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Chou YT, Chen HY, Wu IH, Su FL, Li WH, Hsu HL, Tai JT, Chao TH. Higher platelet count, even within normal range, is associated with increased arterial stiffness in young and middle-aged adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8061-8076. [PMID: 36242594 PMCID: PMC9596195 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Platelet counts and mean platelet volume (MPV) are related to cardiovascular disease, but a thorough investigation into the connection between increased arterial stiffness, MPV, and platelet counts is lacking. This study aimed to explore the association of platelet count and MPV with arterial stiffness in young and middle-aged adults. Methods: A total of 2464 participants who underwent health checkups at National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan from November 2018 to December 2019 were included. We excluded participants aged <18 or >50 years; who are pregnant; on medication for dyslipidemia; with abnormal platelet count, incomplete data, and past history of hematologic disorders. We examined the association of platelet counts and MPV values with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) levels and increased arterial stiffness. Results: Platelet count was significantly higher in participants with increased arterial stiffness than in those without. The multiple linear regression model revealed that platelet counts were positively associated with baPWV levels (β = 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96 to 2.80). In the binary logistic regression analysis, subjects in the higher platelet counts quartiles had a higher risk of developing increased arterial stiffness (Q2 vs. Q1: odds ratio (OR): 1.54, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.27; Q3 vs. Q1: OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.33; and Q4 vs. Q1: OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.50 to 3.30). In contrast, MPV levels were not associated with arterial stiffness. Conclusions: Platelet count in midlife was positively associated with baPWV levels. Participants in higher platelet quartiles were at risk for increased arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tsung Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Lin Su
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huang Li
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Hsu
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ting Tai
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsing Chao
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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2
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Falcinelli E, De Paolis M, Boschetti E, Gresele P. Release of MMP-2 in the circulation of patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Role of platelets. Thromb Res 2022; 216:84-89. [PMID: 35759818 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of atherosclerotic tissue contribute to plaque rupture triggering acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Several MMPs, including MMP-2, are also contained in platelets and released upon activation. An increase in circulating levels of MMP-2 has been reported in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), but its time-course and origin remain unclear. Aims of our study were to assess the time-course of MMP-2 release in blood of stable and unstable coronary artery disease patients undergoing PCI and to unravel the possible contribution of platelets to its release. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were drawn immediately before, 4 and 24 h after PCI from patients with ACS (NSTEMI or STEMI, n = 21) or with stable angina (SA, n = 21). Platelet-poor plasma and washed platelet lysates were prepared and stored for subsequent assay of MMP-2 and β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), a platelet-specific protein released upon activation. RESULTS Plasma MMP-2 and β-TG increased significantly 4 h after PCI and returned to baseline at 24 h in ACS patients, while they did not change in SA patients. Platelet content of MMP-2 and β-TG decreased significantly 4 h after PCI in patients with ACS, compatible with intravascular platelet activation and release, while they did not change in patients with SA. CONCLUSIONS PCI triggers the release of MMP-2 in the circulation of ACS patients but not in that of patients with SA. Platelets activated by PCI contribute to the increase of plasma MMP-2 releasing their MMP-2 content. Given that previous mechanicistic studies have shown that MMP-2 may sustain platelet activation and unstabilize downstream-located plaques and in the long term favour restenosis and atherosclerosis progression, these data may encourage the search for therapeutic agents blocking MMP-2 release or activity in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella De Paolis
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Enrico Boschetti
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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3
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Hwang BO, Park SY, Cho ES, Zhang X, Lee SK, Ahn HJ, Chun KS, Chung WY, Song NY. Platelet CLEC2-Podoplanin Axis as a Promising Target for Oral Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:807600. [PMID: 34987523 PMCID: PMC8721674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.807600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer tissues are not just simple masses of malignant cells, but rather complex and heterogeneous collections of cellular and even non-cellular components, such as endothelial cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and collagens, referred to as tumor microenvironment (TME). These multiple players in the TME develop dynamic interactions with each other, which determines the characteristics of the tumor. Platelets are the smallest cells in the bloodstream and primarily regulate blood coagulation and hemostasis. Notably, cancer patients often show thrombocytosis, a status of an increased platelet number in the bloodstream, as well as the platelet infiltration into the tumor stroma, which contributes to cancer promotion and progression. Thus, platelets function as one of the important stromal components in the TME, emerging as a promising chemotherapeutic target. However, the use of traditional antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, has limitations mainly due to increased bleeding complications. This requires to implement new strategies to target platelets for anti-cancer effects. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, both high platelet counts and low tumor-stromal ratio (high stroma) are strongly correlated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis. OSCC tends to invade adjacent tissues and bones and spread to the lymph nodes for distant metastasis, which is a huge hurdle for OSCC treatment in spite of relatively easy access for visual examination of precancerous lesions in the oral cavity. Therefore, locoregional control of the primary tumor is crucial for OSCC treatment. Similar to thrombocytosis, higher expression of podoplanin (PDPN) has been suggested as a predictive marker for higher frequency of lymph node metastasis of OSCC. Cumulative evidence supports that platelets can directly interact with PDPN-expressing cancer cells via C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC2), contributing to cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Thus, the platelet CLEC2-PDPN axis could be a pinpoint target to inhibit interaction between platelets and OSCC, avoiding undesirable side effects. Here, we will review the role of platelets in cancer, particularly focusing on CLEC2-PDPN interaction, and will assess their potentials as therapeutic targets for OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunae Sandra Cho
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji City, China
| | - Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Dental Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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A p.Arg127Gln variant in GPIbα LRR5 allosterically enhances affinity for VWF: a novel form of platelet-type VWD. Blood Adv 2021; 6:2236-2246. [PMID: 34619770 PMCID: PMC9006298 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel GP1BA variant in the LRR5 domain of GPIbα (p.Arg127Gln) in a patient with a mild PT-VWD phenotype. GOF variants in the LRR of GPIbα alter the dynamics of the C-terminal disulfide loop generating a conformation with high affinity for VWF.
Gain-of-function (GOF) variants in GP1BA cause platelet-type von Willebrand disease (PT-VWD), a rare inherited autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by enhanced platelet GPIbα to von Willebrand factor (VWF) interaction, and thrombocytopenia. To date, only 6 variants causing PT-VWD have been described, 5 in the C-terminal disulfide loop of the VWF-binding domain of GPIbα and 1 in the macroglycopeptide. GOF GP1BA variants generate a high-affinity conformation of the C-terminal disulfide loop with a consequent allosteric conformational change on another region of GPIbα, the leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) domain. We identified a novel GP1BA variant (p.Arg127Gln) affecting the LRR5 domain of GPIbα in a boy with easy bruising and laboratory test results suggestive of PT-VWD. We thus aimed to investigate the impact of the p.Arg127Gln variant on GPIbα affinity for VWF and GPIbα structure. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing p.Arg127Gln GPIbα showed increased binding of VWF induced by ristocetin and enhanced tethering on immobilized VWF as compared with cells expressing wild-type GPIbα. Surface plasmon resonance confirmed that p.Arg127Gln enhances the binding affinity of GPIbα for VWF. Hydrogen‐deuterium exchange mass spectrometry showed that p.Arg127Gln of LRR, while having little effect on the dynamics of the LRR locally, enhances the conformational dynamics of the GPIbα C-terminal disulfide loop structure. Our data demonstrate for the first time that GOF variants outside the GPIbα C-terminal disulfide loop may be pathogenic and that aminoacidic changes in the LRR may cause allosterically conformational changes in the C-terminal disulfide loop of GPIbα, inducing a conformation with high affinity for VWF.
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5
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Momi S, Falcinelli E, Petito E, Ciarrocca Taranta G, Ossoli A, Gresele P. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 on activated platelets triggers endothelial PAR-1 initiating atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2021; 43:504-514. [PMID: 34529782 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Platelets participate in atherogenesis with mechanisms not yet fully clarified. Vascular wall MMP-2 is involved in the arterial remodelling accompanying atherosclerosis. Platelets contain and release MMP-2 but no informations are available on its role in atherosclerotic lesion formation. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated double knockout mice lacking the LDL receptor and MMP-2 only in circulating blood cells showing that they develop significantly lesser femoral intima thickening after photochemical-induced arterial damage and atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, measured by the en face method, after 4 months of atherogenic diet. Moreover, repeated transfusions of autologous-activated platelets in LDLR-/- mice on atherogenic diet significantly enhanced the extension of aortic atherosclerotic lesions while transfusion of activated platelets from MMP-2-/- mice did not. In vitro coincubation studies showed that platelet-derived MMP-2 plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis through a complex cross-talk between activated platelets, monocyte/macrophages, and endothelial cells. Translational studies in patients with CAD and chronic HIV infection showed that platelet surface expression of MMP-2 highly significantly correlated with the degree of carotid artery stenosis. CONCLUSION We show a previously unknown mechanism of the pathway through which platelets expressing MMP-2 trigger the initial phases of atherosclerosis and provide a mechanism showing that they activate endothelial PAR-1 triggering endothelial p38MAPK signalling and the expression of adhesion molecules. The development of drugs blocking selectively platelet MMP-2 or its expression may represent a new approach to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Momi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Strada Vicinale Via delle Corse, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Strada Vicinale Via delle Corse, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Eleonora Petito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Strada Vicinale Via delle Corse, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Giulia Ciarrocca Taranta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Strada Vicinale Via delle Corse, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacologic and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, via delle Corse, Milan 06132, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Strada Vicinale Via delle Corse, Perugia 06132, Italy
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6
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Gresele P, Falcinelli E, Momi S, Petito E, Sebastiano M. Platelets and Matrix Metalloproteinases: A Bidirectional Interaction with Multiple Pathophysiologic Implications. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:136-145. [PMID: 33860521 DOI: 10.1055/a-1393-8339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets contain and release several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a highly conserved protein family with multiple functions in organism defense and repair. Platelet-released MMPs as well as MMPs generated by other cells within the cardiovascular system modulate platelet function in health and disease. In particular, a normal hemostatic platelet response to vessel wall injury may be transformed into pathological thrombus formation by platelet-released and/or by locally generated MMPs. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that platelets play a role not only in hemostasis but also in immune response, inflammation and allergy, atherosclerosis, and cancer development, and MMPs seem to contribute importantly to this role. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may open the way to novel therapeutic approaches to the inhibition of their pathogenic effects and lead to significant advances in the treatment of cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Momi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Petito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Sebastiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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7
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Wu J, Heemskerk JWM, Baaten CCFMJ. Platelet Membrane Receptor Proteolysis: Implications for Platelet Function. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:608391. [PMID: 33490118 PMCID: PMC7820117 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.608391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of adhesion and signaling receptors in platelets are controlled by several mechanisms. An important way of regulation is provided by proteolytic cleavage of several of these receptors, leading to either a gain or a loss of platelet function. The proteases involved are of different origins and types: (i) present as precursor in plasma, (ii) secreted into the plasma by activated platelets or other blood cells, or (iii) intracellularly activated and cleaving cytosolic receptor domains. We provide a comprehensive overview of the proteases acting on the platelet membrane. We describe how these are activated, which are their target proteins, and how their proteolytic activity modulates platelet functions. The review focuses on coagulation-related proteases, plasmin, matrix metalloproteinases, ADAM(TS) isoforms, cathepsins, caspases, and calpains. We also describe how the proteolytic activities are determined by different platelet populations in a thrombus and conversely how proteolysis contributes to the formation of such populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Constance C. F. M. J. Baaten
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Ding WY, Gupta D, Lip GYH. Atrial fibrillation and the prothrombotic state: revisiting Virchow’s triad in 2020. Heart 2020; 106:1463-1468. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterised by an increased risk of pathological thrombus formation due to a disruption of physiological haemostatic mechanisms that are better understood by reference to Virchow’s triad of ‘abnormal blood constituents’, ‘vessel wall abnormalities’ and ‘abnormal blood flow’. First, there is increased activation of the coagulation cascade, platelet reactivity and impaired fibrinolysis as a result of AF per se, and these processes are amplified with pre-existing comorbidities. Several prothrombotic biomarkers including platelet factor 4, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, β-thromboglobulin and D-dimer have been implicated in this process. Second, structural changes such as atrial fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction are linked to the development of AF which promote further atrial remodelling, thereby providing a suitable platform for clot formation and subsequent embolisation. Third, these factors are compounded by the presence of reduced blood flow secondary to dilatation of cardiac chambers and loss of atrial systole which have been confirmed using various imaging techniques. Overall, an improved understanding of the various factors involved in thrombus formation will allow better clinical risk stratification and targeted therapies in AF.
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9
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Nocella C, Cammisotto V, Bartimoccia S, Castellani V, Loffredo L, Pastori D, Pignatelli P, Sanguigni V, Violi F, Carnevale R. A novel role of MMP2 in regulating platelet NOX2 activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:355-362. [PMID: 32268176 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NOX2 has a key role for cellular production of reactive oxidant species (ROS) and although the mechanism of its activation is well known, little is known about its regulation. Metallo-proteinases (MMPs) regulate numerous protein activities both in physiological and pathological conditions but their interplay with NOX2 and ROS formation is still unclear. We performed experimental studies in human platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to investigate the interplay of MMP2 with NOX2 activity. In collagen-stimulated platelets and in PMA-stimulated PMNs from healthy subjects, an immediate burst of ROS was detected at 10 min to then decline at 20 min. Coincidentally, sNOX2-dp, a split-off product of NOX2, increased and peaked at 10 min. ROS production was persistent whereas sNOX2dp is not released in cells treated with MMP2 inhibitor compared to other MMPs inhibitors. Western blot analysis showed the highest MMP2 expression on the cell membrane 10 min after stimulation. Moreover, the co-immunoprecipitation assay confirms the interaction between MMP2 and NOX2 that formed an active immuno-complex. Treating cells with NOX2ds-tat, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, significantly reduced ROS formation, sNOX2-dp, MMP2 expression and MMP2-NOX2-complex, which were all restored if cells were added with H2O2. The study provides the first evidence that MMP2 has a key role in blunting platelet NOX2 activity and eventually ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Cammisotto
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Speciality Paride Stefanini, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Bartimoccia
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Castellani
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Loffredo
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pastori
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Sanguigni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Violi
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122, Napoli, Italy; Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100, Latina, Italy.
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10
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Marturano A, Hendrickx ML, Falcinelli E, Sebastiano M, Guglielmini G, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Muyldermans S, Declerck PJ, Gresele P. Development of anti-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) nanobodies as potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 24:102103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Hajtuch J, Hante N, Tomczyk E, Wojcik M, Radomski MW, Santos-Martinez MJ, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Effects of functionalized silver nanoparticles on aggregation of human blood platelets. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7399-7417. [PMID: 31571858 PMCID: PMC6750026 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s213499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human blood platelet function. We hypothesized that AgNPs, a known antimicrobial agent, can be used as blood-compatible, "ideal material'' in medical devices or as a drug delivery system. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate if functionalized AgNPs affect platelet function and platelets as well as endothelial cell viability in vitro. METHODS AgNPs, functionalized with reduced glutathione (GSH), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lipoic acid (LA) were synthesized. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation was used to measure the effect of AgNPs on platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation was measured by changes in frequency and dissipation, and the presence of platelets on the sensor surface was confirmed and imaged by phase contrast microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to detect surface abundance of platelet receptors. Lactate dehydrogenase test was used to assess the potential cytotoxicity of AgNPs on human blood platelets, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Commercially available ELISA tests were used to measure the levels of thromboxane B2 and metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2) released by platelets as markers of platelet activation. RESULTS 2 nm AgNPs-GSH, 3.7 nm AgNPs-PEG both at 50 and 100 µg/mL, and 2.5 nm AgNPs-LA at 100 µg/mL reduced platelet aggregation, inhibited collagen-mediated increase in total P-selectin and GPIIb/IIIa, TXB2 formation, MMP-1, and MMP-2 release. The tested AgNPs concentrations were not cytotoxic as they did not affect, platelet, endothelial cell, or fibroblast viability. CONCLUSION All tested functionalized AgNPs inhibited platelet aggregation at nontoxic concentrations. Therefore, functionalized AgNPs can be used as an antiplatelet agent or in design and manufacturing of blood-facing medical devices, such as vascular grafts, stents, heart valves, and catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Hajtuch
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nadhim Hante
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin2, Ireland
| | | | - Michal Wojcik
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Witold Radomski
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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12
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Identification of fibrinogen as a natural inhibitor of MMP-2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4340. [PMID: 30867536 PMCID: PMC6416301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-genetic MMP-2 insufficiency is a relatively unexplored condition which could be induced by pathological overexpression of endogenous MMP-2 inhibitors such as TIMPs and/or the acute phase reactant alpha-2-macroglobulin. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that human fibrinogen (FBG) – an acute phase reactant – inhibits human MMP-2. Following an unexpected observation where sera from human donors including arthritis patients with increased levels of serum FBG exhibited reduced binding of serum proMMP-2 to gelatin, we found that human FBG (0 to 3.6 mg/mL i.e., 0 to 10.6 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited human proMMP-2 and MMP2 from binding to gelatin. Moreover, at normal physiological concentrations, FBG (5.29–11.8 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited (40–70% inhibition) the cleavage of fluorescein-conjugated gelatin by MMP-2, but not MMP-9. Indicative of a mixed-type (combination of competitive and non-competitive) inhibition mechanism, FBG reduced the Vmax (24.9 ± 0.7 min−1 to 17.7 ± 0.9 min−1, P < 0.05) and increased the Michaelis-Menten constant KM (204 ± 6 nM to 478 ± 50 nM, P < 0.05) for the reaction of MMP-2 cleavage of fluorescein-conjugated gelatin. In silico analyses and studies of FBG neutralization with anti-FBG antibodies implicated the domains D and E of FBG in the inhibition of MMP-2. In conclusion, FBG is a natural selective MMP-2 inhibitor, whose pathological elevation could lead to MMP-2 insufficiency in humans.
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13
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Bury L, Malara A, Momi S, Petito E, Balduini A, Gresele P. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in platelet-type von Willebrand disease. Haematologica 2019; 104:1473-1481. [PMID: 30655369 PMCID: PMC6601082 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.200378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-type von Willebrand disease is an inherited platelet disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia with large platelets caused by gain-of-function variants in GP1BA leading to enhanced GPIbα-von Willebrand factor (vWF) interaction. GPIbα and vWF play a role in megakaryocytopoiesis, thus we aimed to investigate megakaryocyte differentiation and proplatelet-formation in platelet-type von Willebrand disease using megakaryocytes from a patient carrying the Met239Val variant and from mice carrying the Gly233Val variant. Platelet-type von Willebrand disease megakaryocytes bound vWF at an early differentiation stage and generated proplatelets with a decreased number of enlarged tips compared to control megakaryocytes. Moreover, they formed proplatelets upon contact with collagen, differently from normal megakaryocytes. Similarly, collagen triggered megakaryocytes showed defective activation of the RhoA-MLC2 axis, which prevents proplatelet formation, and increased phosphorylation of Lyn, which acts as a negative regulator of GPVI signaling, thus preventing ectopic proplatelet-formation on collagen. Consistently, human and murine bone marrow contained an increased number of extravascular platelets compared to controls. In addition, platelet survival of mutant mice was shortened compared to control mice, and the administration of desmopressin, raising circulating vWF, caused a marked drop in platelet count. Taken together, these results show for the first time that thrombocytopenia in platelet-type von Willebrand disease is due to the combination of different pathogenic mechanisms, i.e. the formation of a reduced number of platelets by megakaryocytes, the ectopic release of platelets in the bone marrow, and the increased clearance of platelet/vWF complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Bury
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Alessandro Malara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Momi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Eleonora Petito
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
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14
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Functional profiling of circulating tumor cells with an integrated vortex capture and single-cell protease activity assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9986-9991. [PMID: 30224472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803884115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are hypothesized to use proteolytic enzymes to facilitate invasion. Whether circulating tumor cells (CTCs) secrete these enzymes to aid metastasis is unknown. A quantitative and high-throughput approach to assay CTC secretion is needed to address this question. We developed an integrated microfluidic system that concentrates rare cancer cells >100,000-fold from 1 mL of whole blood into ∼50,000 2-nL drops composed of assay reagents within 15 min. The system isolates CTCs by size, exchanges fluid around CTCs to remove contaminants, introduces a matrix metalloprotease (MMP) substrate, and encapsulates CTCs into microdroplets. We found CTCs from prostate cancer patients possessed above baseline levels of MMP activity (1.7- to 200-fold). Activity of CTCs was generally higher than leukocytes from the same patient (average CTC/leukocyte MMP activity ratio, 2.6 ± 1.5). Higher MMP activity of CTCs suggests active proteolytic processes that may facilitate invasion or immune evasion and be relevant phenotypic biomarkers enabling companion diagnostics for anti-MMP therapies.
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15
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Myasoedova VA, Chistiakov DA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Matrix metalloproteinases in pro-atherosclerotic arterial remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 123:159-167. [PMID: 30172754 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a family of Zn2+ endopeptidases that process various components of the extracellular matrix. These enzymes are also involved in activation and inhibition of signaling cascades through proteolytic cleavage of surface receptors. Moreover, MMPs play a key role in tissue remodeling and and repair. Dysregulation of MMPs is observed in patholofgical conditions, including atherosclerosis, which is associated with hyperactivation of MMPs, aberrant tissue remodeling and neovascularization of the growing atherosclerotic plaques. This makes MMPs interesting therapeutic targets that can be employed for developing novel therapies to treat atherosclerosis and its complications. Currently, a growing number of synthetic MMP inhibitors is available. In this review, we will discuss the role of these enzymes in atherosclerosis pathology and the ways of their pothential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A Myasoedova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia.
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16
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Schmidt RA, Morrell CN, Ling FS, Simlote P, Fernandez G, Rich DQ, Adler D, Gervase J, Cameron SJ. The platelet phenotype in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is different from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Transl Res 2018; 195:1-12. [PMID: 29274308 PMCID: PMC5898983 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that platelets in diseased conditions share similar properties to platelets in healthy conditions, although this has never been examined in detail for myocardial infarction (MI). We examined platelets from patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) compared with platelets from healthy volunteers to evaluate for differences in platelet phenotype and function. Platelet activation was examined and postreceptor signal transduction pathways were assessed. Platelet-derived plasma biomarkers were evaluated by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Maximum platelet activation through the thromboxane receptor was greater in STEMI than in NSTEMI but less through protease-activated receptor 1. Extracellular-signal related-kinase 5 activation, which can activate platelets, was increased in platelets from subjects with STEMI and especially in platelets from patients with NSTEMI. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) protein content and enzymatic activity were several-fold greater in platelets with MI than in control. Mean plasma MMP9 concentration in patients with MI distinguished between STEMI and NSTEMI (area under curve [AUC] 75% [confidence interval (CI) 60-91], P = 0.006) which was superior to troponin T (AUC 66% [CI 48-85, P = 0.08), predicting STEMI with 80% sensitivity (95% CI 56-94), 90% specificity (CI 68-99), 70% AUC (CI 54-86, P < 0.0001), and NSTEMI with 50% sensitivity (CI 27-70), 90% specificity (CI 68-99), 70% AUC (CI 54-86, P = 0.03). Platelets from patients with STEMI and NSTEMI show differences in platelet surface receptor activation and postreceptor signal transduction, suggesting the healthy platelet phenotype in which antiplatelet agents are often evaluated in preclinical studies is different from platelets in patients with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Schmidt
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Craig N Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Frederick S Ling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Preya Simlote
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Genaro Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - David Q Rich
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - David Adler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Joe Gervase
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | - Scott J Cameron
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York; Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York.
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17
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Exploring antibody-dependent adaptive immunity against aortic extracellular matrix components in experimental aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2018. [PMID: 29519688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that adaptive immunity develops during abdominal aortic aneurysm evolution. Uncertainties remain about the antigens implicated and their role in inducing rupture. Because antigens from the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been suspected, the aim of this experimental study was to characterize the role of adaptive immunity directed against antigens from the aortic ECM. METHODS In a first step, an experimental model of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture based on adaptive immunity against the ECM was developed and characterized. Forty 4-week-old male Lewis rats were divided into two groups. In the ECM group (n = 20), rats were presensitized against the guinea pig aortic ECM before implantation of a decellularized aortic xenograft (DAX). In the control group (n = 20), rats were not presensitized before DAX implantation. In each group, half the rats were sacrificed at day 3 to analyze early mechanisms involved after DAX implantation. In a second step, we aimed to assess which ECM component was most efficient in inducing rupture. For this purpose, the nonfibrillar and fibrillar ECM components were sequentially extracted from the guinea pig aortic wall. Forty Lewis rats were then divided into four groups. Each group was presensitized against one ECM component (structural glycoproteins and proteoglycans, collagen, elastin alone, and elastin-associated glycoproteins) before DAX implantation. Apart from those that experienced rupture, rats were sacrificed at day 21. Xenografts were harvested for histologic, immunofluorescence, and conditioned medium analyses. RESULTS In total, early aortic rupture occurred in 80% of the ECM group vs 0% of the control group (P < .001). In the ECM group, major circumferential immunoglobulin deposits were observed in combination with the C3 complement fraction, without cell infiltration. Conditioned medium analysis revealed that matrix metalloproteinase 9 and myeloperoxidase levels and elastase activities were significantly increased in this group. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that myeloperoxidase co-localized with tissue-free DNA and histone H4, highlighting local neutrophil activation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Following differential presensitization, it appeared that rats presensitized against structural glycoproteins and proteoglycans were significantly more susceptible to rupture after DAX implantation. CONCLUSIONS Stimulating adaptive immunity against the aortic ECM, especially structural glycoproteins and proteoglycans, triggers rupture after DAX implantation. Further studies are needed to assess the precise proteins involved.
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18
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Seizer P, May AE. Platelets and matrix metalloproteinases. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:903-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-02-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors essentially contribute to a variety of pathophysiologies by modulating cell migration, tissue degradation and inflammation. Platelet-associated MMP activity appears to play a major role in these processes. First, platelets can concentrate leukocyte-derived MMP activity to sites of vascular injury by leukocyte recruitment. Second, platelets stimulate MMP production in e.g. leukocytes, endothelial cells, or tumour cells by direct receptor interaction or/and by paracrine pathways. Third, platelets synthesise and secrete a variety of MMPs including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-14 (MT1-MMP), and potentially MMP-9 as well as the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs). This review focuses on platelet-derived and platelet-induced MMPs and their inhibitors.
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19
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Alunno A, Falcinelli E, Luccioli F, Petito E, Bartoloni E, Momi S, Mirabelli G, Mancini GB, Gerli R, Gresele P. Platelets Contribute to the Accumulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Type 2 in Synovial Fluid in Osteoarthritis. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:2116-2124. [PMID: 28981555 DOI: 10.1160/th17-06-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a role in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disorder. Platelets are inflammatory cells, contain and release matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and favour the release of these enzymes, key effectors of cartilage and subchondral bone degradation, by other cells; however, their role in OA has not been investigated yet. Our aims were (1) to assess the presence of platelets and of MMP-2 in synovial fluid (SF) of OA patients; (2) to evaluate the contribution of platelets to MMP-2 release by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS); and (3) to investigate if hyaluronic acid (HA) interferes with these processes. SF was collected from 27 OA patients before and after treatment with intra-articular HA (20 mg/2 mL). Moreover, FLS were co-cultured with platelets, and the release of MMP-2 in supernatants was measured. Our results show that platelets are present in OA SF and show markers of activation. OA SF also contains relevant amounts of MMP-2. Co-incubation of platelets with FLS favours the release of MMP-2 by the interaction of platelet surface P-selectin with FLS CD44 by a mechanism involving the activation of pAkt and pSrc in FLS. Administration of HA to OA patients decreased the infiltration of platelets in SF and reduced the levels of MMP-2. The addition of HA in vitro inhibited the release of MMP-2 by FLS triggered by the interaction with platelets. In conclusion, our data show that platelets may contribute to joint degeneration in OA by favouring the accumulation of MMP-2 in SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Alunno
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo Luccioli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Petito
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Bartoloni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Momi
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Mirabelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Mancini
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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20
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Lenti M, Falcinelli E, Pompili M, Rango PD, Conti V, Guglielmini G, Momi S, Corazzi T, Giordano G, Gresele P. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques promotes platelet activation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 111:1089-101. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-07-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPurified active matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is able to promote platelet aggregation. We aimed to assess the role of MMP-2 expressed in atherosclerotic plaques in the platelet-activating potential of human carotid plaques and its correlation with ischaemic events. Carotid plaques from 81 patients undergoing endarterectomy were tested for pro-MMP-2 and TIMP-2 content by zymography and ELISA. Plaque extracts were incubated with gel-filtered platelets from healthy volunteers for 2 minutes before the addition of a subthreshold concentration of thrombin receptor activating peptide-6 (TRAP-6) and aggregation was assessed. Moreover, platelet deposition on plaque extracts immobilised on plastic coverslips under high shear-rate flow conditions was measured. Forty-three plaque extracts (53%) potentiated platelet aggregation (+233 ± 26.8%), an effect prevented by three different specific MMP-2 inhibitors (inhibitor II, TIMP-2, moAb anti-MMP-2). The pro-MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio of plaques potentiating platelet aggregation was significantly higher than that of plaques not potentiating it (3.67 ± 1.21 vs 1.01 ± 0.43, p<0.05). Moreover, the platelet aggregation-potentiating effect, the active-MMP-2 content and the active MMP-2/pro-MMP-2 ratio of plaque extracts were significantly higher in plaques from patients who developed a subsequent major cardiovascular event. In conclusion, atherosclerotic plaques exert a prothrombotic effect by potentiating platelet activation due to their content of MMP-2; an elevated MMP-2 activity in plaques is associated with a higher rate of subsequent ischaemic cerebrovascular events.
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21
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MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 and Response to Aspirin in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Pilot Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9352015. [PMID: 28770228 PMCID: PMC5523290 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9352015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background High on-aspirin treatment platelets reactivity (HPR) is a significant problem in long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. We hypothesize that imbalance between platelets MMPs/TIMPs results in cardiovascular disorders. We also explored whether chronically elevated blood glucose affects MMP-2/TIMP-4 release from platelets. Materials and Methods Seventy patients with stable coronary artery disease, supplemented with aspirin, participated in this pilot study. The presence of HPR and/or diabetes mellitus was considered as the differentiating factor. Light aggregometry, impedance aggregometry, and ELISA tests for TXB2, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4 were performed in serum, plasma, platelet-rich plasma, and platelets-poor plasma, as appropriate. Results Aspirin-HPR did not affect plasma MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4. Arachidonic acid-induced aggregation of platelets from aspirin-HPR patients did not lead to increased release of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-4. Studying patients at the lowest TXB2 serum concentration quartile revealed that high concentration of plasma TIMP-4 and TIMP-4 negatively correlated with TXB2 and platelet aggregation. Diabetics showed an increased plasma MMP-2 as well as an increased MMP-2 in supernatants after platelet aggregation. However, diabetes mellitus did not affect MMP-9 and TIMP-4. Conclusion Aspirin-HPR did not affect the translocation and release of MMPs and TIMP-4 from platelets. TIMP-4 may serve as a marker of TXA2-mediated platelet aggregation. Chronically elevated plasma glucose increases plasma MMP-2, and HPR potentiates this phenomenon.
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22
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Gresele P, Falcinelli E, Sebastiano M, Momi S. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Platelet Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 147:133-165. [PMID: 28413027 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platelets contain and release several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), including MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, and -14 and TIMP-1, -2, and -4. Although devoid of a nucleus, platelets also synthesize TIMP-2 upon activation. Platelet-released MMPs/TIMPs, as well as MMPs generated by other cells within the cardiovascular system, modulate platelet function in health and disease. In particular, a normal hemostatic platelet response to vessel wall injury may be transformed into pathologic thrombus formation by the release from platelets and/or by the local generation of some MMPs. Moreover, platelets may localize the production of leukocyte-derived MMPs to sites of vascular damage, contributing to atherosclerosis development and complications and to arterial aneurysm formation. Finally, the interaction between platelets and tumor cells is strongly influenced by MMPs/TIMPs. All these mechanisms are emerging as important in atherothrombosis, inflammatory disease, and cancer growth and dissemination. Increasing knowledge of these mechanisms may open the way to novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Sebastiano
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Momi
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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23
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A novel mechanism regulating human platelet activation by MMP-2-mediated PAR1 biased signaling. Blood 2016; 129:883-895. [PMID: 28034890 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-724245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets contain and release several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Among these, active MMP-2 enhances platelet aggregation by favoring the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3K) and contributes to arterial thrombosis. The platelet surface target of MMP-2 and the mechanism through which it primes platelets to respond to subsequent stimuli are still unknown. We show that active MMP-2 enhances platelet activation induced by weak stimuli by cleaving PAR1 at a noncanonical extracellular site different from the thrombin-cleavage site and thus initiates biased receptor signaling, triggering only some of the signaling pathways normally activated by full PAR1 agonism. The novel PAR1-tethered ligand exposed by MMP-2 stimulates PAR1-dependent Gq and G12/13 pathway activation, triggering p38-MAPK phosphorylation, Ca+2 fluxes, and PI3K activation, but not Gi signaling; this is insufficient to cause platelet aggregation, but it is enough to predispose platelets to fully respond to Gi-activating stimuli. Integrin αIIbβ3 is a necessary cofactor for PAR1 cleavage by MMP-2 by binding the MMP-2 hemopexin domain, thus favoring the interaction of the enzyme with PAR1. Our studies unravel a novel mechanism regulating platelet activation that involves the binding of MMP-2 to integrin αIIbβ3 and the subsequent cleavage of PAR1 by active MMP-2 at a noncanonical site, exposing a previously undescribed tethered ligand that triggers biased G-protein agonism and thus predisposes platelets to full activation by other stimuli. These results identify the MMP-2-αIIbβ3-PAR1 interaction as a potential target for the prevention of arterial thrombosis.
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24
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Li RHL, Stern JA, Ho V, Tablin F, Harris SP. Platelet Activation and Clopidogrel Effects on ADP-Induced Platelet Activation in Cats with or without the A31P Mutation in MYBPC3. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1619-1629. [PMID: 27615120 PMCID: PMC5032873 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clopidogrel is commonly prescribed to cats with perceived increased risk of thromboembolic events, but little information exists regarding its antiplatelet effects. Objective To determine effects of clopidogrel on platelet responsiveness in cats with or without the A31P mutation in the MYBPC3 gene. A secondary aim was to characterize variability in feline platelet responses to clopidogrel. Animals Fourteen healthy cats from a Maine Coon/outbred mixed Domestic cat colony: 8 cats homozygous for A31P mutation in the MYPBC3 gene and 6 wild‐type cats without the A31P mutation. Methods Ex vivo study. All cats received clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO q24h) for 14 days. Before and after clopidogrel treatment, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐induced P‐selectin expression was evaluated. ADP‐ and thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry (OA). Platelet pVASP and ADP receptor response index (ARRI) were measured by Western blot analysis. Results Platelet activation from cats with the A31P mutation was significantly (P = .0095) increased [35.55% (18.58–48.55) to 58.90% (24.85–69.90)], in response to ADP. Clopidogrel treatment attenuated ADP‐induced P‐selectin expression and platelet aggregation. ADP‐ and PGE1‐treated platelets had a similar level of pVASP as PGE1‐treated platelets after clopidogrel treatment. Clopidogrel administration resulted in significantly lower ARRI [24.13% (12.46–35.50) to 11.30% (−7.383 to 23.27)] (P = .017). Two of 13 cats were nonresponders based on OA and flow cytometry. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Clopidogrel is effective at attenuating platelet activation and aggregation in some cats. Cats with A31P mutation had increased platelet activation relative to the variable response seen in wild‐type cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H L Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
| | - J A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - V Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - F Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - S P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Mastenbroek TG, Feijge MA, Kremers RM, van den Bosch MT, Swieringa F, De Groef L, Moons L, Bennett C, Ghevaert C, Johnson JL, van der Meijden PE, Cosemans JM. Platelet-Associated Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Thrombus Formation and Exert Local Collagenolytic Activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2554-61. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Platelets are increasingly implicated in processes beyond hemostasis and thrombosis, such as vascular remodeling. Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family not only remodel the extracellular matrix but also modulate platelet function. Here, we made a systematic comparison of the roles of MMP family members in acute thrombus formation under flow conditions and assessed platelet-dependent collagenolytic activity over time.
Approach and Results—
Pharmacological inhibition of MMP-1 or MMP-2 (human) or deficiency in MMP-2 (mouse) suppressed collagen-dependent platelet activation and thrombus formation under flow, whereas MMP-9 inhibition/deficiency stimulated these processes. The absence of MMP-3 was without effect. Interestingly, MMP-14 inhibition led to the formation of larger thrombi, which occurred independently of its capacity to activate MMP-2. Platelet thrombi exerted local collagenolytic activity capable of cleaving immobilized dye-quenched collagen and fibrillar collagen fibers within hours, with loss of the majority of the platelet adhesive properties of collagen as a consequence. This collagenolytic activity was redundantly mediated by platelet-associated MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 but occurred independently of platelet α-granule release (
Nbeal2
−/−
mice). The latter was in line with subcellular localization experiments, which indicated a granular distribution of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in platelets, distinct from α-granules. Whereas MMP-9 protein could not be detected inside platelets, activated platelets did bind plasma-derived MMP-9 to their plasma membrane. Overall, platelet MMP activity was predominantly membrane-associated and influenced by platelet activation status.
Conclusions—
Platelet-associated MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 differentially modulate acute thrombus formation and at later time points limit thrombus formation by exerting collagenolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. Mastenbroek
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Marion A.H. Feijge
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Romy M.W. Kremers
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Marion T.J. van den Bosch
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Frauke Swieringa
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Lies De Groef
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Lieve Moons
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Cavan Bennett
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Cedric Ghevaert
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Jason L. Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Paola E.J. van der Meijden
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
| | - Judith M.E.M. Cosemans
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.G.M., M.A.H.F., R.M.W.K., M.T.J.v.d.B., F.S., P.E.J.v.d.M., J.M.E.M.C.) and Synapse BV (R.M.W.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.T.J.v.d.B.) and School of Clinical Sciences (J.L.J.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.D.G
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Guglielmini G, Appolloni V, Momi S, De Groot PG, Battiston M, De Marco L, Falcinelli E, Gresele P. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 enhances platelet deposition on collagen under flow conditions. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:333-43. [PMID: 26510894 DOI: 10.1160/th15-04-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Platelets contain and release matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) that in turn potentiates platelet aggregation. Platelet deposition on a damaged vascular wall is the first, crucial, step leading to thrombosis. Little is known about the effects of MMP-2 on platelet activation and adhesion under flow conditions. We studied the effect of MMP-2 on shear-dependent platelet activation using the O'Brien filtration system, and on platelet deposition using a parallel-plate perfusion chamber. Preincubation of human whole blood with active MMP-2 (50 ng/ml, i.e. 0.78 nM) shortened filter closure time (from 51.8 ± 3.6 sec to 40 ± 2.7 sec, p<0.05) and increased retained platelets (from 72.3 ± 2.3% to 81.1 ± 1.8%, p<0.05) in the O'Brien system, an effect prevented by a specific MMP-2 inhibitor. High shear stress induced the release of MMP-2 from platelets, while TIMP-2 levels were not significantly reduced, therefore, the MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio increased significantly showing enhanced MMP-2 activity. Preincubation of whole blood with active MMP-2 (0.5 to 50 ng/ml, i.e 0.0078 to 0.78 nM) increased dose-dependently human platelet deposition on collagen under high shear-rate flow conditions (3000 sec⁻¹) (maximum +47.0 ± 11.9%, p<0.05, with 50 ng/ml), while pre-incubation with a MMP-2 inhibitor reduced platelet deposition. In real-time microscopy studies, increased deposition of platelets on collagen induced by MMP-2 started 85 sec from the beginning of perfusion, and was abolished by a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, while MMP-2 had no effect on platelet deposition on fibrinogen or VWF. Confocal microscopy showed that MMP-2 enhances thrombus volume (+20.0 ± 3.0% vs control) rather than adhesion. In conclusion, we show that MMP-2 potentiates shear-induced platelet activation by enhancing thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Gresele
- Paolo Gresele, MD, PhD, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy, Tel.: +39 075 5783989, Fax: +39 075 5716083, E-mail:
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Intraluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm thrombus is associated with disruption of wall integrity. J Vasc Surg 2012; 57:77-83. [PMID: 23127983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An association of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth has been suggested. Previous in vitro experiments have demonstrated that aneurysm-associated thrombus may secrete proteolytic enzymes and may develop local hypoxia that might lead to the formation of tissue-damaging reactive oxygen species. In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that ventral ILT thickness is associated with markers of proteolysis and with lipid oxidation in the underlying AAA vessel wall. METHODS Ventral AAA tissue was collected from asymptomatic patients at the site of maximal diameter during open aneurysm repair. Segments were divided, one part for biochemical measurements and one for histologic analyses. We measured total cathepsin B, cathepsin S levels, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity. Myeloperoxidase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined as measures of lipid oxidation. Histologic segments were analyzed semiquantitatively for the presence of collagen, elastin, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and inflammatory cells. Preoperative computed tomography angiography scans of 83 consecutive patients were analyzed. A three-dimensional reconstruction was obtained, and a center lumen line of the aorta was constructed. Ventral ILT thickness was measured in the anteroposterior direction at the level of maximal aneurysm diameter on the orthogonal slices. RESULTS Ventral ILT thickness was positively correlated with aortic diameter (r=0.25; P=.02) and with MMP-2 levels (r=0.27; P=.02). No biochemical correlations were observed with MMP-9 activity or cathepsin B and S expression. No correlation between ventral ILT thickness and myeloperoxidase or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was observed. Ventral ILT thickness was negatively correlated with VSMCs (no staining, 18.5 [interquartile range, 12.0-25.5] mm; minor, 17.6 [10.7-22.1] mm; moderate, 14.5 [4.6-21.7] mm; and heavy, 8.0 [0.0-12.3] mm, respectively; P=.01) and the amount of elastin (no staining, 18.6 [12.2-30.0] mm; minor, 16.5 [9.0-22.1] mm; moderate, 11.7 [2.5-15.3] mm; and heavy 7.7 [0.0-7.7] mm, respectively; P=.01) in the medial aortic layer. CONCLUSIONS ILT thickness appeared to be associated with VSMCs apoptosis and elastin degradation and was positively associated with MMP-2 concentrations in the underlying wall. This suggests that ILT thickness affects AAA wall stability and might contribute to AAA growth and rupture. ILT thickness was not correlated with markers of lipid oxidation.
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Falcinelli E, Pompili M, Pengo V, Appolloni V, Guglielmini G, Gresele P. Higher levels of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-2 are associated with a significantly increased risk of arterial thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2012; 160:149-51. [PMID: 22721641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kälvegren H, Jönsson S, Jonasson L. Release of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -2, but not -9, from activated platelets measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Platelets 2011; 22:572-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2011.583300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Megakaryocytes differentially sort mRNAs for matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors into platelets: a mechanism for regulating synthetic events. Blood 2011; 118:1903-11. [PMID: 21628401 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-324517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes transfer a diverse and functional transcriptome to platelets during the final stages of thrombopoiesis. In platelets, these transcripts reflect the expression of their corresponding proteins and, in some cases, serve as a template for translation. It is not known, however, if megakaryocytes differentially sort mRNAs into platelets. Given their critical role in vascular remodeling and inflammation, we determined whether megakaryocytes selectively dispense transcripts for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) into platelets. Next-generation sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed that megakaryocytes express mRNA for 10 of the 24 human MMP family members. mRNA for all of these MMPs are present in platelets with the exception of MMP-2, 14, and 15. Megakaryocytes and platelets also express mRNA for TIMPs 1-3, but not TIMP-4. mRNA expression patterns predicted the presence and, in most cases, the abundance of each corresponding protein. Nonetheless, exceptions were observed: MMP-2 protein is present in platelets but not its transcript. In contrast, quiescent platelets express TIMP-2 mRNA but only traces of TIMP-2 protein. In response to activating signals, however, platelets synthesize significant amounts of TIMP-2 protein. These results demonstrate that megakaryocytes differentially express mRNAs for MMPs and TIMPs and selectively transfer a subset of these into platelets. Among the platelet messages, TIMP-2 serves as a template for signal-dependent translation.
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Giannini S, Falcinelli E, Bury L, Guglielmini G, Rossi R, Momi S, Gresele P. Interaction with damaged vessel wall in vivo in humans induces platelets to express CD40L resulting in endothelial activation with no effect of aspirin intake. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H2072-9. [PMID: 21378140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00467.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activated platelets express CD40L on their plasma membrane and release the soluble fragment sCD40L. The interaction between platelet surface CD40L and endothelial cell CD40 leads to the activation of endothelium contributing to atherothrombosis. Few studies have directly demonstrated an increased expression of platelet CD40L in conditions of in vivo platelet activation in humans, and no data are available on its relevance for endothelial activation. We aimed to assess whether platelets activated in vivo at a localized site of vascular injury in humans express CD40L and release sCD40L, whether the level of platelet CD40L expression attained in vivo is sufficient to induce endothelial activation, and whether platelet CD40L expression is inhibited by aspirin intake. We used the skin-bleeding-time test as a model to study the interaction between platelets and a damaged vessel wall by measuring CD40L in the blood emerging from a skin wound in vivo in healthy volunteers. In some experiments, shed blood was analyzed before and 1 h after the intake of 500 mg of aspirin. Platelets from the bleeding-time blood express CD40L and release soluble sCD40L, in a time-dependent way. In vivo platelet CD40L expression was mild but sufficient to induce VCAM-1 expression and IL-8 secretion in coincubation experiments with cultured human endothelial cells. Moreover, platelets recovered from the bleeding-time blood activated endothelial cells; an anti-CD40L antibody blocked this effect. On the contrary, the amount of sCD40L released by activated platelets at a localized site of vascular injury did not reach the concentrations required to induce endothelial cell activation. Soluble monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, a marker of endothelium activation, was increased in shed blood and correlated with platelet CD40L expression. Aspirin intake did not inhibit CD40L expression by platelets in vivo. We concluded that CD40L expressed by platelets in vivo in humans upon contact with a damaged vessel wall activates endothelium; aspirin treatment does not inhibit this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giannini
- Div. of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Univ. of Perugia, Via E. dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Gresele P, Falcinelli E, Loffredo F, Cimmino G, Corazzi T, Forte L, Guglielmini G, Momi S, Golino P. Platelets release matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the coronary circulation of patients with acute coronary syndromes: possible role in sustained platelet activation. Eur Heart J 2010; 32:316-25. [PMID: 21036774 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are released in the coronary circulation of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), whether this release is related to platelet activation, and whether it contributes to sustained platelet activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Blood from the aorta (Ao) and the coronary sinus (Cs) was obtained from 21 controls (non-cardiac chest pain), 24 stable angina (SA), and 30 ACS patients, before performing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Selected MMPs, some platelet activation- and atheroma-related markers, and the platelet activation-potentiating activity of plasma were measured. Total MMP-2, active MMP-2, and MMP-9 were released in the coronary circulation of patients with ACS, but not of those with SA or controls. Similarly, transcoronary gradients of β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) and platelet factor 4, two platelet-specific proteins, and of soluble CD40L and secretory phospholipase A₂ (sPLA₂), markers of inflammation and platelet activation, were higher in ACS patients than in the other groups. In contrast, plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, a platelet-unrelated marker of atherogenesis, was not increased in the Cs compared with Ao in any of the groups. Transcoronary gradients of both β-TG and sPLA₂ correlated with those of total and active MMP-2 in ACS, but not in controls or SA. Plasma from the Cs of ACS patients potentiated platelet activation, an effect suppressed by the specific MMP-2-inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2). CONCLUSION Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is released in the coronary circulation of ACS patients, derives in part from activated platelets, and may contribute to sustained intracoronary platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Choi WS, Jeon OH, Kim DS. CD40 ligand shedding is regulated by interaction between matrix metalloproteinase-2 and platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3). J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1364-71. [PMID: 20230421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) in the circulatory system is mainly contained in platelets, and surface-expressed CD40L on activated platelets is subsequently cleaved by proteolytic activity to generate soluble CD40L (sCD40L). However, the enzyme responsible for the shedding of CD40L in activated platelets has not been clearly identified yet. We have recently found that molecular interaction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) with integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) is required for the enhancement of platelet activation. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the biochemical mechanism of MMP-2-associated sCD40L release. METHODS Localization of MMP-2 and CD40L in platelets was analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The release of sCD40L from activated platelets was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MMP-2 binding to alpha(IIb)beta(3) was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. Recombinant hemopexin-like domain and MMP-2-specific inhibitor were used to characterize the nature of MMP-2 binding and catalytic activity. RESULTS It was revealed that interaction of MMP-2 with alpha(IIb)beta(3) is required for effective production of sCD40L in activated human platelets. Platelet activation and release of sCD40L were significantly affected by inhibition of platelet-derived MMP-2 activity or by inhibition of binding between the enzyme and the integrin. It was also found in platelet-rich plasma that MMP-2 activity is responsible for generating sCD40L. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here strongly suggest that MMP-2 interacts with alpha(IIb)beta(3) to regulate the shedding of CD40L exposed on the surfaces of activated human platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Choi
- National Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gresele P, Marzotti S, Guglielmini G, Momi S, Giannini S, Minuz P, Lucidi P, Bolli GB. Hyperglycemia-induced platelet activation in type 2 diabetes is resistant to aspirin but not to a nitric oxide-donating agent. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1262-8. [PMID: 20299485 PMCID: PMC2875435 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute, short-term hyperglycemia enhances high shear stress-induced platelet activation in type 2 diabetes. Several observations suggest that platelets in type 2 diabetes are resistant to inhibition by aspirin. Our aim was to assess comparatively the effect of aspirin, a nitric oxide-donating agent (NCX 4016), their combination, or placebo on platelet activation induced by acute hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, 40 type 2 diabetic patients were allocated to 100 mg aspirin once daily, 800 mg NCX 4016 b.i.d., both of them, or placebo for 15 days. On day 15, 1 h after the morning dose, a 4-h hyperglycemic clamp (plasma glucose 13.9 mmol/l) was performed, and blood samples were collected before and immediately after it for platelet activation and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition studies. RESULTS Acute hyperglycemia enhanced shear stress-induced platelet activation in placebo-treated patients (basal closure time 63 +/- 7.1 s, after hyperglycemia 49.5 +/- 1.4 s, -13.5 +/- 6.3 s, P < 0.048). Pretreatment with aspirin, despite full inhibition of platelet COX-1, did not prevent it (-12.7 +/- 6.9 s, NS vs. placebo). On the contrary, pretreatment with the NO donor NCX 4016, alone or in combination with aspirin, suppressed platelet activation induced by acute hyperglycemia (NCX 4016 +10.5 +/- 8.3 s; NCX 4016 plus aspirin: +12.0 +/- 10.7 s, P < 0.05 vs. placebo for both). Other parameters of shear stress-dependent platelet activation were also more inhibited by NCX 4016 than by aspirin, despite lesser inhibition of COX-1. CONCLUSIONS Acute hyperglycemia-induced enhancement of platelet activation is resistant to aspirin; a NO-donating agent suppresses it. Therapeutic approaches aiming at a wider platelet inhibitory action than that exerted by aspirin may prove useful in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Hamza M, Dionne RA. Mechanisms of non-opioid analgesics beyond cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2010; 2:1-14. [PMID: 19779578 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210902010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-opioid analgesics including both selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and acetaminophen are the most widely used treatments for pain. Inhibition of COX is thought to be largely responsible for both the therapeutic and adverse effects of this class of drugs. Accumulating evidence over the past two decades has demonstrated effects of non-opioids beyond the inhibition of COX and prostaglandin synthesis that might also explain their therapeutic and adverse effects. These include their interaction with endocannabinoids, nitric oxide, monoaminergic, and cholinergic systems. Moreover, the recent development of microarray technology that allows the study of human gene expression suggests multiple pathways that may be related to the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of non-opioids. The present review will discuss the multiple actions of non-opioids and their interactions with these systems during inflammation and pain, suggesting that COX inhibition is an incomplete explanation for the actions of non-opioids and proposes the involvement of multiple selective targets for their analgesic, as well as, their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hamza
- National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Busti C, Falcinelli E, Momi S, Gresele P. Matrix metalloproteinases and peripheral arterial disease. Intern Emerg Med 2010; 5:13-25. [PMID: 19626421 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-009-0283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix, are emerging as important modulators of atherothrombosis. MMPs are produced by inflammatory cells; some of them are also released by activated platelets and play a crucial role in the remodeling processes, leading to atherosclerotic plaque formation, plaque rupture, arterial aneurysm development, and critical limb ischemia. Independent from their matrix degrading activity, MMPs also regulate some cell functions relevant to atherothrombosis, such as platelet activation, neutrophil activation, and vascular reactivity. Plasma levels of some MMPs are increasingly being recognized as a biomarker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. In peripheral arterial disease, MMPs have been shown to be involved in angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and the development of arterial calcifications. Increased plasma levels of some MMPs (MMP-2, MMP-9) have been correlated with PAD development and severity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes encoding for some MMPs have also been associated with the risk of developing peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia. Large prospective observational studies are needed to further demonstrate the role of MMPs in PAD. In perspective, pharmacologic targeting of the expression or activity of MMPs may represent a novel, attractive approach for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Busti
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Via E. dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Momi S, Falcinelli E, Giannini S, Ruggeri L, Cecchetti L, Corazzi T, Libert C, Gresele P. Loss of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in platelets reduces arterial thrombosis in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2365-79. [PMID: 19808257 PMCID: PMC2768852 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation at a site of vascular injury is essential for the arrest of bleeding; however, excessive platelet activation at a site of arterial damage can result in the unwarranted formation of arterial thrombi, precipitating acute myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke. Activation of platelets beyond the purpose of hemostasis may occur when substances facilitating thrombus growth and stability accumulate. Human platelets contain matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and release it upon activation. Active MMP-2 amplifies the platelet aggregation response to several agonists by potentiating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Using several in vivo thrombosis models, we show that the inactivation of the MMP-2 gene prevented thrombosis induced by weak, but not strong, stimuli in mice but produced only a moderate prolongation of the bleeding time. Moreover, using cross-transfusion experiments and wild-type/MMP-2−/− chimeric mice, we show that it is platelet-derived MMP-2 that facilitates thrombus formation. Finally, we show that platelets activated by a mild vascular damage induce thrombus formation at a downstream arterial injury site by releasing MMP-2. Thus, platelet-derived MMP-2 plays a crucial role in thrombus formation by amplifying the response of platelets to weak activating stimuli. These findings open new possibilities for the prevention of thrombosis by the development of MMP-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Momi
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06100, Italy
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Gresele P, Falcinelli E, Momi S. Potentiation and priming of platelet activation: a potential target for antiplatelet therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:352-60. [PMID: 18539343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular events represent the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and platelet aggregation and thrombus formation are the main effectors of acute arterial ischemic events. Although antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of antithrombotic treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disorders, available antiplatelet agents have less than satisfactory efficacy; thus, the identification of novel potential target candidates for antiplatelet therapy is highly warranted. Recent evidence suggests that several molecules that amplify the aggregation response of platelets to activating stimuli, which are either released by platelets (potentiating molecules) or present in the milieu before platelets get activated (primers), play a major role in pathologic thrombus formation without being significantly involved in primary haemostasis. These molecules appear to be a particularly appealing novel potential pharmacologic target for antiplatelet therapy. Here, we review the present knowledge on some molecules acting as potentiators or primers of platelet activation and discuss their possible pharmacologic modulation for antithrombotic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Via Enrico dal Pozzo, Perugia, Italy.
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Santos-Martinez MJ, Medina C, Gilmer JF, Radomski MW. Matrix metalloproteinases in platelet function: coming of age. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:514-6. [PMID: 18088339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Santos-Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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