1
|
Silva-Velasco DL, Cervantes-Pérez LG, Sánchez-Mendoza A. ACE inhibitors and their interaction with systems and molecules involved in metabolism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24655. [PMID: 38298628 PMCID: PMC10828069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The main function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the regulation of blood pressure; therefore, researchers have focused on its study to treat cardiovascular and renal diseases. One of the most widely used treatments derived from the study of RAAS, is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). Since it was discovered, the main target of ACEi has been the cardiovascular and renal systems. However, being the RAAS expressed locally in several specialized tissues and cells such as pneumocytes, hepatocytes, spleenocytes, enterocytes, adipocytes, and neurons the effect of inhibitors has expanded, because it is expected that RAAS has a role in the specific function of those cells. Many chronic degenerative diseases compromise the correct function of those organs, and in most of them, the RAAS is overactivated. Therefore, the use of ACEi must exert a benefit on an impaired system. Accordingly, the objective of this review is to present a brief overview of the cardiovascular and renal actions of ACEi and its effects in organs that are not the classic targets of ACEi that carry on glucose and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz G. Cervantes-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zainab R, Kaleem A, Ponczek MB, Abdullah R, Iqtedar M, Hoessli DC. Finding inhibitors for PCSK9 using computational methods. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255523. [PMID: 34351937 PMCID: PMC8341581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is one of the key targets for atherosclerosis drug development as its binding with low-density lipoprotein receptor leads to atherosclerosis. The protein-ligand interaction helps to understand the actual mechanism for the pharmacological action. This research aims to discover the best inhibitory candidates targeting PCSK9. To start with, reported ACE inhibitors were incorporated into pharmacophore designing using PharmaGist to produce pharmacophore models. Selected models were later screened against the ZINC database using ZINCPHARMER to define potential drug candidates that were docked with the target protein to understand their interactions. Molecular docking revealed the top 10 drug candidates against PCSK9, with binding energies ranging from -9.8 kcal·mol-1 to -8.2 kcal·mol-1, which were analyzed for their pharmacokinetic properties and oral bioavailability. Some compounds were identified as plant-derived compounds like (S)-canadine, hesperetin or labetalol (an antihypertensive drug). Molecular dynamics results showed that these substances formed stable protein-ligand complexes. (S)-canadine-PCSK9 complex was the most stable with the lowest RMSD. It was concluded that (S)-canadine may act as a potential inhibitor against atherosclerosis for the development of new PCSK9 inhibitory drugs in future in vitro research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rida Zainab
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Kaleem
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (AK); (MBP)
| | - Michał B. Ponczek
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail: (AK); (MBP)
| | - Roheena Abdullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Iqtedar
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daniel C. Hoessli
- Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Studies, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trpkovic A, Resanovic I, Stanimirovic J, Radak D, Mousa SA, Cenic-Milosevic D, Jevremovic D, Isenovic ER. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 52:70-85. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.992063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
4
|
Zhang X, Frezza M, Milacic V, Ronconi L, Fan Y, Bi C, Fregona D, Dou QP. Inhibition of tumor proteasome activity by gold-dithiocarbamato complexes via both redox-dependent and -independent processes. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:162-172. [PMID: 19911377 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported on a gold(III) complex, namely [AuBr(2)(DMDT)] (N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate) showing potent in vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory activities toward human cancer cells and identifying the cellular proteasome as one of the major targets. However, the importance of the oxidation state of the gold center and the involved mechanism of action has yet to be established. Here we show that both gold(III)- and gold(I)-dithiocarbamato species, namely [AuBr(2)(ESDT)] (AUL12) and [Au(ESDT)](2) (AUL15), could inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome and 26S proteasome in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, resulting in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome target proteins, and induction of cell death, but at significantly different levels. Gold(I)- and gold(III)-compound-mediated proteasome inhibition and cell death induction were completely reversed by the addition of a reducing agent, dithiothreitol or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting the involvement of redox processes. Furthermore, treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with gold(III) compound (AUL12), but not the gold(I) analog (AUL15), resulted in the production of significant levels of reactive oxygen species. Our study provides strong evidence that the cellular proteasome is an important target of both gold(I) and gold(III)-dithiocarbamates, but distinct cellular mechanisms of action are responsible for their different overall effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Frezza
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Vesna Milacic
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Luca Ronconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Caifeng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Q Ping Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parthasarathy S, Litvinov D, Selvarajan K, Garelnabi M. Lipid peroxidation and decomposition--conflicting roles in plaque vulnerability and stability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:221-31. [PMID: 18406361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation hypothesis has generated considerable interest in oxidative stress and how it might affect atherosclerosis. However, the failure of antioxidants, particularly vitamin E, to affect the progression of the disease in humans has convinced even staunch supporters of the hypothesis to take a step backwards and reconsider alternatives. Preponderant evidence for the hypothesis came from animal antioxidant intervention studies. In this review we point out basic differences between animal and human atherosclerosis development and suggest that human disease starts where animal studies end. While initial oxidative steps in the generation of early fatty streak lesions might be common, the differences might be in the steps involved in the decomposition of peroxidized lipids into aldehydes and their further oxidation into carboxylic acids. We suggest that these steps may not be amenable to attenuation by antioxidants and antioxidants might actually counter the stabilization of plaque by preventing the formation of carboxylic acids which are anti-inflammatory in nature. The formation of such dicarboxylic acids may also be conducive to plaque stabilization by trapping calcium. We suggest that agents that would prevent the decomposition of lipid peroxides and promote the formation and removal of lipid hydroxides, such as paraoxonase (PON 1) or apo A1/high density lipoprotein (HDL) might be more conducive to plaque regression.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sutherland WH, Williams MJ, de Jong SA, McCormick MP. Ingestion of moderately thermally oxidized polyunsaturated fat decreases serum resistance to oxidation in men with coronary artery disease. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Milacic V, Chen D, Ronconi L, Landis-Piwowar KR, Fregona D, Dou QP. A Novel Anticancer Gold(III) Dithiocarbamate Compound Inhibits the Activity of a Purified 20S Proteasome and 26S Proteasome in Human Breast Cancer Cell Cultures and Xenografts. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10478-86. [PMID: 17079469 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cisplatin has been used for decades to treat human cancer, some toxic side effects and resistance are observed. It has been suggested that gold(III) complexes, containing metal centers isoelectronic and isostructural to cisplatin, are promising anticancer drugs. Gold(III) dithiocarbamate complexes were shown to exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity, comparable with and even greater than cisplatin; however, the involved mechanism of action remained unknown. Because we previously reported that copper(II) dithiocarbamates are potent proteasome inhibitors, we hypothesized that gold(III) dithiocarbamate complexes could suppress tumor growth via direct inhibition of the proteasome activity. Here, for the first time, we report that a synthetic gold(III) dithiocarbamate (compound 2) potently inhibits the activity of a purified rabbit 20S proteasome and 26S proteasome in intact highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, resulting in the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and the proteasome target protein p27 and induction of apoptosis. The compound 2-mediated proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction were completely blocked by addition of a reducing agent DTT or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, showing that process of oxidation is required for proteasome inhibition by compound 2. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast tumor-bearing nude mice with compound 2 resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth, associated with proteasome inhibition and massive apoptosis induction in vivo. Our findings reveal the proteasome as a primary target for gold(III) dithiocarbamates and support the idea for their potential use as anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milacic
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Daniel KG, Gupta P, Harbach RH, Guida WC, Dou QP. Organic copper complexes as a new class of proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in human cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1139-51. [PMID: 15006550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that organic copper complexes can potently and selectively inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome in vitro and in vivo. Several copper compounds, such as NCI-109268 and bis-8-hydroxyquinoline copper(II) [Cu(8-OHQ)(2)], can inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome. In human leukemia cells, proteasome inhibition occurs within 15min after treatment, followed by apoptosis. Neither proteasome inhibition nor apoptosis occurs in non-transformed, immortalized human natural killer cells under the same treatment. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction were detected in prostate cancer cells treated with the ligand 8-OHQ alone following pre-treatment with copper(II) chloride. None of these events occurred in cells treated with copper(II) chloride alone, 8-OHQ alone (without growth in copper-enriched media), or nickel(II) chloride pre-treatment followed by 8-OHQ. Furthermore, we found that copper-mediated inhibition of purified 20S proteasome cannot be blocked by a reducing agent and that organic copper compounds do not generate hydrogen peroxide in the cells, suggesting that proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction are not due to copper-mediated oxidative damage of proteins. Our results suggest that certain types of organic ligands could bind to tumor cellular copper, forming potent proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers at copper concentrations found in tumor tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon G Daniel
- Drug Discovery Program, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
LAPENNA DOMENICO, DE GIOIA SERGIO, CIOFANI GIULIANO, DANIELE FRANCA, CUCCURULLO FRANCO. Captopril has no significant scavenging antioxidant activity in human plasmain vitroorin vivo. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
10
|
Watanabe T, Pakala R, Katagiri T, Benedict CR. Serotonin potentiates angiotensin II--induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Atherosclerosis 2001; 159:269-79. [PMID: 11730806 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a key feature in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty, which can occur in response to many different humoral and mechanical stimuli. We investigated the growth promoting activities of two potent vasoactive substances, angiotensin II (Ang II) and serotonin (5-HT), on cultured rabbit VSMCs. Growth-arrested VSMCs were incubated with serum-free medium containing different concentrations of Ang II in the presence or absence of 5-HT. [3H]thymidine incorporation into VSMC DNA was measured as an index of cell proliferation. Ang II and 5-HT stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 1.75 microM for Ang II (202%) and 50 microM for 5-HT (205%). When added together, low concentrations of Ang II (1 microM) and 5-HT (5 microM) synergistically induced DNA synthesis (363%). Candesartan (1 microM), an AT(1) receptor antagonist, but not PD 123319 (1 microM), an AT(2) receptor antagonist, inhibited the mitogenic effect on Ang II and its interaction with 5-HT. Sarpogrelate (10 microM), a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, and pertussis toxin (10 ng/ml) inhibited the mitogenic effect of 5-HT and its interaction with Ang II. The protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31-8220 (0.1 microM), the Raf-1 inhibitor radicicol (10 microM), and the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD 098059 (10 microM) abolished mitogenic effects of Ang II and 5-HT, and also their synergistic interaction. The JAK2 inhibitor AG 490 (10 microM) had only a minimal inhibitory effect of Ang II-induced DNA synthesis but significantly inhibited the interaction of Ang II with 5-HT. The synergistic effect on Ang II (1 microM) with 5-HT (5 microM) on DNA synthesis was completely reversed by the combined use of both candesartan (1 microM) and sarpogrelate (10 microM). Our results suggest that Ang II and 5-HT exert a synergistic interaction on VSMC proliferation via AT(1) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. The activation of MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways may explain the synergistic interaction between Ang II and 5-HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin, MSB 6.039, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Watanabe T, Pakala R, Katagiri T, Benedict CR. Mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein acts synergistically with angiotensin II in inducing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Hypertens 2001; 19:1065-73. [PMID: 11403355 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200106000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Considerable attention has been focused on both mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein (mox-LDL) and highly oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) as important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Further, angiotensin II (Ang II) appears to play a crucial role in the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. We assessed the effect of oxidatively modified LDL and its major oxidative components, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and their interaction with Ang II on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) DNA synthesis. METHODS Growth-arrested rabbit VSMCs were incubated in serum-free medium with different concentrations of native LDL, mox-LDL, ox-LDL, H2O2, LPC, or HNE with or without Ang II. DNA synthesis in VSMCs was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. RESULTS Ang II stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at a concentration of 1 micromol/l (173%). Ang II (0.5 micromol/l) amplified the effect of native LDL at 500 ng/ml, ox-LDL at 100 ng/ml, and mox-LDL at 50 ng/ml on DNA synthesis (108 to 234%, 124 to 399%, 129 to 433%, respectively). H2O2 had a maximal effect at a concentration of 5 micromol/l (177%), LPC at 15 micromol/l (156%), and HNE at 0.5 micromol/l (137%). Low concentrations of H2O2 (1 micromol/l), LPC (5 micromol/l), or HNE (0.1 micromol/l) also acted synergisitically with Ang II (0.5 micromol/l) in inducing DNA synthesis to 308, 304, or 238%, respectively. Synergistic interactions of Ang II (0.5 micromol/l) with mox-LDL, ox-LDL (both 50 ng/ml), H2O2 (1 micromol/l), LPC (5 micromol/l), or HNE (0.1 micromol/l) on DNA synthesis were completely reversed by the combined use of probucol (10 micromol/l), a potent antioxidant and candesartan (0.1 micromol/l), an AT1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mox-LDL, ox-LDL, and their major components H2O2, LPC, and HNE act synergistically with Ang II in inducing VSMC DNA synthesis. A combination of antioxidants with AT1 receptor blockade may be effective in the treatment of VSMC proliferative disorders associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/administration & dosage
- Aldehydes/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin II/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
- Animals
- Antioxidants/administration & dosage
- Benzimidazoles/administration & dosage
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Drug Synergism
- Flavonoids/administration & dosage
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/administration & dosage
- Lipoproteins, LDL/administration & dosage
- Lysophosphatidylcholines/administration & dosage
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Probucol/administration & dosage
- Rabbits
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Tetrazoles/administration & dosage
- Tyrphostins/administration & dosage
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zoete V, Bailly F, Vezin H, Teissier E, Duriez P, Fruchart JC, Catteau JP, Bernier JL. 4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring antioxidant ovothiols 1. Antioxidant properties. Free Radic Res 2000; 32:515-24. [PMID: 10798717 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring family of antioxidants, the ovothiols, were assayed for their antioxidant properties. These compounds are powerful HOCl scavengers, more potent than the aliphatic thiol N-acetylcysteine. They react slowly with hydrogen peroxide with second order rate constants of 0.13-0.89 M(-1)s(-1). Scavenging of hydroxyl radical occurs at a diffusion-controlled rate (k=2.0-5.0 x 10(10)M(-1)s(-1)) for the most active compounds, which are also able to inhibit copper-induced LDL peroxidation. The combination of radical scavenging and copper chelating properties may explain the inhibitory effects on LDL peroxidation. Two molecules of mercaptoimidazole can chelate a copper ion and form a square planar complex detected by EPR. Compounds bearing an electron-withdrawing group on position 2 of the imidazole ring are the most potent antioxidant molecules in this series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Zoete
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Physique associée à l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille, ESA CNRS 8009, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dzimiri N, Basco C, Moorji A, Meyer BF. Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism and the risk of coronary heart disease in the Saudi male population. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:531-4. [PMID: 10747309 DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-0531-acepat] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relevance of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Saudi population. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA of 84 male Saudi patients with established CAD, 36 male controls who underwent angiography, and 327 healthy Saudi male blood donors was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using oligonucleotide primers flanking the insertion (I)/deletion (D) sites in the polymorphic region of intron 16 of the ACE gene. Polymerase chain reaction amplification resulted in 490-bp (II), 190-bp (DD), or 490- and 190-bp (ID) fragments. The genotype II distribution was 16.7% in the control group, 7.3% in the blood donor group, and 7.2% in the patients with CAD, and the distribution for DD was 58.3%, 47.1%, and 41.0%, respectively. Notably, 61.9% (P <.0001) of CAD patients presented with angina on admission, and 52.4% had diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS The results show no increased risk of CAD in association with either the II or DD genotypes in the Saudi population. However, further investigation of genotype II as a predictor for atherosclerosis rather than increased risk of coronary heart disease may be indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Dzimiri
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
van de Vijver LP, Kardinaal AF, van Duyvenvoorde W, Kruijssen DA, Grobbee DE, van Poppel G, Princen HM. Oxidation of LDL and extent of peripheral atherosclerosis. Free Radic Res 1999; 31:129-39. [PMID: 10490242 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900301641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated for oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to play an important role in the atherogenic process. Therefore, we investigated the relation between susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and risk of peripheral atherosclerosis among 249 men between 45 and 80 years of age. The ankle-arm index was calculated for both legs as the ratio of systolic blood pressure in the leg divided by the arm systolic blood pressure. The lowest of both ankle-arm indices was used to categorize subjects. Thirty-nine men with an ankle-arm index < 1.00 (20% cut-off point of distribution) were classified as subjects with peripheral atherosclerosis. Subjects with peripheral atherosclerosis reported more often the use of a special diet and the use of antihypertensive medication, aspirin and coumarin derivatives. No significant differences in total, LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were present between groups. Resistance time and maximum rate of oxidation were measured ex vivo using copper-induced LDL oxidation. Subjects with peripheral atherosclerosis had a significantly lower resistance time, whereas the maximum rate of oxidation tended to be increased in subjects with peripheral atherosclerosis. Odds ratios (ORs, and 95% confidence interval) for the successive tertiles of resistance time were 1.00 (reference), 0.37 (0.15-0.89) and 0.37 (0.16-0.86) (p(trend) < 0.01). ORs for the successive tertiles of maximum rate of oxidation were 1.00 (reference), 1.34 (0.47-3.82) and 1.50 (0.55-4.15). This inverse association was borderline significant (p(trend) = 0.07). These results support an association between LDL oxidation and the development of peripheral atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P van de Vijver
- Department of Consumer Research and Epidemiology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rattan AK, Arad Y. Temporal and kinetic determinants of the inhibition of LDL oxidation by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Atherosclerosis 1998; 138:319-27. [PMID: 9690915 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of NAC to inhibit in vitro LDL oxidation, and the effects of the timing of NAC addition, repeated additions of NAC, and the presence of preoxidized LDL, on the oxidation reaction. NAC inhibited in vitro LDL oxidation induced by copper sulfate, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, and UV light, and protected LDL against depletion of antioxidant vitamins. Glutathione was similarly effective against copper-mediated LDL oxidation. NAC's effectiveness was inversely related to the timing of its addition. Sequential NAC additions prolonged the lag phase more effectively than initial addition of the same total dose. NAC reduced CD formation during the oxidation of native LDL by oxidized LDL. NAC's effectiveness as an inhibitor of in vitro LDL oxidation is dependent on the temporal sequence of the oxidation reaction, sequential additions, and the presence of previously oxidized LDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Rattan
- St. Francis Hospital, DeMatteis Center, Lipid Research Laboratory, Roslyn, NY 11576-1348, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The peroxidation step of lipid transormation is considered to be essential in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although data concerning the mechanisms by which lipid peroxidation occurs in vivo are scarce, several lines of evidence suggest that some endogenous and exogenous compounds with antioxidant activity could have some beneficial effects in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) act as the most important hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants, respectively in vivo. Accordingly, animal and human studies suggest that these compounds may have some preventive effect against the development of clinical coronary heart disease. Many plant phenols and flavonoids may be important dietary antioxidants and it has been speculated that these compounds in red wine or in the Mediterranean diet could explain the 'French paradox'. Several studies show that antioxidants such as probucol and butylated hydroxytoluene can inhibit development of atherosclerotic lesions in Watanabe and cholesterol-fed rabbits. Some drugs such as beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, hypolipodemic drugs,...appear to have at least in vitro antioxidant effects but the clinical relevance of these properties remains unkonwn. Moreover, some interventions aimed to decrease the LDL-oxidative susceptibility have not been shown to attenuate atherogenesis when cholesterol levels remain markedly elevated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F R Heller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital de Jolimont, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
van de Vijver LP, Kardinaal AF, van Duyvenvoorde W, Kruijssen DA, Grobbee DE, van Poppel G, Princen HM. LDL oxidation and extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:193-9. [PMID: 9484983 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that oxidative modification of LDL plays an important role in the atherogenic process. Therefore, we investigated the relation between coronary atherosclerosis and susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in a case-control study in men between 45 and 80 years of age. Case subjects and hospital control subjects were selected from subjects undergoing a first coronary angiography. Subjects with severe coronary stenosis (> or = 85% stenosis in one and > or = 50% stenosis in a second major coronary vessel) were classified as case subjects (n=91). Hospital control subjects with no or minor stenosis (< or = 50% stenosis in no more than two of the three major coronary vessels, n=94) and population control subjects free of plaques in the carotid artery (n=85) were pooled for the statistical analysis into one control category. Enrollment procedures allowed for similar distributions in age and smoking habits. Case subjects had higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and lower levels of HDL cholesterol. Resistance time, maximum rate of oxidation, and maximum diene production were measured ex vivo using copper-induced LDL oxidation. A borderline significant inverse trend was observed for coronary atherosclerosis risk at increasing resistance time. Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the successive quartiles were 1.0 (reference), 0.77 (0.39 to 1.53), 0.67 (0.33 to 1.34), and 0.55 (0.27 to 1.15) (ptrend=0.07). No relation with maximum rate of oxidation was found, and higher maximum diene levels were found in control subjects (P<.01). The main determinant of oxidation was the fatty acid composition of LDL. No effect of smoking or use of medication was observed. We conclude that although LDL resistance to oxidation may be a factor in atherogenesis, the ex vivo measure is not a strong predictor of severity of coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P van de Vijver
- Department of Consumer Research and Epidemiology, Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamilton CA. Low-density lipoprotein and oxidised low-density lipoprotein: their role in the development of atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 74:55-72. [PMID: 9336016 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) may be implicated in the development of atherosclerotic disease. Oxidised LDL is taken up more readily by monocyte-derived macrophages than LDL. Antibodies to oxidised LDL are found in atherosclerotic lesions, Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease is associated with a preponderance of small dense LDL particles, which are more susceptible to oxidation. Proatherogenic alterations in cell biochemistry and signalling pathways occur in the presence of LDL and more markedly oxidised LDL. In vitro antioxidants inhibit changes in cell biochemistry, while in vivo, they have been shown to attenuate or reverse development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maggi E, Marchesi E, Covini D, Negro C, Perani G, Bellomo G. Protective effects of carvedilol, a vasodilating beta-adrenoceptor blocker, against in vivo low density lipoprotein oxidation in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 27:532-8. [PMID: 8847870 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199604000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and is enhanced in patients with essential hypertension. This finding has stimulated a search for antihypertensive drugs with high intrinsic antioxidant properties. We investigated the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of carvedilol, a new vasodilating beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent in a group of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension after 4-month treatment. Carvedilol administration markedly increased the resistance to oxidation of LDL isolated from treated patients to values comparable to those of control, nonhypertensive subjects. This effect was achieved despite a significant loss in LDL-associated vitamin E. The increased resistance of LDL to oxidation promoted by carvedilol was not related to the normalization of previously increased blood pressure (BP). Indeed, the administration of other conventional antihypertensive drugs, capable of decreasing arterial BP but without high intrinsic antioxidant properties, to a control group of matched hypertensive patients failed to ameliorate LDL oxidation parameters. Carvedilol treatment also reduced the extent of in vivo LDL oxidation, as reflected by the decrease in antioxidized LDL autoantibody titer. This effect as well was detected only in the group of carvedilol-treated hypertensive patients and not after the simple reduction in BP obtained with antihypertensive drugs different from carvedilol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Maggi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fernandes AC, Filipe PM, Freitas JP, Manso CF. Different effects of thiol and nonthiol ace inhibitors on copper-induced lipid and protein oxidative modification. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 20:507-14. [PMID: 8904291 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)02086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Differences among angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) in scavenging reactive oxygen species were described and mainly attributed to the presence or absence of a thiol group. Plasma constituents and red cells are known targets for oxidative damage. Transition metals, like copper, are well known catalizers of free radical generation. In the present study we compared the abilities of captopril (a thiol ACEI), enalaprilat, and lisinopril (two nonthiol ACEI) for inhibiting copper-induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation and fluorescence generation in whole human plasma and low-density lipoprotein. The effects of those ACEI on copper/hydrogen peroxide-induced fluorescence development and electrophoretic mobility modification in albumin and on copper-induced TBARS formation and hemolysis in human red cells were also compared. Captopril was more effective than the two nonthiol ACEI in inhibiting plasma and LDL lipid peroxidation, but it was ineffective in inhibiting the albumin oxidative modification that was moderately inhibited by enalaprilat and lisinopril. On the contrary, the inhibitory effects of the three ACEI on copper-induced lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in red cell suspensions were more uniform. This as yet unreported red cell protective effect may deserve pharmacological evaluation. Our results show that captopril is a more effective antioxidant than the nonthiol ACEI in some systems. However, the nonthiol ACEI also have the ability to partially protect some targets against oxidative damage. These observations suggest that the presence of a thiol group in the ACEI structure is not the only determinant for the antioxidant properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Fernandes
- Instituto de Quimica Fisiologica, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sutherland WH, Walker RJ, Ball MJ, Stapley SA, Robertson MC. Oxidation of low density lipoproteins from patients with renal failure or renal transplants. Kidney Int 1995; 48:227-36. [PMID: 7564083 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis which is prevalent in patients with chronic renal failure and renal transplant recipients. We determined the copper ion catalyzed oxidation in vitro, vitamin E content, and chemical and fatty acid composition of LDL isolated from 38 patients with renal disease and 15 healthy subjects. Also the acute effect of hemodialysis treatment on LDL oxidation variables was tested. The lag time in conjugated diene formation during oxidation was significantly (P = 0.011) shorter in LDL from renal transplant recipients (66 min, N = 18) mainly due to significantly (P < 0.05) shorter times in women (47 min, N = 7), compared with healthy subjects (83 min, N = 15), patients on hemodialysis (91 min, N = 13) and patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (82 min, N = 7). The maximum rate and the extent of LDL oxidation were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in all patients with renal disease compared with healthy subjects. The triglyceride content of LDL was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in women with kidney grafts (7.3%) compared with levels in the corresponding men (5.3%) and healthy women (5.0%), and was correlated significantly with the lag time in LDL oxidation in renal transplant recipients (Spearmans r = -0.502, P = 0.034). The percentage oleic acid in LDL was significantly higher (P = 0.002) and the percentage linoleic acid was significantly lower (P = 0.046) in patients with renal disease, and may largely account for their lower rates and extent of LDL oxidation. Levels of the LDL oxidation variables and organic lipid peroxide content of LDL were not significantly different before and after hemodialysis and 24 hours later. These results suggest that LDL from women with renal transplants may be abnormally susceptible to oxidation possibly due to increased triglyceride content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W H Sutherland
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maggi E, Chiesa R, Melissano G, Castellano R, Astore D, Grossi A, Finardi G, Bellomo G. LDL oxidation in patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis. A study of in vitro and in vivo oxidation markers. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS : A JOURNAL OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 14:1892-9. [PMID: 7981176 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.14.12.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Among the various risk factors involved in the development and progression of carotid atherosclerosis, the oxidation of LDL has been proposed to play a relevant role. LDL oxidation has been investigated in 94 patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis undergoing elective carotid artery endarterectomy and in 42 matched control subjects. LDL oxidation was evaluated in all patients as (1) the susceptibility to in vitro oxidation, (2) vitamin E concentration and its efficiency in LDL, and (3) the presence of autoantibodies against oxidatively modified lipoprotein to monitor the occurrence of the oxidative processes taking place in vivo. No difference was detected between control subjects and patients concerning vitamin E concentration and the kinetics of conjugated diene formation in isolated LDL exposed to CuSO4. However, vitamin E efficiency was lower (9.6 +/- 4.2 versus 30.2 +/- 7.6 min/nmol vitamin E) and the duration of the vitamin E-independent lag phase was longer (105.5 +/- 16.5 versus 58 +/- 11.8 minutes) in the patient group. Autoantibodies against oxidatively modified lipoproteins were measured with an ELISA method using native LDL, Cu(2+)-oxidized LDL (oxLDL), or malondialdehyde-derivatized LDL (MDA-LDL) as antigens. To monitor cross-reactivity of the antibodies detected with other oxidatively modified proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and MDA-derivatized HSA (MDA-HSA) were also employed. The antibody titer was calculated as the ratio of antibodies against modified versus native proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Maggi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|