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Sapar ML, Ji H, Wang B, Poe AR, Dubey K, Ren X, Ni JQ, Han C. Phosphatidylserine Externalization Results from and Causes Neurite Degeneration in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2273-2286. [PMID: 30157423 PMCID: PMC6174084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of degenerating dendrites or axons is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing neuroinflammation. Externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) has been postulated to be an ‘‘eat-me’’ signal allowing recognition of degenerating neurites by phagocytes. Here we show that in Drosophila, PS is dynamically exposed on degenerating dendrites during developmental pruning and after physical injury, but PS exposure is suppressed when dendrite degeneration is genetically blocked. Ectopic PS exposure via phospholipid flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression induced PS exposure preferentially at distal dendrites and caused distinct modes of neurite loss that differ in larval sensory dendrites and in adult olfactory axons. Surprisingly, extracellular lactadherin that lacks the integrin-interaction domain induced phagocyte-dependent degeneration of PS-exposing dendrites, revealing an unidentified bridging function that potentiates phagocytes. Our findings establish a direct causal relationship between PS exposure and neurite degeneration in vivo. Using in vivo phosphatidylserine (PS) sensors, Sapar et al. reveal dynamic patterns of PS exposure on degenerating dendrites in Drosophila. Flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression lead to ectopic PS exposure on distal dendrites and context-dependent neurite degeneration. Lactadherin potentiates phagocytes to destruct PS-exposing dendrites, independent of its integrin-interaction domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Sapar
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Ji
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amy R Poe
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kush Dubey
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xingjie Ren
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Hannemann A, Rees DC, Brewin JN, Noe A, Low B, Gibson JS. Oxidative stress and phosphatidylserine exposure in red cells from patients with sickle cell anaemia. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:567-578. [PMID: 29938778 PMCID: PMC6120535 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure increases as red cells age, and is an important signal for the removal of senescent cells from the circulation. PS exposure is elevated in red cells from sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients and is thought to enhance haemolysis and vaso-occlusion. Although precise conditions leading to its externalisation are unclear, high intracellular Ca2+ has been implicated. Red cells from SCA patients are also exposed to an increased oxidative challenge, and we postulated that this stimulates PS exposure, through increased Ca2+ levels. We tested four different ways of generating oxidative stress: hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase, phenazine methosulphate, nitrite and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, together with thiol modification with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), dithiothreitol and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), in red cells permeabilised to Ca2+ using bromo-A23187. Unexpectedly, our findings showed that the four oxidants significantly reduced Ca2+ -induced PS exposure (by 40-60%) with no appreciable effect on Ca2+ affinity. By contrast, NEM markedly increased PS exposure (by about 400%) and slightly but significantly increased the affinity for Ca2+ . Dithiothreitol modestly reduced PS exposure (by 25%) and HOCl had no effect. These findings emphasise the importance of thiol modification for PS exposure in sickle cells but suggest that increased oxidant stress alone is not important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hannemann
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David C. Rees
- Department of Paediatric HaematologyKing's College HospitalKing's College London School of MedicineLondonUK
| | - John N. Brewin
- Department of Paediatric HaematologyKing's College HospitalKing's College London School of MedicineLondonUK
| | - Andreas Noe
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ben Low
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John S. Gibson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Axonal Degeneration in Retinal Ganglion Cells Is Associated with a Membrane Polarity-Sensitive Redox Process. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3824-3839. [PMID: 28275163 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3882-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a pathophysiological mechanism common to several neurodegenerative diseases. The slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) mutation, which results in reduced axonal degeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems, has provided insight into a redox-dependent mechanism by which axons undergo self-destruction. We studied early molecular events in axonal degeneration with single-axon laser axotomy and time-lapse imaging, monitoring the initial changes in transected axons of purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from wild-type and WldS rat retinas using a polarity-sensitive annexin-based biosensor (annexin B12-Cys101,Cys260-N,N'-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) ethylenediamine). Transected axons demonstrated a rapid and progressive change in membrane phospholipid polarity, manifested as phosphatidylserine externalization, which was significantly delayed and propagated more slowly in axotomized WldS RGCs compared with wild-type axons. Delivery of bis(3-propionic acid methyl ester)phenylphosphine borane complex, a cell-permeable intracellular disulfide-reducing drug, slowed the onset and velocity of phosphatidylserine externalization in wild-type axons significantly, replicating the WldS phenotype, whereas extracellular redox modulation reversed the WldS phenotype. These findings are consistent with an intra-axonal redox mechanism for axonal degeneration associated with the initiation and propagation of phosphatidylserine externalization after axotomy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axonal degeneration is a neuronal process independent of somal apoptosis, the propagation of which is unclear. We combined single-cell laser axotomy with time-lapse imaging to study the dynamics of phosphatidylserine externalization immediately after axonal injury in purified retinal ganglion cells. The extension of phosphatidylserine externalization was slowed and delayed in Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) axons and this phenotype could be reproduced by intra-axonal disulfide reduction in wild-type axons and reversed by extra-axonal reduction in WldS axons. These results are consistent with a redox mechanism for propagation of membrane polarity asymmetry in axonal degeneration.
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Kim K, Bae ON, Koh SH, Kang S, Lim KM, Noh JY, Shin S, Kim I, Chung JH. High-Dose Vitamin C Injection to Cancer Patients May Promote Thrombosis Through Procoagulant Activation of Erythrocytes. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:350-9. [PMID: 26139164 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential risk of high-dose vitamin C consumption is often ignored. Recently, gram-dose vitamin C is being intravenously injected for the treatment of cancer, which can expose circulating blood cells to extremely high concentrations of vitamin C. As well as platelets, red blood cells (RBCs) can actively participate in thrombosis through procoagulant activation. Here, we examined the procoagulant and prothrombotic risks associated with the intravenous injection of gram-dose vitamin C. Vitamin C (0.5-5 mM) increased procoagulant activity of freshly isolated human RBCs via the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) to outer cellular membrane and the formation of PS-bearing microvesicles. PS exposure was induced by the dysregulation of key enzymes for the maintenance of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, which was from vitamin C-induced oxidative stress, and resultant disruption of calcium and thiol homeostasis. Indeed, the intravenous injection of vitamin C (0.5-1.0 g/kg) in rats in vivo significantly increased thrombosis. Notably, the prothrombotic effects of vitamin C were more prominent in RBCs isolated from cancer patients, who are at increased risks of thrombotic events. Vitamin C-induced procoagulant and prothrombotic activation of RBCs, and increased thrombosis in vivo. RBCs from cancer patients exhibited increased sensitivity to the prothrombotic effects of vitamin C, reflecting that intravenous gram-dose vitamin C therapy needs to be carefully revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunyoung Kim
- *College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Koh
- *College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Seojin Kang
- *College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans Universtiy, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- *College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul 156-707, Korea; and
| | - Inho Kim
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Chung
- *College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Kuypers FA. Hemoglobin S Polymerization and Red Cell Membrane Changes. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2014; 28:155-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Shmukler BE, Hsu A, Alves J, Trudel M, Rust MB, Hubner CA, Rivera A, Alper SL. N-ethylmaleimide activates a Cl(-)-independent component of K(+) flux in mouse erythrocytes. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:9-16. [PMID: 23481459 PMCID: PMC3646938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The K-Cl cotransporters (KCCs) of mouse erythrocytes exhibit higher basal activity than those of human erythrocytes, but are similarly activated by cell swelling, by hypertonic urea, and by staurosporine. However, the dramatic stimulation of human erythroid KCCs by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) is obscured in mouse erythrocytes by a prominent NEM-stimulated K(+) efflux that lacks Cl(-)-dependence. The NEM-sensitivity of Cl(-)-independent K(+) efflux of mouse erythrocytes is lower than that of KCC. The genetically engineered absence of the K-Cl cotransporters KCC3 and KCC1 from mouse erythrocytes does not modify Cl(-)-independent K(+) efflux. Mouse erythrocytes genetically devoid of the Gardos channel KCNN4 show increased NEM-sensitivity of both Cl(-)-independent K(+) efflux and K-Cl cotransport. The increased NEM-sensitivity and stimulation magnitude of Cl(-)-independent K(+) efflux in mouse erythrocytes expressing transgenic hypersickling human hemoglobin SAD (HbSAD) are independent of the presence of KCC3 and KCC1, but absence of KCNN4 reduces the stimulatory effect of HbSAD. NEM-stimulated Cl(-)-independent K(+) efflux of mouse red cells is insensitive to ouabain and bumetanide, but partially inhibited by chloroquine, barium, and amiloride. The NEM-stimulated activity is modestly reduced at pH6.0 but not significantly altered at pH8.0, and is abolished at 0°C. Although the molecular identity of this little-studied K(+) efflux pathway of mouse erythrocytes remains unknown, its potential role in the pathophysiology of sickle red cell dehydration will be important for the extrapolation of studies in mouse models of sickle cell disease to our understanding of humans with sickle cell anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris E. Shmukler
- Divisions of Nephrology and Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Hsu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Alves
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marie Trudel
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculte de Medecine, University of Montreal, Montreal
| | - Marco B. Rust
- Neurobiology/Neurophysiology Group, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Alicia Rivera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seth L. Alper
- Divisions of Nephrology and Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Weiss E, Cytlak UM, Rees DC, Osei A, Gibson JS. Deoxygenation-induced and Ca(2+) dependent phosphatidylserine externalisation in red blood cells from normal individuals and sickle cell patients. Cell Calcium 2011; 51:51-6. [PMID: 22197026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is usually confined to the inner leaflet of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. It may become externalised in various conditions, however, notably in RBCs from patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) where exposed PS may contribute to anaemic and ischaemic complications. PS externalisation requires both inhibition of the aminophospholipid translocase (or flippase) and activation of the scramblase. Both may follow from elevation of intracellular Ca(2+). Flippase inhibition occurs at low [Ca(2+)](i), about 1μM, but [Ca(2+)](i) required for scrambling is reported to be much higher (around 100μM). In this work, FITC-labelled lactadherin and FACS were used to measure externalised PS, with [Ca(2+)](i) altered using bromo-A23187 and EGTA/Ca(2+) mixtures. Two components of Ca(2+)-induced scrambling were apparent, of high (EC(50) 1.8±0.3μM) and low (306±123μM) affinity, in RBCs from normal individuals and the commonest SCD genotypes, HbSS and HbSC. The high affinity component was lost in the presence of unphysiologically high [Mg(2+)] but was unaffected by high K(+) (90mM) or vanadate (1mM). The high affinity component accounted for PS scrambling in ≥2/3rd RBCs. It is likely to be most significant in vivo and may be involved in the pathophysiology of SCD or other conditions involving eryptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Weiss
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Sickle cell disease and venous thromboembolism. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2011; 3:e2011024. [PMID: 21713075 PMCID: PMC3113276 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2011.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin S in homozygous state or in combination with one of the structural variants of Hb D-Punjab, Hb O-Arab, Hb C or β-thalassemia mutation results in sickle cell disease (SCD) that is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia and tissue injury secondary to vasooclusion. A chronic hypercoagulable state in SCD has been established with the increased risk of thromboembolic complications in these patients. The goal of present review is to survey of the literature related to thromboembolic events and genetic risk factors involved in the manifestation of these events in SCD patients with focus on studies from Mediterranean countries. Also, this review covers the pathogenesis of hypercoagulability and alteration in the components of hemostasis system.
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Jang WH, Lim KM, Kim K, Noh JY, Kang S, Chang YK, Chung JH. Low level of lead can induce phosphatidylserine exposure and erythrophagocytosis: a new mechanism underlying lead-associated anemia. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:177-84. [PMID: 21482638 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is probably one of the most well-known toxic effects of lead. Previously, lead-induced anemia was considered to be from the inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase participating in the heme biosynthesis. However, little is known whether lead could affect the destruction of erythrocyte, another important factor for anemia. In the present study, we demonstrated that lead could accelerate the splenic sequestration of erythrocytes through phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and subsequently increased erythrophagocytosis. In freshly isolated human erythrocytes, Pb(2+)- induced PS exposure at relatively low concentrations (∼0.1 μM) by inhibiting flippase, a key aminophospholipid translocase for the maintenance of PS asymmetry and adenosine triphosphate depletion appeared to underlie this phenomenon. Abnormal shape changes of erythrocytes and microvesicle generation and other triggers for the erythrophagocytosis were also observed in the Pb(2+)-exposed erythrocytes. In vitro data showed that human macrophage indeed recognized and phagocytosis PS-exposed erythrocytes. In good accordance with these in vitro results, the oral administration of Pb(2+) increased PS exposure on erythrocytes in rat in vivo. In addition, reduction of hematocrit and hemoglobin and increased spleen weight were observed along with enhanced splenic sequestration of erythrocytes in the rats exposed to Pb(2+) subchronically for 4 weeks through drinking water. In conclusion, these results suggest that Pb(2+)-induced anemia may be explained at least in part by increased PS exposure on erythrocytes, erythrophagocytosis, and splenic sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hee Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Role of calcium in phosphatidylserine externalisation in red blood cells from sickle cell patients. Anemia 2010; 2011:379894. [PMID: 21490763 PMCID: PMC3065920 DOI: 10.1155/2011/379894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine exposure occurs in red blood cells (RBCs) from sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and is increased by deoxygenation. The mechanisms responsible remain unclear. RBCs from SCD patients also have elevated cation permeability, and, in particular, a deoxygenation-induced cation conductance which mediates Ca2+ entry, providing an obvious link with phosphatidylserine exposure. The role of Ca2+ was investigated using FITC-labelled annexin. Results confirmed high phosphatidylserine exposure in RBCs from SCD patients increasing upon deoxygenation. When deoxygenated, phosphatidylserine exposure was further elevated as extracellular [Ca2+] was increased. This effect was inhibited by dipyridamole, intracellular Ca2+ chelation, and Gardos channel inhibition. Phosphatidylserine exposure was reduced in high K+ saline. Ca2+ levels required to elicit phosphatidylserine exposure were in the low micromolar range. Findings are consistent with Ca2+ entry through the deoxygenation-induced pathway (Psickle), activating the Gardos channel. [Ca2+] required for phosphatidylserine scrambling are in the range achievable in vivo.
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Bevers EM, Williamson PL. Phospholipid scramblase: An update. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2724-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Noh JY, Park JS, Lim KM, Kim K, Bae ON, Chung SM, Shin S, Chung JH. A naphthoquinone derivative can induce anemia through phosphatidylserine exposure-mediated erythrophagocytosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:414-20. [PMID: 20164298 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.164608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A naphthoquinone derivative, beta-lapachone (betaL; 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphthol[1,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione), is receiving huge attention for its potent therapeutic effects against various diseases. However, during the preclinical safety evaluation, repeated oral treatment of betaL in rats induced anemia, i.e., a significantly decreased erythrocyte count. In this study, in an effort to elucidate the mechanism underlying the betaL-induced anemia, we investigated the effects of betaL on erythrocytes with freshly isolated human erythrocytes in vitro and rat in vivo. betaL did not induce erythrocyte hemolysis, indicating that direct hemotoxicity was not involved in betaL-associated anemia. Meanwhile, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure along with spherocytic shape change and microvesicle generation, important factors in the facilitation of erythrophagocytosis, were increased significantly by betaL. The PS exposure on erythrocytes was from betaL-induced reactive oxygen species generation and subsequent depletion of reduced glutathione and protein thiol, which culminated in the modified activities of phospholipid translocases, i.e., inhibition of flippase and activation of scramblase. It is important to note that coincubation of macrophage with betaL-treated erythrocyte in vitro showed increased erythrophagocytosis, demonstrating that the removal of erythrocyte by macrophage can be facilitated by betaL-induced PS exposure. In good accordance with these in vitro results, after oral administration of betaL in rats, increased PS exposure and depletion of glutathione were observed along with enhanced splenic sequestration of erythrocytes. In conclusion, these results suggest that betaL-induced anemia might be mediated through the PS exposure and subsequent erythrophagocytosis, providing novel insight into the drug-induced anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Effect of calcium on the hemolytic activity of Stichodactyla helianthus toxin sticholysin II on human erythrocytes. Toxicon 2009; 54:845-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Barber LA, Palascak MB, Joiner CH, Franco RS. Aminophospholipid translocase and phospholipid scramblase activities in sickle erythrocyte subpopulations. Br J Haematol 2009; 146:447-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Chadebech P, Habibi A, Nzouakou R, Bachir D, Meunier-Costes N, Bonin P, Rodet M, Chami B, Galacteros F, Bierling P, Noizat-Pirenne F. Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in sickle cell disease patients: evidence of an emerging syndrome with suicidal red blood cell death. Transfusion 2009; 49:1785-92. [PMID: 19413729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) is a life-threatening complication in sickle cell disease (SCD) characterized by recurrence of disease complications, recipient red blood cell (RBC) destruction, and frequently no detectable antibody. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure signs suicidal RBC death or eryptosis and is involved in vasoocclusive crisis (VOC). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Transfusion was monitored in 48 SCD patients for up to 20 days. PS exposure was evaluated in vivo on patient RBCs (PS-RBCs) at five time points and in vitro after incubation of donor RBCs with pretransfusion plasma. RESULTS Three VOC patients displayed DHTR with recurrent SCD features and no detectable antibody in two cases. In vitro, PS-RBC percentage was significantly increased by incubating donor RBCs with pretransfusion plasma samples from DHTR patients with no detectable antibody. No such increase was observed with samples from other patients. This result indicates that donor RBCs may be damaged by the environment of SCD patients, increasing the physiologic clearance of apoptotic RBCs. In vivo, PS-RBC percentage increased in all three cases after destruction of transfused RBCs, indicating that DHTR induces PS-RBCs and, possibly, subsequent VOC and autologous RBC destruction. CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that DHTR can occur in the absence of detectable antibody. In these cases, a mechanism of excessive eryptosis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Chadebech
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Ile de France, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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17
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Abstract
Sickle cell disease continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality despite increases in life expectancy. This review looks at recent translational research in sickle cell disease, covering the red cell membrane, the vascular endothelium, local and systemic inflammation and the potentially pivotal role of nitric oxide as a key regulator of sickle cell complications. Clinical research reviewed includes pulmonary hypertension, which is emerging as a particularly deadly scourge of adults with any haemolytic anaemia, and newer insights into older, more established complications and treatments, such as red cell transfusions, the need for and use of iron chelation and avascular necrosis. Finally, recent studies about those factors that affect the day-to-day lives of persons with sickle cell disease, pain and neuropsychiatric functioning, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Hagar
- Children's Research Center and Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA 94618, USA.
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18
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Wang Y, Beck W, Deppisch R, Marshall SM, Hoenich NA, Thompson MG. Differential effects of dialysis and ultrafiltrate from individuals with CKD, with or without diabetes, on platelet phosphatidylserine externalization. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F220-8. [PMID: 17670899 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00279.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk of cardiovascular events and have elevated externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS; which propagates thrombus formation) in a small subpopulation of platelets. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 1) removing uremic toxins by hemodialysis on PS externalization in patients with either CKD or CKD and DM and 2) ultrafiltrate (UF) from these individuals on PS externalization in healthy platelets. PS externalization was quantified by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter using annexin V in platelet-rich plasma. PS externalization was elevated threefold in CKD patients and returned to basal values during 3-h hemodialysis. In contrast, it was elevated fivefold in individuals with CKD and DM and was still threefold above control after 3-h treatment. UF significantly increased PS externalization in a small subpopulation of platelets from healthy controls. The effect of UF from individuals with CKD and DM was significantly greater than that from patients with CKD alone, and the responses were partially inhibited by the protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) inhibitor rottlerin and the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A/2Creceptor antagonist ritanserin. The data suggest that uremic toxins present in UF mediate PS externalization in a small subpopulation of platelets, at least in part, via the 5-HT2A/2Creceptor and PKCδ and demonstrate that DM further enhances platelet PS externalization in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis. This may explain, at least in part, the additional increase in vascular damage observed in CKD patients when DM is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Sahu SK, Gummadi SN, Manoj N, Aradhyam GK. Phospholipid scramblases: An overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:103-14. [PMID: 17481571 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblases are a group of homologous proteins that are conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. They are believed to be involved in destroying plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry at critical cellular events like cell activation, injury and apoptosis. However, a detailed mechanism of phospholipid scrambling still awaits a proper understanding. The most studied member of this family, phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) (a 37kDa protein), is involved in rapid Ca2+ dependent transbilayer redistribution of plasma membrane phospholipids. Recently the function of PLSCR1 as a phospholipids translocator has been challenged and evidences suggest that PLSCR1 acts as signaling molecule. It has been shown to be involved in protein phosphorylation and as a potential activator of genes in response to interferon and other cytokines. Interferon induced rapid biosynthesis of PLSCR1 targets some of the protein into the nucleus, where it binds to the promoter region of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor type 1 (IP3R1) gene and induces its expression. Palmitoylation of PLSCR1 acts as a switch, controlling its localization either to the PM or inside the nucleus. In the present review, we discuss the current understanding of PLSCR1 in relation to its trafficking, localization and signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Tyurina YY, Basova LV, Konduru NV, Tyurin VA, Potapovich AI, Cai P, Bayir H, Stoyanovsky D, Pitt BR, Shvedova AA, Fadeel B, Kagan VE. Nitrosative stress inhibits the aminophospholipid translocase resulting in phosphatidylserine externalization and macrophage engulfment: implications for the resolution of inflammation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:8498-509. [PMID: 17229723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606950200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage recognition of apoptotic cells depends on externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), which is normally maintained within the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane by aminophospholipid translocase (APLT). APLT is sensitive to redox modifications of its -SH groups. Because activated macrophages produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, we hypothesized that macrophages can directly participate in apoptotic cell clearance by S-nitrosylation/oxidation and inhibition of APLT causing PS externalization. Here we report that exposure of target HL-60 cells to nitrosative stress inhibited APLT, induced PS externalization, and enhanced recognition and elimination of "nitrosatively" modified cells by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Using S-nitroso-L-cysteine-ethyl ester (SNCEE) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) that cause intracellular and extracellular trans-nitrosylation of proteins, respectively, we found that SNCEE (but not GSNO) caused significant S-nitrosylation/oxidation of thiols in HL-60 cells. SNCEE also strongly inhibited APLT, activated scramblase, and caused PS externalization. However, SNCEE did not induce caspase activation or nuclear condensation/fragmentation suggesting that PS externalization was dissociated from the common apoptotic pathway. Dithiothreitol reversed SNCEE-induced S-nitrosylation, APLT inhibition, and PS externalization. SNCEE but not GSNO stimulated phagocytosis of HL-60 cells. Moreover, phagocytosis of target cells by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages was significantly suppressed by an NO. scavenger, DAF-2. Thus, macrophage-induced nitrosylation/oxidation plays an important role in cell clearance, and hence in the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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Abstract
AbstractPatients with sickle cell disease (SCD) exhibit high plasma levels of markers of thrombin generation, depletion of natural anticoagulant proteins, abnormal activation of the fibrinolytic system, and increased tissue factor expression, even in the non-crisis steady state. In addition, platelets and other cellular elements are chronically activated in the non-crisis state. Despite an abundance of evidence for coagulation and platelet activation, it remains uncertain whether these changes contribute to the pathophysiology of SCD or are, rather, simple epiphenomena. With the occurrence of macrovascular thrombotic complications in SCD, as well as the recognition that soluble CD40 ligand is biologically active in SCD, coagulation and platelet activation may indeed play a role in SCD pathophysiology. Defining a role for hypercoagulability in SCD requires further understanding of its pathogenesis. Furthermore, the conduct of well-controlled clinical trials using anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents and using a variety of clinical endpoints is warranted.
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Abstract
AbstractThe red blood cell (RBC) membrane is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins. Hundreds of phospholipid molecular species spontaneously arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer and move rapidly in the plane as well as across the bilayer in a dynamic but highly organized fashion. Areas enriched in certain lipids determine proper protein function. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed across the lipid bilayer with phosphatidylserine (PS) exclusively on the inside. Both the composition and organization of the RBC membrane is well maintained. Alterations lead to apoptosis during erythropoiesis or early demise of the cell in the circulation. The mechanisms that govern the maintenance of the lipid bilayer are only recently being unraveled at the individual protein level. Oxidized lipids are rapidly repaired using fatty acids taken up from plasma to maintain membrane integrity. Several isoforms of a RBC acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) synthase have been reported, as well as the first member of a family of lysophospholipid acylCoA acyltransferases. Phospholipid asymmetry is maintained by the recently identified RBC amino-phospholipid translocase. These enzymes, essential in maintaining membrane lipid organization, are affected by oxidant stress or an increase in cytosolic calcium. Normal lipid composition and organization is lost in subpopulations of RBC in hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Despite elaborate antioxidant systems, lipids and membrane proteins, including those that maintain lipid organization, are damaged in these cells. This in turn leads to improper repair of damaged RBC membranes and altered interactions of RBCs with other blood cells and plasma components that play a role in the pathology that defines these disorders. The altered lipid bilayer in RBCs in hemoglobinopathies leads to premature removal (anemia) and imbalance in hemostasis, and plays a role in vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell disease. Lipid breakdown products of PS-exposing cells result in vascular dysfunction, including acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. In summary, altered membrane lipids play an important role in the pathology of hemoglobinopathies and characterization of the proteins involved in lipid turnover will elucidate the pathways that maintain plasma membrane organization and cellular viability.
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