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Thachil J. Russell Viper Venom: A Journey from the Bedside to the Bench and Back to the Bedside. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:115-118. [PMID: 37506733 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Russell Viper Venom (RVV) is widely used as a diagnostic test for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). But the history of how this venom came to be discovered is well known. Dr Patrick Russell is responsible for the identification of the venom during his work on snake bites in India while Dr Robert Macfarlane used it to staunch bleeding in persons with haemophilia. The ability to directly activate factor X led RVV to the laboratory diagnosis of APS. More recently, it has come back to clinical world with a potential for an engineered factor X activator from RVV to be used in the treatment of haemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jecko Thachil
- Department of Haematology, Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Veizaj D, den Exter PL, Bos MHA. Russell's viper venom: from diagnostic to bypassing agent for hemophilia? J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1429-1431. [PMID: 37179074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejvid Veizaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul L den Exter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mettine H A Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Background Thrombosis and coagulopathy are the commonest hematological manifestations of envenomation of Russell’s viper venom (RVV). Factor X is activated by a factor X-activating enzyme from Russell’s viper venom (RVV-X) to start the coagulation cascade. We established an animal model with local ischemic effects induced by RVV. We tried to treat RVV envenomation with antiplatelets and anticoagulants without recourse to antivenom. Methods RVV was injected into the foot pad of mice. We observed the effects at different intervals and compared local changes in ischemia with drug treatment after 30 min. Results A combination of aspirin plus tirofiban could prevent the ischemic change induced by RVV. The antithrombotic effects of single-use of aspirin or tirofiban were better than single-use of heparin or clopidogrel. Conclusion The aspirin + tirofiban group had a better outcome with respect to prevention of tissue ischemia and gangrene. This indicates that the activation and aggregation of platelets is the major cause of thrombosis induced by RVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Chieh Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tse Chou
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kuang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, Taiwan ; Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan ; Branch of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, Taiwan
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Abstract
Recent proteomic analyses of snake venoms show that metalloproteinases represent major components in most of the Crotalid and Viperid venoms. In this chapter we discuss the multiple activities of the SVMPs. In addition to hemorrhagic activity, members of the SVMP family also have fibrin(ogen)olytic activity, act as prothrombin activators, activate blood coagulation factor X, possess apoptotic activity, inhibit platelet aggregation, are pro-inflammatory and inactivate blood serine proteinase inhibitors. Clearly the SVMPs have multiple functions in addition to their well-known hemorrhagic activity. The realization that there are structural variations in the SVMPs and the early studies that led to their classification represents an important event in our understanding of the structural forms of the SVMPs. The SVMPs were subdivided into the P-I, P-II and P-III protein classes. The noticeable characteristic that distinguished the different classes was their size (molecular weight) differences and domain structure: Class I (P-I), the small SVMPs, have molecular masses of 20-30 kDa, contain only a pro domain and the proteinase domain; Class II (P-II), the medium size SVMPs, molecular masses of 30-60 kDa, contain the pro domain, proteinase domain and disintegrin domain; Class III (P-III), the large SVMPs, have molecular masses of 60-100 kDa, contain pro, proteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domain structure. Another significant advance in the SVMP field was the characterization of the crystal structure of the first P-I class SVMP. The structures of other P-I SVMPs soon followed and the structures of P-III SVMPs have also been determined. The active site of the metalloproteinase domain has a consensus HEXXHXXGXXHD sequence and a Met-turn. The "Met-turn" structure contains a conserved Met residue that forms a hydrophobic basement for the three zinc-binding histidines in the consensus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis S Markland
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Cancer Research Laboratory #106, 1303 N. Mission Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Marsh N. A BRIEF HISTORY OF SNAKE VENOMS AFFECTING HEMOSTASIS. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540600567271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Esnouf MP, Macfarlane RG. Enzymology and the blood clotting mechanism. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 30:255-315. [PMID: 4873442 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122754.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Breckenridge RT, Ratnoff OD. The Role of Proaccelerin in Human Blood Coagulation. Evidence that Proaccelerin Is Converted to a Prothrombin-converting Principle by Activated Stuart Factor: With Notes on the Anticoagulant Action of Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor, Protamine Sulfate, and Hexadimethrine Bromide. J Clin Invest 2006; 44:302-14. [PMID: 16695912 PMCID: PMC292478 DOI: 10.1172/jci105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R T Breckenridge
- Department of Medicine, Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
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ESNOUF MP, WILLIAMS WJ. The isolation and purification of a bovine-plasma protein which is a substrate for the coagulant fraction of Russell's-viper venom. Biochem J 1998; 84:62-71. [PMID: 13890775 PMCID: PMC1243622 DOI: 10.1042/bj0840062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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MACFARLANE RG. AN ENZYME CASCADE IN THE BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM, AND ITS FUNCTION AS A BIOCHEMICAL AMPLIFIER. Nature 1996; 202:498-9. [PMID: 14167839 DOI: 10.1038/202498a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Biochemical and biological properties of the venom from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli siamensis) of varying ages. Toxicon 1995; 33:817-21. [PMID: 7676473 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00032-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Russell's viper (Daboia russelli siamensis) venoms of four different lengths (21-25 cm, 40-60 cm, 81-90 cm and 101-110 cm) were studied by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Studies on biological and biochemical properties of the venom were also carried out. The venom of young snakes (21-60 cm) had a high lethal potency and possessed powerful coagulant and defibrinogenating activities compared to adults (101-110 cm). As snakes aged, these activities decreased. Potent capillary permeability increasing activity was detected in venom of 40-60 cm snakes and was the lowest in the youngest snakes (21-25 cm). SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and immunoblot of venoms showed that venom from the youngest snakes has fewer protein bands; the number of bands increased as the snakes aged. Snakes more than 91 cm long demonstrated no striking differences in the protein pattern.
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Mandal M, Hati RN, Hati AK. Neutralization of pathophysiological manifestations of Russell's viper envenoming by antivenom raised against gamma-irradiated toxoid. Toxicon 1993; 31:213-6. [PMID: 8456449 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90288-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rabbits were immunized against gamma-irradiated (100 krads) Russell's viper venom toxoid adsorbed to aluminium phosphate gel. The antivenom (0.1 ml) neutralized 5 LD50, 8 minimum hemorrhagic doses (MHD) and 14 minimum necrotic doses (MND) of venom. The coagulant and protease activities of the viper venom were neutralized more effectively than phospholipase A activity, by the toxoid antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mandal
- Department of Medical Entomology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, India
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Abstract
Changes in the haemostatic mechanism caused by venoms of Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis snakes from Central and South America in human accidents are reviewed. Changes in the blood coagulation mechanism could be found depending on the action of the venom on clotting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kamiguti
- Laboratory of Haematology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kamiguti AS, Theakston RD, Tomy SC. An investigation of the coagulant activity of the venom of the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) from Saudi Arabia. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1988; 82:503-9. [PMID: 3257079 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1988.11812283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the venom of Echis carinatus from India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Kenya, Iran and Oman, Saudi Arabian E. carinatus venom is a poor activator of prothrombin. However, it possesses similar defibrinogenating activity to the other venoms. This is because the venom from Saudi Arabian snakes contains a calcium-dependent factor X activator. It is suggested that in future studies of the coagulant activity of venoms, the determination of plasma coagulant activity should be carried out in the presence of added calcium ions. This applies particularly to those venoms which do not act on plasma or fibrinogen, but which do cause in vivo defibrinogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kamiguti
- Haematology Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hutton RA, Phillips RE, Warrell DA. Haemostatic disturbances in patients bitten by Russell's viper (Vipera russelli siamensis) in Burma. Br J Haematol 1988; 69:513-20. [PMID: 3408687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1988.tb02408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients who are severely envenomed by Russell's viper develop DIC which is frequently associated with spontaneous bleeding and incoagulable blood. These haemostatic disturbances may be responsible for death or organ/tissue damage both through haemorrhage and microvascular occlusion by fibrin thrombi. The most striking laboratory features of the coagulopathy developing after Russell's viper bite in the 42 patients studied were depletion of fibrinogen (mean 0.09 g/l, range 0-0.6), factor V (6.5 u/dl, range 0-17), factor X (35 u/dl, range 1-85), factor XIIIa (57 u/dl, range 15-82), plasminogen (61 u/dl, range 10-92), antiplasmin (36 u/dl, range 14-62). Protein C (49 u/dl, range 15-100) and platelets (104 x 10(9)/l, range 25-197). Intense fibrinolytic activity was detected in all cases with marked elevation of FDPs (1614 micrograms/ml, range 350-3000), a large proportion of which were cross-linked (1058 micrograms/ml, range 38-3000). The monospecific Burmese antivenom appeared to be very effective in neutralizing the venom procoagulants and in restoring blood coagulability. Moreover, the unexpectedly normal level of AT III provides a theoretical basis for the use of heparin to enhance the inactivation of those serine proteases present before antivenom administration.
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Kamiguti AS, Sousa e Silva MC, Morena P, Nahas L. The anticoagulant effect of Bothrops castelnaudi snake venom (Castelnaud's pit viper). Toxicon 1985; 23:383-91. [PMID: 3895581 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(85)90022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An inhibitory effect of Bothrops castelnaudi venom was observed on the following systems: prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, thromboplastin generation time, activation of factor X by Russell's viper venom and Russell's viper venom activated factor X (factor Xa). This effect did not require previous incubation and was prevented by the addition of Bothrops-antivenom. The prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time was not shortened by increased phospholipid concentration (0.5-10 mg/ml), suggesting that the inhibitory effect is not due to an anti-phospholipid activity. No significant fibrinogenolytic activity was detected upon incubation of human fibrinogen with the venom, since physiological levels of thrombin-clottable material were still present. Compared to Bothrops jararaca venom, the proteolytic activity on casein and on azocoll was very low. Thrombin-induced clots of human plasma and fibrinogen were not lysed by the venom within 24 hr. The results indicate that the anticoagulant effect of Bothrops castelnaudi venom is exerted at least at two levels of the blood coagulation mechanism: (1) before prothrombin activation, by inhibiting factor X-activation and factor Xa activity; (2) by direct action on thrombin.
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Ku CS, Fiedel BA. Modulation of fibrin clot formation by human serum amyloid P component (SAP) and heparin. J Exp Med 1983; 158:767-80. [PMID: 6886628 PMCID: PMC2187092 DOI: 10.1084/jem.158.3.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid P-component (SAP) is a normal plasma constituent in man with a circulating concentration of approximately 40 micrograms/ml. Supraphysiological amounts of SAP (150-300 micrograms/ml) have been reported to affect coagulation. We have investigated this further by studying the effect of SAP upon clot times in both the absence and presence of heparin, a suggested ligand for SAP and itself a modulator of coagulation processes. In the absence of heparin, SAP (5-125 micrograms/ml) had no effect on clot times generated by Activated Thrombofax Reagent, brain thromboplastin, Russell's Viper Venom or thrombin when assessed in normal citrated plasma. However, in the presence of amounts of heparin that had only a minor effect upon clot times, SAP (5-40 micrograms/ml) greatly prolonged clot formation, with the thrombin time the most sensitive to SAP. This suggested that the primary effect of SAP was at this distal level of the coagulation pathway. Evaluation by radioimmunoassay revealed that supraphysiological concentrations of SAP (150-300 micrograms/ml) alone reduced by approximately 25% the release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen. In the presence of heparin, substantial synergism was observed with maximal reductions of approximately 70% in FPA production requiring only 25-50 micrograms/ml SAP. This inhibition correlated with increased thrombin clot time but was unrelated to any direct modulation in either the activities of anti-thrombin III or activated Factor XIII, and was independent of an alteration in the rate of fibrinolysis. Further, while SAP itself did not interfere with the process of spontaneous fibrin polymerization, in the presence of heparin a prolonged polymerization time (greater than 145%) was observed. We believe that these data reflect the primary mechanisms by which serum amyloid P component influences blood coagulation.
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Hofmann H, Dumarey C, Bon C. Blood coagulation induced by Bothrops atrox venom: identification and properties of a factor X activator. Biochimie 1983; 65:201-10. [PMID: 6405812 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(83)80085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The coagulating activity of Bothrops atrox venom was investigated in vitro with purified fibrinogen, with normal plasma and with plasma deficient in various factors of the coagulation cascade. This study indicated that Bothrops atrox venom possesses a thrombin-like action caused by one or several serine proteases sensitive to DFP treatment, but that its clotting action is in fact mainly due to components insensitive to DFP which activate prothrombin and factor X (Stuart factor). We partially purified the DFP insensitive activator of factor X from Bothrops atrox venom and found it to be a protein of molecular weight 77,000. Analysis of the purified fraction by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of SDS showed that it is mainly composed of one heavy polypeptide chain (65,000) and one light doublet (12 - 13,000). This activator is calcium-dependent and catalyzes in vitro the conversion of purified factor X into factor X alpha. By its molecular properties, it resembles the factor X activator from Vipera russellii venom rather than physiological activators.
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Evaluation of a new amidolytic factor X assay. Its automation and its relation to standard procedures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00481818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lindquist P, Fujikawa K, Davie E. Activation of bovine factor IX (Christmas factor) by factor XIa (activated plasma thromboplastin antecedent) and a protease from Russell's viper venom. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)62334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Aung-Khin M, Ma-Ma K, Zin T. Effects of Russell's viper venom on blood coagulation, platelets and the fibrinolytic enzyme system. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & BIOLOGY 1977; 30:101-8. [PMID: 916351 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.30.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Russell's viper venom (RVV) on blood coagulation, platelts and fibrinolysis were studied in vivo and in vitro in rabbits and dogs as experimental subjects. RVV was shown to be a strong coagulant, and at the time of manifestation of bleeding due to consumption coagulopathy, the most striking hemostatic abnormalities were fall of fibrinogen level, reduction in platelet count, delayed ADP aggregation of platelets, increased fibrinolytic activity and presence of fibrin degradation products. These findings showed that RVV interfered with blood coagulation, caused abnormalities of platelet function and also activated the fibrinolytic enzyme system.
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Furukawa Y, Hayashi K. Factor X converting and thrombin-like activities of Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Toxicon 1977; 15:97-105. [PMID: 854938 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(77)90029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Furukawa Y, Matsunaga Y, Hayashi K. Purification and characterization of a coagulant protein from the venom of Russell's viper. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 453:48-61. [PMID: 11825 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coagulant protein from the venom of Russell's viper was purified by means of successive chromatography on Sephadex G-50, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The purified coagulant protein was homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 100 000 by ultracentrifuge analysis and 130 000 by gel filtration. The coagulant protein contains 11.1% carbohydrate which includes 5.1% hexose (galactose: mannose = 1:1), 5% hexosamine (glucosamine), and 1% neuraminic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolyneuraminic acid). The isoelectric point is pH 6.3. The results of both sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and gel filtration in 6 M guanidium chloride suggest that it consists of four polypeptide chains. The coagulant protein functions as an enzyme in activating blood coagulation factor X in the presence of Ca2+. N-a-p-Toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester hydrolyzing activity in the preparation definitely decreased during purification and it suggests that the clotting activity is not associated with the esterase activity. The clotting activity is inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting that the coagulant protein is a serine protease. The optimum pH is between pH 7.0 and pH 8.0. At neutral pH the coagulant protein is stable below 50 degrees C, but is rapidly inactivated above 55 degrees C.
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Honorato R, Ivanovic N, Novoa E. Influence of glass and anticoagulant concentration on improvement of factor X deficiency tests. Thromb Res 1976; 8:769-75. [PMID: 960052 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(76)90005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Denson KW. Clot-inducing substances present in snake venoms with particular reference to Echis carinatus. Thromb Res 1976; 8:351-60. [PMID: 1265707 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(76)90028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Nahas L, Kamiguti AS, Rzeppa HW, Sano IS, Matsunaga S. Effect of heparin on the coagulant action of snake venoms. Toxicon 1975; 13:457-63. [PMID: 1220089 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(75)90175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Platelets were studied in a group of 10 patients with typical clinical course, morphological findings, and specific histochemical criteria for leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. In 8 of these, marked qualitative abnormalities were found. These included lack of aggregation following epinephrine stimulation (6 patients), and decreased platelet factor 3 availability following ADP stimulation (4 patients). In addition, platelets in 4 of the 10 patients were studied by electron microscopy. All had granular abnormality, and 1 case showed the presence of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The functional and ultrastructural abnormalities of platelets reported here may be responsible for the clinically important bleeding episodes which were not attributable to thrombocytopenia in 2 of our patients. The findings also provide a clue to the basic nature of this histogenetically controversial malignancy.
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Marsh N. Gaboon viper venom--a comparative study of the coagulant, proteolytic and toxic properties of four commercial dried preparations and freshly collected venom. Toxicon 1975; 13:171-5. [PMID: 1145641 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(75)90141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ratnoff OD. The Physiology of Blood Coagulation. Blood 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-595705-2.50008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Owren PA, Stormorken H. The mechanism of blood coagulation. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 1973; 68:1-53. [PMID: 4593726 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-06238-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jackson CM, Gordon JG, Hanahan DJ. Separation of the tosyl arginine esterase activity from the factor X activating enzyme of Russell's viper venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 252:255-61. [PMID: 5167338 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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38
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Ganrot PO, Stenflo J. Prothrombin derivatives in human serum. Isolation and some properties of the non-thrombin fragments. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1970; 26:161-8. [PMID: 5472594 DOI: 10.3109/00365517009049229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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41
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Barton P, Yin E, Wessler S. Reactions of activated factor X-phosphatide mixtures in vitro and in vivo. J Lipid Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Weiss HJ, Allan S, Davidson E, Kochwa S. Afibrinogenemia in man following the bite of a rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). Am J Med 1969; 47:625-34. [PMID: 5822979 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(69)90192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Prentice CR, Ratnoff OD. The action of Russell's viper venom on factor V and the prothrombin-converting principle. Br J Haematol 1969; 16:291-302. [PMID: 5815894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1969.tb00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ratnoff OD. Some relationships among hemostasis, fibrinolytic phenomena, immunity, and the inflammatory response. Adv Immunol 1969; 10:145-227. [PMID: 4242699 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jackson CM, Johnson TF, Hanahan DJ. Studies on bovine factor X. I. Large-sclae purification of the bovine plasma protein possessing factor X activity. Biochemistry 1968; 7:4492-505. [PMID: 5700668 DOI: 10.1021/bi00852a046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Denson KW, Biggs R, Mannucci PM. An investigation of three patients with Christmas disease due to an abnormal type of factor IX. J Clin Pathol 1968; 21:160-5. [PMID: 4972271 PMCID: PMC473716 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.21.2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three patients with Christmas disease whose plasma was shown to have a prolonged one-stage prothrombin time with ox brain thromboplastin have been investigated. These patients have an inhibitor for the reaction between factor X, factor VII, and ox brain extract. The abnormal constituent responsible for this inhibitor appears to be factor IX whuch is functionally inactive but antigenically indistinguishable from normal factor IX. It is proposed that patients might be classified into haemophilia B(+) for patients with this defect (Christmas disease(+)) and haemophilia B(-) (Christmas disease(-)) for patients who have classical Christmas disease.
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Prentice CR, Ratnoff OD, Breckenridge RT. Experiments on the nature of the prothrombin-converting principle: alteration of proaccelerin by thrombin. Br J Haematol 1967; 13:898-914. [PMID: 6075445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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