomal regions associated with guttural pouch tympany, recurrent laryngeal neuropathy and RAO have been identified. The association of RAO with other hypersensitivities and with resistance to intestinal parasites requires further study. This review aims to provide an overview of the available data and current thoughts on the genetics of equine airway diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), DKV, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne and ALP-Haras Avenches, Switzerland
| | - C Tessier
- ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agro-Alimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Equine Surgery, Nantes, France
| | - E Marti
- Division of Clinical Immunology, DCR-VPH, University of Berne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|