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Krohn S, Boje AS, Gehlert CL, Lutz S, Darzentas N, Knecht H, Herrmann D, Brüggemann M, Scheidig AJ, Weisel K, Gramatzki M, Peipp M, Klausz K. Identification of New Antibodies Targeting Malignant Plasma Cells for Immunotherapy by Next-Generation Sequencing-Assisted Phage Display. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908093. [PMID: 35784366 PMCID: PMC9248769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify new antibodies for the treatment of plasma cell disorders including multiple myeloma (MM), a single-chain Fragment variable (scFv) antibody library was generated by immunizing mice with patient-derived malignant plasma cells. To enrich antibodies binding myeloma antigens, phage display with cellular panning was performed. After depleting the immune library with leukocytes of healthy donors, selection of antibodies was done with L-363 plasma cell line in two consecutive panning rounds. Monitoring the antibodies’ enrichment throughout the panning by next-generation sequencing (NGS) identified several promising candidates. Initially, 41 unique scFv antibodies evolving from different B cell clones were selected. Nine of these antibodies strongly binding to myeloma cells and weakly binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were characterized. Using stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing individual myeloma-associated antigens revealed that two antibodies bind CD38 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), respectively, and 7 antibodies target yet unknown antigens. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of our new antibodies, in a first proof-of-concept study the CD38 binding scFv phage antibody was converted into a chimeric IgG1. Further analyses revealed that #5-CD38-IgG1 shared an overlapping epitope with daratumumab and isatuximab and had potent anti-myeloma activity comparable to the two clinically approved CD38 antibodies. These results indicate that by phage display and deep sequencing, new antibodies with therapeutic potential for MM immunotherapy can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Krohn
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lutz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henrik Knecht
- Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dietrich Herrmann
- Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Weisel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gramatzki
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katja Klausz,
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Woitok M, Grieger E, Akinrinmade OA, Bethke S, Pham AT, Stein C, Fendel R, Fischer R, Barth S, Niesen J. Using the SNAP-Tag technology to easily measure and demonstrate apoptotic changes in cancer and blood cells with different dyes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243286. [PMID: 33270761 PMCID: PMC7714129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo development of novel therapeutic agents requires reliable and accurate analyses of the cell conditions they were preclinical tested for, such as apoptosis. The detection of apoptotic cells by annexin V (AV) coupled to fluorophores has often shown limitations in the choice of the dye due to interference with other fluorescent-labeled cell markers. The SNAP-tag technology is an easy, rapid and versatile method for functionalization of proteins and was therefore used for labeling AV with various fluorophores. We generated the fusion protein AV-SNAP and analyzed its capacity for the specific display of apoptotic cells in various assays with therapeutic agents. AV-SNAP showed an efficient coupling reaction with five different fluorescent dyes. Two selected fluorophores were tested with suspension, adherent and peripheral blood cells, treated by heat-shock or apoptosis-inducing therapeutic agents. Flow cytometry analysis of apoptotic cells revealed a strong visualization using AV-SNAP coupled to these two fluorophores exemplary, which was comparable to a commercial AV-Assay-kit. The combination of the apoptosis-specific binding protein AV with the SNAP-tag provides a novel solid method to facilitate protein labeling using several, easy to change, fluorescent dyes at once. It avoids high costs and allows an ordinary exchange of dyes and easier use of other fluorescent-labeled cell markers, which is of high interest for the preclinical testing of therapeutic agents in e.g. cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Woitok
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elena Grieger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Olusiji A. Akinrinmade
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susanne Bethke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anh Tuan Pham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Stein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Judith Niesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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3
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Dieffenbach M, Pastan I. Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotoxins Containing Pseudomonas Exotoxin A in Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E979. [PMID: 32630017 PMCID: PMC7408526 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are a class of targeted cancer therapeutics in which a toxin such as Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is linked to an antibody or cytokine to direct the toxin to a target on cancer cells. While a variety of PE-based immunotoxins have been developed and a few have demonstrated promising clinical and preclinical results, cancer cells frequently have or develop resistance to these immunotoxins. This review presents our current understanding of the mechanism of action of PE-based immunotoxins and discusses cellular mechanisms of resistance that interfere with various steps of the pathway. These steps include binding of the immunotoxin to the target antigen, internalization, intracellular processing and trafficking to reach the cytosol, inhibition of protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF2), and induction of apoptosis. Combination therapies that increase immunotoxin action and overcome specific mechanisms of resistance are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA;
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4
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Schröter C, Beck J, Krah S, Zielonka S, Doerner A, Rhiel L, Günther R, Toleikis L, Kolmar H, Hock B, Becker S. Selection of Antibodies with Tailored Properties by Application of High-Throughput Multiparameter Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Yeast-Displayed Immune Libraries. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:727-735. [PMID: 30076531 PMCID: PMC6132741 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a multiparameter screening procedure for the identification of target-specific antibodies with prescribed properties. Based on B cell receptor gene repertoires from transgenic rats, yeast surface display libraries were generated, and high-affinity human antibodies were readily isolated. We demonstrate that specific desirable features, i.e., species' cross-reactivity and a broad epitope coverage can be integrated into the screening procedure using high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We show that the applied screening stringencies translate directly into binding properties of isolated human antibody variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schröter
- Antibody Drug Conjugates and Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Beck
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.,Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Rhiel
- Antibody Drug Conjugates and Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Günther
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Antibody Drug Conjugates and Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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5
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Tang J, Li J, Zhu X, Yu Y, Chen D, Yuan L, Gu Z, Zhang X, Qi L, Gong Z, Jiang P, Yu J, Meng H, An G, Zheng H, Yang L. Novel CD7-specific nanobody-based immunotoxins potently enhanced apoptosis of CD7-positive malignant cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34070-83. [PMID: 27083001 PMCID: PMC5085138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Various CD7-targeting immunotoxins have been tested for its potential in treating CD7+ malignant patients but none of those immunotoxins was approved clinically because of lacking enough efficacy and safety. Here we successfully constructed the monovalent and bivalent CD7 nanobody-based immunotoxins PG001 and PG002, both conjugated with a truncated derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin A respectively. The prokaryotic system expressed immunotoxins not only maintained their binding specificity for CD7-positive cells with a Kd of 16.74 nM and 3.6 nM for PG001 and PG002 respectively, but also efficiently promoted antigen-restricted apoptosis of the CD7-positive leukemia cell lines Jurkat and CEM, and primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with an in vitro cytotoxic activity (EC50) in the range of 23-30 pM for PG002. In NOD/SCID mice transplanted with CEM cells, PG001 and PG002 prevented engraftment of the cells and markedly prolonged mouse survival. Owing to the efficient antigen-restricted anti-leukemic activity of PG002, this CD7 nanobody-based immunotoxin exhibited a superior anti-CD7 positive malignancies activity than previously reported immunotoxins, and may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in treating CD7-positive leukemia and lymphoma, which still remain a significant clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinle Tang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialu Li
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyang Gu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China.,The Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Qi
- Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhishu Gong
- The Medical Group of Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengjun Jiang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huimin Meng
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gangli An
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huyong Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis Engineering Center, Suzhou, China.,The Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Kessler C, Pardo A, Tur MK, Gattenlöhner S, Fischer R, Kolberg K, Barth S. Novel PSCA targeting scFv-fusion proteins for diagnosis and immunotherapy of prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2025-2038. [PMID: 28667390 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite great progress in the diagnosis and treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa), there remains a need for new diagnostic markers that can accurately distinguish indolent and aggressive variants. One promising approach is the antibody-based targeting of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), which is frequently overexpressed in PCa. Here, we show the construction of a molecular imaging probe comprising a humanized scFv fragment recognizing PSCA genetically fused to an engineered version of the human DNA repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), the SNAP-tag, enabling specific covalent coupling to various fluorophores for diagnosis of PCa. Furthermore, the recombinant immunotoxin (IT) PSCA(scFv)-ETA' comprising the PSCA(scFv) and a truncated version of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE, ETA') was generated. METHODS We analyzed the specific binding and internalization behavior of the molecular imaging probe PSCA(scFv)-SNAP in vitro by flow cytometry and live cell imaging, compared to the corresponding IT PSCA(scFv)-ETA'. The cytotoxic activity of PSCA(scFv)-ETA' was tested using cell viability assays. Specific binding was confirmed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimen of early and advanced PCa. RESULTS Alexa Fluor® 647 labeling of PSCA(scFv)-SNAP confirmed selective binding to PSCA, leading to rapid internalization into the target cells. The recombinant IT PSCA(scFv)-ETA' showed selective binding leading to internalization and efficient elimination of target cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate, for the first time, the specific binding, internalization, and cytotoxicity of a scFv-based fusion protein targeting PSCA. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the specific ex vivo binding to primary PCa material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kessler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessa Pardo
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehmet K Tur
- Institute for Pathology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kolberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa.
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7
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Sun Y, Ban B, Bradbury A, Ansari GAS, Blake DA. Combining Yeast Display and Competitive FACS to Select Rare Hapten-Specific Clones from Recombinant Antibody Libraries. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9181-9. [PMID: 27571429 PMCID: PMC5032104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The development of antibodies to
low molecular weight haptens remains
challenging due to both the low immunogenicity of many haptens and
the cross-reactivity of the protein carriers used to generate the
immune response. Recombinant antibodies and novel display technologies
have greatly advanced antibody development; however, new techniques
are still required to select rare hapten-specific antibodies from
large recombinant libraries. In the present study, we used a combination
of phage and yeast display to screen an immune antibody library (size,
4.4 × 106) against hapten markers for petroleum contamination
(phenanthrene and methylphenanthrenes). Selection via phage display
was used first to enrich the library between 20- and 100-fold for
clones that bound to phenanthrene–protein conjugates. The enriched
libraries were subsequently transferred to a yeast display system
and a newly developed competitive FACS procedure was employed to select
rare hapten-specific clones. Competitive FACS increased the frequency
of hapten-specific scFvs in our yeast-displayed scFvs from 0.025 to
0.005% in the original library to between 13 and 35% in selected pools.
The presence of hapten-specific scFvs was confirmed by competitive
ELISA using periplasmic protein. Three distinct antibody clones that
recognize phenanthrene and methylphenanthrenes were selected, and
their distinctive binding properties were characterized. To our knowledge,
these are first antibodies that can distinguish between methylated
(petrogenic) versus unmethylated (pyrogenic) phenanthrenes; such antibodies
will be useful in detecting the sources of environmental contamination.
This selection method could be generally adopted in the selection
of other hapten-specific recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Bhupal Ban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Andrew Bradbury
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
| | - G A Shakeel Ansari
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Diane A Blake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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Suharni, Nomura Y, Arakawa T, Hino T, Abe H, Nakada-Nakura Y, Sato Y, Iwanari H, Shiroishi M, Asada H, Shimamura T, Murata T, Kobayashi T, Hamakubo T, Iwata S, Nomura N. Proteoliposome-based selection of a recombinant antibody fragment against the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 33:378-85. [PMID: 25545206 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antibodies against human G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has achieved limited success, which has mainly been attributed to their low stability in a detergent-solubilized state. We herein describe a method that can generally be applied to the selection of phage display libraries with human GPCRs reconstituted in liposomes. A key feature of this approach is the production of biotinylated proteoliposomes that can be immobilized on the surface of streptavidin-coupled microplates or paramagnetic beads and used as a binding target for antibodies. As an example, we isolated a single chain Fv fragment from an immune phage library that specifically binds to the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor with nanomolar affinity. The selected antibody fragment recognized the GPCR in both detergent-solubilized and membrane-embedded forms, which suggests that it may be a potentially valuable tool for structural and functional studies of the GPCR. The use of proteoliposomes as immunogens and screening bait will facilitate the application of phage display to this difficult class of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suharni
- 1 Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Madhumathi J, Devilakshmi S, Sridevi S, Verma RS. Immunotoxin therapy for hematologic malignancies: where are we heading? Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Roskopf CC, Schiller CB, Braciak TA, Kobold S, Schubert IA, Fey GH, Hopfner KP, Oduncu FS. T cell-recruiting triplebody 19-3-19 mediates serial lysis of malignant B-lymphoid cells by a single T cell. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6466-83. [PMID: 25115385 PMCID: PMC4171644 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplebody 19-3-19, an antibody-derived protein, carries three single chain fragment variable domains in tandem in a single polypeptide chain. 19-3-19 binds CD19-bearing lymphoid cells via its two distal domains and primary T cells via its CD3-targeting central domain in an antigen-specific manner. Here, malignant B-lymphoid cell lines and primary cells from patients with B cell malignancies were used as targets in cytotoxicity tests with pre-stimulated allogeneic T cells as effectors. 19-3-19 mediated up to 95 % specific lysis of CD19-positive tumor cells and, at picomolar EC₅₀ doses, had similar cytolytic potency as the clinically successful agent Blinatumomab. 19-3-19 activated resting T cells from healthy unrelated donors and mediated specific lysis of both autologous and allogeneic CD19-positive cells. 19-3-19 led to the elimination of 70 % of CD19-positive target cells even with resting T cells as effectors at an effector-to-target cell ratio of 1 : 10. The molecule is therefore capable of mediating serial lysis of target cells by a single T cell. These results highlight that central domains capable of engaging different immune effectors can be incorporated into the triplebody format to provide more individualized therapy tailored to a patient's specific immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Roskopf
- Klinikum der Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Haematology/Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian B Schiller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Biochemistry/Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Todd A Braciak
- Klinikum der Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Haematology/Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Klinikum der Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo A Schubert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg H Fey
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Biochemistry/Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Fuat S Oduncu
- Klinikum der Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Haematology/Oncology, Munich, Germany
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11
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Mladenov R, Hristodorov D, Cremer C, Hein L, Kreutzer F, Stroisch T, Niesen J, Brehm H, Blume T, Brümmendorf TH, Jost E, Thepen T, Fischer R, Stockmeyer B, Barth S, Stein C. The Fc-alpha receptor is a new target antigen for immunotherapy of myeloid leukemia. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2729-38. [PMID: 26041304 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapy of leukemia requires the targeting of specific antigens on the surface of blasts. The Fc gamma receptor (CD64) has been investigated in detail, and CD64-targeting immunotherapy has shown promising efficacy in the targeted ablation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) and chronic myeloid leukemia cells (CML). Here we investigate for the first time the potential of FcαRI (CD89) as a new target antigen expressed by different myeloid leukemic cell populations. For specific targeting and killing, we generated a recombinant fusion protein comprising an anti-human CD89 single-chain Fragment variable and the well-characterized truncated version of the potent Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA'). Our novel therapeutic approach achieved in vitro EC50 values in range 0.2-3 nM depending on the applied stimuli, that is, interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha. We also observed a dose-dependent apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity, which resulted in the elimination of up to 90% of the target cells within 72 hr. These findings were also confirmed ex vivo using leukemic primary cells from peripheral blood samples of three previously untreated patients. We conclude that CD89-specific targeting of leukemia cell lines can be achieved in vitro and that the efficient elimination of leukemic primary cells supports the potential of CD89-ETA' as a potent, novel immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Mladenov
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Hristodorov
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Cremer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lea Hein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kreutzer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Stroisch
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannes Brehm
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Blume
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Henrik Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theophilus Thepen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Stockmeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 Hematology/Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christoph Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Andrews TE, Wang D, Harki DA. Cell surface markers of cancer stem cells: diagnostic macromolecules and targets for drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:121-42. [PMID: 25787981 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in patients following chemotherapy can result in disease relapse underscores the necessity to develop therapeutics against those cells. CSCs display a unique repertoire of cell surface macromolecules, which have proven essential for their characterization and isolation. Additionally, CSC-specific cell surface macromolecules or markers provide targets for the development of specific agents to destroy them. In this review, we compiled those cell surface molecules that have been validated as CSC markers for many common blood and solid tumors. We describe the unique chemical and structural features of the most common cell surface markers, as well as recent efforts to deliver chemotherapeutic agents into CSCs by targeting those macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Andrews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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13
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Klausz K, Kellner C, Derer S, Valerius T, Staudinger M, Burger R, Gramatzki M, Peipp M. The novel multispecies Fc-specific Pseudomonas exotoxin A fusion protein α-Fc-ETA' enables screening of antibodies for immunotoxin development. J Immunol Methods 2015; 418:75-83. [PMID: 25701195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunoconjugates that deliver cytotoxic payloads to cancer cells represent a promising class of therapeutic agents which are intensively investigated in various clinical applications. Prerequisites for the generation of effective immunoconjugates are antibodies which efficiently deliver the respective cytotoxic payload. To facilitate the selection of human or mouse antibodies that display favorable characteristics as immunotoxins, we developed a novel Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA)-based screening protein. The α-Fc-ETA' consists of a multispecies-specific Fc-binding domain antibody genetically fused to a truncated ETA version (ETA'). α-Fc-ETA' non-covalently bound to human and mouse antibodies but did not form immune complexes with bovine immunoglobulins. In combination with antibodies harboring human or mouse Fc domains α-Fc-ETA' inhibited proliferation of antigen-expressing tumor cells. The cytotoxic effects were strictly antibody dependent and were observed with low α-Fc-ETA' concentrations. Mouse antibodies directed against CD7 and CD317/HM1.24 that previously had been used for the generation of functional recombinant immunotoxins, also showed activity in combination with α-Fc-ETA' by inhibiting growth of antigen-positive myeloma and leukemia cell lines. In contrast, α-kappa-ETA', a similarly designed human kappa light chain-specific fusion protein, was only specifically active in combination with antibodies containing a human kappa light chain. Thus, the novel α-Fc-ETA' fusion protein is broadly applicable in screening antibodies and Fc-containing antibody derivatives from different species to select for candidates with favorable characteristics for immunotoxin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Staudinger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Renate Burger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Gramatzki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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14
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O'Hear C, Heiber JF, Schubert I, Fey G, Geiger TL. Anti-CD33 chimeric antigen receptor targeting of acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2014; 100:336-44. [PMID: 25480499 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for acute myeloid leukemia are associated with high failure and relapse rates. Adoptive immunotherapies, which have shown promise in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, have the potential to target acute myeloid leukemia through pathways that are distinct and complementary to current approaches. Here, we describe the development of a novel adoptive immunotherapy specific for this disease. We generated a second generation CD33-specific chimeric antigen receptor capable of redirecting cytolytic effector T cells against leukemic cells. CD33 is expressed in approximately 90% of acute myeloid leukemia cases and has demonstrated utility as a target of therapeutic antibodies. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells efficiently killed leukemia cell lines and primary tumor cells in vitro. The anti-leukemia effect was CD33-specific, mediated through T-cell effector functions, and displayed tumor lysis at effector:target ratios as low as 1:20. Furthermore, the CD33-redirected T cells were effective in vivo, preventing the development of leukemia after prophylactic administration and delaying the progression of established disease in mice. These data provide pre-clinical validation of the effectiveness of a second-generation anti-CD33 chimeric antigen receptor therapy for acute myeloid leukemia, and support its continued development as a clinical therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol O'Hear
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Oncology, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua F Heiber
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ingo Schubert
- University of Erlangen, Department of Biology, Germany
| | - Georg Fey
- University of Erlangen, Department of Biology, Germany
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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Wouters R, Cucchi D, Kaspers GJL, Schuurhuis GJ, Cloos J. Relevance of leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia: heterogeneity and influence on disease monitoring, prognosis and treatment design. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:791-805. [PMID: 25242511 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.959921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a bone marrow disease characterized by a block in differentiation of the myeloid lineage with a concomitant uncontrolled high proliferation rate. Development of acute myeloid leukemia from stem cells with specific founder mutations, leads to an oligoclonal disease that progresses into a very heterogeneous leukemia at diagnosis. Measurement of leukemic stem cell load and characterization of these cells are essential for prediction of relapse and target identification, respectively. Prediction of relapse by monitoring the disease during minimal residual disease detection is challenged by clonal shifts during therapy. To overcome this, characterization of the potential relapse-initiating cells is required using both flow cytometry and molecular analysis since leukemic stem cells can be targeted both on extracellular features and on stem-cell specific signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Wouters
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Staudinger M, Glorius P, Burger R, Kellner C, Klausz K, Günther A, Repp R, Klapper W, Gramatzki M, Peipp M. The novel immunotoxin HM1.24-ETA' induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e219. [PMID: 24927408 PMCID: PMC4080209 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new treatment modalities, the clinical outcome in a substantial number of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has yet to be improved. Antibody-based targeted therapies for myeloma patients could make use of the HM1.24 antigen (CD317), a surface molecule overexpressed on malignant plasma cells and efficiently internalized. Here, a novel immunotoxin, HM1.24-ETA', is described. HM1.24-ETA' was generated by genetic fusion of a CD317-specific single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody and a truncated variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA'). HM1.24-ETA' inhibited growth of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-dependent and -independent myeloma cell lines. Half-maximal growth inhibition was observed at concentrations as low as 0.3 nM. Target cell killing occurred via induction of apoptosis and was unaffected in co-culture experiments with bone marrow stromal cells. HM1.24-ETA' efficiently triggered apoptosis of freshly isolated/cryopreserved cells of patients with plasma cell leukemia and MM and was active in a preclinical severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse xenograft model. Importantly, HM1.24-ETA' was not cytotoxic against CD317-positive cells from healthy tissue (monocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells). These results indicate that CD317 may represent a promising target structure for specific and efficient immunotoxin therapy for patients with plasma cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Staudinger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - P Glorius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Burger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - K Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Günther
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Repp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - W Klapper
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Gramatzki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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17
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Schiffer S, Rosinke R, Jost E, Hehmann-Titt G, Huhn M, Melmer G, Barth S, Thepen T. Targetedex vivoreduction of CD64-positive monocytes in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myelomonocytic leukemia using human granzyme B-based cytolytic fusion proteins. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1497-508. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schiffer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
| | - Reinhard Rosinke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Internal Medicine IV); University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Germany
| | | | - Michael Huhn
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | | | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
| | - Theo Thepen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development; Fraunhofer IME; Aachen Germany
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18
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Gasiorowski RE, Clark GJ, Bradstock K, Hart DNJ. Antibody therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:481-95. [PMID: 24321020 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel therapies with increased efficacy and decreased toxicity are desperately needed for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The anti CD33 immunoconjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), was withdrawn with concerns over induction mortality and lack of efficacy. However a number of recent trials suggest that, particularly in AML with favourable cytogenetics, GO may improve overall survival. This data and the development of alternative novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have renewed interest in the area. Leukaemic stem cells (LSC) are identified as the subset of AML blasts that reproduces the leukaemic phenotype upon transplantation into immunosuppressed mice. AML relapse may be caused by chemoresistant LSC and this has refocused interest on identifying and targeting antigens specific for LSC. Several mAb have been developed that target LSC effectively in xenogeneic models but only a few have begun clinical evaluation. Antibody engineering may improve the activity of potential new therapeutics for AML. The encouraging results seen with bispecific T cell-engaging mAb-based molecules against CD19 in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphobalstic leukaemia, highlight the potential efficacy of engineered antibodies in the treatment of acute leukaemia. Potent engineered mAb, possibly targeting novel LSC antigens, offer hope for improving the current poor prognosis for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Gasiorowski
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia; Department of Haematology, Concord Cancer Centre, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
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19
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Bussolati B, Collino F, Camussi G. CD133+cells as a therapeutic target for kidney diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:157-65. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.661417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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FitzGerald DJ, Wayne AS, Kreitman RJ, Pastan I. Treatment of hematologic malignancies with immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6300-9. [PMID: 21998010 PMCID: PMC3201758 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To enable antibodies to function as cytotoxic anticancer agents, they are modified either via attachment to protein toxins or highly potent, low-molecular-weight drugs. Such molecules, termed immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates, respectively, represent a second revolution in antibody-mediated cancer therapy. Thus, highly toxic compounds are delivered to the interior of cancer cells based on antibody specificity for cell-surface target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J FitzGerald
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4264, USA
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21
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Kellner C, Bleeker WK, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Staudinger M, Klausz K, Derer S, Glorius P, Muskulus A, de Goeij BECG, van de Winkel JGJ, Parren PWHI, Valerius T, Gramatzki M, Peipp M. Human kappa light chain targeted Pseudomonas exotoxin A--identifying human antibodies and Fab fragments with favorable characteristics for antibody-drug conjugate development. J Immunol Methods 2011; 371:122-33. [PMID: 21756911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) represent promising agents for targeted cancer therapy. To allow rational selection of human antibodies with favorable characteristics for ADC development a screening tool was designed obviating the need of preparing individual covalently linked conjugates. Therefore, α-kappa-ETA' was designed as a fusion protein consisting of a human kappa light chain binding antibody fragment and a truncated version of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. α-kappa-ETA' specifically bound to human kappa light chains of human or human-mouse chimeric antibodies and Fab fragments. Antibody-redirected α-kappa-ETA' specifically inhibited proliferation of antigen-expressing cell lines at low toxin and antibody concentrations. Selected antibodies that efficiently delivered α-kappa-ETA' in the novel assay system were used to generate scFv-based covalently linked immunotoxins. These molecules efficiently triggered apoptosis of target cells, indicating that antibodies identified in our assay system can be converted to functional immunoconjugates. Finally, a panel of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies was screened--demonstrating favorable characteristics with antibody 2F8. These data suggest that antibodies with potential for Pseudomonas exotoxin A-based ADC development can be identified using the novel α-kappa-ETA' conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Zhu X, Kriegel AM, Boustany CA, Blake DA. Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv) Antibodies Optimized for Environmental Analysis of Uranium. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3717-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Alison M. Kriegel
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Christopher A. Boustany
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Diane A. Blake
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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23
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Schubert I, Kellner C, Stein C, Kügler M, Schwenkert M, Saul D, Mentz K, Singer H, Stockmeyer B, Hillen W, Mackensen A, Fey GH. A single-chain triplebody with specificity for CD19 and CD33 mediates effective lysis of mixed lineage leukemia cells by dual targeting. MAbs 2011; 3:21-30. [PMID: 21081841 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.1.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A single-chain triplebody (sctb) 33-ds16-ds19 comprising two distal single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs) specific for the lymphoid antigen CD19 and the myeloid antigen CD33 flanking a central scFv specific for CD16, which is the low affinity Fc-receptor (FcγRIII) present on natural killer cells and macrophages, was produced and its properties were investigated. CD33 and CD19 in combination are present on acute leukemiablasts with mixed lineage phenotype, but not on normal human hematopoietic cells. For comparison, two bispecific scFvs (bsscFvs), ds19-ds16 and 33-ds16, with monovalent binding to CD19 and CD33, respectively, were also studied. The sctb 33-ds16-ds19 specifically interacted with all 3 antigens. On the antigen double-positive cell line BV-173, the sctb bound with 2-fold greater avidity than bsscFv ds19-ds16 (KD = 21 vs. 42 nM) and with 1.4-fold greater avidity than bsscFv 33-ds16 (KD = 29 nM). All 3 fusion proteins had similar affinity for CD16 and sufficient thermic stability in human serum. In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions with human mononuclear cells as effectors, the sctb promoted lysis of BV-173 cells at 23-fold lower concentrations than bsscFv ds19-ds16 and at 1.4-fold lower concentrations than bsscFv 33-ds16. The sctb also mediated potent ADCC of the antigen double-positive mixed lineage leukemia cell line SEM, and the half-maximal concentration EC50 for BV-173 cells was 7 pM. Therefore, CD19 and CD33 are present on the surface of these leukemic cell lines such that they can be connected by a single sctb molecule, permitting the recruitment of NK cells via CD16 and tumor cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schubert
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Effective elimination of acute myeloid leukemic cells by recombinant bispecific antibody derivatives directed against CD33 and CD16. J Immunother 2010; 33:599-608. [PMID: 20551837 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181dda225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain Fv triplebodies (sctb), consisting of a single polypeptide chain with 3 single-chain antibody variable fragments connected in tandem, were generated as antileukemic agents. A CD19-specific sctb of this format has previously been shown to be superior to a bispecific single-chain Fv antibody fragment (bsscFv) for the elimination of leukemic B-lineage cells, but corresponding targeted agents for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia are still lacking. For this purpose, both a bsscFv and a sctb specific for CD33 and the trigger molecule CD16 (FcgammaRIII) were produced. The sctb displayed 3.5-fold greater avidity for CD33 than the bsscFv 33xds16, whereas both had close to equal affinity for CD16. In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions with human mononuclear cells as effectors, both the bsscFv 33xds16 and the sctb induced lysis of tumor cells with half maximum effective concentrations (EC50) in the low picomolar range. It is interesting to note that the sctb promoted equal lysis of human leukemia-derived cell lines at 10 to 200-fold lower concentrations than the bsscFv. Both molecules mediated ADCC of primary patient cells. In conclusion, both the bsscFv 33xds16 and the sctb 33xds16x33 eliminated acute myeloid leukemia cells in ADCC reactions, but the novel sctb format showed significantly greater specific activity.
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25
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Lin CY, Wang L, Than K, Marca FL, Park P. Cancer stem cell markers: what is their diagnostic value? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:473-81. [PMID: 23496228 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2010.512363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Cancer resistance to conventional therapies has been attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs). Although a variety of markers have been reported, a universal marker has not yet been found to identify CSCs. Better identification of these CSCs may lead to new therapies that selectively target these cells and thereby result in more effective treatment. This article categorizes the types of marker that have been identified and explores their potential diagnostic and therapeutic value. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A focused literature review of studies relating to CSCs and their identification was conducted. Databases evaluated include MEDLINE and Web of Science through 2009. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The ideal identification method needs to be effective and practical in terms of application. The measurement of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is simple to accomplish compared with other reported identification methods; however, cell surface antigens have been studied most frequently in the therapeutic targeting of CSCs. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although specific targeting methods have been reported for various cancers, there does not appear to be a proven universal marker for CSCs that would apply to all cancers. Each particular identification method appears to have advantages and disadvantages. From a therapeutic standpoint, targeting of these CSCs should improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Lin
- University of Michigan Medical School, Spine Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Biomedical Science Research Building, Room 5007, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA +1734 615 0371 ; +1734 763 7322 ;
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Kügler M, Stein C, Kellner C, Mentz K, Saul D, Schwenkert M, Schubert I, Singer H, Oduncu F, Stockmeyer B, Mackensen A, Fey GH. A recombinant trispecific single-chain Fv derivative directed against CD123 and CD33 mediates effective elimination of acute myeloid leukaemia cells by dual targeting. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:574-86. [PMID: 20636437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two trivalent constructs consisting of single-chain Fv antibody fragments (scFvs) specific for the interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (CD123), CD33 and the Fcgamma-receptor III (CD16) were designed and characterized for the elimination of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells. The dual targeting single-chain Fv triplebody (sctb) [123 x ds16 x 33] and the mono targeting sctb [123 x ds16 x 123] both specifically bound their respective target antigens and were stable in human serum at 37 degrees C for at least 5 d. Both constructs induced potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of two different AML-derived CD33- and CD123 double-positive cell lines in the low picomolar range using isolated mononuclear cells (MNCs) as effector cells. In these experiments the dual targeting molecule produced significantly stronger lysis than the mono targeting agent. In addition, the sctbs showed a high potency in mediating ADCC of primary leukaemia cells isolated from peripheral blood or bone marrow of seven AML patients. Hence, these novel molecules displayed potent anti-leukaemic effects against AML cells in vitro and represent attractive candidates for further preclinical development.
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Stein C, Kellner C, Kügler M, Reiff N, Mentz K, Schwenkert M, Stockmeyer B, Mackensen A, Fey GH. Novel conjugates of single-chain Fv antibody fragments specific for stem cell antigen CD123 mediate potent death of acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2010; 148:879-89. [PMID: 20064159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four new single-chain Fv antibody fragments (scFvs) specific for the human leucocyte surface antigen CD123 (interleukin-3 receptor alpha) were generated to achieve preferential targeting of leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The scFvs were isolated from a phage display library generated with spleen RNA from mice, immunized with a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of CD123 and the Fc domain of a human immunoglobulin G1. The scFvs displayed CD123-specific binding on tumour cells (binding constants (K(D)) 4.5-101 nmol/l). The scFv with the highest affinity was used to design two cell death-inducing molecules. First, an immunotoxin, a fusion protein with truncated Pseudomonas Exotoxin A, induced potent apoptosis of AML-derived MOLM-13 and SKNO-1 cells at nanomolar concentrations. Second, the fusion to another scFv, specific for the low affinity Fcgamma-receptor III (CD16), created a bispecific single chain Fv (bsscFv). This bsscFv [123 x ds16] mediated potent lysis of AML-derived MOLM-13, THP-1 and SKNO-1 cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions at picomolar concentrations. The recruitment of CD16-positive effector cells for the lysis of AML cells via CD123 represents a novel combination with attractive prospects for future clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Stein
- Chair of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 3, Erlangen, Germany.
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Rothdiener M, Müller D, Castro PG, Scholz A, Schwemmlein M, Fey G, Heidenreich O, Kontermann RE. Targeted delivery of SiRNA to CD33-positive tumor cells with liposomal carrier systems. J Control Release 2010; 144:251-8. [PMID: 20184933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
SiRNA molecules represent promising therapeutic molecules, e.g. for cancer therapy. However, efficient delivery into tumor cells remains a major obstacle for treatment. Here, we describe a liposomal siRNA carrier system for targeted delivery of siRNA to CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia cells. The siRNA is directed against the t(8;21) translocation resulting in the AML1/MTG8 fusion protein. The siRNA was encapsulated in free or polyethylene imine (PEI)-complexed form into PEGylated liposomes endowed subsequently with an anti-CD33 single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) for targeted delivery. The resulting siRNA-loaded immunoliposomes (IL) and immunolipoplexes (ILP) showed specific binding and internalization by CD33-expressing myeloid leukemia cell lines (SKNO-1, Kasumi-1). Targeted delivery of AML1/MTG8 siRNA, but not of mismatch control siRNA, reduced AML1/MTG8 mRNA and protein levels and decreased leukemic clonogenicity, a hallmark of leukemic self-renewal. Although this study revealed that further modifications are necessary to increase efficacy of siRNA delivery and silencing, we were able to establish a targeted liposomal siRNA delivery system combining recombinant antibody fragments for targeted delivery with tumor cell-specific siRNA molecules as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rothdiener
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Immunologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Ferrandina G, Petrillo M, Bonanno G, Scambia G. Targeting CD133 antigen in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:823-37. [PMID: 19530986 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903005616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much attention has been focused on CD133 as a marker of cancer cells with stem-cell-like ability. In the cancer stem cells (CSCs) model, only a small proportion of tumour cells are able to self-renew extensively, while the bulk of cells proceed to differentiate into committed heterogeneous clones. On the basis of the involvement of CSCs in tumourigenesis and treatment resistance, it is conceivable that only eradication of CSCs can lead to a cancer cure. OBJECTIVE To highlight the most recent evidence about the role of CD133 as a marker of CSCs in human tumours, and the therapeutic perspectives associated with its specific targeting. METHODS A literature search through Medline to locate published full articles using the following key words for selection: 'CD133 and cancer targeting', 'CD133 and chemo resistance', and 'CD133 and molecular pathways'. Only studies in English are considered. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The role of CD133 as a marker of CSCs has been documented in several human neoplasms; its expression seems to predict unfavourable prognosis. Novel therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting molecular pathways critical for CD133+ CSCs survival are being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ferrandina
- Catholic University, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, L.go A. Gemelli 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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A novel AML-selective TRAIL fusion protein that is superior to Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin in terms of in vitro selectivity, activity and stability. Leukemia 2009; 23:1389-97. [PMID: 19262596 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO, Mylotarg) is a targeted therapeutic agent in which an anti-CD33 antibody is chemically coupled to a highly cytotoxic calicheamicin derivative through a hydrolysable linker. GO has improved the treatment outcome for a subgroup of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, but its use is associated with severe myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity. Here, we report on a novel anti-leukemia agent, designated scFvCD33:sTRAIL, in which an anti-CD33 single chain fragment of variable regions (scFv) antibody fragment is genetically linked to soluble tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL). Normal CD33-positive monocytes were fully resistant to prolonged treatment with scFvCD33:sTRAIL, whereas treatment with GO resulted in substantial cytotoxicity. The activity of scFvCD33:sTRAIL towards AML cells was up to 30-fold higher than GO. The CD33-restricted anti-leukemia activity of scFvCD33:sTRAIL remained stable during prolonged storage at 37 degrees C, whereas GO showed a rapid increase in CD33-independent cytotoxicity. Moreover, scFvCD33:sTRAIL showed potent anti-leukemia activity towards CD33+ CML cells when treatment was combined with the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gleevec. Importantly, ex vivo treatment of patient-derived CD33+ AML tumor cells with scFvCD33:sTRAIL resulted in potent apoptosis induction that was enhanced by valproic acid, mitoxantrone and 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG). Taken together, scFvCD33:sTRAIL is superior to GO in terms of tumor selectivity, activity and stability, warranting its further development for the treatment of CD33-positive leukemias.
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Scott N, Reynolds CB, Wright MJ, Qazi O, Fairweather N, Deonarain MP. Single-chain Fv phage display propensity exhibits strong positive correlation with overall expression levels. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:97. [PMID: 19113995 PMCID: PMC2630973 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single chain Fvs (scFvs) are widely applied in research, diagnostics and therapeutic settings. Display and selection from combinatorial libraries is the main route to their discovery and many factors influence the success of this process. They exhibit low thermodynamic stability, resulting in low levels of premature cytosolic folding or aggregation which facilitates sec YEG-mediated translocation and phage in E. coli. However, there is little data analysing how this is related to and influenced by scFv protein expression. Results We characterised the relationship between overall scFv expression and display propensity for a panel of 15 anti-tetanus toxin scFvs and found a strong positive correlation (Rho = 0.88, p < 0.005) between the two parameters. Display propensity, overall expression and soluble localisation to the periplasm and extracellular fractions were clone specific characteristics which varied despite high levels of sequence homology. There was no correlation between display of scFv or its expression in non-fused (free) form with soluble scFv localisation to the periplasm or culture supernatant. This suggests that divergence in the fate of scFv-pIII and non-fused scFv after translocation to the periplasm accounts for the observed disparity. Differential degrees of periplasmic aggregation of non-fused scFv between clones may affect the partitioning of scFv in the periplasm and culture supernatant abrogating any correlation. We suggest that these factors do not apply to the scFv-pIII fusion since it remains anchored to the bacterial inner membrane as part of the innate phage packaging and budding process. Conclusion We conclude that in the absence of premature cytosolic aggregation or folding, the propensity of a scFv to be displayed on phage is directly related to its overall expression level and is thus indirectly influenced by factors such as codon bias, mRNA abundance or putative DNA motifs affecting expression. This suggests that scFvs capable of high overall expression and display levels may not produce high yields of non phage-fused soluble protein in either the periplasmic or extracellular fractions of E. coli. This should be considered when screening clones selected from combinatorial libraries for further study. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the anti-tetanus toxin scFvs have been deposited in the EMBL data base: accession numbers-C1: AM749134, C2: AM749135, C3: AM749136, C4: AM749137, C5: AM749138, N1: AM749139, N2: AM749140, N3: AM749141, N4: AM749142, N5: AM749143 J1; AM749144, J2: AM749145, J3: AM749146, J4: AM749147, J5: AM749148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Scott
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Schwenkert M, Birkholz K, Schwemmlein M, Kellner C, Peipp M, Nettelbeck DM, Schuler-Thurner B, Schaft N, Dörrie J, Ferrone S, Kämpgen E, Fey GH. A single chain immunotoxin, targeting the melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is a potent inducer of apoptosis in cultured human melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2008; 18:73-84. [PMID: 18337643 PMCID: PMC2741307 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3282f7c8f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant immunotoxin was constructed by fusing a single chain fragment variable antibody fragment, specific for the melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP), to a truncated variant of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA'), carrying a C-terminal KDEL-peptide for improved retrograde intracellular transport. The resulting immunotoxin MCSP-ETA' was periplasmatically expressed in Escherichia coli and purified under native conditions by affinity chromatography resulting in a yield of approximately 30 mug/l bacterial culture. This immunotoxin induced antigen-specific apoptosis in the cultured human melanoma-derived cell lines A2058 and A375M, and treatment with a single dose of the agent eliminated up to 80% of these cells within 72 h. The dose needed for half-maximum killing (EC50) was approximately 1 nmol/l for both cell lines. MCSP-ETA' also displayed cytotoxic activity against cultured primary melanoma cells from patients with advanced disease (pathologic stages IIIC and IV), with net cell death reaching up to 70% within 96 h after treatment with a single dose of 14 nmol/l. MCSP-ETA' induced cell death synergistically with cyclosporin A, both in established human melanoma cell lines and cultured primary melanoma cells. The distinctive antigen-restricted induction of apoptosis and the synergy with cyclosporin A justify further evaluation of this novel agent with regard to its potential application for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwenkert
- Chair of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Birkholz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwemmlein
- Chair of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Chair of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Section of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Nettelbeck
- Helmholtz University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eckhart Kämpgen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg H. Fey
- Chair of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Schwemmlein M, Stieglmaier J, Kellner C, Peipp M, Saul D, Oduncu F, Emmerich B, Stockmeyer B, Lang P, Beck JD, Fey GH. A CD19-specific single-chain immunotoxin mediates potent apoptosis of B-lineage leukemic cells. Leukemia 2007; 21:1405-12. [PMID: 17495978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD19 is a B-lineage-specific transmembrane signaling protein participating in the control of proliferation and differentiation. It is present at high surface density on chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells and cells of other B-cell malignancies, and is a prime target for therapy with antibody-derived agents. Many attempts have been made to target malignant cells via CD19, but to date none of these agents have received drug approval. Here we report the design of a monovalent immunotoxin consisting of a CD19-specific single-chain Fv antibody fragment fused to a derivative of Pseudomonas Exotoxin A. This fusion protein induced efficient antigen-restricted apoptosis of several human leukemia- and lymphoma-derived cell lines including Nalm-6, which it eliminated at an effective concentration (EC(50)) of 2.5 nM. The agent displayed synergistic toxicity when used in combination with valproic acid and cyclosporin A in cell-culture assays. It induced apoptosis of primary malignant cells in 12/12 samples from B-CLL patients, including patients responding poorly to fludarabine, and of cells from one pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient. In NOD/SCID mice transplanted with Nalm-6 cells, the toxin prevented engraftment and significantly prolonged survival of treated mice. Owing to its efficient antigen-restricted antileukemic activity, the agent deserves further development towards clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwemmlein
- Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 3, Erlangen, Germany
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ten Cate B, Samplonius DF, Bijma T, de Leij LFMH, Helfrich W, Bremer E. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid potently augments gemtuzumab ozogamicin-induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemic cells. Leukemia 2006; 21:248-52. [PMID: 17122863 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is a calicheamicin-conjugated antibody directed against CD33, an antigen highly expressed on acute myeloid leukemic (AML) cells. CD33-specific binding triggers internalization of GO and subsequent hydrolytic release of calicheamicin. Calicheamicin then translocates to the nucleus, intercalates in the DNA structure and subsequently induces double-strand DNA breaks. GO is part of clinical practice for AML, but is frequently associated with severe side effects. Therefore, combination of GO with other therapeutics is warranted to reduce toxicity, while maximizing therapeutic selectivity. We hypothesized that the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) sensitizes AML cells to GO. VPA-induced histone hyperacetylation opens the chromatin structure, whereby the DNA intercalation of calicheamicin should be augmented. We found that clinically relevant concentrations of VPA potently augmented the tumoricidal activity of GO towards AML cell lines and primary AML blasts. Moreover, VPA treatment indeed augmented the DNA intercalation of calicheamicin and enhanced DNA degradation. Importantly, synergy was restricted to CD33-positive AML cells and did not require caspase activation. In conclusion, the synergistic proapoptotic activity of cotreatment of AML cells with VPA and GO indicates the potential value of this strategy for AML.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoglycosides/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Anticonvulsants/toxicity
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Gemtuzumab
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Humans
- Intercalating Agents/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
- U937 Cells
- Valproic Acid/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- B ten Cate
- Laboratory for Tumor Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Section Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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