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Niu Q, Zhang T, Mao R, Zhao N, Deng S. Genetic association of lipid and lipid-lowering drug target genes with atopic dermatitis: a drug target Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18097. [PMID: 39103489 PMCID: PMC11300444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggest dyslipidemia as an atopic dermatitis (AD) risk factor and posit that lipid-lowering drugs may influence AD risk, but the causal link remains elusive. Mendelian randomization was applied to elucidate the causal role of serum lipids in AD and assess the therapeutic potential of lipid-lowering drug targets. Genetic variants related to serum lipid traits and lipid-lowering drug targets were sourced from the Global Lipid Genetics Consortium GWAS data. Comprehensive AD data were collated from the UK Biobank, FinnGen, and Biobank Japan. Colocalization, Summary-data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR), and mediation analyses were utilized to validate the results and pinpoint potential mediators. Among assessed targets, only Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) was significantly linked to a reduced AD risk, corroborated across three separate AD cohorts. No association between serum lipid concentrations or other lipid-lowering drug targets and diminished AD risk was observed. Mediation analysis revealed that beta nerve growth factor (b-NGF) might mediate approximately 12.8% of PCSK9's influence on AD susceptibility. Our findings refute dyslipidemia's role in AD pathogenesis. Among explored lipid-lowering drug targets, PCSK9 stands out as a promising therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwang Niu
- Sichuan Polytechnic University, Deyang, 618000, Sichuan, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Nana Zhao
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Sui Deng
- Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (The First People's Hospital of Changde City), Changde, China.
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Lin S, Liu X, Jiang J, Ge W, Zhang Y, Li F, Tao Q, Liu S, Li M, Chen H. The involvement of keratinocytes in pruritus of chronic inflammatory dermatosis. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15142. [PMID: 39032085 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Frequent itching and incessant scratching are commonly observed in various chronic inflammatory skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The persistent and prolonged nature of pruritus can worsen one's quality of life. Keratinocytes (KCs), the predominant cells of the epidermis, have been confirmed to interact with sensory neurons and immune cells and be involved in chronic skin inflammatory diseases associated with pruritus. Initially, KCs and sensory neurons form a unique synapse-like connection within the epidermis, serving as the structural foundation for their interaction. Additionally, several receptors, including toll-like receptors and protease-activated receptor 2, expressed on KCs, become activated in an inflammatory milieu. On the one hand, activated KCs are sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors, such as adenosine triphosphate, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and nerve growth factor, which directly or indirectly participate in stimulating sensory neurons, thereby contributing to the itch sensations. On the other hand, KCs also function as primary transducers alongside intraepidermal nerve endings, directly initiating pruritic responses. This review summarizes the current literature and highlights the critical role of KCs in the development and persistence of chronic itch in inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiang Ge
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinlian Zhang
- Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingxiao Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suwen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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Zhang X, Shen Z, Zhu W, Lin L, Fan Y, Cheng X, Yu M, Yu S, Zhao B. PL-Relief TMplus Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis and Regulates Inflammatory Responses via Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400349. [PMID: 38818651 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) has various detrimental effects on individuals with limited drug cure rates which necessitate the development of new treatment methods. PL-ReliefTMplus (PLR) is composed of SupraOlive, Crocus Sativus extracts and Citrus reticulata extracts. The effect of PLR on AD remains to be explored. METHODS 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD model mice were involved and the histopathology of the skin lesions was observed along with the levels of inflammatory chemokines levels were measured. To further validate the molecular mechanism of PLR, RNA-seq was performed in HaCaT cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate NF-κB signaling pathways response in AD. RESULTS Due to PLR treatment, the thickening of the epidermis and dermis was inhibited and the number of eosinophils, mast cells, and CD4+ T cells in the skin lesion was decreased. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines were decreased in dorsal skin tissues and LPS-stimulated HaCat cells. Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis suggested that most identified downstream biological functions were associated with inflammatory response. PLR inhibited NF-κB signaling in AD mice and HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PLR is a potent therapeutic agent for attenuating symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Shanghai CORDAY Biotechnology Co., LTD, 201403, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shanghai CORDAY Biotechnology Co., LTD, 201403, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyi Fan
- Shanghai CORDAY Biotechnology Co., LTD, 201403, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- Shanghai CORDAY Biotechnology Co., LTD, 201403, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanjian Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
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4
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Misery L, Pierre O, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Lebonvallet N, Chernyshov PV, Le Garrec R, Talagas M. Basic mechanisms of itch. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:11-23. [PMID: 37201903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus (or itch) is an unpleasant sensation leading to a desire to scratch. In the epidermis, there are selective C or Aδ epidermal nerve endings that are pruriceptors. At their other ends, peripheral neurons form synapses with spinal neurons and interneurons. Many areas in the central nervous system are involved in itch processing. Although itch does not occur solely because of parasitic, allergic, or immunologic diseases, it is usually the consequence of neuroimmune interactions. Histamine is involved in a minority of itchy conditions, and many other mediators play a role: cytokines (eg, IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin), neurotransmitters (eg, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, NBNP, endothelin 1, and gastrin-releasing peptide), and neurotrophins (eg, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Moreover, ion channels such as voltage-gated sodium channels, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, transient receptor ankyrin, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 play a crucial role. The main markers of nonhistaminergic pruriceptors are PAR-2 and MrgprX2. A notable phenomenon is the sensitization to pruritus, in which regardless of the initial cause of pruritus, there is an increased responsiveness of peripheral and central pruriceptive neurons to their normal or subthreshold afferent input in the context of chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Misery
- Laboratoire Interactions Neurones-Keratinocytes (LINK), University of Brest, Brest, France; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France.
| | - Ophélie Pierre
- Laboratoire Interactions Neurones-Keratinocytes (LINK), University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Christelle Le Gall-Ianotto
- Laboratoire Interactions Neurones-Keratinocytes (LINK), University of Brest, Brest, France; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Nicolas Lebonvallet
- Laboratoire Interactions Neurones-Keratinocytes (LINK), University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Pavel V Chernyshov
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Raphaële Le Garrec
- Laboratoire Interactions Neurones-Keratinocytes (LINK), University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Matthieu Talagas
- Laboratoire Interactions Neurones-Keratinocytes (LINK), University of Brest, Brest, France; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
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5
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Tseng PY, Hoon MA. GPR15L is an epithelial inflammation-derived pruritogen. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7342. [PMID: 35704588 PMCID: PMC9200282 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that often accompanies chronic dermatological conditions. Although many of the itch receptors and the neural pathways underlying this sensation are known, the identity of endogenous ligands is still not fully appreciated. Using an unbiased bioinformatic approach, we identified GPR15L as a candidate pruritogen whose expression is robustly up-regulated in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Although GPR15L was previously shown to be a cognate ligand of the receptor GPR15, expressed in dermal T cells, here we show that it also contributes to pruritogenesis by activating Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPRs). GPR15L can selectively stimulate mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons that express Mrgpra3 and evokes intense itch responses. GPR15L causes mast cell degranulation through stimulation of MRGPRX2 and Mrgprb2. Genetic disruption of GPR15L expression attenuates scratch responses in a mouse model of psoriasis. Our study reveals unrecognized features of GRP15L, showing that it is a potent itch-inducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang-Yen Tseng
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Singh S, Behl T, Sharma N, Zahoor I, Chigurupati S, Yadav S, Rachamalla M, Sehgal A, Naved T, Arora S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Mohan S, Aleya L, Bungau S. Targeting therapeutic approaches and highlighting the potential role of nanotechnology in atopic dermatitis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32605-32630. [PMID: 35195869 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic as well as widespread skin disease which has significant influence on the life attributes of affected people and their families. Systemic immunosuppressive drugs can be utilised for effective care of disease, although they are often prescribed for rigorous disruption or disease that is complicated to manage. Therefore, topical applications of corticosteroids are considered the primary pharmacologic therapies for atopic dermatitis, and research recommends that these medications might be helpful in preventing disease flare-ups. However, topical medicine administration to deeper layers of skin is challenging because of the skin anatomic barrier that restricts deeper drug permeation, and also due to barrier function abnormalities in atopic dermatitis skin, which might result in systemic drug absorption, provoking systemic consequences. Hence, effective management of atopic dermatitis needs new, effective, safe and targeted treatments. Therefore, nanotechnology-based topical therapeutics have attracted much interest nowadays because of their tendency to increase drug diffusion and bioavailability along with enormous drug targeting potential to affected cells, and, thereby, reducing the adverse effects of medications. In this review, we mention different symptoms of atopic dermatitis, and provide an overview of the different triggering factors causing atopic dermatitis, with emphasis on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features and diagnostic, and preventive measures. This review discusses existing therapeutics for treating atopic dermatitis, and the newer approaches as well as the current classical pharmacotherapy of atopic dermatitis against new nanoparticle skin delivery systems. This review has also briefly summarised the recent patents and clinical status of therapeutic modalities for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishrat Zahoor
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicine Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shivam Yadav
- Yashraj Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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7
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Bawany F, Northcott CA, Beck LA, Pigeon WR. Sleep Disturbances and Atopic Dermatitis: Relationships, Methods for Assessment, and Therapies. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 9:1488-1500. [PMID: 33321263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin conditions and is associated with sleep disturbances in 47% to 80% of children and 33% to 90% of adults. Herein, we review the literature on sleep disturbances experienced by patients with atopic dermatitis, as well as the mechanisms that may underlie this. We present subjective and objective methods for measuring sleep quantity and quality and discuss strategies for management. Unfortunately, the literature on this topic remains sparse, with most studies evaluating sleep as a secondary outcome using subjective measures. The development of portable, at-home methods for more objective measures offers new opportunities to better evaluate sleep disturbances in atopic dermatitis research studies and in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Bawany
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Carrie A Northcott
- Early Clinical Development, Digital Medicine and Translational Imaging, Pfizer, Inc, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Lisa A Beck
- Department of Dermatology, Medicine and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Wilfred R Pigeon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
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8
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Abstract
Itch treatment is a major challenge in the dermatologist’s practice. We encounter patients suffering from pruritus on a regular basis, and often lack diverse treatment options to adequately respond to the patients’ needs. In the last 20 years, novel pathways have been investigated that were beyond the scope of histamine. Although most did not result in a molecule available on the Canadian market, it is interesting and important as health care providers to stay up to date with new neuronal pathways involved in itch transmission and potential new therapeutic options. In this review, we will discuss pathways targeted in new topical treatments such as antagonist of proteinase-activated receptor-2, the endocannabinoid system, neurotrophins and tropomyosin-related kinase A receptor, the transient receptor potential-vanilloid or transient receptor potential-melastatine ion channels. New systemic therapies are now focusing on antagonizing the neurokinin receptor, modulating the opioidergic system, or targeting itch cytokines such as interleukin-31.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Misery
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Brest, France
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9
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Choi JE, Di Nardo A. Skin neurogenic inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:249-259. [PMID: 29713744 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis closely interacts with nerve endings, and both epidermis and nerves produce substances for mutual sustenance. Neuropeptides, like substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), are produced by sensory nerves in the dermis; they induce mast cells to release vasoactive amines that facilitate infiltration of neutrophils and T cells. Some receptors are more important than others in the generation of itch. The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr) family as well as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and protease activated receptor 2(Par2) have important roles in itch and inflammation. The activation of MrgprX1 degranulates mast cells to communicate with sensory nerve and cutaneous cells for developing neurogenic inflammation. Mrgprs and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) are crucial for the generation of skin diseases like rosacea, while SP, CGRP, somatostatin, β-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can modulate the immune system during psoriasis development. The increased level of SP, in atopic dermatitis, induces the release of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 from the peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. We are finally starting to understand the intricate connections between the skin neurons and resident skin cells and how their interaction can be key to controlling inflammation and from there the pathogenesis of diseases like atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Choi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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10
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Laprais A, Dunston SM, Torres SMF, Favrot C, Olivry T. Evaluation of intraepidermal nerve fibres in the skin of normal and atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:355-e80. [PMID: 28133844 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in intraepidermal nerve fibres (IENFs) is rising in human medicine, because variations in fibre density occur in some diseases and these neurites might contribute to disease pathogenesis. An increase in IENF density is seen in human atopic dermatitis (AD); there are no such data in atopic dogs. OBJECTIVES To compare the prevalence of IENFs in normal and atopic canine skin. METHODS Eight millimetre skin punch biopsies were taken from six sites of 25 healthy dogs without dermatitis and compared to lesional and nonlesional skin samples of dogs with AD (23 and 14 dogs, respectively). Thirty micrometre-thick paraffin-embedded sections were stained by indirect immunofluorescence for neuronal beta-3 tubulin. Only sections with detectable dermal nerves were then screened for the presence of IENFs. RESULTS IENFs were identified in all 25 normal nasal planum sections, but in only one biopsy collected from each of the normal canine haired skin (NCHS) sites. As there was no significant difference in IENF prevalence between NCHS areas, they were grouped together. The rate of detection of IENFs was significantly higher (one-tailed Fisher's test, P = 0.004) in lesional AD specimens (18 of 23; 78%) than in nonlesional AD (four of 14; 29%) and NCHS specimens (four of 111; 4%, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of IENF detection in nonlesional AD samples was significantly higher than in normal canine skin (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE IENFs are detected more commonly in canine AD than in normal haired skin; these results are comparable to those seen for human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Laprais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Stanley M Dunston
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Sheila M F Torres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Claude Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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11
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Gaspar NK, Aidé MK. Atopic dermatitis: allergic dermatitis or neuroimmune dermatitis? An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91:479-88. [PMID: 27579744 PMCID: PMC4999107 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in knowledge of neurocellulars relations have provided new directions in the understanding and treatment of numerous conditions, including atopic dermatitis. It is known that emotional, physical, chemical or biological stimuli can generate more accentuated responses in atopic patients than in non-atopic individuals; however, the complex network of control covered by these influences, especially by neuropeptides and neurotrophins, and their genetic relations, still keep secrets to be revealed. Itching and airway hyperresponsiveness, the main aspects of atopy, are associated with disruption of the neurosensory network activity. Increased epidermal innervation and production of neurotrophins, neuropeptides, cytokines and proteases, in addition to their relations with the sensory receptors in an epidermis with poor lipid mantle, are the aspects currently covered for understanding atopic dermatitis.
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12
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Chuquilin M, Alghalith Y, Fernandez KH. Neurocutaneous disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:197-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Matsumura S, Terao M, Murota H, Katayama I. Th2 cytokines enhance TrkA expression, upregulate proliferation, and downregulate differentiation of keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:215-23. [PMID: 25823576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that plays a critical role in developmental neurobiology, is released by proliferating keratinocytes and induces proliferation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA), a high-affinity receptor of NGF, in human keratinocytes. METHODS Expression of TrkA and NGF in skin diseases was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of TrkA in cells was examined by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed by BrdU assay. RESULTS We first determined the expression of TrkA and NGF in skin samples from patients with atopic dermatitis, prurigo nodularis, psoriasis vulgaris, and seborrheic keratosis. TrkA was only expressed in proliferating basal cells, and its expression was enhanced in atopic dermatitis samples. NGF expression was enhanced in atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis samples and in some samples from seborrheic keratosis patients. Investigation of the role of TrkA in vitro using normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) revealed that TrkA was significantly enhanced by the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 but not by other inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, or epidermal growth factor. On the other hand, expression of NGF was not altered by Th2 cytokines. Notably, inhibition of TrkA significantly reversed the effects of IL-4 on proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of TrkA enhanced proliferation of NHEK. These results indicate that IL-4-induced TrkA expression in keratinocytes modulates proliferation and differentiation of these cells. CONCLUSION Increased TrkA expression in keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis may contribute to the observed epidermal hyperproliferation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Matsumura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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The excimer lamp induces cutaneous nerve degeneration and reduces scratching in a dry-skin mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2977-2984. [PMID: 24940652 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal hyperinnervation, which is thought to underlie intractable pruritus, has been observed in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). The epidermal expression of axonal guidance molecules has been reported to regulate epidermal hyperinnervation. Previously, we showed that the excimer lamp has antihyperinnervative effects in nonpruritic dry-skin model mice, although epidermal expression of axonal guidance molecules was unchanged. Therefore, we investigated the antipruritic effects of excimer lamp irradiation and its mechanism of action. A single irradiation of AD model mice significantly inhibited itch-related behavior 1 day later, following improvement in the dermatitis score. In addition, irradiation of nerve fibers formed by cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons increased bleb formation and decreased nerve fiber expression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2, suggesting degenerative changes in these fibers. We also analyzed whether attaching a cutoff excimer filter (COF) to the lamp, thus decreasing cytotoxic wavelengths, altered hyperinnervation and the production of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), a DNA damage marker, in dry-skin model mice. Irradiation with COF decreased CPD production in keratinocytes, as well as having an antihyperinnervative effect, indicating that the antipruritic effects of excimer lamp irradiation with COF are due to induction of epidermal nerve degeneration and reduced DNA damage.
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Tominaga M, Takamori K. Itch and nerve fibers with special reference to atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications. J Dermatol 2014; 41:205-12. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Urayasu Chiba Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Urayasu Chiba Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital; Urayasu Chiba Japan
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Tominaga M, Takamori K. Recent advances in pathophysiological mechanisms of itch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Indo Y. Nerve growth factor, pain, itch and inflammation: lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:1707-24. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic pruritus (CP), defined as itch lasting for > 6 weeks, is a burdensome symptom of several different diseases, dermatological and systemic, with a high negative impact on the quality of life of patients. Given the manifold aetiologies of CP, therapy is often difficult. In recent years, however, novel substances have been developed for treatment of certain CP entities and identified targets. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors present a survey of targets currently believed to be promising (H4R, IL-31, MOR, KOR, GRPR, NGF, NK-1R, TRP channels) and related investigational drugs that are in the preclinical or clinical stage of development. Some substances have already undergone clinical testing, but only one of them (nalfurafine) has been licensed so far. Many of them are most likely to exert their effects on the skin and interfere there with the cutaneous neurobiology of CP. EXPERT OPINION Currently, the most promising candidates for new therapeutic agents in CP are neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists and substances targeting the kappa- or mu-opioid receptor, or both. They have the potential to target the neuronal pathway of CP and are thus of interest for several CP entities. The goal for the coming years is to validate these concepts and move forward in developing new drugs for the therapy of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Benecke
- University Medicine Göttingen, Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Scalp pruritus is a common complaint that is considered a diagnostically and therapeutically challenging situation. Scalp skin has a unique neural structure that contains densely innervated hair follicles and dermal vasculature. In spite of the recent advances in our understanding of itch pathophysiology, scalp itching has not been studied as yet. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the neurobiology of scalp and hair follicles as well as itch mediators and provide a putative mechanism for scalp itch with special emphasis on neuroanatomy and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Bin Saif
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Topically applied semaphorin 3A ointment inhibits scratching behavior and improves skin inflammation in NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tanaka A, Amagai Y, Oida K, Matsuda H. Recent Findings in Mouse Models for Human Atopic Dermatitis. Exp Anim 2012; 61:77-84. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yosuke Amagai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kumiko Oida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Papoiu AD, Wang H, Nattkemper L, Tey HL, Ishiuji Y, Chan YH, Schmelz M, Yosipovitch G. A study of serum concentrations and dermal levels of NGF in atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:417-22. [PMID: 21893340 PMCID: PMC3659813 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) was reported to be increased in the serum and skin of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients, to the extent that serum nerve growth factor levels were proposed to serve as a marker of disease severity. We studied NGF levels in the serum and dermis using skin microdialysis and attempted to correlate them with disease severity. We also examined if potential differences between morning and evening levels of NGF can explain the phenomenon of nocturnal itch. In addition, neurogenic inflammation and itch were induced using histamine iontophoresis in lesional and non-lesional skin and the effect of experimental itch on dermal NGF concentration was examined. We found that systemic (serum) and eczematous skin levels of NGF in AD are significantly lower in comparison to healthy controls. Serum NGF decreases from morning to late afternoon in both groups. Interestingly, serum NGF levels were correlated to disease severity in the morning in AD, although the NGF concentration in AD were significantly lower than in the healthy group. The local itch and neurogenic inflammation induction via experimental histamine reduced local NGF levels in the eczema and non-lesional skin in atopics, but not in the healthy controls, where it was slightly increased. The higher the clinical severity of the eczema, a significantly less pronounced effect of neurogenic inflammation on the local levels of NGF was found. The availability of measurable NGF might be reduced by a higher expression of NGF receptors. The fluctuations of NGF levels during the day suggest a complex modulation of this neurotrophin, potentially linked to stress or to an altered neurophysiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru D.P. Papoiu
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Leigh Nattkemper
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yozo Ishiuji
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yiong-Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Clinical Research Centre, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. Tel.: +1 (336) 716 2901; fax: +1 (336) 716 7732. (G. Yosipovitch)
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Tominaga M, Tengara S, Kamo A, Ogawa H, Takamori K. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 is involved in dermal nerve growth: implications for possible application to pruritus from in vitro models. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2105-12. [PMID: 21697883 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous nerve density is related to abnormal itch perception in dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and xerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the elongation of dermal nerve fibers within the interstitial collagen (CoL) matrix are poorly understood. In this study, a culture system of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons consisting of type I CoL and a Boyden chamber containing a nerve growth factor (NGF) concentration gradient was used. Nerve fibers penetrating into type I CoL gel were observed in the presence of the NGF concentration gradient. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) mRNA and protein were increased in the cultured neurons and the conditioned medium, respectively. The nerve fiber penetration was dose dependently inhibited by MMP-8 blockers. Moreover, MMP-8 immunoreactivity was partially localized at growth cones in NGF-responsive nerve fibers. Semaphorin 3A stimulation also showed the opposite effects on these NGF-dependent events. Intriguingly, MMP-8 expression was upregulated by type I and III CoLs, which are substrates for this enzyme. These results suggested that MMP-8 is involved in sensory nerve growth within the interstitial CoL matrix through modulation by the axonal guidance molecules and/or extracellular matrix components. These findings provide insight into the development of pruritus involving skin nerve density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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25
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Saito A, Tanaka H, Usuda H, Shibata T, Higashi S, Yamashita H, Inagaki N, Nagai H. Characterization of skin inflammation induced by repeated exposure of toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:224-232. [PMID: 19904815 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered the main cause of sick building syndrome and they are likely to irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membrane; however, the toxic threshold and the mechanisms of cutaneous reaction induced by long-time VOC exposure have not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effect of repeated painting of VOCs onto mouse skin. Various concentrations of toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde (FA) were applied once a week for 5 weeks. While FA solution (2-10%) induced remarkable ear swelling and caused evident infiltration of inflammatory cells, high concentrations of toluene and xylene (50 or 100%) evoked mild ear swelling and marginal inflammatory cell invasion. In addition, FA exposure markedly increased the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) mRNAs in the ears and IL-4 and NT-3 mRNAs in the cervical lymph nodes. Furthermore, capsazepine, a TRPV-1 antagonist, significantly suppressed ear swelling caused by repeated painting of 5% FA. These findings demonstrate that FA has more potent irritancy against skin than toluene or xylene and suggest that the Th2 response, neurotrophins and TRPV-1 play important roles in FA-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaka Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Tey HL, Yosipovitch G. Targeted treatment of pruritus: a look into the future. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 21219293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10217.x.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in pruritus research have elucidated mediators and neuronal pathways involved in itch transmission, and this fast emerging knowledge may possibly be translated into new therapies in the near future. In the skin and peripheral nerves, potential mediator and receptor therapeutic targets include the H4 histamine receptor, protease-activated receptor 2, serine proteases, cathepsin S, peripheral mu- and kappa-opioid receptors, interleukin-31, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and 3, fatty acid amide hydrolase, nerve growth factor and its receptor, acetylcholine, and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors. In the spinal cord, gastrin-related peptide and its receptor, as well as substance P and its receptor neurokinin receptor-1 serve as potential therapeutic targets. In the brain, reduction of itch perception and modulation of emotions may possibly be achieved through drugs acting on the anterior cingulate cortex. Clinically, management of pruritus should be instituted early and should address the skin pathology, peripheral neuropathy, central sensitization, and the cognito-affective aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Tey
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1071, USA
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Abstract
Recent advances in pruritus research have elucidated mediators and neuronal pathways involved in itch transmission, and this fast emerging knowledge may possibly be translated into new therapies in the near future. In the skin and peripheral nerves, potential mediator and receptor therapeutic targets include the H4 histamine receptor, protease-activated receptor 2, serine proteases, cathepsin S, peripheral mu- and kappa-opioid receptors, interleukin-31, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and 3, fatty acid amide hydrolase, nerve growth factor and its receptor, acetylcholine, and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors. In the spinal cord, gastrin-related peptide and its receptor, as well as substance P and its receptor neurokinin receptor-1 serve as potential therapeutic targets. In the brain, reduction of itch perception and modulation of emotions may possibly be achieved through drugs acting on the anterior cingulate cortex. Clinically, management of pruritus should be instituted early and should address the skin pathology, peripheral neuropathy, central sensitization, and the cognito-affective aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Tey
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1071, USA
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Hashimoto Y, Shuto T, Mizunoe S, Tomita A, Koga T, Sato T, Takeya M, Suico MA, Niibori A, Sugahara T, Shimasaki S, Sugiyama T, Scholte B, Kai H. CFTR-deficiency renders mice highly susceptible to cutaneous symptoms during mite infestation. J Transl Med 2011; 91:509-18. [PMID: 21135815 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus, also known as itch, is a sensation that causes a desire to scratch. Prolonged scratching exacerbates skin lesions in several skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Here, we identify the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR/Cftr), an integral membrane protein that mediates transepithelial chloride transport, as a determinant factor in mice for the susceptibility to several cutaneous symptoms during mite infestation. Mice that endogenously express dysfunctional Cftr (Cftr(ΔF508/ΔF508)) show significant increase of scratching behavior and skin fibrosis after mite exposure. These phenotypes were due to the increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) that augments the sensitization of peripheral nerve fibers. Moreover, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5)-positive neurites were abundant in the epidermis of mite-infested Cftr(ΔF508/ΔF508) mice. Furthermore, mite-infested Cftr(+/+) mice orally administered with a chloride channel inhibitor glibenclamide had higher scratching count and increased level of NGF than vehicle-treated mice. Consistently, mite extract-exposed primary and transformed human keratinocytes, treated with CFTR inhibitor, had significantly higher level of NGF mRNA compared with vehicle-treated, mite extract-exposed cells. These results reveal that CFTR in keratinocytes plays a critical role for the regulation of peripheral nerve function and pruritus sensation, and suggest that Cftr(ΔF508/ΔF508) mice may serve as a novel mouse model that represents NGF-dependent generation of pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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TAKANO N, INOKUCHI Y, KURACHI M. Effects of Ethanol Extracts of Herbal Medicines on Dermatitis in an Atopic Dermatitis Mouse Model. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:581-6. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu TAKANO
- Materials Research & Development, R&D Laboratories, Self Medication Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yuki INOKUCHI
- Materials Research & Development, R&D Laboratories, Self Medication Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Michio KURACHI
- Kampo & Herval, R&D Headquarters, Self Medication Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Davis JA, Visscher MO, Wickett RR, Hoath SB. Role of TNF-α polymorphism -308 in neurosensory irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:105-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Peters EM, Liezmann C, Spatz K, Daniltchenko M, Joachim R, Gimenez-Rivera A, Hendrix S, Botchkarev VA, Brandner JM, Klapp BF. Nerve Growth Factor Partially Recovers Inflamed Skin from Stress-Induced Worsening in Allergic Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:735-43. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kido M, Takeuchi S, Esaki H, Hayashida S, Furue M. Scratching behavior does not necessarily correlate with epidermal nerve fiber sprouting or inflammatory cell infiltration. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 58:130-5. [PMID: 20399618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased sprouting of epidermal nerve fibers of lesional skin are thought to be associated with persistent pruritus in chronic inflammatory dermatitis such as atopic dermatitis as supported by a murine study using tacrolimus (or FK506: FK) which was shown to inhibit both epidermal sprouting of nerves and scratching behavior or by immunohistochemical observations of lesional skin in the patients with atopic dermatitis or prurigo, etc. OBJECTIVES To examine a mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor (CX-659S: CX) for a possible anti-pruritic property in vivo since some MEK1/2 inhibitors have been reported to inhibit neurite growth in vitro. METHODS CX, FK and corticosteroids (betamethasone valerate: BV) were topically applied on inflamed skin in a mouse model of chronic dermatitis using repetitive hapten painting to examine anti-pruritic property and anti-inflammatory effects. Scratching behaviors were assessed using MicroAct automatic measuring system, and epidermal sprouting of nerves and skin inflammation was assessed histologically. RESULTS FK significantly decrease scratching behavior, but CX and BV failed to do so despite of their ability to significantly inhibit epidermal nerve fiber sprouting and skin inflammation, respectively. In addition, CX+BV mixture synergistically inhibited epidermal nerve fiber sprouting and skin inflammation even more potently than FK without decreasing scratching behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the scratching behavior does not necessarily correlate with epidermal nerve fiber sprouting or inflammatory cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kido
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on scratching behavior in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:304-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tengara S, Tominaga M, Kamo A, Taneda K, Negi O, Ogawa H, Takamori K. Keratinocyte-derived anosmin-1, an extracellular glycoprotein encoded by the X-linked Kallmann syndrome gene, is involved in modulation of epidermal nerve density in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 58:64-71. [PMID: 20219326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal nerve density is increased in atopic dermatitis (AD), suggesting that the hyperinnervation is partly responsible for abnormal itch perception. It is probably controlled by axonal guidance molecules produced by keratinocytes. An extracellular matrix glycoprotein anosmin-1 encoded by KAL1 has chemoattractive or chemorepulsive effects on different neuronal types. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the roles of anosmin-1 in skin innervation. METHODS Rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones were cultured in conditioned medium from control or KAL1-overexpressing cells for neurite outgrowth assay. KAL1 expression in cultured epidermal keratinocytes or human skin was examined by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Anosmin-1 distribution in normal and atopic skin was examined immunohistochemically. The effects of calcium concentrations and cytokines on KAL1 expression in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were analysed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Neurite outgrowth in cultured DRG neurones was inhibited by conditioned medium from KAL1-overexpressing cells, while it was rescued by addition of recombinant fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 for capturing anosmin-1. KAL1 transcripts were expressed in cultured keratinocytes or in normal skin. Anosmin-1 was strongly expressed in the basal cell layer of normal skin, but decreased in atopic skin, concomitant with increases of epidermal nerve fibres. KAL1 expression was downregulated during keratinocyte differentiation. The expression was also upregulated by interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13 or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. TGF-beta1 acted synergistically with IL-13 to enhance KAL1 expression, while interferon-gamma inhibited its expression. CONCLUSION Anosmin-1 produced by epidermal keratinocytes in response to calcium concentrations or cytokines may modulate epidermal nerve density in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhandy Tengara
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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Tominaga M, Kamo A, Tengara S, Ogawa H, Takamori K. In vitromodel for penetration of sensory nerve fibres on a Matrigel basement membrane: implications for possible application to intractable pruritus. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:1028-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taneda K, Tominaga M, Tengara S, Ogawa H, Takamori K. Neurotropin inhibits both capsaicin-induced substance P release and nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurones. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 35:73-7. [PMID: 19874332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotropin (NTP), a biological extract from rabbit skin inoculated with vaccinia virus, is an effective analgesic and anti-allergic agent, and has antipruritic effects in various dermatoses including eczema, dermatitis and urticaria. In patients receiving haemodialysis who have pruritus, NTP appears to exert its antipruritic effect by lowering the plasma levels of substance P (SP), but its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. AIM To investigate the antipruritic mechanisms of NTP. METHODS The effects of NTP on capsaicin-induced SP release from neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones were assessed by measuring SP concentrations in culture media by a competitive ELISA. The effects of NTP on nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth were assessed by measuring the length of the longest process of cultured DRG neurones. The neuronal cytotoxicity of NTP was determined using a methylthiazole tetrazolium cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS NTP dose-dependently inhibited capsaicin-induced release of SP from cultured DRG neurones, whereas NTP alone had no effect on SP release. Moreover, NTP dose-dependently inhibited NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in cultured DRG neurones. NTP had no observable cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NTP exerts its antipruritic effects by inhibiting both SP release and neurite outgrowth of cutaneous sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taneda
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
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Psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy alters epidermal Sema3A and NGF levels and modulates epidermal innervation in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 55:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, affecting 10-20% of children and 2% of adults worldwide. Preventive treatment of AD consists of daily skin hydration and emollient therapy; but the majority of patients still require symptomatic treatment with topical corticosteroids and/or topical calcineurin inhibitors, both of which may be associated with potential long-term side effects. With increasing evidence supporting the role of skin barrier defects in the pathogenesis of AD, there is also a parallel increase in medications that claim to assist barrier repair. The current review discusses some exciting results with these medications, as well as the challenges that lie ahead of them. While barrier repair treatments offer some promise, there continues to be a need for safer anti-inflammatory medications. Some of these medications under investigation are phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, urocanic acid oxidation products and IL-4/IL-13 receptor blockers. The review also discusses anti-staphylococcal treatments including nanocrystalline silver cream, silver and antimicrobial-coated fabrics, and anti-itch treatments including mu-opiod receptor antagonists, chymase inhibitors and cannabinoid receptor agonists. These medications may become an integral part of AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peck Y Ong
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA.
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Hoffjan S, Parwez Q, Petrasch-Parwez E, Stemmler S. Variation in the BDNF and NGFB genes in German atopic dermatitis patients. Mol Cell Probes 2009; 23:35-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yamaguchi J, Aihara M, Kobayashi Y, Kambara T, Ikezawa Z. Quantitative analysis of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the atopic dermatitis and psoriasis horny layer and effect of treatment on NGF in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 53:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Takaoka K, Shirai Y, Saito N. Inflammatory Cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Enhances Nerve Growth Factor Production in Human Keratinocytes, HaCaT Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 111:381-91. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09143fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Overexpression of functional TrkA receptors after internalisation in human airway smooth muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1964-71. [PMID: 18573284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of the TrkA receptor after stimulation by NGF is of emerging importance in structural cells in the context of airway inflammatory diseases. We have recently reported the expression of functional TrkA receptors in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC). We have here studied the TrkA trafficking mechanisms in these cells. TrkA disappearance from the cell membrane was induced within 5 min of NGF (3pM) stimulation. Co-immunoprecipitation of clathrin-TrkA was revealed, and TrkA internalisation inhibited either by clathrin inhibitors or by siRNA inducing downregulation of endogenous clathrin. TrkA internalised receptors were totally degraded in lysosomes, with no recycling phenomenon. Newly synthesized TrkA receptors were thereafter re-expressed at the cell membrane within 10 h. TrkA re-synthesis was inhibited by blockade of clathrin-dependent internalisation, but not of TrkA receptors lysosomal degradation. Finally, we observed that NGF multiple stimulations progressively increased TrkA expression in HASMC, which was associated with an increase in NGF/TrkA-dependent proliferation. In conclusion, we show here the occurrence of clathrin-dependent TrkA internalisation and lysosomal degradation in the airway smooth muscle, followed by upregulated re-synthesis of functional TrkA receptors and increased proliferative effect in the human airway smooth muscle. This may have pathophysiological consequences in airway inflammatory diseases.
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Schulte-Herbrüggen O, Fölster-Holst R, von Elstermann M, Augustin M, Hellweg R. Clinical relevance of nerve growth factor serum levels in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 144:211-6. [PMID: 17579279 DOI: 10.1159/000103994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to act as a potent mediator in neuroinflammatory processes. Recent studies point to a role of NGF in the skin pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Hereby, NGF was found to interact with the major cellular components (mast cells and eosinophils) of both skin diseases. OBJECTIVES In order to investigate NGF serum levels as a possible clinical marker of disease activity and immunological status, we determined serum NGF, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), total IgE and score of AD (SCORAD) in 57 patients with AD as well as NGF and the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) in 17 patients with psoriasis. Fifty healthy subjects served as controls. METHODS We used a highly sensitive improved fluorometric two-site ELISA system for serum NGF detection. IgE and ECP were measured by CAP-FEIA and radioimmunoassay. RESULTS We did not find a significant correlation between NGF and either ECP, total IgE, or severity of disease assessed by SCORAD. Also in patients with psoriasis, there was no significant correlation with disease activity determined by PASI. CONCLUSION Even though there is increasing evidence showing NGF to be involved in the local inflammatory pathophysiology of AD within skin lesions, our findings suggest that NGF systemic serum concentration is not a suitable parameter to estimate the clinical or immunological status of AD or psoriasis patients. This result is inconsistent with some previous studies showing a positive correlation of serum NGF with AD severity, which might be, for example, due to the fact that the present results are corrected for unspecific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schulte-Herbrüggen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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