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Tomuleasa C, Tigu AB, Munteanu R, Moldovan CS, Kegyes D, Onaciu A, Gulei D, Ghiaur G, Einsele H, Croce CM. Therapeutic advances of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:201. [PMID: 39138146 PMCID: PMC11323831 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a category of transmembrane receptors, have gained significant clinical attention in oncology due to their central role in cancer pathogenesis. Genetic alterations, including mutations, amplifications, and overexpression of certain RTKs, are critical in creating environments conducive to tumor development. Following their discovery, extensive research has revealed how RTK dysregulation contributes to oncogenesis, with many cancer subtypes showing dependency on aberrant RTK signaling for their proliferation, survival and progression. These findings paved the way for targeted therapies that aim to inhibit crucial biological pathways in cancer. As a result, RTKs have emerged as primary targets in anticancer therapeutic development. Over the past two decades, this has led to the synthesis and clinical validation of numerous small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), now effectively utilized in treating various cancer types. In this manuscript we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the RTKs in the context of cancer. We explored the various alterations and overexpression of specific receptors across different malignancies, with special attention dedicated to the examination of current RTK inhibitors, highlighting their role as potential targeted therapies. By integrating the latest research findings and clinical evidence, we seek to elucidate the pivotal role of RTKs in cancer biology and the therapeutic efficacy of RTK inhibition with promising treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian-Silviu Moldovan
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Kegyes
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Leukemia, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Liongue C, Ratnayake T, Basheer F, Ward AC. Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3): A Critical Conserved Node in Immunity Disrupted in Immune Cell Cancer and Immunodeficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2977. [PMID: 38474223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family is a small group of protein tyrosine kinases that represent a central component of intracellular signaling downstream from a myriad of cytokine receptors. The JAK3 family member performs a particularly important role in facilitating signal transduction for a key set of cytokine receptors that are essential for immune cell development and function. Mutations that impact JAK3 activity have been identified in a number of human diseases, including somatic gain-of-function (GOF) mutations associated with immune cell malignancies and germline loss-of-function (LOF) mutations associated with immunodeficiency. The structure, function and impacts of both GOF and LOF mutations of JAK3 are highly conserved, making animal models highly informative. This review details the biology of JAK3 and the impact of its perturbation in immune cell-related diseases, including relevant animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Sk MF, Kar P. Finding inhibitors and deciphering inhibitor-induced conformational plasticity in the Janus kinase via multiscale simulations. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:833-859. [PMID: 36398489 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2145352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) is a master regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway. Dysregulation of this signalling cascade causes neuroinflammation and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, JAKs have been characterized as an attractive target for developing anti-inflammatory drugs. Nowadays, designing efficient, effective, and specific targeted therapeutics without being cytotoxic has gained interest. We performed the virtual screening of natural products in combination with pharmacological analyses. Subsequently, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to study the stability of the ligand-bound complexes and ligand-induced inactive conformations. Notably, inactive kinases display remarkable conformational plasticity; however, ligand-induced molecular mechanisms of these conformations are still poorly understood. Herein, we performed a free energy landscape analysis to explore the conformational plasticity of the JAK1 kinase. Leonurine, STOCK1N-68642, STOCK1N-82656, and STOCK1N-85809 bound JAK1 exhibited a smooth transition from an active (αC-in) to a completely inactive conformation (αC-out). Ligand binding induces disorders in the αC-helix. Molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) calculation suggested three phytochemicals, namely STOCK1N-68642, Epicatechin, and STOCK1N-98615, have higher binding affinity compared to other ligand molecules. The ligand-induced conformational plasticity revealed by our simulations differs significantly from the available crystal structures, which might help in designing allosteric drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Sk
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - P Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
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Singh A, Mishra A. Molecular modelling study to discover novel JAK2 signaling pathway inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35838147 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2097314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2/STAT signaling cascades facilitates receptor signals which is responsible for cell growth, survival and homeostasis. Ligand binding to JAKs causes phosphorylation other proteins known as STATs, which translocate to the nucleus and regulate transcription of several important proteins. Growth hormone, prolactin and γ-interferon known agonists of JAK STAT receptors, signal to the nucleus by a more direct manner than the receptor tyrosine kinases. Mutations in JAKs may be responsible for immunodeficiency and myeloproliferative disorders because of its important role in cytokine signaling and making the pathway a therapeutic target for various disease. The present study screened Zinc database to find novel JAK2 inhibitors using virtual high throughput screening techniques. Selection of compound for further study was on the basis of docking score, free energy and binding pattern of the compound. Molecular simulation and MM/GBSA free energy was evaluated for the binding interactions and the stability of docked conformations. Several parameters which determine protein ligand interaction like RMSD, RMSF, Rg and binding pattern were observed. Hydrogen bonds (Glu 930, 932 and Asp 994) after 150 ns simulation were observed between identified compound INC000096136346 and it was similar to known inhibitor ruxolitinib. MM/GBSA free energy was comparable to known inhibitor ruxolitinib. ZINC000096136346 qualify Lipinski's rule of five, rule of three, WDI like rule and there is one violation in lead like rule.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
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de Castro CPM, Cadefau M, Cuartero S. The Mutational Landscape of Myeloid Leukaemia in Down Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4144. [PMID: 34439298 PMCID: PMC8394284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) are particularly prone to haematopoietic disorders. Paediatric myeloid malignancies in DS occur at an unusually high frequency and generally follow a well-defined stepwise clinical evolution. First, the acquisition of mutations in the GATA1 transcription factor gives rise to a transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in DS newborns. While this condition spontaneously resolves in most cases, some clones can acquire additional mutations, which trigger myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome (ML-DS). These secondary mutations are predominantly found in chromatin and epigenetic regulators-such as cohesin, CTCF or EZH2-and in signalling mediators of the JAK/STAT and RAS pathways. Most of them are also found in non-DS myeloid malignancies, albeit at extremely different frequencies. Intriguingly, mutations in proteins involved in the three-dimensional organization of the genome are found in nearly 50% of cases. How the resulting mutant proteins cooperate with trisomy 21 and mutant GATA1 to promote ML-DS is not fully understood. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge about the sequential acquisition of genomic alterations in ML-DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Cadefau
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.P.M.d.C); (M.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergi Cuartero
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.P.M.d.C); (M.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Favoino E, Prete M, Catacchio G, Ruscitti P, Navarini L, Giacomelli R, Perosa F. Working and safety profiles of JAK/STAT signaling inhibitors. Are these small molecules also smart? Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102750. [PMID: 33482338 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway is an important intracellular route through which many different extracellular soluble molecules, by reaching membrane receptors, can signal the nucleus. The spectrum of soluble molecules that use the JAK/STAT pathway through their corresponding receptors is quite large (almost 50 different molecules), and includes some cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated diseases. Such diseases, when left untreated, present an evident hyperactivation of JAK/STAT signaling. Therefore, given the pathogenetic role of JAK/STAT, drugs known as JAK inhibitors (JAKi), that target one or more JAKs, have been developed to counteract JAK/STAT signal hyperactivation. As some hematological malignancies present an intrinsic JAK/STAT hyperactivation due to a JAK mutation, some JAKi have also been successfully used in this context. Regulatory agencies for drug administration in different countries have already approved a few JAKi in the setting of either immune-mediated diseases or hematological malignancies. Aim of this review is to describe the physiology of intracellular JAK/STAT pathway signaling and the pathological conditions associated to its dysregulation. Then, the rationale for targeting JAK in rheumatic autoimmune diseases is discussed, along with clinical data from registration studies showing the efficacy of these drugs. Finally, the excellent safety profile of JAKi is discussed in the context of the apparent poor specificity of JAK/STAT pathway signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Favoino
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Giacomo Catacchio
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Navarini
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy.
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Panferova A, Gaskova M, Nikitin E, Baryshev P, Timofeeva N, Kazakova A, Matveev V, Mikhailova E, Popov A, Kalinina I, Hachatrian L, Maschan A, Maschan M, Novichkova G, Olshanskaya Y. GATA1 mutation analysis and molecular landscape characterization in acute myeloid leukemia with trisomy 21 in pediatric patients. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:713-723. [PMID: 33386779 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate detection of GATA1 mutation is highly significant in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and trisomy 21 as it allows optimization of clinical protocol. This study was aimed at (a) enhanced search for GATA1 mutations; and (b) characterization of molecular landscapes for such conditions. METHODS The DNA samples from 44 patients with newly diagnosed de novo AML with trisomy 21 were examined by fragment analysis and Sanger sequencing of the GATA1 exon 2, complemented by targeted high-throughput sequencing (HTS). RESULTS Acquired GATA1 mutations were identified in 43 cases (98%). Additional mutations in the genes of JAK/STAT signaling, cohesin complex, and RAS pathway activation were revealed by HTS in 48%, 36%, and 16% of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The GATA1 mutations were reliably determined by fragment analysis and/or Sanger sequencing in a single PCR amplicon manner. For patients with extremely low blast counts and/or rare variants, the rapid screening with simple molecular approaches must be complemented with HTS. The JAK/STAT and RAS pathway-activating mutations may represent an extra option of targeted therapy with kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnesa Panferova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gaskova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenyi Nikitin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Baryshev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Timofeeva
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kazakova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor Matveev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Mikhailova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Popov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Kalinina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lili Hachatrian
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Maschan
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Maschan
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Novichkova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Olshanskaya
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
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Sanachai K, Mahalapbutr P, Choowongkomon K, Poo-arporn RP, Wolschann P, Rungrotmongkol T. Insights into the Binding Recognition and Susceptibility of Tofacitinib toward Janus Kinases. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:369-377. [PMID: 31956784 PMCID: PMC6964278 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are enzymes involved in signaling pathways that affect hematopoiesis and immune cell functions. JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 play different roles in numerous diseases of the immune system and have also been considered as potential targets for cancer therapy. In the present study, the susceptibility of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib against these three JAKs was elucidated using the 500-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations based on MM-PB(GB)SA, QM/MM-GBSA (PM3 and SCC-DFTB), and SIE methods. The obtained results revealed that tofacitinib could interact with all JAKs at the ATP-binding site via electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond formation, and in particular van der Waals interaction. The conserved glutamate and leucine residues (E957 and L959 of JAK1, E930 and L932 of JAK2, and E903 and L905 of JAK3) located in the hinge region stabilized tofacitinib binding through strongly formed hydrogen bonds. Complexation with the incoming tofacitinib led to a closed conformation of the ATP-binding site and a decreased protein fluctuation at the glycine loop of the JAK protein. The binding affinities of tofacitinib/JAKs were ranked in the order of JAK3 > JAK2 ∼ JAK1, which are in line with the reported experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonpan Sanachai
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Panupong Mahalapbutr
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rungtiva P. Poo-arporn
- Biological
Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- E-mail: , . Tel: +66 2 2185426. Fax: +66 22185418
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Sas V, Blag C, Zaharie G, Puscas E, Lisencu C, Andronic-Gorcea N, Pasca S, Petrushev B, Chis I, Marian M, Dima D, Teodorescu P, Iluta S, Zdrenghea M, Berindan-Neagoe I, Popa G, Man S, Colita A, Stefan C, Kojima S, Tomuleasa C. Transient leukemia of Down syndrome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:247-259. [PMID: 31043105 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1613629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Childhood leukemia is mostly a "developmental accident" during fetal hematopoiesis and may require multiple prenatal and postnatal "hits". The World Health Organization defines transient leukemia of Down syndrome (DS) as increased peripheral blood blasts in neonates with DS and classifies this type of leukemia as a separate entity. Although it was shown that DS predisposes children to myeloid leukemia, neither the nature of the predisposition nor the associated genetic lesions have been defined. Acute myeloid leukemia of DS is a unique disease characterized by a long pre-leukemic, myelodysplastic phase, unusual chromosomal findings and a high cure rate. In the present manuscript, we present a comprehensive review of the literature about clinical and biological findings of transient leukemia of DS (TL-DS) and link them with the genetic discoveries in the field. We address the manuscript to the pediatric generalist and especially to the next generation of pediatric hematologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sas
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Cristina Blag
- b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Gabriela Zaharie
- c Department of Neonatology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Emil Puscas
- d Department of Surgery , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Cosmin Lisencu
- d Department of Surgery , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Nicolae Andronic-Gorcea
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Irina Chis
- e Department of Physiology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Mirela Marian
- f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Patric Teodorescu
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sabina Iluta
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- g MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Gheorghe Popa
- b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sorin Man
- b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Anca Colita
- h Department of Pediatrics , Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest , Romania.,i Department of Pediatrics , Fundeni Clinical Institute , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Cristina Stefan
- j African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Seiji Kojima
- k Department of Pediatrics , Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan.,l Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research , Nagoya University Hospital , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,m Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease. Cytokine 2019; 118:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Partial trisomy 21 contributes to T-cell malignancies induced by JAK3-activating mutations in murine models. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1616-1627. [PMID: 29986854 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018016089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
JAK3-activating mutations are commonly seen in chronic or acute hematologic malignancies affecting the myeloid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, and natural killer (NK) cell compartment. Overexpression models of mutant JAK3 or pharmacologic inhibition of its kinase activity have highlighted the role that these constitutively activated mutants play in the T-cell, NK cell, and megakaryocytic lineages, but to date, the functional impact of JAK3 mutations at an endogenous level remains unknown. Here, we report a JAK3A572V knockin mouse model and demonstrate that activated JAK3 leads to a progressive and dose-dependent expansion of CD8+ T cells in the periphery before colonization of the bone marrow. This phenotype is dependent on the γc chain of cytokine receptors and presents several features of the human leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (L-CTCL), including skin involvements. We also showed that the JAK3A572V-positive malignant cells are transplantable and phenotypically heterogeneous in bone marrow transplantation assays. Interestingly, we revealed that activated JAK3 functionally cooperates with partial trisomy 21 in vivo to enhance the L-CTCL phenotype, ultimately leading to a lethal and fully penetrant disorder. Finally, we assessed the efficacy of JAK3 inhibition and showed that CTCL JAK3A572V-positive T cells are sensitive to tofacitinib, which provides additional preclinical insights into the use of JAK3 inhibitors in these disorders. Altogether, this JAK3A572V knockin model is a relevant new tool for testing the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in JAK3-related hematopoietic malignancies.
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Are peptides a solution for the treatment of hyperactivated JAK3 pathways? Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:433-452. [PMID: 30929155 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While the inactivation mutations that eliminate JAK3 function lead to the immunological disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, activation mutations, causing constitutive JAK3 signaling, are known to trigger various types of cancer or are responsible for autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel diseases. Treatment of hyperactivated JAK3 is still an obstacle, due to different sensibility of mutation types to conventional drugs and unwanted side effects, because these drugs are not absolutely specific for JAK3, thus inhibiting other members of the JAK family, too. Lack of information, in which way sole inhibition of JAK3 is necessary for elimination of the disease, calls for the development of isoform-specific JAK3 inhibitors. Beside this strategy, up to date peptides are a rising alternative as chemo- or immunotherapeutics, but still sparsely represented in drug development and clinical trials. Beyond a possible direct inhibition function, crossing the cancer cell membrane and interfering in disease-causing pathways or triggering apoptosis, peptides could be used in future as adjunct remedies to potentialize traditional therapy and preserve non-affected cells. To discuss such feasible topics, this review deals with the knowledge about the structure-function of JAK3 and the actual state-of-the-art of isoform-specific inhibitor development, as well as the function of currently approved drugs or those currently being tested in clinical trials. Furthermore, several strategies for the application of peptide-based drugs for cancer therapy and the physicochemical and structural relations to peptide efficacy are discussed, and an overview of peptide sequences, which were qualified for clinical trials, is given.
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Benton CB, Boddu PC, DiNardo CD, Bose P, Wang F, Assi R, Pemmaraju N, KC D, Pierce S, Patel K, Konopleva M, Ravandi F, Garcia‐Manero G, Kadia TM, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Andreeff M, Verstovsek S. Janus kinase 2 variants associated with the transformation of myeloproliferative neoplasms into acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2019; 125:1855-1866. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Benton
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Prajwal C. Boddu
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Courtney D. DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Prithviraj Bose
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Rita Assi
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Naveen Pemmaraju
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Devendra KC
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Sherry Pierce
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Keyur Patel
- Department of Hematopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | | | - Tapan M. Kadia
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Hagop M. Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas
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Laribi K, Lemaire P, Sandrini J, Baugier de Materre A. Advances in the understanding and management of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104664-104686. [PMID: 29262669 PMCID: PMC5732835 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare T-cell neoplasm with an aggressive clinical course. Leukemic T-cells exhibit a post-thymic T-cell phenotype (Tdt-, CD1a-, CD5+, CD2+ and CD7+) and are generally CD4+/CD8-, but CD4+/CD8+ or CD8+/CD4- T-PLL have also been reported. The hallmark of T-PLL is the rearrangement of chromosome 14 involving genes for the subunits of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex, leading to overexpression of the proto-oncogene TCL1. In addition, molecular analysis shows that T-PLL exhibits substantial mutational activation of the IL2RG-JAK1-JAK3-, STAT5B axis. T-PLL patients have a poor prognosis, due to a poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Monoclonal antibody therapy with antiCD52-alemtuzumab has considerably improved outcomes, but the responses to treatment are transient; hence, patients who achieve a response to therapy are considered for stem cell transplantation (SCT). This combined approach has extended the median survival to four years or more. Nevertheless, new approaches using well-tolerated therapies that target growth and survival signals are needed for most patients unable to receive intensive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Laribi
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Pierre Lemaire
- Laboratory of Biology and Hematology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Jeremy Sandrini
- Laboratory of Anatomopathology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
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Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is central to signaling by receptors of diverse cytokines, growth factors, and other related molecules. Many of these receptors transmit anti-apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation signals that are critical for normal hematopoiesis and immune response. However, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is deregulated in many hematologic malignancies, and as such is co-opted by malignant cells to promote their survival and proliferation. It has recently come to light that an alternative mechanism, wherein nuclear JAKs epigenetically modify the chromatin to increase gene expression independent of STATs, also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many hematologic malignancies. In this review, we will focus on common genetic alterations of the JAK family members in leukemia and lymphoma, and provide examples in which JAKs regulate gene expression by targeting the cancer epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Drennan
- a Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Lixin Rui
- a Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
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16
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Specific calpain inhibition protects kidney against inflammaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8016. [PMID: 28808241 PMCID: PMC5556007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are ubiquitous pro-inflammatory proteases, whose activity is controlled by calpastatin, their specific inhibitor. Transgenic mice over-expressing rabbit calpastatin (CalpTG) are protected against vascular remodelling and angiotensin II-dependent inflammation. We hypothesized that specific calpain inhibition would protect against aging-related lesions in arteries and kidneys. We analysed tissues from 2-months and 2-years-old CalpTG and wild-type mice and performed high throughput RNA-Sequencing of kidney tissue in aged mice. In addition, we analysed inflammatory response in the kidney of aged CalpTG and wild-type mice, and in both in vivo (monosodium urate peritonitis) and in vitro models of inflammation. At two years, CalpTG mice had preserved kidney tissue, less vascular remodelling and less markers of senescence than wild-type mice. Nevertheless, CalpTG mice lifespan was not extended, due to the development of lethal spleen tumors. Inflammatory pathways were less expressed in aged CalpTG mice, especially cytokines related to NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CalpTG mice had reduced macrophage infiltration with aging and CalpTG mice produced less IL-1α and IL-1β in vivo in response to inflammasome activators. In vitro, macrophages from CalpTG mice produced less IL-1α in response to particulate activators of inflammasome. Calpains inhibition protects against inflammaging, limiting kidney and vascular lesions related to aging.
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Marks LJ, Oberg JA, Pendrick D, Sireci AN, Glasser C, Coval C, Zylber RJ, Chung WK, Pang J, Turk AT, Hsiao SJ, Mansukhani MM, Glade Bender JL, Kung AL, Sulis ML. Precision Medicine in Children and Young Adults with Hematologic Malignancies and Blood Disorders: The Columbia University Experience. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:265. [PMID: 29312904 PMCID: PMC5732960 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of comprehensive genomic profiling has markedly advanced the understanding of the biology of pediatric hematological malignancies, however, its application to clinical care is still unclear. We present our experience integrating genomic data into the clinical management of children with high-risk hematologic malignancies and blood disorders and describe the broad impact that genomic profiling has in multiple aspects of patient care. METHODS The Precision in Pediatric Sequencing Program at Columbia University Medical Center instituted prospective clinical next-generation sequencing (NGS) for high-risk malignancies and blood disorders. Testing included cancer whole exome sequencing (WES) of matched tumor-normal samples or targeted sequencing of 467 cancer-associated genes, when sample adequacy was a concern, and tumor transcriptome (RNA-seq). A multidisciplinary molecular tumor board conducted interpretation of results and final tiered reports were transmitted to the electronic medical record according to patient preferences. RESULTS Sixty-nine samples from 56 patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies and blood disorders were sequenced. Patients carried diagnoses of myeloid malignancy (n = 25), lymphoid malignancy (n = 25), or histiocytic disorder (n = 6). Six patients had only constitutional WES, performed for a suspicion of an inherited predisposition for their disease. For the remaining 50 patients, tumor was sequenced with matched normal tissue when available. The mean number of somatic variants per sample was low across the different disease categories (2.85 variants/sample). Interestingly, a gene fusion was identified by RNA-seq in 58% of samples who had adequate RNA available for testing. Molecular profiling of tumor tissue led to clinically impactful findings in 90% of patients. Forty patients (80%) had at least one targetable gene variant or fusion identified in their tumor tissue; however, only seven received targeted therapy. Importantly, NGS findings contributed to the refinement of diagnosis and prognosis for 34% of patients. Known or likely pathogenic germline alterations were discovered in 24% of patients involving cancer predisposition genes in 12% of cases. CONCLUSION Incorporating whole exome and transcriptome profiling of tumor and normal tissue into clinical practice is feasible, and the value that comprehensive testing provides extends beyond the ability to target-specific mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna J Marks
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer A Oberg
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Danielle Pendrick
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anthony N Sireci
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chana Glasser
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, NYU Winthrop University Medical Center, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Carrie Coval
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca J Zylber
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jiuhong Pang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew T Turk
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan J Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mahesh M Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julia L Glade Bender
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Luisa Sulis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Potential Role of JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in the Neurogenic-to-Gliogenic Shift in Down Syndrome Brain. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7434191. [PMID: 26881131 PMCID: PMC4737457 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7434191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisomy of human chromosome 21 in Down syndrome (DS) leads to several phenotypes, such as mild-to-severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, and craniofacial dysmorphisms. These are fundamental hallmarks of the disorder that affect the quality of life of most individuals with DS. Proper brain development involves meticulous regulation of various signaling pathways, and dysregulation may result in abnormal neurodevelopment. DS brain is characterized by an increased number of astrocytes with reduced number of neurons. In mouse models for DS, the pool of neural progenitor cells commits to glia rather than neuronal cell fate in the DS brain. However, the mechanism(s) and consequences of this slight neurogenic-to-gliogenic shift in DS brain are still poorly understood. To date, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling has been proposed to be crucial in various developmental pathways, especially in promoting astrogliogenesis. Since both human and mouse models of DS brain exhibit less neurons and a higher percentage of cells with astrocytic phenotypes, understanding the role of JAK-STAT signaling in DS brain development will provide novel insight into its role in the pathogenesis of DS brain and may serve as a potential target for the development of effective therapy to improve DS cognition.
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Martín-Lorenzo A, Hauer J, Vicente-Dueñas C, Auer F, González-Herrero I, García-Ramírez I, Ginzel S, Thiele R, Constantinescu SN, Bartenhagen C, Dugas M, Gombert M, Schäfer D, Blanco O, Mayado A, Orfao A, Alonso-López D, Rivas JDL, Cobaleda C, García-Cenador MB, García-Criado FJ, Sánchez-García I, Borkhardt A. Infection Exposure is a Causal Factor in B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia as a Result of Pax5-Inherited Susceptibility. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1328-43. [PMID: 26408659 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Earlier in the past century, infections were regarded as the most likely cause of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pB-ALL). However, there is a lack of relevant biologic evidence supporting this hypothesis. We present in vivo genetic evidence mechanistically connecting inherited susceptibility to pB-ALL and postnatal infections by showing that pB-ALL was initiated in Pax5 heterozygous mice only when they were exposed to common pathogens. Strikingly, these murine pB-ALLs closely resemble the human disease. Tumor exome sequencing revealed activating somatic, nonsynonymous mutations of Jak3 as a second hit. Transplantation experiments and deep sequencing suggest that inactivating mutations in Pax5 promote leukemogenesis by creating an aberrant progenitor compartment that is susceptible to malignant transformation through accumulation of secondary Jak3 mutations. Thus, treatment of Pax5(+/-) leukemic cells with specific JAK1/3 inhibitors resulted in increased apoptosis. These results uncover the causal role of infection in pB-ALL development. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that delayed infection exposure is a causal factor in pB-ALL. Therefore, these findings have critical implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of leukemia and for the development of novel therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Lorenzo
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Carolina Vicente-Dueñas
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Franziska Auer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Inés González-Herrero
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Idoia García-Ramírez
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sebastian Ginzel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany. Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Ralf Thiele
- Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels and Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Gombert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Schäfer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Oscar Blanco
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrea Mayado
- Servicio de Citometría and Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Servicio de Citometría and Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Diego Alonso-López
- Bioinformatics Unit, Cancer Research Center (CSIC-USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Bioinformatics Unit, Cancer Research Center (CSIC-USAL), Salamanca, Spain. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Research Group, Cancer Research Center (CSIC-USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - César Cobaleda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa; CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Isidro Sánchez-García
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, Spain. Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany.
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van der Weyden L, Giotopoulos G, Wong K, Rust AG, Robles-Espinoza CD, Osaki H, Huntly BJ, Adams DJ. Somatic drivers of B-ALL in a model of ETV6-RUNX1; Pax5(+/-) leukemia. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:585. [PMID: 26269126 PMCID: PMC4542115 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is amongst the leading causes of childhood cancer-related mortality. Its most common chromosomal aberration is the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene, with ~25% of ETV6-RUNX1 patients also carrying PAX5 alterations. METHODS We have recreated this mutation background by inter-crossing Etv6-RUNX1 (Etv6 (RUNX1-SB)) and Pax5(+/-) mice and performed an in vivo analysis to find driver genes using Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated mutagenesis and also exome sequencing. RESULTS Combination of Etv6-RUNX1 and Pax5(+/-) alleles generated a transplantable B220 + CD19+ B-ALL with a significant disease incidence. RNA-seq analysis showed a gene expression pattern consistent with arrest at the pre-B stage. Analysis of the transposon common insertion sites identified genes involved in B-cell development (Zfp423) and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway (Jak1, Stat5 and Il2rb), while exome sequencing revealed somatic hotspot mutations in Jak1 and Jak3 at residues analogous to those mutated in human leukemias, and also mutation of Trp53. CONCLUSIONS Powerful synergies exists in our model suggesting STAT pathway activation and mutation of Trp53 are potent drivers of B-ALL in the context of Etv6-RUNX1;Pax5(+/-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
| | - George Giotopoulos
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Kim Wong
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
| | | | - Hikari Osaki
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Brian J Huntly
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK.
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21
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The biology of pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:943-9. [PMID: 26186939 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-567859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) comprises between 4% and 15% of newly diagnosed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients. AMKL in children with Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by a founding GATA1 mutation that cooperates with trisomy 21, followed by the acquisition of additional somatic mutations. In contrast, non-DS-AMKL is characterized by chimeric oncogenes consisting of genes known to play a role in normal hematopoiesis. CBFA2T3-GLIS2 is the most frequent chimeric oncogene identified to date in this subset of patients and confers a poor prognosis.
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22
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Yin C, Sandoval C, Baeg GH. Identification of mutant alleles of JAK3 in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1502-6. [PMID: 25146434 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.957204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have an 80% chance of long-term survival. Despite the high rate of cure, children relapse, and recurrent ALL is difficult to cure with chemotherapeutic regimens. Therefore, improved biological understanding of ALL and the development of rationally designed therapeutics targeting molecules associated with the pathogenesis of ALL are essential. We identified missense and synonymous JAK3 mutations in 16 of 91 pediatric patients with ALL. The expression of JAK3(V722I) mutant caused the cytokine-independent activation of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling and conferred the factor-independent growth of murine interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent pro-B Ba/F3 cells. Importantly, inhibition of JAK3 by the known JAK3 inhibitor CP-690 550 converted the Ba/F3-JAK3(V722I) cells back to factor-dependent growth. These observations suggest that JAK3 may contribute to the pathogenesis of pediatric ALL and serve as an important therapeutic target which can be leveraged to improve outcomes for pediatric patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
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Abstract
The acquisition of growth signal self-sufficiency is 1 of the hallmarks of cancer. We previously reported that the murine interleukin-9-dependent TS1 cell line gives rise to growth factor-independent clones with constitutive activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Here, we show that this transforming event results from activating mutations either in JAK1, JAK3, or in both kinases. Transient and stable expression of JAK1 and/or JAK3 mutants showed that each mutant induces STAT activation and that their coexpression further increases this activation. The proliferation of growth factor-independent TS1 clones can be efficiently blocked by JAK inhibitors such as ruxolitinib or CMP6 in short-term assays. However, resistant clones occur upon long-term culture in the presence of inhibitors. Surprisingly, resistance to CMP6 was not caused by the acquisition of secondary mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding pocket of the JAK mutant. Indeed, cells that originally showed a JAK1-activating mutation became resistant to inhibitors by acquiring another activating mutation in JAK3, whereas cells that originally showed a JAK3-activating mutation became resistant to inhibitors by acquiring another activating mutation in JAK1. These observations underline the cooperation between JAK1 and JAK3 mutants in T-cell transformation and represent a new mechanism of acquisition of resistance against JAK inhibitors.
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Agarwal A, MacKenzie RJ, Eide CA, Davare MA, Watanabe-Smith K, Tognon CE, Mongoue-Tchokote S, Park B, Braziel RM, Tyner JW, Druker BJ. Functional RNAi screen targeting cytokine and growth factor receptors reveals oncorequisite role for interleukin-2 gamma receptor in JAK3-mutation-positive leukemia. Oncogene 2014; 34:2991-9. [PMID: 25109334 PMCID: PMC4324389 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of cytokine and growth factor receptor-mediated signaling in leukemia pathogenesis, we designed a functional RNA interference (RNAi) screen targeting 188 cytokine and growth factor receptors that we found highly expressed in primary leukemia specimens. Using this screen, we identified interleukin-2 gamma receptor (IL2Rγ) as a critical growth determinant for a JAK3(A572V) mutation-positive acute myeloid leukemia cell line. We observed that knockdown of IL2Rγ abrogates phosphorylation of JAK3 and downstream signaling molecules, JAK1, STAT5, MAPK and pS6 ribosomal protein. Overexpression of IL2Rγ in murine cells increased the transforming potential of activating JAK3 mutations, whereas absence of IL2Rγ completely abrogated the clonogenic potential of JAK3(A572V), as well as the transforming potential of additional JAK3-activating mutations such as JAK3(M511I). In addition, mutation at the IL2Rγ interaction site in the FERM domain of JAK3 (Y100C) completely abrogated JAK3-mediated leukemic transformation. Mechanistically, we found IL2Rγ contributes to constitutive JAK3 mutant signaling by increasing JAK3 expression and phosphorylation. Conversely, we found that mutant, but not wild-type JAK3, increased the expression of IL2Rγ, indicating IL2Rγ and JAK3 contribute to constitutive JAK/STAT signaling through their reciprocal regulation. Overall, we demonstrate a novel role for IL2Rγ in potentiating oncogenesis in the setting of JAK3-mutation-positive leukemia. In addition, our study highlights an RNAi-based functional assay that can be used to facilitate the identification of non-kinase cytokine and growth factor receptor targets for inhibiting leukemic cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agarwal
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - R J MacKenzie
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C A Eide
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M A Davare
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - K Watanabe-Smith
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C E Tognon
- 1] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S Mongoue-Tchokote
- 1] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Biostatistics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - B Park
- 1] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Biostatistics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - R M Braziel
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J W Tyner
- 1] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - B J Druker
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [2] Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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25
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Hanada I, Terui K, Ikeda F, Toki T, Kanezaki R, Sato T, Kamio T, Kudo K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Hayashi Y, Inukai T, Kojima S, Koike K, Kosaka Y, Kobayashi M, Imaizumi M, Mitsui T, Hori H, Hara J, Horibe K, Nagai JI, Goto H, Ito E. Gene alterations involving the CRLF2-JAK pathway and recurrent gene deletions in Down syndrome-associated acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Japan. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:902-10. [PMID: 25044358 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In Western countries, gene alterations involving the CRLF2-JAK signaling pathway are identified in approximately 50-60% of patients with Down syndrome-associated acute lymphoblastic leukemia (DS-ALL), and this pathway is considered a potential therapeutic target. The frequency of BTG1 deletions in DS-ALL is controversial. IKZF1 deletions, found in 20-30% of DS-ALL patients, are associated with a poor outcome and EBF1 deletions are very rare (∼2%). We analyzed 38 patients to determine the frequencies and clinical implications of CRLF2-JAK pathway genetic alterations and recurrent gene deletions in Japanese DS-ALL patients. We confirmed a high incidence of P2RY8-CRLF2 (29%) and JAK2 mutations (16%), though the frequency of P2RY8-CRLF2 was slightly lower than that in Western countries (∼50%). BTG1 deletions were common in our cohort (25%). IKZF1 deletions were detected in 25% of patients and associated with shorter overall survival (OS). EBF1 deletions were found at an unexpectedly high frequency (16%), and at a significantly higher level in P2RY8-CRLF2-positive patients than in P2RY8-CRLF2-negative patients (44% vs. 4%, P=0.015). Deletions of CDKN2A/B and PAX5 were common in P2RY8-CRLF2-negative patients (48 and 39%, respectively) but not in P2RY8-CRLF2-positive patients (11% each). Associations between these genetic alterations and clinical characteristics were not observed except for inferior OS in patients with IKZF1 deletions. These results suggest that differences exist between the genetic profiles of DS-ALL patients in Japan and in Western countries, and that P2RY8-CRLF2 and EBF1 deletions may cooperate in leukemogenesis in a subset of Japanese DS-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Hanada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Structure of the pseudokinase-kinase domains from protein kinase TYK2 reveals a mechanism for Janus kinase (JAK) autoinhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8025-30. [PMID: 24843152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are receptor-associated multidomain tyrosine kinases that act downstream of many cytokines and interferons. JAK kinase activity is regulated by the adjacent pseudokinase domain via an unknown mechanism. Here, we report the 2.8-Å structure of the two-domain pseudokinase-kinase module from the JAK family member TYK2 in its autoinhibited form. We find that the pseudokinase and kinase interact near the kinase active site and that most reported mutations in cancer-associated JAK alleles cluster in or near this interface. Mutation of residues near the TYK2 interface that are analogous to those in cancer-associated JAK alleles, including the V617F and "exon 12" JAK2 mutations, results in increased kinase activity in vitro. These data indicate that JAK pseudokinases are autoinhibitory domains that hold the kinase domain inactive until receptor dimerization stimulates transition to an active state.
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Bergmann AK, Schneppenheim S, Seifert M, Betts MJ, Haake A, Lopez C, Maria Murga Penas E, Vater I, Jayne S, Dyer MJS, Schrappe M, Dührsen U, Ammerpohl O, Russell RB, Küppers R, Dürig J, Siebert R. Recurrent mutation of JAK3 in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:309-16. [PMID: 24446122 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is an aggressive post-thymic T-cell malignancy characterized by the recurrent inv(14)(q11q32)/t(14;14)(q11;q32) or t(X;14)(q28;q11) leading to activation of either the TCL1 or MTCP1 gene, respectively. However, these primary genetic events are insufficient to drive leukemogenesis. Recently, activating mutations in JAK3 have been identified in other T-cell malignancies. Since JAK3 is essential for T-cell maturation, we analyzed a cohort of 32 T-PLL patients for mutational hot spots in the JAK3 gene using a step-wise screening approach. We identified 14 mutations in 11 of 32 patients (34%). The most frequently detected mutation in our cohort was M511I (seen in 57% of cases) previously described as an activating change in other T-cell malignancies. Three patients carried two mutations in JAK3. In two patients M511I and R657Q were simultaneously detected and in another patient V674F and V678L. In the latter case we could demonstrate that the mutations were on the same allele in cis. Protein modeling and homology analyses of mutations present in other members of the JAK family suggested that these mutations likely activate JAK3, possibly by disrupting the activation loop and the interface between N and C lobes, increasing the accessibility of the catalytic loop. In addition, four of the 21 patients lacking a JAK3 point mutation presented an aberrant karyotype involving the chromosomal band 19p13 harboring the JAK3 locus. The finding of recurrent activating JAK3 mutations in patients with T-PLL could enable the use of JAK3 inhibitors to treat patients with this unfavorable malignancy who otherwise have a very poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke K Bergmann
- Institute for Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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28
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Uckun FM, Pitt J, Qazi S. JAK3 pathway is constitutively active in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 11:37-48. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Sakaguchi H, Okuno Y, Muramatsu H, Yoshida K, Shiraishi Y, Takahashi M, Kon A, Sanada M, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Makishima H, Wang X, Xu Y, Doisaki S, Hama A, Nakanishi K, Takahashi Y, Yoshida N, Maciejewski JP, Miyano S, Ogawa S, Kojima S. Exome sequencing identifies secondary mutations of SETBP1 and JAK3 in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 2013; 45:937-41. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Seewald L, Taub JW, Maloney KW, McCabe ERB. Acute leukemias in children with Down syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:25-30. [PMID: 22867885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) often present with hematopoietic abnormalities, and are at increased risk of developing leukemia. Specifically, 3-10% of newborns with DS are diagnosed with transient myeloproliferative disease, and children with DS are 500 times more likely to develop acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) and 20 times more likely to develop acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) than typical children. This review examines the characteristics of these leukemias and their development in the unique genetic background of trisomy 21. A discussion is also provided for areas of future research and potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Seewald
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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31
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Chen E, Staudt LM, Green AR. Janus kinase deregulation in leukemia and lymphoma. Immunity 2012; 36:529-41. [PMID: 22520846 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations affecting members of the Janus kinase (JAK) family have been discovered in a wide array of cancers and are particularly prominent in hematological malignancies. In this review, we focus on the role of such lesions in both myeloid and lymphoid tumors. Oncogenic JAK molecules can activate a myriad of canonical downstream signaling pathways as well as directly interact with chromatin in noncanonical processes, the interplay of which results in a plethora of diverse biological consequences. Deciphering these complexities is shedding unexpected light on fundamental cellular mechanisms and will also be important for improved diagnosis, identification of new therapeutic targets, and the development of stratified approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Newly described activating JAK3 mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:2144-6. [PMID: 22425895 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Although adults with Down syndrome (DS) show a decreased incidence of cancer compared to individuals without DS, children with DS are at an increased risk of leukemia. Nearly half of these childhood leukemias are classified as acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), a relatively rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we summarize the clinical features of myeloid leukemia in DS, review recent research on the mechanisms of leukemogenesis, including the roles of GATA1 mutations and trisomy 21, and discuss treatment strategies. Given that trisomy 21 is a relatively common event in hematologic malignancies, greater knowledge of how the genes on chromosome 21 contribute to DS-AMKL will increase our understanding of a broader class of patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Khan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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34
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Abstract
Megakaryopoiesis is the process by which bone marrow progenitor cells develop into mature megakaryocytes (MKs), which in turn produce platelets required for normal haemostasis. Over the past decade, molecular mechanisms that contribute to MK development and differentiation have begun to be elucidated. In this review, we provide an overview of megakaryopoiesis and summarise the latest developments in this field. Specially, we focus on polyploidisation, a unique form of the cell cycle that allows MKs to increase their DNA content, and the genes that regulate this process. In addition, because MKs have an important role in the pathogenesis of acute megakaryocytic leukaemia and a subset of myeloproliferative neoplasms, including essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, we discuss the biology and genetics of these disorders. We anticipate that an increased understanding of normal MK differentiation will provide new insights into novel therapeutic approaches that will directly benefit patients.
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35
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Riera L, Lasorsa E, Bonello L, Sismondi F, Tondat F, Di Bello C, Di Celle PF, Chiarle R, Godio L, Pich A, Facchetti F, Ponzoni M, Marmont F, Zanon C, Bardelli A, Inghirami G. Description of a novel Janus kinase 3 P132A mutation in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and demonstration of previously reported Janus kinase 3 mutations in normal subjects. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1742-50. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.574757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Kameda T, Shide K, Shimoda HK, Hidaka T, Kubuki Y, Katayose K, Taniguchi Y, Sekine M, Kamiunntenn A, Maeda K, Nagata K, Matsunaga T, Shimoda K. Absence of gain-of-function JAK1 and JAK3 mutations in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:320-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Abstract
To identify oncogenes in leukemias, we performed large-scale resequencing of the leukemia genome using DNA sequence arrays that determine approximately 9 Mbp of sequence corresponding to the exons or exon-intron boundaries of 5648 protein-coding genes. Hybridization of genomic DNA from CD34-positive blasts of acute myeloid leukemia (n=19) or myeloproliferative disorder (n=1) with the arrays identified 9148 nonsynonymous nucleotide changes. Subsequent analysis showed that most of these changes were also present in the genomic DNA of the paired controls, with 11 somatic changes identified only in the leukemic blasts. One of these latter changes results in a Met-to-Ile substitution at amino-acid position 511 of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), and the JAK3(M511I) protein exhibited transforming potential both in vitro and in vivo. Further screening for JAK3 mutations showed novel and known transforming changes in a total of 9 out of 286 cases of leukemia. Our experiments also showed a somatic change responsible for an Arg-to-His substitution at amino-acid position 882 of DNA methyltransferase 3A, which resulted in a loss of DNA methylation activity of >50%. Our data have thus shown a unique profile of gene mutations in human leukemia.
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38
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Ruparelia A, Wiseman F, Sheppard O, Tybulewicz VL, Fisher EM. Down syndrome and the molecular pathogenesis resulting from trisomy of human chromosome 21. J Biomed Res 2010; 24:87-99. [PMID: 23554618 PMCID: PMC3596542 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(10)60016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome copy number aberrations, anueploidies, are common in the human population but generally lethal. However, trisomy of human chromosome 21 is compatible with life and people born with this form of aneuploidy manifest the features of Down syndrome, named after Langdon Down who was a 19(th) century British physician who first described a group of people with this disorder. Down syndrome includes learning and memory deficits in all cases, as well as many other features which vary in penetrance and expressivity in different people. While Down syndrome clearly has a genetic cause - the extra dose of genes on chromosome 21 - we do not know which genes are important for which aspects of the syndrome, which biochemical pathways are disrupted, or, generally how design therapies to ameliorate the effects of these disruptions. Recently, with new insights gained from studying mouse models of Down syndrome, specific genes and pathways are being shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder. This is opening the way for exciting new studies of potential therapeutics for aspects of Down syndrome, particularly the learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Ruparelia
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Frances Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Olivia Sheppard
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth M.C. Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Kim BH, Jee JG, Yin CH, Sandoval C, Jayabose S, Kitamura D, Bach EA, Baeg GH. NSC114792, a novel small molecule identified through structure-based computational database screening, selectively inhibits JAK3. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:36. [PMID: 20149240 PMCID: PMC2830973 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human or animals lacking either JAK3 or the common gamma chain (γc) expression display severe combined immunodeficiency disease, indicating the crucial role of JAK3 in T-cell development and the homeostasis of the immune system. JAK3 has also been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of tumorigenesis. Recent studies identified activating JAK3 mutations in patients with various hematopoietic malignancies, including acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Importantly, functional analyses of some of those JAK3 mutations have been shown to cause lethal hematopoietic malignancies in animal models. These observations make JAK3 an ideal therapeutic target for the treatment of various human diseases. To identify novel small molecule inhibitors of JAK3, we performed structure-based virtual screen using the 3D structure of JAK3 kinase domain and the NCI diversity set of compounds. Results We identified NSC114792 as a lead compound. This compound directly blocked the catalytic activity of JAK3 but not that of other JAK family members in vitro. In addition, treatment of 32D/IL-2Rβ cells with the compound led to a block in IL-2-dependent activation of JAK3/STAT5 but not IL-3-dependent activation of JAK2/STAT5. Consistent with the specificity of NSC114792 for JAK3, it selectively inhibited persistently-activated JAK3, but failed to affect the activity of other JAK family members and other oncogenic kinases in various cancer cell lines. Finally, we showed that NSC114792 decreases cell viability by inducing apoptosis through down-regulating anti-apoptotic gene expression only in cancer cells harboring persistently-active JAK3. Conclusions NSC114792 is a lead compound that selectively inhibits JAK3 activity. Therefore, our study suggests that this small molecule inhibitor of JAK3 can be used as a starting point to develop a new class of drugs targeting JAK3 activity, and may have therapeutic potential in various diseases that are caused by aberrant JAK3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hak Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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40
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Haan C, Behrmann I, Haan S. Perspectives for the use of structural information and chemical genetics to develop inhibitors of Janus kinases. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:504-27. [PMID: 20132407 PMCID: PMC3823453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding Janus kinases have been discovered in various haematologic diseases. Jaks are composed of a FERM domain, an SH2 domain, a pseudokinase domain and a kinase domain, and a complex interplay of the Jak domains is involved in regulation of catalytic activity and association to cytokine receptors. Most activating mutations are found in the pseudokinase domain. Here we present recently discovered mutations in the context of our structural models of the respective domains. We describe two structural hotspots in the pseudokinase domain of Jak2 that seem to be associated either to myeloproliferation or to lymphoblastic leukaemia, pointing at the involvement of distinct signalling complexes in these disease settings. The different domains of Jaks are discussed as potential drug targets. We present currently available inhibitors targeting Jaks and indicate structural differences in the kinase domains of the different Jaks that may be exploited in the development of specific inhibitors. Moreover, we discuss recent chemical genetic approaches which can be applied to Jaks to better understand the role of these kinases in their biological settings and as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Haan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162A, av. de la Faïencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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41
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Hsa-mir-125b-2 is highly expressed in childhood ETV6/RUNX1 (TEL/AML1) leukemias and confers survival advantage to growth inhibitory signals independent of p53. Leukemia 2009; 24:89-96. [PMID: 19890372 PMCID: PMC2811577 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of multiple proteins in a dose dependent manner. We hypothesized that increased expression of miRNAs encoded on chromosome 21 (chr 21) contribute to the leukemogenic role of trisomy 21. The levels of chr 21 miRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR in four types of childhood ALL characterized by either numerical (trisomy or tetrasomy) or structural abnormalities of chr 21. Suprisingly high expression of the hsa-mir-125b-2 cluster, consisting of three miRNAs, was identified in leukemias with the structural ETV6/RUNX1 abnormality and not in ALLs with trisomy 21. Manipulation of ETV6/RUNX1 expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the high expression of the miRNA cluster is an event independent of the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion protein. Overexpression of hsa-mir-125b-2 conferred a survival advantage to Ba/F3 cells following IL-3 withdrawal or a broad spectrum of apoptotic stimuli through inhibition of caspase 3 activation. Conversely, knockdown of the endogenous miR-125b in the ETV6/RUNX1 leukemia cell line REH increased apoptosis after Doxorubicin and Staurosporine treatments. P53 protein levels were not altered by miR-125b. Together these results suggest that the expression of hsa-mir-125b-2 in ETV6/RUNX1 ALL provides survival advantage to growth inhibitory signals in a p53 independent manner.
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42
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Roy A, Roberts I, Norton A, Vyas P. Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (AMKL) and transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in Down syndrome: a multi-step model of myeloid leukaemogenesis. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:3-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Kim BH, Oh SR, Yin CH, Lee S, Kim EA, Kim MS, Sandoval C, Jayabose S, Bach EA, Lee HK, Baeg GH. MS-1020 is a novel small molecule that selectively inhibits JAK3 activity. Br J Haematol 2009; 148:132-43. [PMID: 19793252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signalling inhibitors, a cell-based high throughput screening was performed using a plant extract library that identified Nb-(alpha-hydroxynaphthoyl)serotonin called MS-1020 as a novel JAK3 inhibitor. MS-1020 potently inhibited persistently-active STAT3 in a cell type-specific manner. Further examination showed that MS-1020 selectively blocked constitutively-active JAK3 and consistently suppressed interleukin-2-induced JAK3/STAT5 signalling but not prolactin-induced JAK2/STAT5 signalling. Furthermore, MS-1020 affected cell viability only in cancer cells harbouring persistently-active JAK3/STATs, and in vitro kinase assays showed MS-1020 binds directly with JAK3, blocking its catalytic activity. Therefore, the present study suggested that this reagent selectively inhibits JAK3 and subsequently leads to a block in STAT signalling. Finally, MS-1020 decreased cell survival by inducing apoptosis via down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression. These results suggest that MS-1020 may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancers harbouring aberrant JAK3 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hak Kim
- Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Cornejo MG, Boggon TJ, Mercher T. JAK3: a two-faced player in hematological disorders. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:2376-9. [PMID: 19747563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
JAK3 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells and that has been implicated in the signal transduction of the common gamma chain subfamily of cytokine receptors. As a result, JAK3 plays an essential role in hematopoieisis during T cell development. JAK3 inactivating mutations result in immunodeficiency syndromes (SCID) in both humans and mice. Recent data indicate that abnormal activation of JAK3 due to activating mutations is also found in human hematological malignancies, including acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) and cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). After a brief summary of the JAK3 structure and function, we will review the evidence on the emerging role of JAK3 activation in hematological malignancies that warrant further studies to test the relevance of specific inhibition of JAK3 as a therapeutic approach to these challenging clinical entities.
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Wiseman FK, Alford KA, Tybulewicz VLJ, Fisher EMC. Down syndrome--recent progress and future prospects. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:R75-83. [PMID: 19297404 PMCID: PMC2657943 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and is associated with a number of deleterious phenotypes, including learning disability, heart defects, early-onset Alzheimer's disease and childhood leukaemia. Individuals with DS are affected by these phenotypes to a variable extent; understanding the cause of this variation is a key challenge. Here, we review recent research progress in DS, both in patients and relevant animal models. In particular, we highlight exciting advances in therapy to improve cognitive function in people with DS and the significant developments in understanding the gene content of Hsa21. Moreover, we discuss future research directions in light of new technologies. In particular, the use of chromosome engineering to generate new trisomic mouse models and large-scale studies of genotype–phenotype relationships in patients are likely to significantly contribute to the future understanding of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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Ganmore I, Smooha G, Izraeli S. Constitutional aneuploidy and cancer predisposition. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:R84-93. [PMID: 19297405 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutional aneuploidies are rare syndromes associated with multiple developmental abnormalities and the alterations in the risk for specific cancers. Acquired somatic chromosomal aneuploidies are the most common genetic aberrations in sporadic cancers. Thus studies of these rare constitutional aneuploidy syndromes are important not only for patient counseling and clinical management, but also for deciphering the mechanisms by which chromosomal aneuploidy affect cancer initiation and progression. Here we review the major constitutional aneuploidy syndromes and suggest some general mechanisms for the associated cancer predisposition.
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Malinge S, Izraeli S, Crispino JD. Insights into the manifestations, outcomes, and mechanisms of leukemogenesis in Down syndrome. Blood 2009; 113:2619-28. [PMID: 19139078 PMCID: PMC2661853 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-11-163501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) show a spectrum of clinical anomalies, including cognitive impairment, cardiac malformations, and craniofacial dysmorphy. Moreover, hematologists have also noted that these children commonly show macrocytosis, abnormal platelet counts, and an increased incidence of transient myeloproliferative disease (TMD), acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL), and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). In this review, we summarize the clinical manifestations and characteristics of these leukemias, provide an update on therapeutic strategies and patient outcomes, and discuss the most recent advances in DS-leukemia research. With the increased knowledge of the way in which trisomy 21 affects hematopoiesis and the specific genetic mutations that are found in DS-associated leukemias, we are well on our way toward designing improved strategies for treating both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies in this high-risk population.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Down Syndrome/blood
- Down Syndrome/complications
- Down Syndrome/genetics
- GATA1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary/genetics
- Humans
- Incidence
- Janus Kinases/genetics
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/genetics
- Liver/embryology
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Mutation
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/congenital
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/epidemiology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/epidemiology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/etiology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Preleukemia/congenital
- Preleukemia/drug therapy
- Preleukemia/epidemiology
- Preleukemia/etiology
- Preleukemia/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Malinge
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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The key role of stem cell factor/KIT signaling in the proliferation of blast cells from Down syndrome-related leukemia. Leukemia 2008; 23:95-103. [PMID: 18830255 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transient leukemia (TL) has been observed in approximately 10% of newborn infants with Down syndrome (DS). Although treatment with cytarabine is effective in high-risk TL cases, approximately 20% of severe patients still suffer early death. In this study, we demonstrate abundant KIT expression in all 13 patients with GATA1 mutations, although no significant difference in expression levels was observed between TL and acute myeloid leukemia. Stem cell factor (SCF) stimulated the proliferation of the TL cells from five patients and treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib suppressed the proliferation effectively in vitro. To investigate the signal cascade, we established the first SCF-dependent, DS-related acute megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, KPAM1. Withdrawal of SCF or treatment with imatinib induced apoptosis of KPAM1 cells. SCF activated the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, followed by downregulation of the pro-apoptotic factor BIM and upregulation of the anti-apoptotic factor MCL1. Although we found novel missense mutations of KIT in 2 of 14 TL patients, neither mutation led to KIT activation and neither reduced the cytotoxic effects of imatinib. These results suggest the essential role of SCF/KIT signaling in the proliferation of DS-related leukemia and the possibility of therapeutic benefits of imatinib for TL patients.
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