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Auger N, Douet-Guilbert N, Quessada J, Theisen O, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Troadec MB. Cytogenetics in the management of myelodysplastic neoplasms (myelodysplastic syndromes, MDS): Guidelines from the groupe francophone de cytogénétique hématologique (GFCH). Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103409. [PMID: 38091642 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic neoplasms. Chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) are detected in 40-45% of de novo MDS and up to 80% of post-cytotoxic therapy MDS (MDS-pCT). Lately, several changes appeared in World Health Organization (WHO) classification and International Consensus Classification (ICC). The novel 'biallelic TP53 inactivation' (also called 'multi-hit TP53') MDS entity requires systematic investigation of TP53 locus (17p13.1). The ICC maintains CA allowing the diagnosis of MDS without dysplasia (del(5q), del(7q), -7 and complex karyotype). Deletion 5q is the only CA, still representing a low blast class of its own, if isolated or associated with one additional CA other than -7 or del(7q) and without multi-hit TP53. It represents one of the most frequent aberrations in adults' MDS, with chromosome 7 aberrations, and trisomy 8. Conversely, translocations are rarer in MDS. In children, del(5q) is very rare while -7 and del(7q) are predominant. Identification of a germline predisposition is key in childhood MDS. Aberrations of chromosomes 5, 7 and 17 are the most frequent in MDS-pCT, grouped in complex karyotypes. Despite the ever-increasing importance of molecular features, cytogenetics remains a major part of diagnosis and prognosis. In 2022, a molecular international prognostic score (IPSS-M) was proposed, combining the prognostic value of mutated genes to the previous scoring parameters (IPSS-R) including cytogenetics, still essential. A karyotype on bone marrow remains mandatory at diagnosis of MDS with complementary molecular analyses now required. Analyses with FISH or other technologies providing similar information can be necessary to complete and help in case of karyotype failure, for doubtful CA, for clonality assessment, and for detection of TP53 deletion to assess TP53 biallelic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Auger
- Gustave Roussy, Génétique des tumeurs, 144 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Nathalie Douet-Guilbert
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest F-29200, France; CHRU Brest, Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Service de génétique, Brest, France
| | - Julie Quessada
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Hématologique, CHU Timone Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Theisen
- Hematology Biology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest F-29200, France; CHRU Brest, Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Service de génétique, Brest, France.
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Acha P, Mallo M, Solé F. Myelodysplastic Syndromes with Isolated del(5q): Value of Molecular Alterations for Diagnostic and Prognostic Assessment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225531. [PMID: 36428627 PMCID: PMC9688702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal hematological neoplasms characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more bone marrow cell lineages. Consequently, patients present with variable degrees of cytopenia and dysplasia. These characteristics constitute the basis for the World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria of MDS, among other parameters, for the current prognostic scoring system. Although nearly half of newly diagnosed patients present a cytogenetic alteration, and almost 90% of them harbor at least one somatic mutation, MDS with isolated del(5q) constitutes the only subtype clearly defined by a cytogenetic alteration. The results of several clinical studies and the advances of new technologies have allowed a better understanding of the biological basis of this disease. Therefore, since the first report of the "5q- syndrome" in 1974, changes and refinements have been made in the definition and the characteristics of the patients with MDS and del(5q). Moreover, specific genetic alterations have been found to be associated with the prognosis and response to treatments. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the molecular background of MDS with isolated del(5q), focusing on the clinical and prognostic relevance of cytogenetic alterations and somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Acha
- MDS Group, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Mar Mallo
- MDS Group, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Microarrays Unit, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Solé
- MDS Group, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Microarrays Unit, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-557-2806
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Joudinaud R, Boyer T. Stem Cells in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: First Cousins or Unrelated Entities? Front Oncol 2021; 11:730899. [PMID: 34490124 PMCID: PMC8417738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.730899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are associated with a significant risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), supported by alterations affecting malignant stem cells. This review focuses on the metabolic, phenotypic and genetic characteristics underlying this dynamic evolution, from myelodysplastic stem cells (MDS-SCs) to leukemic stem cells (LSCs). MDS-SCs are more likely to be derived from healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), whereas LSCs may originate from healthy progenitors, mostly LMPP (lymphoid-primed multipotential progenitors). Moreover, overexpression of CD123 and CLL1 markers by LSCs and MDS-SCs in high risk-MDS [HR-MDS] has led to exciting therapeutic applications. Single-cell sequencing has suggested that clonal evolution in the stem cell compartment was non-linear during MDS initiation and progression to AML, with pre-MDS-SC acquiring distinct additional mutations in parallel, that drive either MDS blast production or AML transformation. In AML and HR-MDS, common metabolic alterations have been identified in malignant stem cells, including activation of the protein machinery and dependence on oxidative phosphorylation. Targeting these metabolic abnormalities could prevent HR-MDS from progressing to AML. Strikingly, in low risk-MDS-SC, the expression of ribosomal proteins is decreased, which may be accompanied by a reduction in protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Boyer
- Laboratory of Hematology, University of Amiens, Amiens Hospital, Amiens, France
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Tsiambas E, Chrysovergis A, Papanikolaou V, Mastronikolis N, Ragos V, Batistatou A, Peschos D, Kavantzas N, Lazaris AC, Kyrodimos E. Impact of Ribosome Activity on SARS-CoV-2 LNP - Based mRNA Vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:654866. [PMID: 33959636 PMCID: PMC8093617 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.654866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus-related Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initially was detected in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Since early 2021, World Health Organization (WHO) has declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic due to rapidly transformed to a globally massive catastrophic viral infection. In order to confront this emergency situation, many pharmaceutical companies focused on the design and development of efficient vaccines that are considered necessary for providing a level of normalization in totally affected human social-economical activity worldwide. A variety of vaccine types are under development, validation or even some of them have already completed these stages, initially approved as conditional marketing authorisation by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other national health authorities for commercial purposes (in vivo use in general population), accelerating their production and distribution process. Innovative nucleoside-modified viral messenger RNA (v-mRNA)-based vaccines encapsulated within nanoparticles-specifically lipid ones (LNPs)-are now well recognized. Although this is a promising genetic engineering topic in the field of nanopharmacogenomics or targeted nucleic vaccines, there are limited but continuously enriched in vivo data in depth of time regarding their safety, efficacy, and immune response. In the current paper we expand the limited published data in the field of ribosome machinery and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA fragment vaccines interaction by describing their functional specialization and modifications. Additionally, alterations in post-transcriptional/translational molecules and mechanisms that could potentially affect the interaction between target cells and vaccines are also presented. Understanding these mechanisms is a crucial step for the next generation v-mRNA vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Tsiambas
- Department of Cytology, Molecular Unit, 417 Veterans Army Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Maxillofacial, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Chrysovergis
- 1st ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papanikolaou
- 1st ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vasileios Ragos
- Department of Maxillofacial, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C. Lazaris
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimios Kyrodimos
- 1st ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
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Awada H, Thapa B, Visconte V. The Genomics of Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Origins of Disease Evolution, Biological Pathways, and Prognostic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:E2512. [PMID: 33233642 PMCID: PMC7699752 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is complex due to the high rate of genomic heterogeneity. Significant advances have been made in the last decade which elucidated the landscape of molecular alterations (cytogenetic abnormalities, gene mutations) in MDS. Seminal experimental studies have clarified the role of diverse gene mutations in the context of disease phenotypes, but the lack of faithful murine models and/or cell lines spontaneously carrying certain gene mutations have hampered the knowledge on how and why specific pathways are associated with MDS pathogenesis. Here, we summarize the genomics of MDS and provide an overview on the deregulation of pathways and the latest molecular targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Awada
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Bicky Thapa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Valeria Visconte
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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Polymenis M. Ribosomal proteins: mutant phenotypes by the numbers and associated gene expression changes. Open Biol 2020; 10:200114. [PMID: 32810425 PMCID: PMC7479938 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal proteins are highly conserved, many universally so among organisms. All ribosomal proteins are structural parts of the same molecular machine, the ribosome. However, when ribosomal proteins are mutated individually, they often lead to distinct and intriguing phenotypes, including specific human pathologies. This review is an attempt to collect and analyse all the reported phenotypes of each ribosomal protein mutant in several eukaryotes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens). These phenotypes were processed with unbiased computational approaches to reveal associations between different phenotypes and the contributions of individual ribosomal protein genes. An overview of gene expression changes in ribosomal protein mutants, with emphasis on ribosome profiling studies, is also presented. The available data point to patterns that may account for most of the observed phenotypes. The information presented here may also inform future studies about the molecular basis of the phenotypes that arise from mutations in ribosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polymenis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Li J, Han L, Hao Y, Yuan Y, Wang M, Xin X, Wang H, Yu F, Zheng C, Shen C. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Different Host Cell Responses to Acute and Persistent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 35:52-63. [PMID: 31512107 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) rapidly causes cytopathic effects in susceptible cells. Incomplete viral clearance during the acute infection leads to persistent infection. The relationship between host gene expression and the persistent infection remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles of BHK-21 cells acutely and persistently infected with FMDV to identify differences in gene expression. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the 8,378 differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in categories including metabolism, biosynthesis, ribosome function, and endocytosis. In persistently infected BHK-21 cells, ribosome- and translation-related genes were significantly down-regulated. There were more differentially expressed immune-related genes during persistent infection than during acute infection. Two hundred and seventy-four genes were differentially expressed in both acutely and persistently infected BHK-21 cells. Among these genes, heat shock protein family B member 1 (Hspb1) knockdown significantly inhibited FMDV replication. Our research provides a basis for further research to understand the mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection including the genes involved in FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lingling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuncong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Congyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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8
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Leung GMK, Zhang C, Ng NKL, Yang N, Lam SSY, Au CH, Chan TL, Ma ESK, Tsui SP, Ip HW, So JCC, Ng MHL, Cheng KCK, Wong KF, Siu LLP, Yip SF, Lin SY, Lau JSM, Luk TH, Lee HKK, Lau CK, Kho B, Kwong YL, Leung AYH. Distinct mutation spectrum, clinical outcome and therapeutic responses of typical complex/monosomy karyotype acute myeloid leukemia carrying TP53 mutations. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:650-657. [PMID: 30900772 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to define a subtype of complex/monosomal karyotype (CK/MK) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by its distinct clinical features, p53 signaling and responses to p53 targeting agents. Ninety-eight young adults (range: 21-60 years; median: 49 years) with CK/MK AML were studied. They received standard induction, consolidation and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from siblings or matched unrelated donors if available. Chromosomal abnormalities most commonly affected chromosome 5 (30%), 7 (22%) and 17 (21%). Next generation sequencing of a 54-myeloid gene panel were available in 76 patients. Tumor protein 53 (TP53) mutations were most common (49%) and associated with the presence of -5/5q- (P < .001) and -17/17p- (P < .001), but not -7/7q- (P = .370). This "typical" CK/MK AML subtype was associated with significantly lower presenting white cell counts, higher number of karyotypic abnormalities, and inferior leukemia-free and overall survivals, compared with CK/MK AML without the typical features. Blood or bone marrow samples from typical CK/MK AML patients showed defective p53 signaling upon induction by etoposide. In vitro drug sensitivity analysis showed that they were sensitive to APR-246 that targeted mutant p53, but resistant to MDM2 antagonist MI-77301. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting TP53 mutations in CK/MK AML should be developed and tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret M. K. Leung
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Nelson K. L. Ng
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Ning Yang
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Stephen S. Y. Lam
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Chun H. Au
- Department of PathologyHong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Tsun L. Chan
- Department of PathologyHong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Edmond S. K. Ma
- Department of PathologyHong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Sze P. Tsui
- Division of Haematology, Department of PathologyQueen Mary Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Ho W. Ip
- Division of Haematology, Department of PathologyQueen Mary Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Jason C. C. So
- Division of Haematology, Department of PathologyQueen Mary Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Margaret H. L. Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Kelvin C. K. Cheng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Kit F. Wong
- Department of PathologyQueen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Lisa L. P. Siu
- Department of PathologyQueen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Sze F. Yip
- Department of MedicineTuen Mun Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Shek Y. Lin
- Department of Medicine and GeriatricsUnited Christian Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - June S. M. Lau
- Department of MedicineQueen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Tsan H. Luk
- Department of MedicineQueen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Harold K. K. Lee
- Department of MedicinePrincess Margaret Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Chi K. Lau
- Department of MedicineTseung Kwan O Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Bonnie Kho
- Department of MedicinePamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Yok L. Kwong
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Anskar Y. H. Leung
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a rare inherited marrow failure disorder, characterized by hypoplastic anaemia, congenital anomalies and a predisposition to cancer as a result of ribosomal dysfunction. Historically, treatment is based on glucocorticoids and/or blood transfusions, which is accompanied by significant toxicity and long-term sequelae. Currently, stem cell transplantation is the only curative option for the haematological DBA phenotype. Whereas this procedure has been quite successful in the last decade in selected patients, novel therapies and biological insights are still warranted to improve clinical care for all DBA patients. In addition to paediatric haematologists, other physicians (e.g. endocrinologist, gynaecologist) should ideally be involved in the care of this chronic condition from an early age, to improve lifelong management of haematological and non-haematological symptoms, and screen for DBA-associated malignancies. Here we provide an overview of current knowledge and recommendations for the day-to-day care of DBA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Bartels
- Paediatric Haematology DepartmentWilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Centre Utrecht Utrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Marc Bierings
- Department of Stem cell transplantationPrincess Maxima Centre for Paediatric OncologyWilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Fuchs O. Treatment of Lymphoid and Myeloid Malignancies by Immunomodulatory Drugs. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:51-78. [PMID: 29788898 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666180522073855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide and its derivatives (lenalidomide, pomalidomide, avadomide, iberdomide hydrochoride, CC-885 and CC-90009) form the family of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). Lenalidomide (CC5013, Revlimid®) was approved by the US FDA and the EMA for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, low or intermediate-1 risk transfusion-dependent myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with chromosome 5q deletion [del(5q)] and relapsed and/or refractory mantle cell lymphoma following bortezomib. Lenalidomide has also been studied in clinical trials and has shown promising activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Lenalidomide has anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits angiogenesis. Pomalidomide (CC4047, Imnovid® [EU], Pomalyst® [USA]) was approved for advanced MM insensitive to bortezomib and lenalidomide. Other IMiDs are in phases 1 and 2 of clinical trials. Cereblon (CRBN) seems to have an important role in IMiDs action in both lymphoid and myeloid hematological malignancies. Cereblon acts as the substrate receptor of a cullin-4 really interesting new gene (RING) E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4CRBN. This E3 ubiquitin ligase in the absence of lenalidomide ubiquitinates CRBN itself and the other components of CRL4CRBN complex. Presence of lenalidomide changes specificity of CRL4CRBN which ubiquitinates two transcription factors, IKZF1 (Ikaros) and IKZF3 (Aiolos), and casein kinase 1α (CK1α) and marks them for degradation in proteasomes. Both these transcription factors (IKZF1 and IKZF3) stimulate proliferation of MM cells and inhibit T cells. Low CRBN level was connected with insensitivity of MM cells to lenalidomide. Lenalidomide decreases expression of protein argonaute-2, which binds to cereblon. Argonaute-2 seems to be an important drug target against IMiDs resistance in MM cells. Lenalidomide decreases also basigin and monocarboxylate transporter 1 in MM cells. MM cells with low expression of Ikaros, Aiolos and basigin are more sensitive to lenalidomide treatment. The CK1α gene (CSNK1A1) is located on 5q32 in commonly deleted region (CDR) in del(5q) MDS. Inhibition of CK1α sensitizes del(5q) MDS cells to lenalidomide. CK1α mediates also survival of malignant plasma cells in MM. Though, inhibition of CK1α is a potential novel therapy not only in del(5q) MDS but also in MM. High level of full length CRBN mRNA in mononuclear cells of bone marrow and of peripheral blood seems to be necessary for successful therapy of del(5q) MDS with lenalidomide. While transfusion independence (TI) after lenalidomide treatment is more than 60% in MDS patients with del(5q), only 25% TI and substantially shorter duration of response with occurrence of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were achieved in lower risk MDS patients with normal karyotype treated with lenalidomide. Shortage of the biomarkers for lenalidomide response in these MDS patients is the main problem up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ota Fuchs
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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11
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Bello E, Kerry J, Singh S, Yip BH, Kušec R, Killick S, Raynaud S, Boultwood J, Pellagatti A. L-leucine increases translation of RPS14 and LARP1 in erythroblasts from del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Haematologica 2018; 103:e496-e500. [PMID: 29903759 PMCID: PMC6278984 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.190447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bello
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Oxford BRC Haematology Theme, UK
| | - Jonathan Kerry
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Hematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Shalini Singh
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Oxford BRC Haematology Theme, UK
| | - Bon Ham Yip
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Oxford BRC Haematology Theme, UK
| | - Rajko Kušec
- Dubrava University Hospital and Zagreb School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sally Killick
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, UK
| | | | - Jacqueline Boultwood
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Oxford BRC Haematology Theme, UK
| | - Andrea Pellagatti
- Bloodwise Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Oxford BRC Haematology Theme, UK
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12
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Du W, Li X, Wilson AF, Pang Q. A small molecule p53 activator attenuates Fanconi anemia leukemic stem cell proliferation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:145. [PMID: 29784053 PMCID: PMC5963145 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although p53 mutations are common in solid tumors, such mutations are found at a lower frequency in hematologic malignancies. In the genetic disorder Fanconi anemia (FA), p53 has been proposed as an important pathophysiological factor for two important hematologic hallmarks of the disease: bone marrow failure and leukemogenesis. Here we show that low levels of the p53 protein enhance the capacity of leukemic stem cells from FA patients to repopulate immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, boosting p53 protein levels with the use of the small molecule Nutlin-3 reduced leukemia burden in recipient mice. These results demonstrate that the level of p53 protein plays a crucial role in FA leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Andrew F Wilson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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13
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Atak A, Khurana S, Gollapalli K, Reddy PJ, Levy R, Ben-Salmon S, Hollander D, Donyo M, Heit A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Biran H, Sharan R, Rane S, Shelar A, Ast G, Srivastava S. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis reveals a panel of nine proteins as diagnostic markers for colon adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13530-13544. [PMID: 29568375 PMCID: PMC5862596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas are cancers originating from the gland forming cells of the colon and rectal lining, and are known to be the most common type of colorectal cancers. The current diagnosis strategies for colorectal cancers include biopsy, laboratory tests, and colonoscopy which are time consuming. Identification of protein biomarkers could aid in the detection of colon adenocarcinomas (CACs). In this study, tissue proteome of colon adenocarcinomas (n = 11) was compared with the matched control specimens (n = 11) using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach. A list of 285 significantly altered proteins was identified in colon adenocarcinomas as compared to its matched controls, which are associated with growth and malignancy of the tumors. Protein interaction analysis revealed the association of altered proteins in colon adenocarcinomas with various transcription factors and their targets. A panel of nine proteins was validated using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Additionally, S100A9 was also validated using immunoblotting. The identified panel of proteins may serve as potential biomarkers and thereby aid in the detection of colon adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Atak
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Samiksha Khurana
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kishore Gollapalli
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Panga Jaipal Reddy
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Roei Levy
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Stav Ben-Salmon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dror Hollander
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maya Donyo
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Anke Heit
- Bioinformatics Group, Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility (GPCF), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Bioinformatics Group, Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility (GPCF), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hadas Biran
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Roded Sharan
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shailendra Rane
- Shimadzu Analytical (India) Pvt. Ltd, 1A/B, Rushabh Chambers, Makwana Road, Marol, Andheri (E), Mumbai 400059, India
| | - Ashutosh Shelar
- Shimadzu Analytical (India) Pvt. Ltd, 1A/B, Rushabh Chambers, Makwana Road, Marol, Andheri (E), Mumbai 400059, India
| | - Gil Ast
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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14
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Gentilella A, Morón-Duran FD, Fuentes P, Zweig-Rocha G, Riaño-Canalias F, Pelletier J, Ruiz M, Turón G, Castaño J, Tauler A, Bueno C, Menéndez P, Kozma SC, Thomas G. Autogenous Control of 5′TOP mRNA Stability by 40S Ribosomes. Mol Cell 2017; 67:55-70.e4. [PMID: 28673543 PMCID: PMC5553558 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein (RP) expression in higher eukaryotes is regulated translationally through the 5′TOP sequence. This mechanism evolved to more rapidly produce RPs on demand in different tissues. Here we show that 40S ribosomes, in a complex with the mRNA binding protein LARP1, selectively stabilize 5′TOP mRNAs, with disruption of this complex leading to induction of the impaired ribosome biogenesis checkpoint (IRBC) and p53 stabilization. The importance of this mechanism is underscored in 5q− syndrome, a macrocytic anemia caused by a large monoallelic deletion, which we found to also encompass the LARP1 gene. Critically, depletion of LARP1 alone in human adult CD34+ bone marrow precursor cells leads to a reduction in 5′TOP mRNAs and the induction of p53. These studies identify a 40S ribosome function independent of those in translation that, with LARP1, mediates the autogenous control of 5′TOP mRNA stability, whose disruption is implicated in the pathophysiology of 5q− syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gentilella
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco D Morón-Duran
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Fuentes
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guilherme Zweig-Rocha
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Riaño-Canalias
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joffrey Pelletier
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Turón
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Castaño
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0508, USA
| | - Albert Tauler
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Menéndez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Catala de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Lluis Companys, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara C Kozma
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0508, USA
| | - George Thomas
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms And Experimental Therapy In Oncology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0508, USA; Physiological Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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McGraw KL, Cluzeau T, Sallman DA, Basiorka AA, Irvine BA, Zhang L, Epling-Burnette PK, Rollison DE, Mallo M, Sokol L, Solé F, Maciejewski J, List AF. TP53 and MDM2 single nucleotide polymorphisms influence survival in non-del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34437-45. [PMID: 26416416 PMCID: PMC4741464 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
P53 is a key regulator of many cellular processes and is negatively regulated by the human homolog of murine double minute-2 (MDM2) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of either gene alone, and in combination, are linked to cancer susceptibility, disease progression, and therapy response. We analyzed the interaction of TP53 R72P and MDM2 SNP309 SNPs in relationship to outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Sanger sequencing was performed on DNA isolated from 208 MDS cases. Utilizing a novel functional SNP scoring system ranging from +2 to −2 based on predicted p53 activity, we found statistically significant differences in overall survival (OS) (p = 0.02) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.02) in non-del(5q) MDS patients with low functional scores. In univariate analysis, only IPSS and the functional SNP score predicted OS and PFS in non-del(5q) patients. In multivariate analysis, the functional SNP score was independent of IPSS for OS and PFS. These data underscore the importance of TP53 R72P and MDM2 SNP309 SNPs in MDS, and provide a novel scoring system independent of IPSS that is predictive for disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L McGraw
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Cluzeau
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Hematology Department, CHU of Nice, Nice, France.,University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France.,Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, INSERM U1065, Nice, France.,French Group of Myelodysplasia, France
| | - David A Sallman
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ashley A Basiorka
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and The Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brittany A Irvine
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - P K Epling-Burnette
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mar Mallo
- Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras (IJC) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lubomir Sokol
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Francesc Solé
- Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras (IJC) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alan F List
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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16
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Danilova N, Gazda HT. Ribosomopathies: how a common root can cause a tree of pathologies. Dis Model Mech 2016; 8:1013-26. [PMID: 26398160 PMCID: PMC4582105 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in ribosome biogenesis are associated with a group of diseases called the ribosomopathies, of which Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is the most studied. Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal proteins (RPs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). RPs and multiple other factors are necessary for the processing of pre-rRNA, the assembly of ribosomal subunits, their export to the cytoplasm and for the final assembly of subunits into a ribosome. Haploinsufficiency of certain RPs causes DBA, whereas mutations in other factors cause various other ribosomopathies. Despite the general nature of their underlying defects, the clinical manifestations of ribosomopathies differ. In DBA, for example, red blood cell pathology is especially evident. In addition, individuals with DBA often have malformations of limbs, the face and various organs, and also have an increased risk of cancer. Common features shared among human DBA and animal models have emerged, such as small body size, eye defects, duplication or overgrowth of ectoderm-derived structures, and hematopoietic defects. Phenotypes of ribosomopathies are mediated both by p53-dependent and -independent pathways. The current challenge is to identify differences in response to ribosomal stress that lead to specific tissue defects in various ribosomopathies. Here, we review recent findings in this field, with a particular focus on animal models, and discuss how, in some cases, the different phenotypes of ribosomopathies might arise from differences in the spatiotemporal expression of the affected genes. Summary: This paper reviews recent data on Diamond Blackfan anemia and discusses them in connection with other ribosomopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danilova
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hanna T Gazda
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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17
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Monika Belickova M, Merkerova MD, Votavova H, Valka J, Vesela J, Pejsova B, Hajkova H, Klema J, Cermak J, Jonasova A. Up-regulation of ribosomal genes is associated with a poor response to azacitidine in myelodysplasia and related neoplasms. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:566-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Xu X, Xiong X, Sun Y. The role of ribosomal proteins in the regulation of cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and genomic integrity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:656-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Rinker EB, Dueber JC, Qualtieri J, Tedesco J, Erdogan B, Bosompem A, Kim AS. Differential expression of ribosomal proteins in myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Pathol 2015; 69:176-80. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Recent Advances in the 5q- Syndrome. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2015; 7:e2015037. [PMID: 26075044 PMCID: PMC4450650 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2015.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5q- syndrome is the most distinct of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and patients with this disorder have a deletion of chromosome 5q [del(5q)] as the sole karyotypic abnormality. Several genes mapping to the commonly deleted region of the 5q- syndrome have been implicated in disease pathogenesis in recent years. Haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal gene RPS14 has been shown to cause the erythroid defect in the 5q- syndrome. Loss of the microRNA genes miR-145 and miR-146a has been associated with the thrombocytosis observed in 5q- syndrome patients. Haploinsufficiency of CSNK1A1 leads to hematopoietic stem cell expansion in mice and may play a role in the initial clonal expansion in patients with 5q- syndrome. Moreover, a subset of patients harbor mutation of the remaining CSNK1A1 allele. Mouse models of the 5q- syndrome, which recapitulate the key features of the human disease, indicate that a p53-dependent mechanism underlies the pathophysiology of this disorder. Importantly, activation of p53 has been demonstrated in the human 5q- syndrome. Recurrent TP53 mutations have been associated with an increased risk of disease evolution and with decreased response to the drug lenalidomide in del(5q) MDS patients. Potential new therapeutic agents for del(5q) MDS include the translation enhancer L-leucine.
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21
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Shirai CL, Ley JN, White BS, Kim S, Tibbitts J, Shao J, Ndonwi M, Wadugu B, Duncavage EJ, Okeyo-Owuor T, Liu T, Griffith M, McGrath S, Magrini V, Fulton RS, Fronick C, O'Laughlin M, Graubert TA, Walter MJ. Mutant U2AF1 Expression Alters Hematopoiesis and Pre-mRNA Splicing In Vivo. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:631-43. [PMID: 25965570 PMCID: PMC4430854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous somatic mutations in the spliceosome gene U2AF1 occur in ∼ 11% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), the most common adult myeloid malignancy. It is unclear how these mutations contribute to disease. We examined in vivo hematopoietic consequences of the most common U2AF1 mutation using a doxycycline-inducible transgenic mouse model. Mice expressing mutant U2AF1(S34F) display altered hematopoiesis and changes in pre-mRNA splicing in hematopoietic progenitor cells by whole transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq). Integration with human RNA-seq datasets determined that common mutant U2AF1-induced splicing alterations are enriched in RNA processing genes, ribosomal genes, and recurrently mutated MDS and acute myeloid leukemia-associated genes. These findings support the hypothesis that mutant U2AF1 alters downstream gene isoform expression, thereby contributing to abnormal hematopoiesis in patients with MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Lunn Shirai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James N Ley
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian S White
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sanghyun Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin Tibbitts
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin Shao
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Ndonwi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian Wadugu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric J Duncavage
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theresa Okeyo-Owuor
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tuoen Liu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Malachi Griffith
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sean McGrath
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vincent Magrini
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert S Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Catrina Fronick
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Timothy A Graubert
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew J Walter
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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22
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Xu B, Sowa N, Cardenas ME, Gerton JL. L-leucine partially rescues translational and developmental defects associated with zebrafish models of Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1540-55. [PMID: 25378554 PMCID: PMC4351377 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesinopathies are human genetic disorders that include Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and Roberts syndrome (RBS) and are characterized by defects in limb and craniofacial development as well as mental retardation. The developmental phenotypes of CdLS and other cohesinopathies suggest that mutations in the structure and regulation of the cohesin complex during embryogenesis interfere with gene regulation. In a previous project, we showed that RBS was associated with highly fragmented nucleoli and defects in both ribosome biogenesis and protein translation. l-leucine stimulation of the mTOR pathway partially rescued translation in human RBS cells and development in zebrafish models of RBS. In this study, we investigate protein translation in zebrafish models of CdLS. Our results show that phosphorylation of RPS6 as well as 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) was reduced in nipbla/b, rad21 and smc3-morphant embryos, a pattern indicating reduced translation. Moreover, protein biosynthesis and rRNA production were decreased in the cohesin morphant embryo cells. l-leucine partly rescued protein synthesis and rRNA production in the cohesin morphants and partially restored phosphorylation of RPS6 and 4EBP1. Concomitantly, l-leucine treatment partially improved cohesinopathy embryo development including the formation of craniofacial cartilage. Interestingly, we observed that alpha-ketoisocaproate (α-KIC), which is a keto derivative of leucine, also partially rescued the development of rad21 and nipbla/b morphants by boosting mTOR-dependent translation. In summary, our results suggest that cohesinopathies are caused in part by defective protein synthesis, and stimulation of the mTOR pathway through l-leucine or its metabolite α-KIC can partially rescue development in zebrafish models for CdLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Xu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Nenja Sowa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA, Medical Faculty, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria E Cardenas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA,
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23
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Abstract
Long known as the center of ribosome synthesis, the nucleolus is connected to cell cycle regulation in more subtle ways. One is a surveillance system that reacts promptly when rRNA synthesis or processing is impaired, halting cell cycle progression. Conversely, the nucleolus also acts as a first-responder to growth-related stress signals. Here we review emerging concepts on how these "infraribosomal" links between the nucleolus and cell cycle progression operate in both forward and reverse gears. We offer perspectives on how new cancer therapeutic designs that target this infraribosomal mode of cell growth control may shape future clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Thoru Pederson
- Program in Cell and Developmental Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Wang L, Luo J, Nian Q, Xiao Q, Yang Z, Liu L. Ribosomal protein S14 silencing inhibits growth of acute myeloid leukemia transformed from myelodysplastic syndromes via activating p53. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:225-31. [PMID: 24074450 DOI: 10.1179/1607845413y.0000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14) plays a key role in erythropoiesis and causes p53 activation in 5q- syndrome. However, the oncogenic potential of RPS14 is not understood in leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Here, we investigated the changes of proliferation and apoptosis of SKM-1, an acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML) cell line transformed from MDS, and explored the role of RPS14 in them. METHODS SKM-1 cells were transfected with recombined lentiviral vector shRPS14. Reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay were carried to detect the expression of RPS14 and p53. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected through flow cytometry. RESULTS When compared with negative control, the proliferation rate of SKM-1 cells transfected with RPS14 hairpin siRNA dropped by 30%. Transfected SKM-1 cells presented with activation of p53. Transfection also arrested cells in G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis, indicating that RPS14 is involved in the pathophysiology of MDS/AML. DISCUSSION These findings indicate that partial silencing of RPS14 inhibits the proliferation of MDS/AML cells, and RPS14 may negatively regulate p53 activation in MDS/AML cells.
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Xu B, Lee KK, Zhang L, Gerton JL. Stimulation of mTORC1 with L-leucine rescues defects associated with Roberts syndrome. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003857. [PMID: 24098154 PMCID: PMC3789817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a human disease characterized by defects in limb and craniofacial development and growth and mental retardation. RBS is caused by mutations in ESCO2, a gene which encodes an acetyltransferase for the cohesin complex. While the essential role of the cohesin complex in chromosome segregation has been well characterized, it plays additional roles in DNA damage repair, chromosome condensation, and gene expression. The developmental phenotypes of Roberts syndrome and other cohesinopathies suggest that gene expression is impaired during embryogenesis. It was previously reported that ribosomal RNA production and protein translation were impaired in immortalized RBS cells. It was speculated that cohesin binding at the rDNA was important for nucleolar form and function. We have explored the hypothesis that reduced ribosome function contributes to RBS in zebrafish models and human cells. Two key pathways that sense cellular stress are the p53 and mTOR pathways. We report that mTOR signaling is inhibited in human RBS cells based on the reduced phosphorylation of the downstream effectors S6K1, S6 and 4EBP1, and this correlates with p53 activation. Nucleoli, the sites of ribosome production, are highly fragmented in RBS cells. We tested the effect of inhibiting p53 or stimulating mTOR in RBS cells. The rescue provided by mTOR activation was more significant, with activation rescuing both cell division and cell death. To study this cohesinopathy in a whole animal model we used ESCO2-mutant and morphant zebrafish embryos, which have developmental defects mimicking RBS. Consistent with RBS patient cells, the ESCO2 mutant embryos show p53 activation and inhibition of the TOR pathway. Stimulation of the TOR pathway with L-leucine rescued many developmental defects of ESCO2-mutant embryos. Our data support the idea that RBS can be attributed in part to defects in ribosome biogenesis, and stimulation of the TOR pathway has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Xu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth K. Lee
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lily Zhang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Boultwood J, Pellagatti A, Wainscoat JS. Haploinsufficiency of ribosomal proteins and p53 activation in anemia: Diamond-Blackfan anemia and the 5q- syndrome. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 52:196-203. [PMID: 21930148 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Boultwood
- LLR Molecular Haematology Unit, NDCLS, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Erdogan B, Bosompem A, Peng D, Han L, Smith E, Kennedy ME, Alford CE, Wu H, Zhao Z, Mosse CA, El-Rifai W, Kim AS. Methylation of promoters of microRNAs and their host genes in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2720-7. [PMID: 23547841 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.790542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of hematopoietic malignancies characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis. Recently, we identified MDS-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) that are down-regulated in MDS. This study examines possible explanations for that observed down-regulation of miRNA expression in MDS. Since genomic losses are insufficient to explain the down-regulation of all our MDS-associated miRNAs, we explored other avenues. We demonstrate that these miRNAs are predominantly intragenic, and that, in many cases, they and their host genes are expressed in a similar pattern during myeloid maturation, suggesting their co-regulation. This co-regulation is further supported by the down-regulation of several of the host genes in MDS and increased methylation of the shared promoters of several miRNAs and their respective host genes. These studies identify a role of hypermethylation of miRNA promoters in the down-regulation of MDS-associated miRNAs, unifying research on miRNAs in MDS and epigenetic regulation in MDS into a common pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Erdogan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology
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Ruggero D. Translational control in cancer etiology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:cshperspect.a012336. [PMID: 22767671 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The link between perturbations in translational control and cancer etiology is becoming a primary focus in cancer research. It has now been established that genetic alterations in several components of the translational apparatus underlie spontaneous cancers as well as an entire class of inherited syndromes known as "ribosomopathies" associated with increased cancer susceptibility. These discoveries have illuminated the importance of deregulations in translational control to very specific cellular processes that contribute to cancer etiology. In addition, a growing body of evidence supports the view that deregulation of translational control is a common mechanism by which diverse oncogenic pathways promote cellular transformation and tumor development. Indeed, activation of these key oncogenic pathways induces rapid and dramatic translational reprogramming both by increasing overall protein synthesis and by modulating specific mRNA networks. These translational changes promote cellular transformation, impacting almost every phase of tumor development. This paradigm represents a new frontier in the multihit model of cancer formation and offers significant promise for innovative cancer therapies. Current research, in conjunction with cutting edge technologies, will further enable us to explore novel mechanisms of translational control, functionally identify translationally controlled mRNA groups, and unravel their impact on cellular transformation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway by L-leucine in 5q- syndrome and other RPS14-deficient erythroblasts. Leukemia 2013; 27:1760-3. [PMID: 23337929 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are malignant clonal disorders of haematopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment, affecting older individuals (median age ∼70 years). Unique features that are associated with MDS - but which are not necessarily present in every patient with MDS - include excessive apoptosis in maturing clonal cells, a pro-inflammatory bone marrow microenvironment, specific chromosomal abnormalities, abnormal ribosomal protein biogenesis, the presence of uniparental disomy, and mutations affecting genes involved in proliferation, methylation and epigenetic modifications. Although emerging insights establish an association between molecular abnormalities and the phenotypic heterogeneity of MDS, their origin and progression remain enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Raza
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, Milstein Hospital Building, 6N-435, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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31
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de Lima DS, Martins CS, Paixao BMDC, Amaral FC, Colli LM, Saggioro FP, Neder L, Machado HR, dos Santos ARD, Pinheiro DG, Moreira AC, Silva WA, Castro M. SAGE analysis highlights the putative role of underexpression of ribosomal proteins in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:759-68. [PMID: 22992986 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas has been assessed by several different techniques, it still remains partially unclear. Ribosomal proteins (RPs) have been recently related to human tumorigenesis, but they have not yet been evaluated in pituitary tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to introduce serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), a high-throughput method, in pituitary research in order to compare differential gene expression. METHODS Two SAGE cDNA libraries were constructed, one using a pool of mRNA obtained from five GH-secreting pituitary tumors and another from three normal pituitaries. Genes differentially expressed between the libraries were further validated by real-time PCR in 22 GH-secreting pituitary tumors and in 15 normal pituitaries. RESULTS Computer-generated genomic analysis tools identified 13,722 and 14,993 exclusive genes in normal and adenoma libraries respectively. Both shared 6497 genes, 2188 were underexpressed and 4309 overexpressed in tumoral library. In adenoma library, 33 genes encoding RPs were underexpressed. Among these, RPSA, RPS3, RPS14, and RPS29 were validated by real-time PCR. CONCLUSION We report the first SAGE library from normal pituitary tissue and GH-secreting pituitary tumor, which provide quantitative assessment of cellular transcriptome. We also validated some downregulated genes encoding RPs. Altogether, the present data suggest that the underexpression of the studied RP genes possibly collaborates directly or indirectly with other genes to modify cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis, leading to an environment that might have a putative role in the tumorigenesis, introducing new perspectives for further studies on molecular genesis of somatotrophinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deison Soares de Lima
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Hannan KM, Sanij E, Rothblum LI, Hannan RD, Pearson RB. Dysregulation of RNA polymerase I transcription during disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1829:342-60. [PMID: 23153826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes by the dedicated RNA polymerase I enzyme and subsequent processing of the ribosomal RNA are fundamental control steps in the synthesis of functional ribosomes. Dysregulation of Pol I transcription and ribosome biogenesis is linked to the etiology of a broad range of human diseases. Diseases caused by loss of function mutations in the molecular constituents of the ribosome, or factors intimately associated with RNA polymerase I transcription and processing are collectively termed ribosomopathies. Ribosomopathies are generally rare and treatment options are extremely limited tending to be more palliative than curative. Other more common diseases are associated with profound changes in cellular growth such as cardiac hypertrophy, atrophy or cancer. In contrast to ribosomopathies, altered RNA polymerase I transcriptional activity in these diseases largely results from dysregulated upstream oncogenic pathways or by direct modulation by oncogenes or tumor suppressors at the level of the RNA polymerase I transcription apparatus itself. Ribosomopathies associated with mutations in ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA processing or assembly factors have been covered by recent excellent reviews. In contrast, here we review our current knowledge of human diseases specifically associated with dysregulation of RNA polymerase I transcription and its associated regulatory apparatus, including some cases where this dysregulation is directly causative in disease. We will also provide insight into and discussion of possible therapeutic approaches to treat patients with dysregulated RNA polymerase I transcription. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Transcription by Odd Pols.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
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Reduced rRNA expression and increased rDNA promoter methylation in CD34+ cells of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 2012; 120:4812-8. [PMID: 23071274 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-423111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis. The DNA-hypomethylating agents 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine are effective treatments for patients with MDS, increasing the time to progression to acute myelogenous leukemia and improving overall response rates. Although genome-wide increases in DNA methylation have been documented in BM cells from MDS patients, the methylation signatures of specific gene promoters have not been correlated with the clinical response to these therapies. Recently, attention has been drawn to the potential etiologic role of decreased expression of specific ribosomal proteins in MDS and in other BM failure states. Therefore, we investigated whether rRNA expression is dysregulated in MDS. We found significantly decreased rRNA expression and increased rDNA promoter methylation in CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells from the majority of MDS patients compared with normal controls. Treatment of myeloid cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in a significant decrease in the methylation of the rDNA promoter and an increase in rRNA levels. These observations suggest that an increase in rDNA promoter methylation can result in decreased rRNA synthesis that may contribute to defective hematopoiesis and BM failure in some patients with MDS.
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Oliva EN, Cuzzola M, Aloe Spiriti MA, Poloni A, Laganà C, Rigolino C, Morabito F, Galimberti S, Ghio R, Cortelezzi A, Palumbo GA, Sanpaolo G, Finelli C, Ricco A, Volpe A, Rodà F, Breccia M, Alimena G, Nobile F, Latagliata R. Biological activity of lenalidomide in myelodysplastic syndromes with del5q: results of gene expression profiling from a multicenter phase II study. Ann Hematol 2012; 92:25-32. [PMID: 22983750 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies suggest that haploinsufficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In patients with del5q cytogenetic abnormality, RPS-14 and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a major role. In a multicenter phase II single-arm trial with lenalidomide in anemic primary del5q MDS patients with low- or int-1 risk IPSS, biological changes from baseline were investigated. Gene expression profiling of selected genes was performed (TaqMan® Low Density Array Fluidic card, Applied Biosystems PRISM® 7900HT) and normalized against the expression of the 18S housekeeping gene from a pool of healthy subjects. Thirty-two patients were evaluated at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of treatment. RPS-14, miR-145, and miR-146 were downregulated at baseline and significantly increased during treatment. Nuclear factor kappa B, IL-6, interferon regulatory factor-1, IFNγ-R2, IL-2, and many genes in the apoptotic pathways (TNF, IL-1B, and IL-10) were upregulated at baseline and significantly downregulated during lenalidomide treatment, while forkhead box P3, FAS, IFNγ, IL-12A, and IL-12B were downregulated at baseline and progressively upregulated during treatment. The crucial role of aberrant immunological pathways and haploinsufficiency in the pathogenesis of del5q MDS is confirmed in the present patient setting. Our results indicate that lenalidomide may act through defined immunological pathways in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Natalie Oliva
- Haematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Via Melacrino, 89100, Reggio, Calabria, Italy.
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Activation of the mTOR pathway by the amino acid (L)-leucine in the 5q- syndrome and other ribosomopathies. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 53:8-17. [PMID: 23031788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with the 5q- syndrome and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) suffer from a severe macrocytic anemia. The 5q- syndrome and DBA are disorders of aberrant ribosome biogenesis (ribosomopathies) and haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal protein genes RPS14 and RPS19, respectively, underlies the anemia found in these disorders. Erythroblasts obtained from patients with the 5q- syndrome and DBA show impaired mRNA translation and this defect in translation may represent a potential therapeutic target in these ribosomopathies. There are some indications that the amino acid l-leucine, a translation enhancer, may have some efficacy in this group of disorders. Recent studies have shown that l-leucine treatment of zebrafish and murine models of the 5q- syndrome and DBA results in a marked improvement in the anemia. l-leucine treatment of RPS14-deficient and RPS19-deficient erythroblasts and erythroblasts from patients with the 5q- syndrome has been shown to result in an increase in cell proliferation, erythroid differentiation and mRNA translation in culture. l-leucine has been shown to improve hemoglobin levels and transfusion independence in a patient with DBA. l-leucine activates the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway that controls cell growth and mRNA translation. There is evidence to suggest that the promotion of translation via the mTOR pathway by l-leucine is the mechanism that underlies the enhanced erythroid progenitor cell growth and differentiation observed in animal and cellular models of the 5q- syndrome and DBA treated with this amino acid. These data support the rationale for clinical trials of l-leucine as a therapeutic agent for the 5q- syndrome and DBA.
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36
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Fumagalli S, Ivanenkov VV, Teng T, Thomas G. Suprainduction of p53 by disruption of 40S and 60S ribosome biogenesis leads to the activation of a novel G2/M checkpoint. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1028-40. [PMID: 22588717 DOI: 10.1101/gad.189951.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of ribosome biogenesis leads to p53 induction and cell cycle arrest, a checkpoint involved in human disease. Induction of p53 is attributed to the binding and inhibition of human double minute 2 (Hdm2) by a subset of ribosomal proteins (RPs): RPS7, RPL5, RPL11, and RPL23. However, we found that only RPL11 or RPL5, in a mutually dependent manner, elicit this response. We show that depletion of RPS7 or RPL23, like depletion of other RPs, except for RPL11 and RPL5, induces a p53 response and that the effects of RPS7 and RPL23 on p53 induction reported earlier may be ascribed to inhibition of global translation. Moreover, we made the surprising observation that codepletion of two essential RPs, one from each subunit, but not the same subunit, leads to suprainduction of p53. This led to the discovery that the previously proposed RPL11-dependent mechanism of p53 induction, thought to be caused by abrogation of 40S biogenesis and continued 60S biogenesis, is still operating, despite abrogation of 60S biogenesis. This response leads to both a G1 block and a novel G2/M block not observed when disrupting either subunit alone. Thus, induction of p53 is mediated by distinct mechanisms, with the data pointing to an essential role for ribosomal subunits beyond translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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Shenoy N, Kessel R, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Yu Y, McMahon C, Verma A. Alterations in the ribosomal machinery in cancer and hematologic disorders. J Hematol Oncol 2012; 5:32. [PMID: 22709827 PMCID: PMC3438023 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes are essential components of the protein translation machinery and are composed of more than 80 unique large and small ribosomal proteins. Recent studies show that in addition to their roles in protein translation, ribosomal proteins are also involved in extra-ribosomal functions of DNA repair, apoptosis and cellular homeostasis. Consequently, alterations in the synthesis or functioning of ribosomal proteins can lead to various hematologic disorders. These include congenital anemias such as Diamond Blackfan anemia and Shwachman Diamond syndrome; both of which are associated with mutations in various ribosomal genes. Acquired uniallelic deletion of RPS14 gene has also been shown to lead to the 5q syndrome, a distinct subset of MDS associated with macrocytic anemia. Recent evidence shows that specific ribosomal proteins are overexpressed in liver, colon, prostate and other tumors. Ribosomal protein overexpression can promote tumorigenesis by interactions with the p53 tumor suppressor pathway and also by direct effects on various oncogenes. These data point to a broad role of ribosome protein alterations in hematologic and oncologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shenoy
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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39
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Important genes in the pathogenesis of 5q- syndrome and their connection with ribosomal stress and the innate immune system pathway. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:179402. [PMID: 23213547 PMCID: PMC3504201 DOI: 10.1155/2012/179402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with interstitial deletion of a segment of the long arm of chromosome 5q [del(5q)] is characterized by bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, atypical megakaryocytes, thrombocythemia, refractory anemia, and low risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared with other types of MDS. The long arm of chromosome 5 contains two distinct commonly deleted regions (CDRs). The more distal CDR lies in 5q33.1 and contains 40 protein-coding genes and genes coding microRNAs (miR-143, miR-145). In 5q-syndrome one allele is deleted that accounts for haploinsufficiency of these genes. The mechanism of erythroid failure appears to involve the decreased expression of the ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14) gene and the upregulation of the p53 pathway by ribosomal stress. Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli1) is one of the target genes of miR145. Increased Fli1 expression enables effective megakaryopoiesis in 5q-syndrome.
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40
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Lin JI, Mitchell NC, Kalcina M, Tchoubrieva E, Stewart MJ, Marygold SJ, Walker CD, Thomas G, Leevers SJ, Pearson RB, Quinn LM, Hannan RD. Drosophila ribosomal protein mutants control tissue growth non-autonomously via effects on the prothoracic gland and ecdysone. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002408. [PMID: 22194697 PMCID: PMC3240600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribosome is critical for all aspects of cell growth due to its essential role in protein synthesis. Paradoxically, many Ribosomal proteins (Rps) act as tumour suppressors in Drosophila and vertebrates. To examine how reductions in Rps could lead to tissue overgrowth, we took advantage of the observation that an RpS6 mutant dominantly suppresses the small rough eye phenotype in a cyclin E hypomorphic mutant (cycEJP). We demonstrated that the suppression of cycEJP by the RpS6 mutant is not a consequence of restoring CycE protein levels or activity in the eye imaginal tissue. Rather, the use of UAS-RpS6 RNAi transgenics revealed that the suppression of cycEJP is exerted via a mechanism extrinsic to the eye, whereby reduced Rp levels in the prothoracic gland decreases the activity of ecdysone, the steroid hormone, delaying developmental timing and hence allowing time for tissue and organ overgrowth. These data provide for the first time a rationale to explain the counter-intuitive organ overgrowth phenotypes observed for certain members of the Minute class of Drosophila Rp mutants. They also demonstrate how Rp mutants can affect growth and development cell non-autonomously. Ribosomes are required for protein synthesis, which is essential for cell growth and division, thus mutations that reduce Rp expression would be expected to limit cell growth. Paradoxically, heterozygous deletion or mutation of certain Rps can actually promote growth and proliferation and in some cases bestow predisposition to cancer. The underlying mechanism(s) behind these unexpected overgrowth phenotypes despite impairment of ribosome biogenesis has remained obscure. We have addressed this question using the power of Drosophila genetics, taking advantage of our observation that four different Rp mutants, or Minutes, are able to suppress a small rough eye phenotype associated with a mutation of the essential controller of cell proliferation cyclin E (cycEJP). Our findings demonstrate that suppression of cycEJP by the RpS6 mutant is exerted via a tissue non-autonomous mechanism whereby reduced Rp in the prothoracic gland decreases activity of the steroid hormone ecdysone, delaying development and hence allowing time for compensatory growth. These data provide for the first time a rationale to explain the counter-intuitive organ overgrowth phenotypes observed for certain Drosophila Minutes. Our findings also have implications for the effect of Rp mutants on endocrine related control of tissue growth in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane I. Lin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Naomi C. Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marina Kalcina
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Mary J. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Marygold
- Growth Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cherryl D. Walker
- Growth Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Thomas
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sally J. Leevers
- Growth Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B. Pearson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Leonie M. Quinn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail: (LMQ); (RDH)
| | - Ross D. Hannan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (LMQ); (RDH)
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Hopfer O, Nolte F, Mossner M, Komor M, Kmetsch A, Benslasfer O, Reißmann M, Nowak D, Hoelzer D, Thiel E, Hofmann WK. Epigenetic dysregulation of GATA1 is involved in myelodysplastic syndromes dyserythropoiesis. Eur J Haematol 2011; 88:144-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Clinical significance of SF3B1 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2011; 118:6239-46. [PMID: 21998214 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-377275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we identified somatic mutations of SF3B1, a gene encoding a core component of RNA splicing machinery, in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Here, we define the clinical significance of these mutations in MDS and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN). The coding exons of SF3B1 were screened using massively parallel pyrosequencing in patients with MDS, MDS/MPN, or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) evolving from MDS. Somatic mutations of SF3B1 were found in 150 of 533 (28.1%) patients with MDS, 16 of 83 (19.3%) with MDS/MPN, and 2 of 38 (5.3%) with AML. There was a significant association of SF3B1 mutations with the presence of ring sideroblasts (P < .001) and of mutant allele burden with their proportion (P = .002). The mutant gene had a positive predictive value for ring sideroblasts of 97.7% (95% confidence interval, 93.5%-99.5%). In multivariate analysis including established risk factors, SF3B1 mutations were found to be independently associated with better overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.15, P = .025) and lower risk of evolution into AML (hazard ratio = 0.33, P = .049). The close association between SF3B1 mutations and disease phenotype with ring sideroblasts across MDS and MDS/MPN is consistent with a causal relationship. Furthermore, SF3B1 mutations are independent predictors of favorable clinical outcome, and their incorporation into stratification systems might improve risk assessment in MDS.
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Jädersten M, Karsan A. Clonal evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes with isolated del(5q): the importance of genetic monitoring. Haematologica 2011; 96:177-80. [PMID: 21282717 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.038281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Reduced ribosomal protein gene dosage and p53 activation in low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 2011; 118:3622-33. [PMID: 21788341 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-318584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced gene dosage of ribosomal protein subunits has been implicated in 5q- myelodysplastic syndrome and Diamond Blackfan anemia, but the cellular and pathophysiologic defects associated with these conditions are enigmatic. Using conditional inactivation of the ribosomal protein S6 gene in laboratory mice, we found that reduced ribosomal protein gene dosage recapitulates cardinal features of the 5q- syndrome, including macrocytic anemia, erythroid hypoplasia, and megakaryocytic dysplasia with thrombocytosis, and that p53 plays a critical role in manifestation of these phenotypes. The blood cell abnormalities are accompanied by a reduction in the number of HSCs, a specific defect in late erythrocyte development, and suggest a disease-specific ontogenetic pathway for megakaryocyte development. Further studies of highly purified HSCs from healthy patients and from those with myelodysplastic syndrome link reduced expression of ribosomal protein genes to decreased RBC maturation and suggest an underlying and common pathophysiologic pathway for additional subtypes of myelodysplastic syndrome.
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Boultwood J. The role of haploinsufficiency of RPS14 and p53 activation in the molecular pathogenesis of the 5q- syndrome. Pediatr Rep 2011; 3 Suppl 2:e10. [PMID: 22053272 PMCID: PMC3206529 DOI: 10.4081/pr.2011.s2.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years we have gained great insight into the molecular pathogenesis of the 5q- syndrome, a distinct subtype of myelodysplasia. The demonstration of haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal gene RPS14 (mapping to the commonly deleted region) and the finding that this is the cause of the erythroid defect in the 5qsyndrome represent major advances. A mouse model of the human 5q- syndrome generated by large-scale deletion of the Cd74-Nid67 interval (containing RPS14) further supports a critical role for RPS14 haploinsufficiency. It is widely accepted that ribosomal deficiency results in p53 activation and defective erythropoiesis and the crossing of the '5q- mice' with p53 deficient mice ameliorated the erythroid progenitor defect. Emerging data suggests that the p53 activation observed in the mouse model may also apply to the human 5q- syndrome.
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The tumor suppressor p53 connects ribosome biogenesis to cell cycle control: a double-edged sword. Oncotarget 2011; 1:43-7. [PMID: 21293052 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first description more than 30 years ago p53 has become a paradigm for a protein with versatile functions. P53 sensitizes a large variety of genetic alterations and has been entitled the guardian of the genome. Stabilization of p53 upon DNA damage is accompanied by a complex pattern of modifications, which ascertain the cellular response either in the direction of a reversible or irreversible cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. More recently it became evident that p53 also responds to non-genotoxic cell stress, in particular if ribosome biogenesis is affected.
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Theilgaard-Mönch K, Boultwood J, Ferrari S, Giannopoulos K, Hernandez-Rivas JM, Kohlmann A, Morgan M, Porse B, Tagliafico E, Zwaan CM, Wainscoat J, Van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Mills K, Bullinger L. Gene expression profiling in MDS and AML: potential and future avenues. Leukemia 2011; 25:909-20. [PMID: 21445077 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, the classification systems for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) already incorporate cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations in an attempt to better reflect disease biology. However, in many MDS/AML patients no genetic aberrations have been identified yet, and even within some cytogenetically well-defined subclasses there is considerable clinical heterogeneity. Recent advances in genomics technologies such as gene expression profiling (GEP) provide powerful tools to further characterize myeloid malignancies at the molecular level, with the goal to refine the MDS/AML classification system, incorporating as yet unknown molecular genetic and epigenetic pathomechanisms, which are likely reflected by aberrant gene expression patterns. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review on how GEP has contributed to a refined molecular taxonomy of MDS and AML with regard to diagnosis, prediction of clinical outcome, discovery of novel subclasses and identification of novel therapeutic targets and novel drugs. As many challenges remain ahead, we discuss the pitfalls of this technology and its potential including future integrative studies with other genomics technologies, which will continue to improve our understanding of malignant transformation in myeloid malignancies and thereby contribute to individualized risk-adapted treatment strategies for MDS and AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Theilgaard-Mönch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre & Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders characterised by impaired peripheral blood cell production due to bone marrow dysplasia affecting one or more of the major myeloid cell lines. MDS are one of five major categories of myeloid neoplasms according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system for haematological cancers. Given their cytological and cytogenetic heterogeneity, these diseases probably constitute a group of molecularly distinct entities with variable degrees of ineffective haematopoiesis and susceptibility to leukaemic transformation. Recent studies provide some insights into the physiopathology of MDS. In the early stages, one mechanism contributing to hypercellular marrow and peripheral blood cytopenia is a significant increase in programmed cell death (apoptosis) in haematopoietic cells. Furthermore, altered responses in relation to cytokines, the immune system and bone marrow stroma also contribute to the disease phenotype. Deletions of chromosome 5q31-q32 are the most common recurring cytogenetic abnormalities detected in MDS. The 5q- syndrome is a new entity recognised in the WHO classification since 2001 and is associated with a good prognosis. Haploinsufficiency of multiple genes mapping to the common deleted region at 5q31-32 may contribute to the pathogenesis of 5q- syndrome and other MDS with 5q- deletion. Many studies have demonstrated that altered DNA methylation and histone acetylation can alter gene transcription. Abnormal methylation of transcription promoter sites is universal in patients with MDS, and the number of involved loci is increased in high-risk disease and secondary leukaemias. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of MDS can contribute to the development of new treatments such as hypomethylating drugs, immunomodulatory agents such as lenalidomide, and immunosuppressive drugs aimed at reversing the specific alteration that results in improvement in patients with MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Tormo
- Hematology and Oncology Service, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
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Narla A, Hurst SN, Ebert BL. Ribosome defects in disorders of erythropoiesis. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:144-149. [PMID: 21279816 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, genetic lesions that cause ribosome dysfunction have been identified in both congenital and acquired human disorders. These discoveries have established a new category of disorders, known as ribosomopathies, in which the primary pathophysiology is related to impaired ribosome function. The protoptypical disorders are Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital bone marrow failure syndrome, and the 5q- syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome. In both of these disorders, impaired ribosome function causes a severe macrocytic anemia. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that defects in ribosomal biogenesis cause the hematologic phenotype of Diamond-Blackfan anemia and the 5q- syndrome. We will also explore the potential mechanisms by which a ribosomal defect, which would be expected to have widespread consequences, may lead to specific defects in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Narla
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, CHRB 05.211, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Slater N Hurst
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, CHRB 05.211, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, CHRB 05.211, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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