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Harris HM, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Sufka KJ. Differential Effects of Cannabidiol and a Novel Cannabidiol Analog on Oxycodone Place Preference and Analgesia in Mice: an Opioid Abuse Deterrent with Analgesic Properties. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:804-813. [PMID: 34962133 PMCID: PMC9784596 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: This study sought to determine whether cannabidiol (CBD) or a CBD derivative, CBD monovalinate monohemisuccinate (CBD-val-HS), could attenuate the development of oxycodone reward while retaining its analgesic effects. Experimental Approach: To determine the effect on oxycodone reward, animals were enrolled in the conditioned place preference paradigm and received either saline or oxycodone (3.0 mg/kg) in combination with either CBD or CBD-val-HS utilizing three sets of drug-/no drug-conditioning trials. To determine if the doses of CBD or CBD-val-HS that blocked opioid reward would affect nociceptive processes, animals were enrolled in the hot plate and abdominal writhing assays when administered alone or in combination with a subanalgesic (1.0 mg/kg) or analgesic (3.0 mg/kg) dose of oxycodone. Key Results: Results from condition place preference demonstrated CBD was not able attenuate oxycodone place preference while CBD-val-HS attenuated these rewarding effects at 8.0 mg/kg and was void of rewarding or aversive properties. In contrast to CBD, CBD-val-HS alone produced analgesic effects in both nociceptive assays but was most effective compared with oxycodone against thermal nociception. Of interest, there was a differential interaction of CBD and CBD-val-HS×oxycodone across the two nociceptive assays producing subadditive responses on the hot plate assay, whereas additive responses were observed in the abdominal writhing assay. Conclusion: These findings suggest CBD-val-HS alone, a nonrewarding analgesic compound, could be useful in pain management and addiction treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Harris
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Waseem Gul
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Sufka
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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Chen HY, Wang ZN, Zhang WY, Zhu T. Advances in the clinical application of oxycodone in the perioperative period. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:5156-5164. [PMID: 35812649 PMCID: PMC9210879 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i16.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To review the research progress of pure opioid receptor agonist oxycodone. The research progress of oxycodone in terms of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse reactions, clinical application, combined medication and new progress in clinical application was summarized by referring to the literature. Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic thebaine derivative of opioid alkaloids, and is a pure opioid μ and κ receptor agonist. The main action sites are the central nervous system and visceral smooth muscle. Due to its advantages of low adverse reactions, good analgesic effects, and a wide range of safe doses, the drug has been widely used in the control of acute and chronic postoperative pain, as well as malignant and non-malignant pain. Since the end of the 20th century, researchers have begun to formulate antipyretic analgesics, opioid receptor agonists, opioid receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists and other drugs with oxycodone in different proportions to enhance the analgesic effect. At the same time, it can reduce the dosage of oxycodone and reduce its adverse reactions, so as to achieve the purpose of limiting opioid abuse. With the continuous research on the efficacy and safety of oxycodone in the perioperative period at home and abroad, oxycodone has become the only dual-opioid potent analgesic that can be used in clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- The Research Units of West China(2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zi-Ning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- The Research Units of West China(2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- The Research Units of West China(2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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3
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Analgesic Effects of Different κ-Receptor Agonists Used in Daytime Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2021:2396008. [PMID: 35005013 PMCID: PMC8731289 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2396008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Comparing the effect of two different κ-receptor agonists, nalbuphine and oxycodone, and regular morphine in patients for prophylactic analgesia of acute pain after daytime laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods One hundred and twenty-four patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated to receive nalbuphine (group N), oxycodone (group O), and morphine (group M). The three groups were all given intravenous injection (iv.) of 0.15 mg/kg injection before incision and 0.05 mg/kg injection at the end of pneumoperitoneum. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores (incision, visceral, and shoulder) and Ramsay sedation scores at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours after surgery, the time of extubation, the incidence of postoperative adverse events, the satisfaction of pain treatment, and the duration of stay after surgery were all recorded. Results Compared with group M, the VAS scores of visceral pain at rest decreased in group N and group O at 1-8 h after surgery (P < 0.05). The VAS scores of visceral pain at movement in group N decreased longer than those in group O (P < 0.05). Compared with that of group M, the postoperative time in Ramsay sedation score of group O increased longer than that of group N (P < 0.05). Compared with group N, patients had worse sleep quality in group O, longer length of stay in group M, and lower satisfaction in both groups. Conclusion Compared with morphine, prophylactic use of the κ-receptor agonists, nalbuphine and oxycodone, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy can reduce postoperative visceral pain. Furthermore, the nalbuphine group had fewer adverse reactions, better analgesia, and better satisfaction.
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4
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Li Y, Dou Z, Yang L, Wang Q, Ni J, Ma J. Oxycodone versus other opioid analgesics after laparoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:4. [PMID: 33422129 PMCID: PMC7796650 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous opioids are administered for the management of visceral pain after laparoscopic surgery. Whether oxycodone has advantages over other opioids in the treatment of visceral pain is not yet clear. Methods In this study, the analgesic efficiency and adverse events of oxycodone and other opioids, including alfentanil, sufentanil, fentanyl, and morphine, in treating post-laparoscopic surgery visceral pain were evaluated. This review was conducted according to the methodological standards described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement. The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched in December 2019. Results Ten studies were included in this review. The sample size was 695 participants. The results showed that compared with morphine and fentanyl, oxycodone had a more potent analgesic efficacy on the first day after laparoscopic surgery, especially during the first 0.5 h. There was no significant difference in sedation between the two groups. Compared to morphine and fentanyl, oxycodone was more likely to lead to dizziness and drowsiness. Overall, patient satisfaction did not differ significantly between oxycodone and other opioids. Conclusions Oxycodone is superior to other analgesics within 24 h after laparoscopic surgery, but its adverse effects should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Jizhou District, Tianjin, 301900, Tianjin, China.,Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhi Dou
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Liqiang Yang
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ni
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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5
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A comparative study of three concentrations of intravenous nalbuphine combined with hydromorphone for post-cesarean delivery analgesia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:523-529. [PMID: 32142492 PMCID: PMC7065868 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nalbuphine has been suggested to be used for post-cesarean section (CS) intravenous analgesia. However, ideal concentration of nalbuphine for such analgesia remains unclear. The present study was conducted to explore an ideal concentration of nalbuphine for post-CS intravenous analgesia by evaluating the analgesic effects and side-effects of three different concentrations of nalbuphine combined with hydromorphone for post-CS intravenous analgesia in healthy parturients. Methods: One-hundred-and-fourteen parturients undergoing elective CS were randomly allocated to one of three groups (38 subjects per group) according to an Excel-generated random number sheet to receive hydromorphone 0.05 mg/mL + nalbuphine 0.5 mg/mL (group LN), hydromorphone 0.05 mg/mL + nalbuphine 0.7 mg/mL (group MN), and hydromorphone 0.05 mg/mL + nalbuphine 0.9 mg/mL (group HN) using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, PCA bolus demands, cumulative PCA dose, satisfaction score, Ramsay score, and side-effects such as urinary retention were recorded. Results: The number of PCA bolus demands and cumulative PCA dose during the first 48 h after CS were significantly higher in group LN (21 ± 16 bolus, 129 ± 25 mL) than those in group MN (15 ± 10 bolus, 120 ± 16 mL) (both P < 0.05) and group HN (13 ± 9 bolus, 117 ± 13 mL) (both P < 0.01), but no difference was found between group HN and group MN (both P > 0.05). VAS scores were significantly lower in group HN than those in group MN and group LN for uterine cramping pain at rest and after breast-feeding within 12 h after CS (all P < 0.01) and VAS scores were significantly higher in group LN than those in group MN and group HN when oxytocin was intravenously infused within 3 days after CS (all P < 0.05), whereas VAS scores were not statistically different among groups for incisional pain (all P > 0.05). Ramsay sedation scale score in group HN was significantly higher than that in group MN at 8 and 12 h after CS (all P < 0.01) and group LN at 4, 8, 12, 24 h after CS (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Hydromorphone 0.05 mg/mL + nalbuphine 0.7 mg/mL for intravenous PCA could effectively improve the incisional pain and uterine cramping pain management and improve comfort in patients after CS. Trial registration number: ChiCTR1800015014, http://www.chictr.org.cn/ Chinese Clinical Trial Registry.
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Koh JC, Kong HJ, Kim MH, Hong JH, Seong H, Kim NY, Bai SJ. Comparison of Analgesic and Adverse Effects of Oxycodone- and Fentanyl-Based Patient-Controlled Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Gastrectomy Using a 55:1 Potency Ratio of Oxycodone to Fentanyl: A Retrospective Study. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2197-2204. [PMID: 32943912 PMCID: PMC7481298 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s264764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxycodone has affinities for both kappa- and mu-opioid receptors. Therefore, it has been used for postoperative analgesia of surgeries in which visceral pain is expected to be the main cause of pain. However, there are few studies of the 55:1 potency ratio of oxycodone to fentanyl when using it as intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA). Thus, we compared the analgesic and adverse effects of IV-PCA using the 55:1 potency ratio of oxycodone to fentanyl in patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy. Patients and Methods This retrospective study included 100 patients using an automatic PCA pump with oxycodone or fentanyl who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy between January and November 2017. All patients were provided with an IV-PCA consisting of 20 μg/kg of fentanyl or 1.1 mg/kg of oxycodone mixed with 0.9% normal saline solution to a total volume of 250 mL, which was infused basally at a rate of 0.1 mL/h with a bolus dose of 1 mL and lockout time of 6 min. The primary and secondary endpoints were to evaluate the efficacies of IV-PCA using the 55:1 potency ratio of oxycodone to fentanyl on analgesic and adverse effects. Results Pain intensity on arrival at the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU; 3.6±1.4 vs 4.4±2.0, P=0.031) and additional analgesic requirement within an hour after surgery (including the PACU period) (12% vs 37%; P=0.005) were significantly lower in the oxycodone group (n=49) than in the fentanyl group (n=51). Regarding adverse effects, the rate of postoperative nausea within 1 h after surgery (2% vs 16%; P=0.031) was also significantly lower in the oxycodone group than that in the fentanyl group. Conclusion Oxycodone-based IV-PCA by dose calculations with a 55:1 potency ratio may achieve better analgesia without any significant adverse effects, when using IV-PCA in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chul Koh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hwa Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Hong
- Department of Policy Research Affairs, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunyoung Seong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Joon Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Viisanen H, Lilius TO, Sagalajev B, Rauhala P, Kalso E, Pertovaara A. Neurophysiological response properties of medullary pain-control neurons following chronic treatment with morphine or oxycodone: modulation by acute ketamine. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:790-801. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00343.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine and oxycodone are two clinically used strong opioids. Chronic treatment with oxycodone as well as morphine can lead to analgesic tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia. Here we show that an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent pronociceptive change in discharge properties of rostroventromedial medullary neurons controlling spinal nociception has an important role in antinociceptive tolerance to morphine but not oxycodone. Interestingly, chronic oxycodone did not induce pronociceptive changes in the rostroventromedial medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Viisanen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas O. Lilius
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boriss Sagalajev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Rauhala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Kalso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- SleepWell Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Pertovaara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kimbrough A, Kononoff J, Simpson S, Kallupi M, Sedighim S, Palomino K, Conlisk D, Momper JD, de Guglielmo G, George O. Oxycodone self-administration and withdrawal behaviors in male and female Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1545-1555. [PMID: 32114633 PMCID: PMC7269712 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Over the last decade, oxycodone has become one of the most widely abused drugs in the USA. Oxycodone use disorder (OUD) is a serious health problem that has prompted a need to develop animal models of OUD that have both face and predictive validity. Oxycodone use in humans is more prevalent in women and leads to pronounced hyperalgesia and irritability during withdrawal. However, unclear is whether current animal models of oxycodone self-administration recapitulate these characteristics in humans. OBJECTIVES We assessed the face validity of a model of extended-access oxycodone self-administration in rats by examining the escalation of oxycodone intake and behavioral symptoms of withdrawal, including irritability-like behavior and mechanical nociception, in male and female Wistar rats. RESULTS Both male and female rats escalated their oxycodone intake over fourteen 12-h self-administration sessions. After escalation, female rats administered more drug than male rats. No differences in plasma oxycodone levels were identified, but males had a significantly higher level of oxycodone in the brain at 30 min. Extended access to oxycodone significantly decreased aggressive-like behavior and increased defensive-like behaviors when tested immediately after a 12-h self-administration session, followed by a rebound increase in aggressive-like behavior 12 h into withdrawal. Tests of mechanical nociception thresholds during withdrawal indicated pronounced hyperalgesia. No sex differences in irritability-like behavior or pain sensitivity were observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the face validity of the extended access model of oxycodone self-administration by identifying sex differences in the escalation of oxycodone intake and pronounced changes in pain and affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0714, La Jolla, CA 92093-0737, USA
| | - Jenni Kononoff
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sierra Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0714, La Jolla, CA 92093-0737, USA,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0714, La Jolla, CA 92093-0737, USA
| | - Sharona Sedighim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0714, La Jolla, CA 92093-0737, USA
| | - Kenia Palomino
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dana Conlisk
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeremiah D. Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0714, La Jolla, CA 92093-0737, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0714, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0737, USA.
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Raff M, Belbachir A, El-Tallawy S, Ho KY, Nagtalon E, Salti A, Seo JH, Tantri AR, Wang H, Wang T, Buemio KC, Gutierrez C, Hadjiat Y. Intravenous Oxycodone Versus Other Intravenous Strong Opioids for Acute Postoperative Pain Control: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Ther 2019; 8:19-39. [PMID: 31004317 PMCID: PMC6514019 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-019-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Optimal pain management is crucial to the postoperative recovery process. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous oxycodone with intravenous fentanyl, morphine, sufentanil, pethidine, and hydromorphone for acute postoperative pain. Methods A systematic literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases was performed for randomized controlled trials published from 2008 through 2017 (inclusive) that evaluated the acute postoperative analgesic efficacy of intravenous oxycodone against fentanyl, morphine, sufentanil, pethidine, and hydromorphone in adult patients (age ≥ 18 years). Outcomes examined included analgesic consumption, pain intensity levels, side effects, and patient satisfaction. Results Eleven studies were included in the review; six compared oxycodone with fentanyl, two compared oxycodone with morphine, and three compared oxycodone with sufentanil. There were no eligible studies comparing oxycodone with pethidine or hydromorphone. Overall, analgesic consumption was lower with oxycodone than with fentanyl or sufentanil. Oxycodone exhibited better analgesic efficacy than fentanyl and sufentanil, and comparable analgesic efficacy to morphine. In terms of safety, there was a tendency towards more side effects with oxycodone than with fentanyl, but the incidence of side effects with oxycodone was comparable to morphine and sufentanil. Where patient satisfaction was evaluated, higher satisfaction levels were observed with oxycodone than with sufentanil and comparable satisfaction was noted when comparing oxycodone with fentanyl. Patient satisfaction was not evaluated in the studies comparing oxycodone with morphine. Conclusions Our findings suggest that intravenous oxycodone provides better analgesic efficacy than fentanyl and sufentanil, and comparable efficacy to morphine with less adverse events such as sedation. No studies comparing intravenous oxycodone with pethidine or hydromorphone were identified in this review. Better alignment of study methodologies for future research in this area is recommended to provide the best evidence base for a meta-analysis. Funding Mundipharma Singapore Holding Pte Ltd, Singapore. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40122-019-0122-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Raff
- Pain Clinic, Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Anissa Belbachir
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Descartes, Pôle d'anesthésie-réanimation, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Salah El-Tallawy
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kok Yuen Ho
- The Pain Clinic, Mount Alvernia Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Nagtalon
- Department of Anesthesia, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Amar Salti
- Anesthesiology Institute, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeong-Hwa Seo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aida Rosita Tantri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianlong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Yacine Hadjiat
- Mundipharma Singapore Holding Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Garcia MM, Goicoechea C, Avellanal M, Traseira S, Martín MI, Sánchez-Robles EM. Comparison of the antinociceptive profiles of morphine and oxycodone in two models of inflammatory and osteoarthritic pain in rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:109-118. [PMID: 30978319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxycodone and morphine are two opioid drugs commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, their use in the management of noncancer pain remains a controversial issue and, in this respect, the evidence on their effectiveness and safety, particularly in osteoarthritis, is being questioned. In order to analyse their analgesic profile, two different pain models in rats were used: the formalin-induced inflammatory pain and the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee osteoarthritic pain. Drugs were administered systemically (i.p.) and their antinociceptive effect and potency were assessed. In the formalin test, both morphine and oxycodone produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect, but oxycodone outdid morphine in terms of effectiveness and potency (nearly two times) in the early (acute nociceptive) as in the late phase (inflammatory). In the osteoarthritis model, both drugs reduced movement-evoked pain (knee-bend test), mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) and heat hyperalgesia (Plantar test). Pretreatment with naloxone and naloxone methiodide reduced morphine and oxycodone effects. Peripheral mu-opioid receptors play a crucial role in the antinociceptive effect of both drugs on movement-evoked pain and heat hyperalgesia, but not on tactile allodynia. The main finding of our study is that oxycodone has a better antinociceptive profile in the inflammatory and osteoarthritic pain, being more effective than morphine at 14 days post-MIA injection (phase with neuropathic pain); it overcame the morphine effect by improving the movement-induced pain, tactile allodynia and heat hyperalgesia. Therefore, oxycodone could be an interesting option to treat patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis when opioids are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Garcia
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición - Unidad Asociada I+D+i Al Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento Del Dolor (i+Dol), Dpto. Ciencias Básicas de La Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas, S/n. 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición - Unidad Asociada I+D+i Al Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento Del Dolor (i+Dol), Dpto. Ciencias Básicas de La Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas, S/n. 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Avellanal
- Unidad Del Dolor, Hospital Universitario La Moraleja, Avda. de Francisco Pi y Margall, 81, 28050, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Traseira
- Departamento Médico, Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals, S.L. C/ Bahía de Pollensa 11, 28042, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Isabel Martín
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición - Unidad Asociada I+D+i Al Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento Del Dolor (i+Dol), Dpto. Ciencias Básicas de La Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas, S/n. 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ma Sánchez-Robles
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición - Unidad Asociada I+D+i Al Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento Del Dolor (i+Dol), Dpto. Ciencias Básicas de La Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas, S/n. 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Designing and conducting proof-of-concept chronic pain analgesic clinical trials. Pain Rep 2019; 4:e697. [PMID: 31583338 PMCID: PMC6749910 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The evolution of pain treatment is dependent on successful development and testing of interventions. Proof-of-concept (POC) studies bridge the gap between identification of a novel target and evaluation of the candidate intervention's efficacy within a pain model or the intended clinical pain population. Methods: This narrative review describes and evaluates clinical trial phases, specific POC pain trials, and approaches to patient profiling. Results: We describe common POC trial designs and their value and challenges, a mechanism-based approach, and statistical issues for consideration. Conclusion: Proof-of-concept trials provide initial evidence for target use in a specific population, the most appropriate dosing strategy, and duration of treatment. A significant goal in designing an informative and efficient POC study is to ensure that the study is safe and sufficiently sensitive to detect a preliminary efficacy signal (ie, a potentially valuable therapy). Proof-of-concept studies help avoid resources wasted on targets/molecules that are not likely to succeed. As such, the design of a successful POC trial requires careful consideration of the research objective, patient population, the particular intervention, and outcome(s) of interest. These trials provide the basis for future, larger-scale studies confirming efficacy, tolerability, side effects, and other associated risks.
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Morphine effects within the rodent anterior cingulate cortex and rostral ventromedial medulla reveal separable modulation of affective and sensory qualities of acute or chronic pain. Pain 2019; 159:2512-2521. [PMID: 30086115 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of pain may result from engagement of opioid receptors in multiple brain regions. Whether sensory and affective qualities of pain are differentially affected by brain opioid receptor circuits remains unclear. We previously reported that opioid actions within the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) produce selective modulation of affective qualities of neuropathic pain in rodents, but whether such effects may occur in other areas of the ACC is not known. Here, morphine was microinjected into 3 regions of the ACC or into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), and pain behaviors in naive, sham, or spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats were evaluated. In naive animals, the tail-flick response was inhibited by RVM, but not ACC, morphine. Anterior cingulate cortex morphine did not affect tactile allodynia (the von Frey test) or mechanical (Randall-Selitto) or thermal (Hargreaves) hyperalgesia in spinal nerve ligated rats. In contrary, RVM morphine reduced tactile allodynia and produced both antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects against mechanical and thermal stimuli as well as conditioned place preference selectively in nerve-injured rats. Within the RVM, opioids inhibit nociceptive transmission reflected in both withdrawal thresholds and affective pain behaviors. Activation of mu opioid receptors within specific rostral ACC circuits, however, selectively modulates affective dimensions of ongoing pain without altering withdrawal behaviors. These data suggest that RVM and ACC opioid circuits differentially modulate sensory and affective qualities of pain, allowing for optimal behaviors that promote escape and survival. Targeting specific ACC opioid circuits may allow for treatment of chronic pain while preserving the physiological function of acute pain.
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Olesen AE, Nissen TD, Nilsson M, Lelic D, Brock C, Christrup LL, Drewes AM. Offset Analgesia and The Impact of Treatment with Oxycodone and Venlafaxine: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial in Healthy Volunteers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:727-731. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Olesen
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Thomas D. Nissen
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Matias Nilsson
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Dina Lelic
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Christina Brock
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lona L. Christrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Asbjørn M. Drewes
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
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Hermans L, Nijs J, Calders P, De Clerck L, Moorkens G, Hans G, Grosemans S, Roman De Mettelinge T, Tuynman J, Meeus M. Influence of Morphine and Naloxone on Pain Modulation in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Fibromyalgia, and Controls: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study. Pain Pract 2017; 18:418-430. [PMID: 28722815 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired pain inhibitory and enhanced pain facilitatory mechanisms are repeatedly reported in patients with central sensitization pain. However, the exact effects of frequently prescribed opioids on central pain modulation are still unknown. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial was carried out. Ten chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/fibromyalgia (FM) patients, 11 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 20 controls were randomly allocated to the experimental (10 mg morphine or 0.2 mg/mL Naloxone) and placebo (2 mL Aqua) group. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and temporal summation at the Trapezius and Quadriceps were assessed by algometry. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) efficacy and deep tissue pain pressure were assessed by adding ischemic occlusion at the opposite upper arm. RESULTS Deep tissue pain pressure was lower and temporal summation higher in CFS/FM (P = 0.002 respectively P = 0.010) and RA patients (P = 0.011 respectively P = 0.047) compared to controls at baseline. Morphine had only a positive effect on PPTs in both patient groups (P time = 0.034). Accordingly, PPTs increased after placebo (P time = 0.015), and no effects on the other pain parameters were objectified. There were no significant effects of naloxone nor nocebo on PPT, deep tissue pain, temporal summation or CPM in the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed anti-hyperalgesia effects of morphine in CFS/FM and RA patients. Nevertheless, these effects were comparable to placebo. Besides, neither morphine nor naloxone influenced deep tissue pain, temporal summation or CPM. Therefore, these results suggest that the opioid system is not dominant in (enhanced) bottom-up sensitization (temporal summation) or (impaired) endogenous pain inhibition (CPM) in patients with CFS/FM or RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hermans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion International Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Nijs
- Pain in Motion International Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Calders
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc De Clerck
- Department of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Greta Moorkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Hans
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Grosemans
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Roman De Mettelinge
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joanna Tuynman
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mira Meeus
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion International Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Intravenous Oxycodone versus Intravenous Morphine in Cancer Pain: A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Active-Control Study. Pain Res Manag 2017; 2017:9741729. [PMID: 29670416 PMCID: PMC5833922 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9741729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare efficacy and safety of intravenous continuous infusion of oxycodone with morphine in patients with cancer pain. Methods A 5-day, randomized, open-label, exploratory study at 6 sites in the Republic of Korea. Sixty-six adults aged ≥19 years with moderate-to-severe cancer pain (Numeric Rating Scale [NRS] ≥ 4) were enrolled. The study group received intravenous (IV) oxycodone, and the comparator group received IV morphine which were titrated depending on pain intensity. The efficacy endpoint is change in average NRS score from baseline to Day 5. Other assessments included worst, current, and average pain intensity; patient satisfaction; medication dose; and adverse events. Results Both groups achieved >50% reduction in average pain intensity: from “moderate” at baseline (oxycodone versus morphine: 6.0 ± 1.8 versus 5.9 ± 1.4) to “mild” at Day 5 (2.5 ± 1.8 versus 2.8 ± 1.6). While this reduction was similar between groups (3.5 ± 2.2 versus 3.1 ± 1.8, P value = 0.562), oxycodone achieved faster pain relief (average pain: 3.0 ± 1.6 versus 3.9 ± 1.6, P value = 0.020) on Day 2 and significant NRS reductions for worst pain on Day 2 (P value = 0.045) and current pain on Day 2 (P value = 0.035) and Day 5 (P value = 0.020) compared to morphine. Patient satisfaction, adverse events, and adverse drug reactions were similar for both groups. Conclusions For Asian patients with cancer pain, IV oxycodone is faster acting and showed similar analgesic efficacy and safety profiles as IV morphine. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02660229.
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16
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Coe MA, Nuzzo PA, Lofwall MR, Walsh SL. Effects of Short-Term Oxycodone Maintenance on Experimental Pain Responses in Physically Dependent Opioid Abusers. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:825-834. [PMID: 28274698 PMCID: PMC5484728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.02.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A common clinical problem with opioid analgesics is the loss of analgesic efficacy after repeated dosing; when this occurs, it is not clear what principles should guide providing effective analgesia among opioid-dependent individuals. This within-subject inpatient study aimed to determine if physically dependent opioid abusers (n = 11) experience changes in oxycodone-induced analgesia during 2 oxycodone maintenance (30 mg orally 4 times per day) phases: initial stabilization (days 1-3) and after 6 weeks of chronic dosing. Six sessions (3 each phase), measured threshold, tolerance, and pain ratings for a Pressure Pain Test and Cold Pressor Test after a single double-blind dose of oxycodone 30 mg (initial stabilization) and 0, 30, and 60 mg (chronic dosing) given in place of a scheduled maintenance dose. Physiologic and opioid agonist effects were assessed during chronic dosing sessions. There was no analgesic response to oxycodone 30 mg. Oxycodone (60 mg) produced a 25% increase in peak Cold Pressor Test threshold compared with placebo, and significantly increased expired breath CO2, miosis, and ratings of abuse liability measures. These data suggest that more than twice the acute oxycodone maintenance dose is needed to produce robust acute analgesia, although adverse effects (eg, respiratory depression and abuse signals) may occur with lower doses. PERSPECTIVE To understand sensitivity to opioid analgesia in opioid-dependent individuals, this article describes experimental pain, subjective and physiological responses during stabilization and after 6 weeks of oxycodone maintenance. Oxycodone produced euphoric effects and miosis with limited evidence of analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A Coe
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
| | - Paul A Nuzzo
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Michelle R Lofwall
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sharon L Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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17
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Gavin PD, Simon LS, Schlagheck T, Smith AJ, Shakib S. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a novel tocopheryl phosphate mixture/oxycodone transdermal patch system: a Phase I study. Pain Manag 2017; 7:243-253. [PMID: 28421874 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize the pharmacokinetic profile and evaluate the safety and tolerability of a transdermal oxycodone patch containing tocopheryl phosphate mixture (TPM). PATIENTS & METHODS Eleven healthy subjects received a single application of three TPM/oxycodone patches applied to the torso for 72 h. RESULTS Oxycodone was detected 8.0 ± 2.7-h postpatch administration, reaching a mean maximum plasma concentration of 3.41 ± 1.34 ng/ml at 49.3 ± 21.2 h. The safety profile was consistent with the application method and known side-effect profile of oxycodone and naltrexone. No treatment-limiting skin irritation was observed. CONCLUSION A 3-day application of the TPM/oxycodone patch demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and was well tolerated by healthy subjects, with limited dermal irritation following application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Gavin
- Phosphagenics Limited, 11 Duerdin Street, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Lee S Simon
- SDG LLC, One Mifflin Place, Suite 400, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Alisha J Smith
- Phosphagenics Limited, 11 Duerdin Street, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Sepehr Shakib
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Mail Delivery Point 22, North Terrace, 5000 Adelaide, Australia
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Islam MM, McRae IS, Mazumdar S, Taplin S, McKetin R. Prescription opioid analgesics for pain management in Australia: 20 years of dispensing. Intern Med J 2016; 46:955-63. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Islam
- Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute; Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - I. S. McRae
- Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute; Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - S. Mazumdar
- Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute; Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- The Centre for Research and Action in Public Health (CeRAPH); University of Canberra; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - S. Taplin
- Australian Catholic University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - R. McKetin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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Scarpellini E, Laterza L, Ianiro G, Tack J, Abenavoli L, Gasbarrini A. Eluxadoline for the treatment of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1395-402. [PMID: 27267380 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1182982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatment is challenging physicians because of its multifactorial physiopathology. In particular, abdominal pain and diarrhea management lack one unique effective pharmacological remedy. Opioid receptors, present in the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), are involved in visceral sensitivity and gastrointestinal motility control. To date only a few opioid receptor modulators are currently in use for the treatment of IBS but with dosage limitations due to the early development of severe constipation. AREAS COVERED In this drug evaluation manuscript we review the irritable bowel syndrome therapeutic needs and chemistry, pharmacokinetics and -dynamics, clinical study results with the new opioid receptor ligand eluxadoline for the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). EXPERT OPINION Eluxadoline shows a peculiar pharmacological profile with μ-opioid agonism and δ-opioid antagonism actions. Its efficacy over placebo for the treatment of abdominal pain and diarrhea in IBS-D has been demonstrated in short- and long-term clinical studies in humans. Its safety has been evaluated in the same studies. Interestingly, eluxadoline showed a low rate of constipation development in IBS patients in comparison with known effects of other opioid receptor modulators. Patients with a history of acute pancreatitis should not be treated with eluxadoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emidio Scarpellini
- a Department of Pediatrics , Umberto I University Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Lucrezia Laterza
- b Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology , Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- b Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology , Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Jan Tack
- c T.A.R.G.I.D. , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- d Department of Health Sciences , Magna Graecia University , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- b Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology , Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
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Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction in healthy volunteers assessed with questionnaires and MRI. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28:514-24. [PMID: 26795566 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Opioid treatment is associated with numerous gastrointestinal adverse effects collectively known as opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD). Most current knowledge of the pathophysiology derives from animal studies limited by species differences and clinical studies, which have substantial confounders that make evaluation difficult. An experimental model of OIBD in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting is therefore highly warranted. The aim of this study was to assess bowel function in healthy volunteers during opioid treatment using subjective and objective methods. METHODS Twenty-five healthy men were assigned randomly to oxycodone or placebo for 5 days in a cross-over design. The analgesic effect was assessed with muscle pressure algometry and adverse effects were measured using questionnaires including the bowel function index, gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, patient assessment of constipation symptoms and the Bristol stool form scale. Colorectal volumes were determined using a newly developed MRI method. RESULTS Compared with baseline, oxycodone increased pain detection thresholds by 8% (P=0.02). Subjective OIBD was observed as increased bowel function index (464% increase; P<0.001), gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (37% increase; P<0.001) and patient assessment of constipation symptoms (198% increase; P<0.001). Objectively, stools were harder and drier during oxycodone treatment (P<0.001) and segmental colorectal volumes increased in the caecum/ascending colon by 41% (P=0.005) and in the transverse colon by 20% (P=0.005). No associations were detected between questionnaire scores and colorectal volumes. CONCLUSION Experimental OIBD in healthy volunteers was induced during oxycodone treatment. This model has potential for future interventional studies to discriminate the efficacies of different laxatives, peripheral morphine antagonists and opioid treatments.
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Olsen R, Foster DJ, Upton RN, Olesen AE, Ross JR, Droney J, Sato H, Drewes AM, Kreilgaard M. Modelling the PKPD of oxycodone in experimental pain — Impact of opioid receptor polymorphisms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 86:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kuusniemi K, Pöyhiä R. Present-day challenges and future solutions in postoperative pain management: results from PainForum 2014. J Pain Res 2016; 9:25-36. [PMID: 26893579 PMCID: PMC4745947 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s92502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a summary of presentations on postoperative pain control by the authors at the 2014 PainForum meeting in People's Republic of China. Postoperative pain is often untreated or undertreated and may lead to subsequent chronic pain syndromes. As more procedures migrate to the outpatient setting, postoperative pain control will become increasingly more challenging. Evidence-based guidelines for postoperative pain control recommend pain assessment using validated tools on a consistent basis. In this regard, consistency may be more important than the specific tool selected. Many hospitals have introduced a multidisciplinary acute pain service (APS), which has been associated with improved patient satisfaction and fewer adverse events. Patient education is an important component of postoperative pain control, which may be most effective when clinicians chose a multimodal approach, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and opioids. Opioids are a mainstay of postoperative pain control but require careful monitoring and management of side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and somnolence. Opioids may be administered using patient-controlled analgesia systems. Protocols for postoperative pain control can be very helpful to establish benchmarks for pain management and assure that clinicians adhere to evidence-based standards. The future of postoperative pain control around the world will likely involve more and better established APSs and greater communication between patients and clinicians about postoperative pain. The changes necessary to implement and move forward with APSs is not a single step but rather one of continuous improvement and ongoing change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reino Pöyhiä
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Palliative Medicine and Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Olesen AE, Sato H, Nielsen LM, Staahl C, Droney J, Gretton S, Branford R, Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsen L, Riley J, Ross J. The genetic influences on oxycodone response characteristics in human experimental pain. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:417-25. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Olesen
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hiroe Sato
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit; Royal Brompton Hospital & National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Lecia M. Nielsen
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Joanne Droney
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit; Royal Brompton Hospital & National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
- Department of Palliative Medicine; Royal Marsden Hospital; London UK
| | - Sophy Gretton
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit; Royal Brompton Hospital & National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
- Department of Palliative Medicine; Royal Marsden Hospital; London UK
| | - Ruth Branford
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit; Royal Brompton Hospital & National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
- Department of Palliative Medicine; Royal Marsden Hospital; London UK
| | - Asbjørn M. Drewes
- Mech-Sense; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Julia Riley
- Department of Palliative Medicine; Royal Marsden Hospital; London UK
| | - Joy Ross
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit; Royal Brompton Hospital & National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
- Department of Palliative Medicine; Royal Marsden Hospital; London UK
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Gram M, Graversen C, Olesen AE, Drewes AM. Machine learning on encephalographic activity may predict opioid analgesia. Eur J Pain 2015; 19:1552-61. [PMID: 26095578 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioids are used for the treatment of pain. However, 30-50% of patients have insufficient effect to the opioid initially selected by the physician, and there is an urgent need for biomarkers to select responders to the most appropriate drug. Since opioids mediate their effect in the central nervous system, this study aimed to investigate if electroencephalography (EEG) during rest or pain before treatment could predict the analgesic response. METHODS EEG from 62 channels was recorded in volunteers during rest and tonic pain (cold pressor test). Morphine (30 mg) or placebo was then administered, and the pain test repeated 60 min after. Washout period between drugs was 7 days. Based on pain ratings, subjects were stratified into responders and non-responders. Spectral analysis was performed on the EEG. Conventional statistics on group basis were used and, furthermore, the most discriminative EEG features were subjected to support vector machine classification to predict the response for the individual subjects. RESULTS Conventional statistics on the frequency bands revealed no differences between responders and non-responders. On the individual basis, no differences between groups were found using resting EEG. However, EEG during cold pain was able to classify responders with an accuracy of 72% (p = 0.01) and the result was reproducible using baseline data from both study days. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning based on EEG before treatment enabled separation between responders and non-responders. This study represents the first step towards the prediction of opioid analgesia based on EEG features prior to drug administration, and advocates for the use of machine learning in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gram
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - C Graversen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - A E Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A M Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
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Brokjaer A, Olesen AE, Christrup LL, Dahan A, Drewes AM. The effects of morphine and methylnaltrexone on gastrointestinal pain in healthy male participants. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:693-704. [PMID: 25810023 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid antagonists are increasingly used to abolish the gastrointestinal side effects of opioids. However, they can potentially interfere with local analgesia exerted via opioid receptors in the gut. Thus, in the current study we aimed to explore the effect of rectal morphine before and after blocking opioid receptors outside the central nervous system with methylnaltrexone (MNTX). METHODS In this randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over study 15 healthy male participants received the following drugs at three separate sessions: (i) placebo, (ii) 30 mg morphine administered per rectum, or (iii) 12 mg MNTX given subcutaneously before 30 mg rectal morphine. At baseline and after drug administration peripheral and central effects of the drugs were assessed by experimental pain to the skin, muscle, rectum and pupillometry. KEY RESULTS Compared to placebo there was no local effect of morphine on mechanical rectal distension. In contrast, an increase in tolerated volume was seen following MNTX/morphine administration (p < 0.001), starting 7 min after dosing. Both morphine and MNTX/morphine had a central effect manifested as an increase in mechanical muscle pressure thresholds (both p < 0.001) and a decrease in pupil diameter (both p < 0.001). These effects occurred 30 min after dosing. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES No peripheral analgesic effect of morphine was found. Methodological shortcomings may have contributed to the lack of peripheral analgesia and thus, a peripheral morphine effect on rectal pain cannot be excluded. On the other hand, the combination of MNTX and morphine exerted a local effect on rectal distensions and seems to improve analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brokjaer
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Brokjær A, Olesen AE, Kreilgaard M, Graversen C, Gram M, Christrup LL, Dahan A, Drewes AM. Objective markers of the analgesic response to morphine in experimental pain research. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 73:7-14. [PMID: 25659520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In experimental pain research the effect of opioids is normally assessed by verbal subjective response to analgesia. However, as many confounders in pain assessment exist, objective bed-side assessment of the effect is highly warranted. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of morphine on three objective pharmacodynamic markers (pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting electroencephalography (EEG)) and compare the changes from placebo with subjective analgesia on experimental muscle pain for convergent validation. METHODS Fifteen healthy male participants received placebo or 30 mg rectal morphine at two separate sessions. At baseline and several time points after drug administration, the central effects of morphine were assessed by experimental muscle pain, pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting EEG. RESULTS Morphine increased tolerance to muscle pain, together with significant reductions in pupil diameter and increase in prolactin concentration (all P < 0.001). Miosis was induced simultaneously with the onset of analgesic effect 30 min after dosing, while a significant increase in prolactin concentration was seen after 45 min. The change in pupil diameter was negatively correlated to change in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.40, P < 0.001), whereas the increase in prolactin concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.32, P = 0.001). The effect of morphine on EEG was seen as a decrease in the relative theta (4-7.5 Hz) activity (P = 0.03), but was not significant until 120 min after dosing and did not correlate to the increase in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.1, P=0.43). DISCUSSION Prolactin concentration and pupil diameter showed similar temporal development, had good dynamic ranges and were sensitive to morphine. Thus, both measures proved to be sensitive measures of morphine effects. EEG may give additive information on the brain's response to pain, however more advanced analysis may be necessary. We therefore recommend using pupil diameter in studies where a simple and reliable objective measure of the morphine-induced central activation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brokjær
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Anne Estrup Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mads Kreilgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carina Graversen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Gram
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Lona Louring Christrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Olesen AE, Nielsen LM, Larsen IM, Drewes AM. Randomized clinical trial: efficacy and safety of PPC-5650 on experimental esophageal pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:138-44. [PMID: 25483563 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.966319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition associated with symptoms as heart burn, regurgitation, chest pain, and gastrointestinal discomfort. PPC-5650 is a new pharmacological agent that can modulate acid-sensing ion channel activity, potentially leading to reduction in the pain signal. In healthy volunteers the esophagus was sensitized with acid to mimic GERD with the aims: 1) to assess the efficacy of a single bolus of PPC-5650 locally applied to the esophagus using multimodal pain stimulations, and 2) to assess the safety profile of PPC-5650. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in healthy males. Esophageal electrical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimulations were performed, pain perception was rated, and referred pain areas were drawn. Sensitization was induced by intraluminal esophageal acid perfusions. Adverse events were registered. RESULTS Twenty-five healthy males completed the study (mean age 23.4 ± 2.0 years). About 90 min after drug administration, PPC-5650 increased the volume tolerated at moderate pain during mechanical stimulation compared to placebo (difference 13.5, 95% CI: 0.58-26.47, p = 0.04), but there was no effects on thermal-, electrical-, and chemical-induced pain (all p > 0.05). PPC-5650 did not affect referred pain areas to any stimulation (all p > 0.05). Ten participants reported adverse events during the placebo treatment period, and nine participants reported adverse events during the PPC-5650 treatment period (p = 0.8). CONCLUSION Sensitization to mechanical stimulation of the esophagus was reduced by PPC-5650 compared to placebo. The overall safety and tolerability of PPC-5650 was acceptable. Thus, PPC-5650 may play a role in the future treatment of patients with GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Estrup Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark
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Olesen AE, Brock C, Sverrisdóttir E, Larsen IM, Drewes AM. Sensitivity of quantitative sensory models to morphine analgesia in humans. J Pain Res 2014; 7:717-26. [PMID: 25525384 PMCID: PMC4266386 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s73044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Opioid analgesia can be explored with quantitative sensory testing, but most investigations have used models of phasic pain, and such brief stimuli may be limited in the ability to faithfully simulate natural and clinical painful experiences. Therefore, identification of appropriate experimental pain models is critical for our understanding of opioid effects with the potential to improve treatment. Objectives The aim was to explore and compare various pain models to morphine analgesia in healthy volunteers. Methods The study was a double-blind, randomized, two-way crossover study. Thirty-nine healthy participants were included and received morphine 30 mg (2 mg/mL) as oral solution or placebo. To cover both tonic and phasic stimulations, a comprehensive multi-modal, multi-tissue pain-testing program was performed. Results Tonic experimental pain models were sensitive to morphine analgesia compared to placebo: muscle pressure (F=4.87, P=0.03), bone pressure (F=3.98, P=0.05), rectal pressure (F=4.25, P=0.04), and the cold pressor test (F=25.3, P<0.001). Compared to placebo, morphine increased tolerance to muscle stimulation by 14.07%; bone stimulation by 9.72%; rectal mechanical stimulation by 20.40%, and reduced pain reported during the cold pressor test by 9.14%. In contrast, the more phasic experimental pain models were not sensitive to morphine analgesia: skin heat, rectal electrical stimulation, or rectal heat stimulation (all P>0.05). Conclusion Pain models with deep tonic stimulation including C fiber activation and and/or endogenous pain modulation were more sensitive to morphine analgesia. To avoid false negative results in future studies, we recommend inclusion of reproducible tonic pain models in deep tissues, mimicking clinical pain to a higher degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Estrup Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Brock
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Sverrisdóttir
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Myriam Larsen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Nielsen LM, Olesen AE, Andresen T, Simrén M, Törnblom H, Drewes AM. Efficacy and safety of PPC-5650 on experimental rectal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:140-5. [PMID: 25052366 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PPC-5650 is a new pharmacological agent that can modulate acid-sensing ion channel activity, leading to a reduction in the pain signal under up-regulated conditions. The non-clinical programme for PPC-5650 supported a role for this novel agent in the treatment of pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In patients with IBS, the aims of the study were: (1) to assess the efficacy of a single bolus of PPC-5650 locally applied in the rectum using multi-modal stimulations of the recto sigmoid and (2) to assess the safety profile of PPC-5650. The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in patients with IBS, excluding females of child-bearing potential. The study consisted of a training visit, study visit 1 and 2 and a follow-up visit. Rectosigmoid electrical, thermal and mechanical stimulations were performed, pain perception was rated on a pain intensity scale and referred pain areas were assessed. All adverse events were registered. Twenty-five patients with IBS were enrolled and completed the study (9 women and 16 men; mean age 50.4 ± 12.7 years). No effects of the study drug were found on any of the rectal stimulations or for referred pain areas (all p > 0.05). No significant or clinically relevant treatment-related differences were seen for the laboratory safety variables or any other reported adverse event. In conclusion, in patients with IBS on rectal sensitivity to multi-modal stimulations, PPC-5650 did not produce efficacy relative to placebo. The overall safety and tolerability of PPC-5650 was acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lecia Møller Nielsen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hansen TM, Olesen AE, Simonsen CW, Drewes AM, Frøkjær JB. Cingulate metabolites during pain and morphine treatment as assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Pain Res 2014; 7:269-76. [PMID: 24899823 PMCID: PMC4038455 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s61193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental investigation of cerebral mechanisms underlying pain and analgesia are important in the development of methods for diagnosis and treatment of pain. The aim of the current study was to explore brain metabolites in response to pain and treatment with morphine. Methods Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulate cortex was performed in 20 healthy volunteers (13 males and seven females, aged 24.9±2.6 years) during rest and acute pain before and during treatment with 30 mg of oral morphine or placebo in a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study design. Pain was evoked by skin stimulation applied to the right upper leg using a contact heat-evoked potential stimulator. Results Data from 12 subjects were valid for analysis. Painful stimulation induced an increase in N-acetylaspartate/creatine compared with rest (F=5.5, P=0.04). During treatment with morphine, painful stimulation induced decreased glutamate/creatine (F=7.3, P=0.02), myo-inositol/creatine (F=8.38, P=0.02), and N-acetylaspartate/creatine (F=13.8, P=0.004) concentrations, whereas an increase in the pain-evoked N-acetylaspartate/creatine concentration (F=6.1, P=0.04) was seen during treatment with placebo. Conclusion This explorative study indicates that neuronal metabolites in the anterior cingulate cortex, such as N-acetylaspartate, glutamate, and myo-inositol, could be related to the physiology of pain and treatment with morphine. This experimental method has the potential to enable the study of brain metabolites involved in pain and its treatment, and may in the future be used to provide further insight into these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Maria Hansen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Radiology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Estrup Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark ; Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Arendt-Nielsen L, Nielsen TA, Gazerani P. Translational pain biomarkers in the early development of new neurotherapeutics for pain management. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:241-54. [PMID: 24490970 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.884925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Translation of the analgesic efficacy of investigational neurotherapeutics from pre-clinical pain models into clinical trial phases is associated with a high risk of failure. Application of human pain biomarkers in early stages of clinical trials can potentially enhance the rate of successful translation, which would eventually reduce both length and costs of drug development after the pre-clinical stage. Human pain biomarkers are based on the standardized activation of pain pathways followed by the assessment of ongoing and paroxysmal pain, plus evoked responses which can be applied to healthy individuals and patients prior to and after pharmacological interventions. This review discusses the rationality and feasibility of advanced human pain biomarkers in early phases of drug development for pain management which is still an unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7D-3, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
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Horing B, Kugel H, Brenner V, Zipfel S, Enck P. Perception and pain thresholds for cutaneous heat and cold, and rectal distension: associations and disassociations. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e791-802. [PMID: 23937429 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity to somatic or visceral pain has been reported in numerous clinical conditions such as fibromyalgia or the irritable bowel syndrome, and general hypersensitivity has been proposed to be the underlying mechanism. However, cross-modal relationships especially between somatic and visceral pain have rarely been investigated even in healthy volunteers. Furthermore, psychological influences on pain have rarely been characterized across modalities. METHODS Sixty-one healthy participants underwent testing of perception and pain thresholds for cutaneous thermode heat and cold, as well as for rectal balloon distension. Psychological testing for anxiety, depression, and pain experience (including catastrophizing and coping) as well as cardiac interoception was performed. Measurement quality and the correlations between the different modalities were examined. KEY RESULTS Significant correlations existed between the perception thresholds for cold/heat (τB = -0.28, p = 0.002) and cold/distension (τB = -0.21, p = 0.03) and for the pain thresholds for cold/heat (r = -0.61, p < 0.001) and heat/distension (r = 0.33, p = 0.01). No association was found between pain thresholds and anxiety, depression, psychological experience with and processing of pain, or cardiac interoception. Retest reliabilities for pain measurements were satisfying after short intertrial intervals (all intraclass correlation coefficients >0.8), but less so after longer intervals. The individuals contributing to the respective correlations differ between measurements. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Moderate associations were found for pain thresholds across modalities. The strength of the associations and their stability over time warrants further investigation and might serve to increase the understanding of conditions affecting multiple pain modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Horing
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ly HG, Dupont P, Geeraerts B, Bormans G, Van Laere K, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L. Lack of endogenous opioid release during sustained visceral pain: A [11C]carfentanil PET study. Pain 2013; 154:2072-2077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Drewes AM, Jensen RD, Nielsen LM, Droney J, Christrup LL, Arendt-Nielsen L, Riley J, Dahan A. Differences between opioids: pharmacological, experimental, clinical and economical perspectives. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:60-78. [PMID: 22554450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies comparing the response and side effects of various opioids have not been able to show robust differences between drugs. Hence, recommendations of the regulatory authorities have been driven by costs with a general tendency in many countries to restrict physician's use of opioids to morphine. Although this approach is recognized as cost-effective in most cases there is solid evidence that, on an individual patient basis, opioids are not all equal. Therefore it is important to have an armamentarium of strong analgesics in clinical practice to ensure a personalized approach in patients who do not respond to standard treatment. In this review we highlight differences between opioids in human studies from a pharmacological, experimental, clinical and health economics point of view. We provide evidence that individuals respond differently to opioids, and that general differences between classes of opioids exist. We recommend that this recognition is used to individualize treatment in difficult cases allowing physicians to have a wide range of treatment options. In the end this will reduce pain and side effects, leading to improved quality of life for the patient and reduce the exploding pain related costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn M Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Pedersen KV, Olesen AE, Drewes AM, Osther PJS. Morphine versus oxycodone analgesia after percutaneous kidney stone surgery: a randomised double blinded study. Urolithiasis 2013; 41:423-30. [PMID: 23828457 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-013-0587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
According to previous studies oxycodone might have some advantages over morphine in the treatment of visceral pain. This study investigated the opioid consumption (primary outcome), pain relief and side effects (secondary outcomes) of morphine versus oxycodone after percutaneous nephrolithotomy using a method where the somatic pain component was minimized. Forty-four adult patients were studied. The patients were randomised to receive either morphine or oxycodone intravenously as postoperative pain treatment. During the first 4 h after surgery the opioid consumption, pain scores and side effects (nausea, dizziness, sedation, respiratory effects and itching) were registered. The postoperative opioid consumption varied considerably between the patients but the mean opioid consumption in the morphine and oxycodone group was comparable (18.93 mg versus 16.15 mg, P = 0.7). Nausea was significantly less frequent with morphine (P = 0.03). In this study morphine and oxycodone produced similar analgesia the first 4 h after surgery but the frequency of nausea was significantly less patient-reported with morphine. The hypothesis that oxycodone would be superior in the treatment of visceral pain after percutaneous kidney stone operation was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Venborg Pedersen
- Urological Research Centre, Department of Urology, Fredericia Hospital-part of Hospital Littlebelt, University of Southern Denmark, Dronningensgade 97, 7000, Fredericia, Denmark
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Sato H, Droney J, Ross J, Olesen AE, Staahl C, Andresen T, Branford R, Riley J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Drewes AM. Gender, variation in opioid receptor genes and sensitivity to experimental pain. Mol Pain 2013; 9:20. [PMID: 23570317 PMCID: PMC3635934 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pain tolerance is subject to considerable inter-individual variation, which may be influenced by a number of genetic and non-genetic factors. The mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors play a role in pain perception and are thought to mediate different pain modalities. The aim of this study was to explore associations between pain thresholds and gender and genetic variants in the three opioid receptor genes (OPRM, OPRD and OPRK). Experimental multi-modal pain data from previously published studies carried out in healthy Caucasian volunteers were used in order to limit the number of confounders to the study outcome. Data on thermal skin pain (n=36), muscle pressure pain (n=31) and mechanical visceral pain (n=50)) tolerance thresholds were included. Results Nineteen genetic polymorphisms were included in linear regression modeling. Males were found to tolerate higher thermal and muscle pressure pain than females (p=0.003 and 0.02). Thirty four percent of variability in thermal skin pain was accounted for by a model consisting of OPRK rs6473799 and gender. This finding was just outside significance when correction for multiple testing was applied. Variability in muscle pressure pain tolerance was associated with OPRK rs7016778 and rs7824175. These SNPs accounted for 43% of variability in muscle pressure pain sensitivity and these findings remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing. No association was found with mechanical visceral pain. Conclusion This is a preliminary and hypothesis generating study due to the relatively small study size. However, significant association between the opioid receptor genes and experimental pain sensitivity supports the influence of genetic variability in pain perception. These findings may be used to generate hypotheses for testing in larger clinical trials of patients with painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Sato
- Clinical Genomics group, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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O'Neill J, Brock C, Olesen AE, Andresen T, Nilsson M, Dickenson AH. Unravelling the mystery of capsaicin: a tool to understand and treat pain. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 64:939-71. [PMID: 23023032 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of pharmacological studies have used capsaicin as a tool to activate many physiological systems, with an emphasis on pain research but also including functions such as the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, and the urinary tract. Understanding the actions of capsaicin led to the discovery its receptor, transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1), part of the superfamily of TRP receptors, sensing external events. This receptor is found on key fine sensory afferents, and so the use of capsaicin to selectively activate pain afferents has been exploited in animal studies, human psychophysics, and imaging studies. Its effects depend on the dose and route of administration and may include sensitization, desensitization, withdrawal of afferent nerve terminals, or even overt death of afferent fibers. The ability of capsaicin to generate central hypersensitivity has been valuable in understanding the consequences and mechanisms behind enhanced central processing of pain. In addition, capsaicin has been used as a therapeutic agent when applied topically, and antagonists of the TRPV1 receptor have been developed. Overall, the numerous uses for capsaicin are clear; hence, the rationale of this review is to bring together and discuss the different types of studies that exploit these actions to shed light upon capsaicin working both as a tool to understand pain but also as a treatment for chronic pain. This review will discuss the various actions of capsaicin and how it lends itself to these different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica O'Neill
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London.
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Abstract
The current gap between animal research and clinical development of analgesic drugs presents a challenge for the application of translational PK-PD modeling and simulation. First, animal pain models lack predictive and construct validity to accurately reflect human pain etiologies and, secondly, clinical pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that can't always be captured by objective and robust measures. These challenges complicate the use of translational PK-PD modeling to project PK-PD data generated in preclinical species to a plausible range of clinical doses. To date only a few drug targets identified in animal studies have shown to be successful in the clinic. PK-PD modeling of biomarkers collected during the early phase of clinical development can bridge animal and clinical pain research. For drugs with novel mechanism of actions understanding of the target pharmacology is essential in order to increase the success of clinical development. There is a specific interest in the application of human pain models that can mimic different aspects of acute/chronic pain symptoms and serves as link between animal and clinical pain research. In early clinical development the main objective of PK-PD modeling is to characterize the relationship between target site binding and downstream biomarkers that have a potential link to the clinical endpoint (e.g. readouts from the human pain models) so as to facilitate the selection of doses for proof of concept studies. In patient studies, the role of PK-PD modeling and simulation is to characterize and confirm patient populations in terms of responder profiles with the aim to find the right dose for the right patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yassen
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe, Elisabethhof 1, PO BOX 108, 2350 AC, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.
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High prevalence of orofacial complaints in patients with fibromyalgia: a case–control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 114:e29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cao M, Liu F, Ji F, Liang J, Liu L, Wu Q, Wang T. Effect of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in morphine-induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Behav Brain Res 2012; 237:249-55. [PMID: 23026374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Opioids have been widely used in clinical practice as potent pain relievers for centuries. However, opioids have many deleterious effects. It has been reported that opioid increases tau protein phosphorylation. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is also a pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease and other chronic neurodegenerative disorders. However, the underlying mechanism by which opioids enhance tau phosphorylation is not yet known. In this study, we treated rat embryo cortical neurons with morphine and observed its effect on tau phosphorylation. We found that morphine induced tau hyperphosphorylation and increased levels of phospho-JNK and phospho-p38; these effects were blocked by pretreatment with naloxone. Inhibition of JNK by SP600125 significantly reduced tau hyperphosphorylation in neurons treated with morphine. Similarly, SB203580, an antagonist of p38 MAPK, abolished tau hyperphosphorylation in neurons treated with morphine. Our data suggest that JNK/p38 MAPK, activated by morphine in an opioid receptor-dependent manner, may lead to tau hyperphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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41
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Juba KM, Wahler RG, Daron SM. Morphine and hydromorphone-induced hyperalgesia in a hospice patient. J Palliat Med 2012; 16:809-12. [PMID: 22925158 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2011.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids including morphine and hydromorphone are widely used for control of moderate to severe pain and dyspnea in hospice and palliative care patients. Accumulation of the active morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and hydromorphone-3-glucuronide (H3G) metabolites is one proposed mechanism for the development of neuroexcitatory effects including allodynia and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). We report the case of a 43-year-old female hospice patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who initially developed allodynia following morphine administration and again following administration of hydromorphone. The allodynia resolved both times following the discontinuation of the opioid and rotation to a different opioid regimen. Potential opioid-induced neuroexcitatory treatment options include opioid rotation to an agent with inactive metabolites, use of adjuvant pain medications for opioid-sparing effects, management of undesired symptoms (e.g., myoclonus), or increasing opioid clearance with intravenous (IV) fluids. Although the incidence is not well defined in the literature, hospice and palliative care clinicians should suspect OIH in patients with allodynia and/or hyperalgesia, especially when repeated dose escalations do not improve analgesia or pain escalates following opioid dose titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Juba
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, New York 14618, USA.
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Olesen AE, Andresen T, Staahl C, Drewes AM. Human experimental pain models for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of analgesic drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:722-79. [PMID: 22722894 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain models in animals have shown low predictivity for analgesic efficacy in humans, and clinical studies are often very confounded, blurring the evaluation. Human experimental pain models may therefore help to evaluate mechanisms and effect of analgesics and bridge findings from basic studies to the clinic. The present review outlines the concept and limitations of human experimental pain models and addresses analgesic efficacy in healthy volunteers and patients. Experimental models to evoke pain and hyperalgesia are available for most tissues. In healthy volunteers, the effect of acetaminophen is difficult to detect unless neurophysiological methods are used, whereas the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could be detected in most models. Anticonvulsants and antidepressants are sensitive in several models, particularly in models inducing hyperalgesia. For opioids, tonic pain with high intensity is attenuated more than short-lasting pain and nonpainful sensations. Fewer studies were performed in patients. In general, the sensitivity to analgesics is better in patients than in healthy volunteers, but the lower number of studies may bias the results. Experimental models have variable reliability, and validity shall be interpreted with caution. Models including deep, tonic pain and hyperalgesia are better to predict the effects of analgesics. Assessment with neurophysiologic methods and imaging is valuable as a supplement to psychophysical methods and can increase sensitivity. The models need to be designed with careful consideration of pharmacological mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of analgesics. Knowledge obtained from this review can help design experimental pain studies for new compounds entering phase I and II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Estrup Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Davis MP. Drug management of visceral pain: concepts from basic research. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:265605. [PMID: 22619712 PMCID: PMC3348642 DOI: 10.1155/2012/265605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral pain is experienced by 40% of the population, and 28% of cancer patients suffer from pain arising from intra- abdominal metastasis or from treatment. Neuroanatomy of visceral nociception and neurotransmitters, receptors, and ion channels that modulate visceral pain are qualitatively or quantitatively different from those that modulate somatic and neuropathic pain. Visceral pain should be recognized as distinct pain phenotype. TRPV1, Na 1.8, and ASIC3 ion channels and peripheral kappa opioid receptors are important mediators of visceral pain. Mu agonists, gabapentinoids, and GABAB agonists reduce pain by binding to central receptors and channels. Combinations of analgesics and adjuvants in animal models have supra-additive antinociception and should be considered in clinical trials. This paper will discuss the neuroanatomy, receptors, ion channels, and neurotransmitters important to visceral pain and provide a basic science rationale for analgesic trials and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P. Davis
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Solid Tumor Division, Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, Taussig Cancer Institute, USA
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Moradi M, Esmaeili S, Shoar S, Safari S. Use of oxycodone in pain management. Anesth Pain Med 2012; 1:262-4. [PMID: 24904812 PMCID: PMC4018705 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxycodone is widely used to alleviate moderate-to severe acute pain, It is an effective analgesic for many types of pain, and is especially useful for paroxysmal spontaneous pain, steady pain, allodynia associated with postherpetic neuralgia, and it is also increasingly used in the management of cancer-related and chronic pain, oxycodone has been found to improve the quality of life of patients with many types of pain. In 2011, following chemical and physical manipulation, an extended-release form of oxycodone was developed in order to maintain its rate-controlling mechanism. This new formulation significantly improved analgesia among patients with moderate-to-severe chronic osteoarthritis pain with an adverse event profile similar to that of other opioids. The long-term safety and efficacy of extended-release form of oxycodone in relieving moderate-to-severe chronic pain has been demonstrated. In this study we discussed about different aspects of this drug in managing of various types of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradi
- Development Association of Clinical Studies (DACS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Esmaeili
- Development Association of Clinical Studies (DACS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shoar
- Development Association of Clinical Studies (DACS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Safari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rasoul Akram Medical Center, Tehran university of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author: Saeid Safari, Department of Anesthesiology, Rasoul Akram Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-9392117300, Fax: +98-2166515758, E-mail:
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Andresen T, Staahl C, Oksche A, Mansikka H, Arendt-Nielsen L, Drewes AM. Effect of transdermal opioids in experimentally induced superficial, deep and hyperalgesic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:934-45. [PMID: 21182491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic pain and hyperalgesia can be difficult to treat with classical opioids acting predominately at the µ-opioid receptor. Buprenorphine and its active metabolite are believed to act through µ-, κ- and δ-receptors and may therefore possess different analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic effects compared with pure µ-receptor agonists, for example, fentanyl. Here, we have compared the analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of buprenorphine and fentanyl. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Twenty-two healthy volunteers were randomized to treatment with transdermal buprenorphine (20 µg·h(-1), 144 h), fentanyl (25 µg·h(-1), 72 h) or placebo patches in a double-blind, cross-over experimental pain study. The experimental pain tests (phasic pain, sensitization) involved pressure at the tibial bone, cutaneous electrical and thermal stimulation, intramuscular nerve growth factor, UVB light burn injury model and intradermal capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. Pain testing was carried out at baseline, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h after application of the drugs. KEY RESULTS Compared with placebo, buprenorphine, but not fentanyl, significantly attenuated pressure at the tibial bone as well as pressure pain in the primary hyperalgesic area induced by UVB light The two drugs were equipotent and better than placebo against cutaneous thermal pain stimulation), but failed to show significant analgesic effect to cutaneous electrical stimulation, nerve growth factor-induced muscle soreness and to capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Buprenorphine, but not fentanyl, showed analgesic effects against experimentally induced, bone-associated pain and primary hyperalgesia compared with placebo. These tissue- and modality-differentiated properties may reflect the variable effects of opioid drugs observed in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Andresen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Abstract
The recent development of consensus guidelines for the preparation and staining of tissues, the publication of the London Classification, and reviews of what is normal in the enteric neuromusculature have been significant steps forward in this field. Increased accessibility to full-thickness biopsies of the bowel wall facilitated by advances in laparoscopic surgery have also played a part in making the decision to ask for a tissue diagnosis easier. Better antibodies for immunohistochemistry and a better understanding of disease processes at work, such as those seen in filamin mutations, all help inform the range of information that can be gleaned from what is usually a very limited sample. Clinical phenotyping remains difficult in many patients, but the availability of specialist pathologic review and the standardization of staining between laboratories are leading to better defined histologic phenotypes, that inform, in turn, possible biological processes at work in these patients. In many instances, a diagnosis may come to light only after some time, and the retention of pathologic samples in paraffin wax, as is standard practice in most laboratories, is of great value in reassessing samples, often after many years, in the light of new advances. The highest quality information, and the best answer for the patient, is, as ever, achieved by close working relationships and excellent communication between clinicians and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Knowles
- Academic Surgical Unit, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, UK.
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McMahon BP, Rao SSC, Gregersen H, Kwiatek MA, Pandolfino JE, Drewes AM, Krarup AL, Lottrup C, Frøkjaer JB. Distensibility testing of the esophagus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1232:331-40. [PMID: 21950823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The following contains commentaries on distensibility testing using the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP); the use of the distention test of the esophageal body in the clinic diagnosis of noncardiac chest pain; the functional lumen imaging in gastroesophageal reflux disease-impaired esophagogastric junction; a multimodal pain model for the esophagus; the rationale for distensibility testing; and further developments in standardized distension protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry P McMahon
- Department of Medical Physics & Clinical Engineering and Trinity College, Adelaide & Meath Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Arendt-Nielsen L, Hoeck HC. Optimizing the early phase development of new analgesics by human pain biomarkers. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:1631-1651. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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