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Takemura K, Nakamae M, Okamura H, Sakatoku K, Ido K, Makuuchi Y, Kuno M, Takakuwa T, Hirose A, Nishimoto M, Nakashima Y, Koh H, Igarashi K, Kubota H, Hino M, Nakamae H. Autotaxin is a potential predictive marker for the development of veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:1705-1715. [PMID: 38494552 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS) is a life-threatening complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), and stratification of the high-risk group before transplantation is significant. Serum autotaxin (ATX) levels have been reported to increase in patients with liver fibrosis caused by metabolic inhibition from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Considering that the pathophysiology of VOD/SOS begins with liver sinusoidal endothelial cell injury, an increase in serum ATX levels may precede the onset of VOD/SOS. A retrospective study with 252 patients, including 12 patients with VOD/SOS, who had received allo-HCT was performed. The cumulative incidence of VOD/SOS was higher in the group with serum ATX levels before conditioning (baseline ATX) above the upper reference limit (high ATX group, p < 0.001), and 1-year cumulative incidences were 22.7% (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 3.1-42.4%) and 3.5% (95%CI, 1.1-5.8%), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, elevated baseline ATX was identified as an independent risk factor for VOD/SOS development and showed an additive effect on the predictive ability of known risk factors. Furthermore, the incidence of VOD/SOS-related mortality was greater in the high ATX group (16.7% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.005). Serum ATX is a potential predictive marker for the development of VOD/SOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Takemura
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Nakamae
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Okamura
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sakatoku
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ido
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yosuke Makuuchi
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatomo Kuno
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruhito Takakuwa
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asao Hirose
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Nishimoto
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubota
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Choi JA, Kim H, Kwon H, Lee EH, Cho H, Chung JY, Kim JH. Ascitic autotaxin as a potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic target for epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1184-1194. [PMID: 37596406 PMCID: PMC10539369 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant ascites contributes to the metastatic process by facilitating the multifocal dissemination of ovarian tumour cells onto the peritoneal surface. However, the prognostic and diagnostic relevance of ascitic fluid remains largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the potential clinical value and therapeutic utility of ascitic autotaxin (ATX) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS ATX expression was assessed in clinical samples. Spheroid-forming assay, real-time PCR, western blot analysis, invadopodia assay, and adhesion assays were performed. RESULTS Ascitic ATX expression was highly elevated in patients with ovarian cancer compared to those with benign ascites and was associated with advanced stage, high grade, and a short disease-free period in patients with EOC. Combining the diagnostic ability of ascitic ATX and serum CA-125 levels significantly improved the area under the curve (AUC) value for EOC compared to serum CA125 level alone. This marker combination showed a large odds ratio for short disease-free period in high-risk EOC groups. Functional studies revealed that ascitic ATX was required for maintaining cancer stem cell-like characteristics and invadopodia formation. CONCLUSION Ascitic ATX levels may serve as a useful prognostic indicator for predicting aggressive behaviour in EOC. ATX-linked invadopodia are a potential target to prevent peritoneal dissemination in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyunja Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Elizabeth Hyeji Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hanbyoul Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Torres RM, Turner JA, D’Antonio M, Pelanda R, Kremer KN. Regulation of CD8 T-cell signaling, metabolism, and cytotoxic activity by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:203-222. [PMID: 37096808 PMCID: PMC10523933 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous bioactive lipid that is produced extracellularly and signals to cells via cognate LPA receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mature lymphocytes in mice and humans express three LPA receptors, LPA2 , LPA5, and LPA6 , and work from our group has determined that LPA5 signaling by T lymphocytes inhibits specific antigen-receptor signaling pathways that ultimately impair lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function. In this review, we discuss previous and ongoing work characterizing the ability of an LPA-LPA5 axis to serve as a peripheral immunological tolerance mechanism that restrains adaptive immunity but is subverted during settings of chronic inflammation. Specifically, LPA-LPA5 signaling is found to regulate effector cytotoxic CD8 T cells by (at least) two mechanisms: (i) regulating the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton in a manner that impairs immunological synapse formation between an effector CD8 T cell and antigen-specific target cell, thus directly impairing cytotoxic activity, and (ii) shifting T-cell metabolism to depend on fatty-acid oxidation for mitochondrial respiration and reducing metabolic efficiency. The in vivo outcome of LPA5 inhibitory activity impairs CD8 T-cell killing and tumor immunity in mouse models providing impetus to consider LPA5 antagonism for the treatment of malignancies and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Jacqueline A. Turner
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Marc D’Antonio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
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Yaginuma S, Omi J, Kano K, Aoki J. Lysophospholipids and their producing enzymes: Their pathological roles and potential as pathological biomarkers. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108415. [PMID: 37061204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that lysophospholipids (LPL) serve as lipid mediators that exert their diverse pathophysiological functions via G protein-coupled receptors. These include lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) and lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). Unlike S1P, which is produced intracellularly and secreted from various cell types, some LPLs, such as LPA, LysoPS and LPI, are produced in lesions, especially under pathological conditions, where they positively or negatively regulate disease progression through their autacoid-like actions. Although these LPLs are minor components of the cell membrane, recent developments in mass spectrometry techniques have made it possible to detect and quantify them in a variety of biological fluids, including plasma, serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The synthetic enzymes of LPA and LysoPS are also present in these biological fluids, which also can be detected by antibody-based methods. Importantly, their levels have been found to dramatically increase during various pathological conditions. Thus, LPLs and their synthetic enzymes in these biological fluids are potential biomarkers. This review discusses the potential of these LPLs and LPL-related molecules as pathological biomarkers, including methods and problems in their measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yaginuma
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Omi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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A Diagnostic Impact of Serum Autotaxin Levels in Patients with Bone Marrow Fibrosis. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023; 23:e117-e124. [PMID: 36567212 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow (BM) fibrosis is a condition characterized by deposition of reticulin and collagen fibers in BM. It may confer a poor prognosis in some of hematological malignancies. However, the relationship between fibrosis and the disease pathology is not fully understood and no biomarkers for BM fibrosis are available in clinical practice. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that is associated with various pathophysiological responses, including fibrosis. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the serum ATX levels in various hematological disorders in patients with or without BM fibrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS The serum levels of ATX in a total of 198 patients with hematological disorders and 160 healthy subjects were analyzed. Because of sexual difference in ATX level, the ATX ratio-determined by dividing the ATX level by the mean value of ATX of control subjects of the same sex-was calculated for further comparative analysis. A trephine biopsy samples from 53 patients were also evaluated to determine the Reticulin Fibrosis Index and Collagen Fibrosis Index of each sample. RESULTS In comparison to the control group, the ATX ratio was significantly higher in patients, especially those with malignant lymphoma. The ATX ratio in lymphoma patients with BM fibrosis was significantly higher than that in patients without BM fibrosis. The Collagen Fibrosis Index showed statistically significant negative correlation with the ATX ratio. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the ATX ratio may be a candidate diagnostic biomarker for BM fibrosis in selected patients, including those with malignant lymphoma.
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Tsuchida Y, Shoda H, Sawada T, Fujio K. Role of autotaxin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1166343. [PMID: 37122329 PMCID: PMC10130763 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1166343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of various autoantibodies and deposition of immune complexes. SLE is a heterogenous disease, and the pattern of organ involvement and response to treatment differs significantly among patients. Novel biological markers are necessary to assess the extent of organ involvement and predict treatment response in SLE. Lysophosphatidic acid is a lysophospholipid involved in various biological processes, and autotaxin (ATX), which catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid in the extracellular space, has gained attention in various diseases as a potential biomarker. The concentration of ATX is increased in the serum and urine of patients with SLE and lupus nephritis. Recent evidence suggests that ATX produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells may play an important role in the immune system and pathogenesis of SLE. Furthermore, the production of ATX is associated with type I interferons, a key cytokine in SLE pathogenesis, and ATX may be a potential biomarker and key molecule in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Tsuchida
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yumi Tsuchida,
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Vít O, Petrák J. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidic Acid Signalling: the Pleiotropic Regulatory Network in Cancer. Folia Biol (Praha) 2023; 69:149-162. [PMID: 38583176 DOI: 10.14712/fb2023069050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Autotaxin, also known as ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2, is a secreted glycoprotein that plays multiple roles in human physiology and cancer pathology. This protein, by converting lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid, initiates a complex signalling cascade with significant biological implications. The article outlines the autotaxin gene and protein structure, expression regulation and physiological functions, but focuses mainly on the role of autotaxin in cancer development and progression. Autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid signalling influence several aspects of cancer, including cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, therapy resistance, and interactions with the immune system. The potential of autotaxin as a diagnostic biomarker and promising drug target is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vít
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Petrák
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
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Tsuchida Y, Shoda H, Nakano M, Ota M, Okamura T, Yamamoto K, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Fujio K, Sawada T. Autotaxin is a potential link between genetic risk factors and immunological disturbances of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systematic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2022; 31:1578-1585. [PMID: 36134766 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221128494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of autotaxin, an enzyme that catalyzes lysophospholipid production, has recently been recognized in various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Herein, we examined the role of autotaxin in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), utilizing data from ImmuNexUT, a comprehensive database consisting of transcriptome data and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data of immune cells from patients with immune-mediated disorders. METHODS Serum autotaxin concentrations in patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs) were compared. The transcriptome data of patients with SLE and age- and sex-matched HCs were obtained from ImmuNexUT. The expression of ENPP2, the gene encoding autotaxin, was examined in peripheral blood immune cells. Next, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify genes with expression patterns similar to ENPP2. The ImmuNexUT eQTL database and public epigenomic databases were used to infer the relationship between autotaxin and pathogenesis of SLE. RESULTS Autotaxin levels were elevated in the serum of patients with SLE compared to HCs. Furthermore, the expression of ENPP2 was higher in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) than in other immune cell subsets, and its expression was elevated in pDCs of patients with SLE compared to HCs. In WGCNA, ENPP2 belonged to a module that correlated with disease activity. This module was enriched in interferon-associated genes and included genes whose expression was influenced by single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with SLE, suggesting that it is a key module connecting genetic risk factors of SLE with disease pathogenesis. Analysis utilizing the ImmuNexUT eQTL database and public epigenomic databases suggested that the increased expression of ENPP2 in pDCs from patients with SLE may be caused by increased expression of interferon-associated genes and increased binding of STAT3 complexes to the regulatory region of ENPP2. CONCLUSIONS Autotaxin may play a critical role in connecting genetic risk factors of SLE to disease pathogenesis in pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Tsuchida
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mineto Ota
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Functional Genomics and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okamura
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Functional Genomics and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- Department of Rheumatology, 38548Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang S, Chen J, Guo XZ. KAI1/CD82 gene and autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis in gastrointestinal cancers. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:1388-1405. [PMID: 36160748 PMCID: PMC9412925 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i8.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The KAI1/CD82 gene inhibits the metastasis of most tumors and is remarkably correlated with tumor invasion and prognosis. Cell metabolism dysregulation is an important cause of tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis. As one of the important characteristics of tumors, cell metabolism dysregulation is attracting increasing research attention. Phospholipids are an indispensable substance in the metabolism in various tumor cells. Phospholipid metabolites have become important cell signaling molecules. The pathological role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in tumors was identified in the early 1990s. Currently, LPA inhibitors have entered clinical trials but are not yet used in clinical treatment. Autotaxin (ATX) has lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity and can regulate LPA levels in vivo. The LPA receptor family and ATX/lysoPLD are abnormally expressed in various gastrointestinal tumors. According to our recent pre-experimental results, KAI1/CD82 might inhibit the migration and metastasis of cancer cells by regulating the ATX-LPA axis. However, no relevant research has been reported. Clarifying the mechanism of ATX-LPA in the inhibition of cancer metastasis by KAI1/CD82 will provide an important theoretical basis for targeted cancer therapy. In this paper, the molecular compositions of the KAI1/CD82 gene and the ATX-LPA axis, their physiological functions in tumors, and their roles in gastrointestinal cancers and target therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China
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Isshiki T, Shimizu H, Sakamoto S, Yamasaki A, Miyoshi S, Nakamura Y, Homma S, Kishi K. Serum autotaxin levels in chronic disease and acute exacerbation of fibrosing interstitial lung disease. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00683-2021. [PMID: 35415191 PMCID: PMC8995540 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00683-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autotaxin (ATX) is an ecto-enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lysophospholipids to the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA/ATX signalling has emerged as a new therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis; however, the serum levels and dynamics of ATX during the clinical course of fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD) remain unknown. This study sought to examine the serum ATX levels in fibrosing ILD in the chronic phase and in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF). We aimed to elucidate the association between serum ATX level and clinical characteristics including disease progression and prognosis. Methods In total, 119 patients with fibrosing ILD and 38 healthy volunteers as controls were enrolled in the study and their serum ATX activity was analysed. We also included six male patients with AE-IPF in order to analyse the changes in serum ATX at the onset of AE-IPF. Results Patients with fibrosing ILD showed significantly higher serum ATX levels compared with healthy controls in both sexes. Per cent change in forced vital capacity after 1 year correlated with serum ATX levels in female patients. High serum ATX levels (>0.721 mg· L−1) were associated with worse outcome in survival curve and multivariate analysis of male patients. Serum ATX activity decreased after the onset of AE-IPF. Conclusion Serum ATX levels were significantly higher in patients with fibrosing ILD compared with healthy controls, and this was associated with disease progression and outcome. This suggests the potential of serum ATX as a promising biomarker for the treatment of fibrosing ILD. Serum ATX levels are higher in fibrosing ILD than in healthy controls; this is associated with disease progression and outcome. Serum ATX levels decrease at the onset of AE-IPF.https://bit.ly/3hLR9jN
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Alioli C, Demesmay L, Peyruchaud O, Machuca-Gayet I. Autotaxin/Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis: From Bone Biology to Bone Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073427. [PMID: 35408784 PMCID: PMC8998661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a natural bioactive phospholipid with pleiotropic activities affecting multiple tissues, including bone. LPA exerts its biological functions by binding to G-protein coupled LPA receptors (LPA1-6) to stimulate cell migration, proliferation, and survival. It is largely produced by autotaxin (ATX), a secreted enzyme with lysophospholipase D activity that converts lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into active LPA. Beyond its enzymatic activity, ATX serves as a docking molecule facilitating the efficient delivery of LPA to its specific cell surface receptors. Thus, LPA effects are the result of local production by ATX in a given tissue or cell type. As a consequence, the ATX/LPA axis should be considered as an entity to better understand their roles in physiology and pathophysiology and to propose novel therapeutic strategies. Herein, we provide not only an extensive overview of the relevance of the ATX/LPA axis in bone cell commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and bone disorders, but also discuss new working hypotheses emerging from the interplay of ATX/LPA with well-established signaling pathways regulating bone mass.
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12
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Abstract
Lysophospholipids, exemplified by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), are produced by the metabolism and perturbation of biological membranes. Both molecules are established extracellular lipid mediators that signal via specific G protein-coupled receptors in vertebrates. This widespread signaling axis regulates the development, physiological functions, and pathological processes of all organ systems. Indeed, recent research into LPA and S1P has revealed their important roles in cellular stress signaling, inflammation, resolution, and host defense responses. In this review, we focus on how LPA regulates fibrosis, neuropathic pain, abnormal angiogenesis, endometriosis, and disorders of neuroectodermal development such as hydrocephalus and alopecia. In addition, we discuss how S1P controls collective behavior, apoptotic cell clearance, and immunosurveillance of cancers. Advances in lysophospholipid research have led to new therapeutics in autoimmune diseases, with many more in earlier stages of development for a wide variety of diseases, such as fibrotic disorders, vascular diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; , .,AMED-LEAP, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; , .,AMED-LEAP, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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13
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Liu Z, Liu J, Zhang T, Li L, Zhang S, Jia H, Xia Y, Shi M, Zhang J, Yue S, Chen X, Yu J. Distinct BTK inhibitors differentially induce apoptosis but similarly suppress chemotaxis and lipid accumulation in mantle cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:732. [PMID: 34174847 PMCID: PMC8235860 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The more selective second-generation BTK inhibitors (BTKi) Acalabrutinib and Zanubrutinib and the first-generation BTKi Ibrutinib are highlighted by their clinical effectiveness in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), however, similarities and differences of their biological and molecular effects on anti-survival of MCL cells induced by these BTKi with distinct binding selectivity against BTK remain largely unknown. Methods AlamarBlue assays were performed to define cytotoxicity of BTKi against MCL cells, Jeko-1 and Mino. Cleaved PARP and caspase-3 levels were examined by immunoblot analysis to study BTKi-induced apoptotic effects. Biological effects of BTKi on MCL-cell chemotaxis and lipid droplet (LD) accumulation were examined in Jeko-1, Mino and primary MCL cells via Transwell and Stimulated Raman scattering imaging analysis respectively. Enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to determine CCL3 and CCL4 levels in MCL-cell culture supernatants. RNA-seq analyses identified BTKi targets which were validated by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot analysis. Results Acalabrutinib and Zanubrutinib induced moderate apoptosis in Ibrutinib high-sensitive JeKo-1 cells and Ibrutinib low-sensitive Mino cells, which was accompanied by cleaved PARP and caspase-3. Such effects might be caused by the stronger ability of Ibrutinib to upregulate the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, such as HRK, GADD45A, and ATM, in JeKo-1 cells than in Mino cells, and the expression of such apoptotic genes was slightly changed by Acalabrutinib and Zanubrutinib in both JeKo-1 and Mino cells. Further, Acalabrutinib, Zanubrutinib and Ibrutinib reduced MCL-cell chemotaxis with similar efficiency, due to their similar abilities to downmodulate chemokines, such as CCL3 and CCL4. Also, these three BTKi similarly suppressed MCL-cell LD accumulation via downregulating lipogenic factors, DGAT2, SCD, ENPP2 and ACACA without significant differences. Conclusion BTKi demonstrated differential capacities to induce MCL-cell apoptosis due to their distinct capabilities to regulate the expression of apoptosis-related genes, and similar biological and molecular inhibitory effects on MCL-cell chemotaxis and LD accumulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08475-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Liu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianming Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lin Li
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Jia
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanshi Xia
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingxia Shi
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jian Yu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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14
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Review of Diagnostic Biomarkers in Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Where Are We Now? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050770. [PMID: 33923064 PMCID: PMC8146865 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a pancreatic manifestation of an IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). AIP lacks disease-specific biomarkers, and therefore, it is difficult to distinguish AIP from malignancies, especially pancreatic cancer. In this review, we have summarized the latest findings on potential diagnostic biomarkers for AIP. Many investigations have been conducted, but no specific biomarkers for AIP are identified. Therefore, further studies are required to identify accurate diagnostic biomarkers for AIP.
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15
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Fukiage A, Fujino H, Miki D, Ishii Y, Serikawa M, Tsuge M, Imamura M, Aikata H, Hayes CN, Chayama K. Clinical Usefulness of Serum Autotaxin for Early Prediction of Relapse in Male Patients with Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1268-1275. [PMID: 32436125 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum IgG4 level is a useful diagnostic marker for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), but it is difficult to use to predict relapse. AIMS We investigated whether serum autotaxin (ATX) level is predictive of AIP relapse after steroid therapy. METHODS Fifty-six patients with type 1 AIP were investigated. We measured serum ATX at the time of diagnosis. We selected 24 males for whom serum samples during steroid therapy had been obtained and measured serum ATX at steroid therapy for induction of remission and at maintenance therapy. In the relapse group, we also measured ATX at the time of relapse. RESULTS ATX was significantly higher in female patients than in male patients. In order to clarify changes in ATX during steroid therapy, we focused on 24 male patients. We found that ATX decreased significantly during steroid therapy for induction of remission and at the time of maintenance therapy. In half of all patients who relapsed during maintenance therapy, ATX was significantly elevated at the time of relapse compared with that of induction therapy (P = 0.039). When we compared ATX at the time of maintenance therapy between patients with relapse and without, we observed significantly higher ATX in the former (P = 0.024). We found that the combination of ATX and elastase-1 could predict relapse with high accuracy (95%). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence suggests that serum ATX might serve as a candidate biomarker to predict relapse of AIP as well as to monitor the effect of steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Fukiage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hatsue Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Serikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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16
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Takemura K, Takizawa E, Tamori A, Nakamae M, Kubota H, Uchida-Kobayashi S, Enomoto M, Kawada N, Hino M. Association of serum autotaxin levels with liver fibrosis in patients pretreatment and posttreatment with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:217-224. [PMID: 32453907 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is important as it is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. In the recent years, autotaxin (ATX) has been established as a new noninvasive biomarker to predict liver fibrosis. However, antiviral treatment has been reported to decrease serum ATX, but it is unclear whether posttreatment ATX levels reflect liver fibrosis. In the present study, the correlation between ATX and liver fibrosis in pretreatment and posttreatment patients with HCV infection was analyzed. METHODS A total of 199 samples from 136 patients with HCV infection who had undergone hepatic biopsy before and/or after antiviral treatment at Osaka City University Hospital were used. Posttreatment patients included 38 interferon-treated patients and 80 interferon-free direct-acting antiviral-treated patients; all patients achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). Serum ATX levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay with an AIA-2000 analyzer. RESULTS Serum ATX levels were largely correlated with liver fibrosis stage in patients with HCV infection before and after antiviral treatment. The measured values decreased even in similar liver fibrosis stages after treatment. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the ability of ATX to diagnose above F2 stage before treatment was 0.81 (both male and female) and that after achieving SVR, it was 0.71 (male) and 0.72 (female). CONCLUSIONS Serum ATX levels were correlated with histological liver fibrosis stage after achieving SVR. However, separate cutoff values before and after antiviral therapy should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Takemura
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Takizawa
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tamori
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Nakamae
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubota
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Enomoto
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Mieczkowski A, Frączyk T, Psurski M, Wińska P, Siedlecki P, Dziełak M, Trzybiński D, Wilczek M, Bagiński M, Bieszczad B, Woźniak K. Design and in Vitro Characterization of Tricyclic Benzodiazepine Derivatives as Potent and Selective Antileukemic Agents. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000733. [PMID: 33236468 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently available chemotherapeutic treatments for blood cancers (leukemia) usually have strong side effects. More selective, efficient, and less toxic anticancer agents are needed. We synthesized seven, new, optically pure (12aS)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione derivatives and examined their cytotoxicity towards eight cancer cell lines, including urinary bladder (TCC-SUP, UM-UC-3, KU-19-9), colon (LoVo), and breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) cancer representatives, as well as two leukemic cell lines (MV-4-11, CCRF-CEM) and normal murine fibroblasts (Balb/3T3) as reference cell line. Three of the seven newly-obtained compounds ((12aS)-8-bromo-2-(3-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione, (12aS)-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(4-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione and (12aS)-8-nitro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione, showed enhanced activity and selectivity toward the leukemic MV-4-11 cell lines when compared to our previously reported compounds, with IC50 values in the range of 2.9-5.6 μM. Additionally, (12aS)-9-nitro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect against the leukemic CCRF-CEM (IC50 =6.1 μM) and MV-4-11 (IC50 =11.0 μM) cell lines, a moderate cytotoxic effect toward other tumor lines (IC50 =31.8-55.0 μM) and very weak cytotoxic effect toward the Balb/3T3 reference cell lines. Selected compounds were further evaluated for their potential to induce apoptotic cell death in MV-4-11 cells by measuring caspase-3 activity. We also established the crystal structure of three products and investigated the effect of 22 derivatives of 1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione on the activity of the cancer-associated enzyme autotaxin. All compounds proved to be weak inhibitors of autotaxin, although some (R) and (S) enantiomers had Ki values of 10-19 μM. The obtained results showed that the tested compounds exhibited a selective antileukemic effect, which appeared not to be related directly to autotaxin. Molecular targets responsible for this effect remain to be identified. The newly obtained compounds can be used in the search for new, selective anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R., Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Wińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Siedlecki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dziełak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Wilczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Bagiński
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bieszczad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Lysophosphatidic acid promotes survival of T lymphoma cells by altering apoptosis and glucose metabolism. Apoptosis 2020; 25:135-150. [PMID: 31867678 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid, which plays an indispensable role in various physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, an elevated level of LPA has been observed in malignancies of different origins and implicated in their progression via modulation of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Interestingly, few recent reports suggest a pivotal role of LPA-modulated metabolism in oncogenesis of ovarian cancer. However, little is understood regarding the role of LPA in the development and progression of T cell malignancies, which are considered as one of the most challenging neoplasms for clinical management. Additionally, mechanisms underlying the LPA-dependent modulation of glucose metabolism in T cell lymphoma are also not known. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to explore the role of LPA-altered apoptosis and glucose metabolism on the survival of T lymphoma cells. Observations of this investigation suggest that LPA supports survival of T lymphoma cells via altering apoptosis and glucose metabolism through changing the level of reactive species, namely nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species along with expression of various survival and glucose metabolism regulatory molecules, including hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, p53, Bcl2, and glucose transporter 3, hexokinase II, pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2, monocarboxylate transporter 1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1. Taken together' the results of the present investigation decipher the novel mechanisms of LPA-mediated survival of T lymphoma cells via modulation of apoptosis and glucose metabolism.
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19
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Tang X, Brindley DN. Lipid Phosphate Phosphatases and Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091263. [PMID: 32887262 PMCID: PMC7564803 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) are a group of three enzymes (LPP1–3) that belong to a phospholipid phosphatase (PLPP) family. The LPPs dephosphorylate a wide spectrum of bioactive lipid phosphates, among which lysophosphatidate (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are two important extracellular signaling molecules. The LPPs are integral membrane proteins, which are localized on plasma membranes and intracellular membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi network. LPPs regulate signaling transduction in cancer cells and demonstrate different effects in cancer progression through the breakdown of extracellular LPA and S1P and other intracellular substrates. This review is intended to summarize an up-to-date understanding about the functions of LPPs in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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20
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Takemura K, Takizawa E, Tamori A, Nakamae M, Kubota H, Uchida-Kobayashi S, Enomoto M, Kawada N, Hino M. Post-Treatment M2BPGi Level and the Rate of Autotaxin Reduction are Predictive of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development after Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4517. [PMID: 32630450 PMCID: PMC7350226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) regardless of achieving a sustained viral response (SVR). Because advanced liver fibrosis is a powerful risk factor for HCC, we analyzed the association between autotaxin (ATX), a liver fibrosis marker, and post-SVR HCC development within 3 years after antiviral treatment. We included 670 patients with HCV who received direct-acting antivirals, achieved SVR and were followed up for at least 6 months (270 of them were followed up for 3 years or more). We measured serum ATX levels before treatment and 12/24 weeks after treatment. The diagnosis of HCC was based on imaging modalities, such as dynamic computed tomography and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and/or liver biopsy. The present study revealed that high levels of serum ATX predicted post-SVR HCC development (area under the receiver operating characteristic: 0.70-0.76). However, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2 binding protein (M2BPGi), another liver fibrosis marker, was a more useful predictive marker especially post-treatment according to a multivariate analysis. Patients with a high rate of ATX reduction before and after antiviral treatment did not develop HCC regardless of high pretreatment ATX levels. In conclusion, post-treatment M2BPGi level and the combination of pretreatment ATX levels and rate of ATX reduction were useful predictive markers for post-SVR HCC development in patients with chronic HCV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigens, Neoplasm/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Female
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/metabolism
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/complications
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/blood
- Middle Aged
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/blood
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/physiology
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Takemura
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8586, Japan; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Etsuko Takizawa
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8586, Japan; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Akihiro Tamori
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.U.-K.); (M.E.); (N.K.)
| | - Mika Nakamae
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8586, Japan; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubota
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8586, Japan; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Sawako Uchida-Kobayashi
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.U.-K.); (M.E.); (N.K.)
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.U.-K.); (M.E.); (N.K.)
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.U.-K.); (M.E.); (N.K.)
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8586, Japan; (K.T.); (E.T.); (M.N.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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21
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Morita Y, Kurano M, Morita E, Shimamoto S, Igarashi K, Sawabe M, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Urinary autotaxin concentrations are associated with kidney injury. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:156-165. [PMID: 32540127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While basic researches have shown the involvement of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid (ATX-LPA) axis in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, no clinical studies have revealed the association between urinary ATX concentrations and kidney disease yet. We investigate the clinical characteristics in relation to the urinary ATX concentrations and the potential association between urinary ATX concentrations and various kidney diseases. METHODS We measured the urinary ATX concentrations in residual urine samples after routine clinical testing from a total of 326 subjects with various kidney diseases and healthy subjects. We compared the urinary ATX concentrations in relation to clinical parameters and urinary biomarkers, and investigated their association with various kidney diseases. RESULTS The urinary ATX concentrations were associated with the gender, eGFR, presence/absence of hematuria, serum ATX, urinary concentrations of total protein (TP), microalbumin, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), and transforming growth factor-β. Multiple regression analyses identified urinary α1-MG, age, urinary TP, NAG, and hematuria as being significantly associated with the urinary ATX concentrations. Urinary ATX concentrations were higher in subjects with membranous nephropathy and systemic lupus erythematosus than in the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Urinary ATX might be associated with pathological conditions of the kidney associated with kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Morita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Eriko Morita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motoji Sawabe
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Regulation of Tumor Immunity by Lysophosphatidic Acid. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051202. [PMID: 32397679 PMCID: PMC7281403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) may be best conceptualized as an ecosystem comprised of cancer cells interacting with a multitude of stromal components such as the extracellular matrix (ECM), blood and lymphatic networks, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and cells of the immune system. At the center of this crosstalk between cancer cells and their TME is the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). High levels of LPA and the enzyme generating it, termed autotaxin (ATX), are present in many cancers. It is also well documented that LPA drives tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis. One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability to modulate and escape immune detection and eradication. Despite the profound role of LPA in regulating immune functions and inflammation, its role in the context of tumor immunity has not received much attention until recently where emerging studies highlight that this signaling axis may be a means that cancer cells adopt to evade immune detection and eradication. The present review aims to look at the immunomodulatory actions of LPA in baseline immunity to provide a broad understanding of the subject with a special emphasis on LPA and cancer immunity, highlighting the latest progress in this area of research.
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23
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Tang X, Benesch MGK, Brindley DN. Role of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate axis in the development of resistance to cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158716. [PMID: 32305571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling through LPA is terminated by its degradation by a family of three lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPP1 also attenuates signaling downstream of the activation of LPA receptors and some other GPCRs. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis and inflammation, which perform an important role in facilitating wound healing. This wound healing response is hijacked by cancers where there is decreased expression of LPP1 and LPP3 and increased expression of ATX. This maladaptive regulation of LPA signaling also causes chronic inflammation, which has been recognized as one of the hallmarks in cancer. The increased LPA signaling promotes cell survival and migration and attenuates apoptosis, which stimulates tumor growth and metastasis. The wound healing functions of increased LPA signaling also protect cancer cells from effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we will summarize knowledge of the ATX-LPA axis and its role in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We will also offer insights for developing strategies of targeting ATX-LPA axis as a novel part of cancer treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lysophospholipids and their receptors: New data and new insights into their function edited by Susan Smyth, Viswanathan Natarajan and Colleen McMullen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada.
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24
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Peyruchaud O, Saier L, Leblanc R. Autotaxin Implication in Cancer Metastasis and Autoimunne Disorders: Functional Implication of Binding Autotaxin to the Cell Surface. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010105. [PMID: 31906151 PMCID: PMC7016970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an exoenzyme which, due to its unique lysophospholipase D activity, is responsible for the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX activity is responsible for the concentration of LPA in the blood. ATX expression is increased in various types of cancers, including breast cancer, where it promotes metastasis. The expression of ATX is also remarkably increased under inflammatory conditions, particularly in the osteoarticular compartment, where it controls bone erosion. Biological actions of ATX are mediated by LPA. However, the phosphate head group of LPA is highly sensitive to degradation by the action of lipid phosphate phosphatases, resulting in LPA inactivation. This suggests that for efficient action, LPA requires protection, which is potentially achieved through docking to a carrier protein. Interestingly, recent reports suggest that ATX might act as a docking molecule for LPA and also support the concept that binding of ATX to the cell surface through its interaction with adhesive molecules (integrins, heparan sulfate proteoglycans) could facilitate a rapid route of delivering active LPA to its cell surface receptors. This new mechanism offers a new vision of how ATX/LPA works in cancer metastasis and inflammatory bone diseases, paving the way for new therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Peyruchaud
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69372 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3-34-78-77-86-72
| | - Lou Saier
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Raphaël Leblanc
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Poli-Calmettes, INSERM, Unit 1068, University Aix/Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France;
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25
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Xu Y. Targeting Lysophosphatidic Acid in Cancer: The Issues in Moving from Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1523. [PMID: 31658655 PMCID: PMC6826372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the clear demonstration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)'s pathological roles in cancer in the mid-1990s, more than 1000 papers relating LPA to various types of cancer were published. Through these studies, LPA was established as a target for cancer. Although LPA-related inhibitors entered clinical trials for fibrosis, the concept of targeting LPA is yet to be moved to clinical cancer treatment. The major challenges that we are facing in moving LPA application from bench to bedside include the intrinsic and complicated metabolic, functional, and signaling properties of LPA, as well as technical issues, which are discussed in this review. Potential strategies and perspectives to improve the translational progress are suggested. Despite these challenges, we are optimistic that LPA blockage, particularly in combination with other agents, is on the horizon to be incorporated into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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26
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MicroRNA Regulation of the Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091369. [PMID: 31540086 PMCID: PMC6770380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The revelation that microRNAs (miRNAs) exist within the human genome uncovered an underappreciated mechanism of gene expression. For cells to regulate expression of their genes, miRNA molecules and argonaute proteins bind to mRNAs and interfere with efficient translation of the RNA transcript. Although miRNAs have important roles in normal tissues, miRNAs may adopt aberrant functions in malignant cells depending on their classification as either a tumor suppressor or oncogenic miRNA. Within this review, the current status of miRNA regulation is described in the context of signaling through the lysophosphatidic acid receptors, including the lysophosphatidic acid-producing enzyme, autotaxin. Thus far, research has revealed miRNAs that increase in response to lysophosphatidic acid stimulation, such as miR-21, miR-30c-2-3p, and miR-122. Other miRNAs inhibit the translation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors, such as miR-15b, miR-23a, and miR200c, or proteins that are downstream of lysophosphatidic acid signaling, such as miR-146 and miR-21. With thousands of miRNAs still uncharacterized, it is anticipated that the complex regulation of lysophosphatidic acid signaling by miRNAs will continue to be elucidated. RNA-based therapeutics have entered the clinic with enormous potential in precision medicine. This exciting field is rapidly emerging and it will be fascinating to witness its expansion in scope.
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27
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Morita Y, Kurano M, Sakai E, Nishikawa M, Sawabe M, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Evaluation of Lysophospholipid Measurement in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2019; 54:487-500. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Morita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory University of Tokyo Hospital, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1‐5‐45 Yushima, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8510 Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory University of Tokyo Hospital, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
| | - Eri Sakai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory University of Tokyo Hospital, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
| | - Masako Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory University of Tokyo Hospital, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
| | - Motoji Sawabe
- Department of Molecular Pathology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1‐5‐45 Yushima, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8510 Tokyo Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University 6‐3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba‐ku, Sendai, 980‐8578, Miyagi Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory University of Tokyo Hospital, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, 113‐8655 Tokyo Japan
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28
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Lysophosphatidic acids and their substrate lysophospholipids in cerebrospinal fluid as objective biomarkers for evaluating the severity of lumbar spinal stenosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9144. [PMID: 31235770 PMCID: PMC6591408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are known to have potentially important roles in the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain in animal models. This study investigated the association between the clinical severity of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of LPLs, using human samples. We prospectively identified twenty-eight patients with LSS and fifteen controls with idiopathic scoliosis or bladder cancer without neurological symptoms. We quantified LPLs from CSF using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We assessed clinical outcome measures of LSS (Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI) and Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ)) and categorized patients into two groups according to their severity. Five species of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), nine species of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and one species of lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) were detected. The CSF levels of all species of LPLs were significantly higher in LSS patients than controls. Patients in the severe NPSI group had significantly higher LPL levels (three species of LPA and nine species of LPC) than the mild group. Patients in the severe ZCQ group also had significantly higher LPL levels (four species of LPA and nine species of LPC). This investigation demonstrates a positive correlation between the CSF levels of LPLs and the clinical severity of LSS. LPLs are potential biomarkers for evaluating the severity of LSS.
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29
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Dhillon AK, Kremer AE, Kummen M, Boberg KM, Elferink RPO, Karlsen TH, Beuers U, Vesterhus M, Hov JR. Autotaxin activity predicts transplant-free survival in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8450. [PMID: 31186435 PMCID: PMC6559994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin has been associated with liver disease severity and transplant-free survival. This study aimed to validate autotaxin as a biomarker in two cohorts of Norwegian large-duct PSC patients, one discovery panel (n = 165) and one validation panel (n = 87). Serum activity of autotaxin was measured in diluted sera by a fluorometric enzymatic assay. Patients reaching an end-point, liver transplantation or death, (discovery panel: n = 118 [71.5%]; validation panel: n = 35 [40.2%]), showed higher autotaxin activity compared with the other patients, P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed a strong association between increasing autotaxin activity and shorter liver transplant-free survival (discovery panel: P < 0.001, validation panel: P = 0.001). There was no relationship between autotaxin activity and the presence of inflammatory bowel disease or occurrence of hepatobiliary malignancy. In a multivariable analysis, high autotaxin activity was associated with an increased risk of liver transplantation or death (hazard ratio 2.03 (95% confidence interval 1.21–3.40), P < 0.01), independent from Mayo risk score, an in-house enhanced liver fibrosis score and interleukin-8 in serum. In conclusion, increased serum autotaxin activity is associated with reduced liver transplant-free survival independent from Mayo risk score and markers of inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep K Dhillon
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of transplantation medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg-Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Kummen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of transplantation medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten M Boberg
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of transplantation medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of transplantation medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mette Vesterhus
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of transplantation medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of transplantation medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. .,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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30
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Mathew D, Kremer KN, Strauch P, Tigyi G, Pelanda R, Torres RM. LPA 5 Is an Inhibitory Receptor That Suppresses CD8 T-Cell Cytotoxic Function via Disruption of Early TCR Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1159. [PMID: 31231367 PMCID: PMC6558414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling by CD8 T cells is a feature of cancer and chronic infections and results in the sustained expression of, and signaling by, inhibitory receptors, which ultimately impair cytotoxic activity via poorly characterized mechanisms. We have previously determined that the LPA5 GPCR expressed by CD8 T cells, upon engaging the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) bioactive serum lipid, functions as an inhibitory receptor able to negatively regulate TCR signaling. Notably, the levels of LPA and autotaxin (ATX), the phospholipase D enzyme that produces LPA, are often increased in chronic inflammatory disorders such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, obesity, and cancer. In this report, we demonstrate that LPA engagement selectively by LPA5 on human and mouse CD8 T cells leads to the inhibition of several early TCR signaling events including intracellular calcium mobilization and ERK activation. We further show that, as a consequence of LPA5 suppression of TCR signaling, the exocytosis of perforin-containing granules is significantly impaired and reflected by repressed in vitro and in vivo CD8 T cell cytolytic activity. Thus, these data not only document LPA5 as a novel inhibitory receptor but also determine the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which a naturally occurring serum lipid that is elevated under settings of chronic inflammation signals to suppress CD8 T cell killing activity in both human and murine cells. As diverse tumors have repeatedly been shown to aberrantly produce LPA that acts in an autocrine manner to promote tumorigenesis, our findings further implicate LPA in activating a novel inhibitory receptor whose signaling may be therapeutically silenced to promote CD8 T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divij Mathew
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Raul M. Torres
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31
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Nojiri T, Kurano M, Araki O, Nakawatari K, Nishikawa M, Shimamoto S, Igarashi K, Kano K, Aoki J, Kihara S, Murakami M, Yatomi Y. Serum autotaxin levels are associated with Graves' disease. Endocr J 2019; 66:409-422. [PMID: 30814442 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' Disease is a representative autoimmune thyroid disease that presents with hyperthyroidism. Emerging evidence has shown the involvement of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its producing enzyme, autotaxin (ATX), in the pathogenesis of various diseases; among them, the involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in some immunological disturbances has been proposed. In this study, we investigated the association between serum ATX levels and Graves' disease. We measured the levels of serum total ATX and ATX isoforms (classical ATX and novel ATX) in patients with untreated Graves' disease, Graves' disease treated with anti-thyroid drugs, patients with subacute thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, Plummer's disease, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and patients who had undergone a total thyroidectomy, as well as normal subjects. The serum total ATX and ATX isoform levels were higher in the patients with Graves' disease, compared with the levels in the healthy subjects and the patients with subacute thyroiditis. Treatment with anti-thyroid drugs significantly decreased the serum ATX levels. The serum ATX levels and the changes in serum ATX levels during treatment were moderately or strongly correlated with the serum concentrations or the changes in thyroid hormones. However, the administration of T3 or T4 did not increase the expression or serum levels of ATX in 3T3L1 adipocytes or wild-type mice. In conclusion, the serum ATX levels were higher in subjects with Graves' disease, possibly because of a mechanism that does not involve hyperthyroidism. These results suggest the possible involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nojiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakawatari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Stem cells are a rare subpopulation defined by the potential to self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types. A population of stem-like cells has been reported to possess the ability of self-renewal, invasion, metastasis, and engraftment of distant tissues. This unique cell subpopulation has been designated as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC were first identified in leukemia, and the contributions of CSC to cancer progression have been reported in many different types of cancers. The cancer stem cell hypothesis attempts to explain tumor cell heterogeneity based on the existence of stem cell-like cells within solid tumors. The elimination of CSC is challenging for most human cancer types due to their heightened genetic instability and increased drug resistance. To combat these inherent abilities of CSC, multi-pronged strategies aimed at multiple aspects of CSC biology are increasingly being recognized as essential for a cure. One of the most challenging aspects of cancer biology is overcoming the chemotherapeutic resistance in CSC. Here, we provide an overview of autotaxin (ATX), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and their signaling pathways in CSC. Increasing evidence supports the role of ATX and LPA in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several studies have demonstrated the ATX-LPA axis signaling in different cancers. This lipid mediator regulatory system is a novel potential therapeutic target in CSC. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking ATX-LPA signaling to CSC and its impact on cancer progression and metastasis. We also provide evidence for the efficacy of cancer therapy involving the pharmacological inhibition of this signaling pathway.
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Shimura T, Kurano M, Morita Y, Yoshikawa N, Nishikawa M, Igarashi K, Shimamoto S, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Autotaxin and soluble IL-2 receptor concentrations in cerebrospinal fluids are useful for the diagnosis of central nervous system invasion caused by haematological malignancies. Ann Clin Biochem 2019; 56:240-246. [PMID: 30514094 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218818197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion of the central nervous system by haematological malignancies is diagnosed by cytological analyses of cerebrospinal fluid or diagnostic imaging, while quantitative biomarkers for central nervous system invasion are not available and needed to be developed. METHODS In this study, we measured the concentrations of autotaxin and soluble IL-2 receptor in cerebrospinal fluid and evaluated their usefulness as biomarkers for central nervous system invasion. RESULTS We observed that both the autotaxin and soluble IL-2 receptor concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were higher in subjects with central nervous system invasion than in those without, and the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations were independent from the serum concentrations of these biomarkers. ROC analyses revealed that the soluble IL-2 receptor concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was a strong discriminator of central nervous system invasion in subjects with haematological malignancies, while the autotaxin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid also had a strong ability to discriminate central nervous system invasion when the subjects were limited to those with lymphoma. The combined measurement of autotaxin and soluble IL-2 receptor in cerebrospinal fluid improved the sensitivity without notably reducing the specificity for central nervous system invasion in subjects with lymphoma when central nervous system invasion was diagnosed in cases where either value was beyond the respective cut-off value. CONCLUSION These results suggest the possible usefulness of soluble IL-2 receptor and autotaxin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of central nervous system invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimura
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Morita
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yoshikawa
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Nishikawa
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- 3 Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Junken Aoki
- 4 Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Itagaki K, Takebayashi M, Abe H, Shibasaki C, Kajitani N, Okada-Tsuchioka M, Hattori K, Yoshida S, Kunugi H, Yamawaki S. Reduced Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Autotaxin in Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:261-269. [PMID: 30715387 PMCID: PMC6441130 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid axis is involved in diverse biological processes including neurodevelopment, inflammation, and immunological functioning. The lysophosphatidic acid 1 receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder and in the mechanism of action of antidepressants. However, it is unclear whether central or peripheral autotaxin levels are altered in patients with major depressive disorder. METHODS Serum autotaxin levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 37 patients with major depressive disorder diagnosed using DSM-IV-TR who underwent electroconvulsive therapy and were compared with those of 47 nondepressed controls matched for age and sex between January 2011 and December 2015. Patient serum levels of autotaxin before and after electroconvulsive therapy were also compared. In a separate sample set, cerebrospinal fluid autotaxin levels were compared between 26 patients with major depressive disorder and 27 nondepressed controls between December 2010 and December 2015. A potential association was examined between autotaxin levels and clinical symptoms assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS Before electroconvulsive therapy, both serum and cerebrospinal fluidautotaxin levels were significantly lower in major depressive disorder patients than in controls (serum: P = .001, cerebrospinal fluid: P = .038). A significantly negative correlation between serum, but not cerebrospinal fluid, autotaxin levels and depressive symptoms was observed (P = .032). After electroconvulsive therapy, a parallel increase in serum autotaxin levels and depressive symptoms improvement was observed (P = .005). CONCLUSION The current results suggest that serum autotaxin levels are reduced in a state-dependent manner. The reduction of cerebrospinal fluidautotaxin levels suggests a dysfunction in the autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid axis in the brains of patients with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Itagaki
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,Correspondence: Minoru Takebayashi, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1, Aoyama, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023 Japan ()
| | - Hiromi Abe
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiyo Shibasaki
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Kajitani
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mami Okada-Tsuchioka
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan,Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Yoshida
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Leblanc R, Sahay D, Houssin A, Machuca-Gayet I, Peyruchaud O. Autotaxin-β interaction with the cell surface via syndecan-4 impacts on cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33170-33185. [PMID: 30237860 PMCID: PMC6145688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) promotes cancer cell metastasis through the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX binds to αvβ3 integrins controlling metastasis of breast cancer cells. We screened a series of cancer cell lines derived from diverse human and mouse solid tumors for the capacity of binding to ATX and found only a modest correlation with their level of αvβ3 integrin expression. These results strongly suggested the existence of another cell surface ATX-interacting factor. Indeed, ATXα has been shown to bind heparan-sulfate chains because of its unique polybasic insertion sequence, although the biological significance is unknown. We demonstrated here, that among all cell surface heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, syndecan-4 (SDC4) was essential for cancer cell interaction with ATXβ but was restrained by heparan-sulfate chains. In addition, exogenous ATXβ-induced MG63 osteosarcoma cell proliferation required physical interaction of ATXβ with the cell surface via an SDC4-dependent mechanism. In a preclininal mouse model, targeting SDC4 on 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells inhibited early bone metastasis formation. Furthermore, SDC4-prometastatic activity was totally abolished in absence of ATX expression. In conclusion our results determined that ATX and SDC4 are engaged in a reciprocal collaboration for cancer cell metastasis providing the rational for the development of novel anti-metastasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Leblanc
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Institut Poli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,INSERM, Unit 1068, Marseille, France.,University Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Debashish Sahay
- Department of Medicine, Colombia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Audrey Houssin
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Peyruchaud
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Yamazaki T, Joshita S, Umemura T, Usami Y, Sugiura A, Fujimori N, Kimura T, Matsumoto A, Igarashi K, Ota M, Tanaka E. Changes in serum levels of autotaxin with direct-acting antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195632. [PMID: 29617443 PMCID: PMC5884565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained virological response (SVR) rates have increased remarkably since the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme converting lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid and a newly established biomarker for liver fibrosis. Interferon-free DAA regimens for chronic hepatitis C could improve liver stiffness in SVR patients according to several non-invasive evaluation methods, but the clinical response and significance of ATX in this context have not yet been defined. We therefore investigated sequential serum ATX levels at baseline, 4 weeks after the start of treatment, and 24 weeks after treatment in 159 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients who received DAA therapy. Other non-invasive fibrosis markers (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio and FIB-4 index) were examined as well. Baseline median ATX levels were comparable between the 144 patients who achieved a SVR and the 15 who did not (1.54 vs. 1.62 mg/L), but median ATX levels became significantly decreased during and after DAA therapy in the SVR group only (from 1.54 to 1.40 and 1.31 mg/L, respectively; P < 0.001). ATX was significantly decreased between baseline and 4 weeks of treatment in overall, male, and female SVR patients (all P < 0.001). In subjects with low necroinflammatory activity in the liver (i.e., alanine aminotransferase < 30 U/L), ATX levels were significantly reduced from baseline to 4 weeks of treatment and remained low (P < 0.001) in patients with a SVR. Thus, interferon-free DAA therapy was associated with a significant decrease in serum ATX levels in patients achieving a SVR, suggesting early regression of liver fibrosis in addition to inflammation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Yamazaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Joshita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoko Usami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sugiura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fujimori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Ayase, Japan
| | - Masao Ota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Kurano M, Miyagaki T, Miyagawa T, Igarashi K, Shimamoto S, Ikeda H, Aoki J, Sato S, Yatomi Y. Association between serum autotaxin or phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 levels and melanoma. J Dermatol 2018; 45:571-579. [PMID: 29500864 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), a producing enzyme for lysophosphatidic acids, was first identified from the medium of a melanoma cell line and has been considered to be one of the candidate targets to treat melanoma; however, the association between serum ATX and melanoma in human subjects has not been elucidated. Along with ATX, phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PS-PLA1 ) is a producing enzyme for lysophosphatidylserine, a similar glycero-lysophospholipid mediator to lysophosphatidic acids. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between serum ATX or PS-PLA1 levels and melanoma. We measured the serum levels of ATX, ATX isoforms and PS-PLA1 in subjects with melanoma (n = 57) and healthy subjects (n = 58). We further investigated the existence of trends according to the clinical stages of melanoma. We observed that serum total ATX and classical ATX levels were significant higher and serum novel ATX levels tended to be higher in male subjects with melanoma, while no significant difference was observed between the two groups in female subjects. The trend test revealed that the serum total ATX and ATX isoforms were significantly associated with the clinical stages of female subjects with melanoma. Regarding PS-PLA1 , serum PS-PLA1 levels were significantly higher in the melanoma subjects and associated with the clinical stages. The present study is the first study which revealed the association between ATX or PS-PLA1 and melanoma, suggesting the possible involvement of ATX/lysophosphatidic acids or PS-PLA1 /lysophosphatidylserine axis in the pathogenesis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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YATOMI Y, KURANO M, IKEDA H, IGARASHI K, KANO K, AOKI J. Lysophospholipids in laboratory medicine. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:373-389. [PMID: 30541965 PMCID: PMC6374142 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs), such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS), are attracting attention as second-generation lipid mediators. In our laboratory, the functional roles of these lipid mediators and the mechanisms by which the levels of these mediators are regulated in vivo have been studied. Based on these studies, the clinical introduction of assays for LPLs and related proteins has been pursued and will be described in this review. Although assays of these lipids themselves are possible, autotaxin (ATX), apolipoprotein M (ApoM), and phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PS-PLA1) are more promising as alternate biomarkers for LPA, S1P, and LysoPS, respectively. Presently, ATX, which produces LPA through its lysophospholipase D activity, has been shown to be a useful laboratory test for the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis, whereas PS-PLA1 and ApoM are considered to be promising clinical markers reflecting the in vivo actions induced by LysoPS and S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka YATOMI
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Yatomi, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Makoto KURANO
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi IKEDA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji IGARASHI
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki KANO
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junken AOKI
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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Ikeda H, Kobayashi M, Kumada H, Enooku K, Koike K, Kurano M, Sato M, Nojiri T, Kobayashi T, Ohkawa R, Shimamoto S, Igarashi K, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Performance of autotaxin as a serum marker for liver fibrosis. Ann Clin Biochem 2017; 55:469-477. [PMID: 29065699 DOI: 10.1177/0004563217741509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Because autotaxin reportedly has a better performance than hyaluronic acid as a marker for liver fibrosis for the prediction of cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C, we aimed to further evaluate the role of autotaxin in liver fibrosis of other aetiologies. Methods Autotaxin antigen was measured in serum samples from 108 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 128 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who had undergone a liver biopsy as well as healthy subjects and patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiac dysfunction. Results When evaluated using receiver operator characteristics curves, the performance of autotaxin for the prediction of significant fibrosis (F2-F4) in chronic hepatitis B patients was better than that of hyaluronic acid or type IV collagen 7S. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, however, the performance of autotaxin for the prediction of significant fibrosis was poorer than that of hyaluronic acid or type IV collagen 7S. The increase in the serum autotaxin concentrations was less notable than that of hyaluronic acid or type IV collagen in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis or cardiac dysfunction. Food intake did not affect the serum autotaxin concentrations. Conclusions Autotaxin is useful as a serum marker for liver fibrosis caused by not only chronic viral hepatitis C but also by hepatitis B, although it was less useful in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The increase in serum autotaxin concentrations is fairly specific for liver fibrosis, and the serum autotaxin concentrations can be analysed without consideration of food intake before blood collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ikeda
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kobayashi
- 2 Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kumada
- 2 Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Enooku
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Sato
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,3 Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nojiri
- 4 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- 4 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- 5 Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimamoto
- 6 Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Ayase, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- 6 Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Ayase, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- 7 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Cvetković Z, Milošević M, Cvetković B, Masnikosa R, Arsić A, Petrović S, Vučić V. Plasma phospholipid changes are associated with response to chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Leuk Res 2017; 54:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Emoto S, Kurano M, Kano K, Matsusaki K, Yamashita H, Nishikawa M, Igarashi K, Ikeda H, Aoki J, Kitayama J, Yatomi Y. Analysis of glycero-lysophospholipids in gastric cancerous ascites. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:763-771. [PMID: 28143894 PMCID: PMC5392751 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p072090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA) has been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. Moreover, glycero-lysophospholipids (glycero-LysoPLs) other than LysoPA are now emerging as novel lipid mediators. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the possible involvement of glycero-LysoPLs in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer by measuring glycero-LysoPLs, autotaxin (ATX), and phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PS-PLA1) in ascites obtained from patients with gastric cancer and those with cirrhosis (as a control). We observed that after adjustments according to the albumin levels, the lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) and lysophosphatidylglycerol (LysoPG) levels were significantly higher, while the LysoPA and ATX levels were lower, in the ascites from patients with gastric cancer. We also found that multiple regression analyses revealed that ATX was selected as a significant explanatory factor for all the detectable LysoPA species only in the cirrhosis group and that a significant positive correlation was observed between LysoPS and PS-PLA1 only in the gastric cancer group. In conclusion, the LysoPA levels might be determined largely by LysoPC and LysoPI (possible precursors) and the PS-PLA1-mediated pathway might be involved in the production of LysoPS in gastric cancer. Glycero-LysoPLs other than LysoPA might also be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer directly or through being converted into LysoPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST); Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | - Masako Nishikawa
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)
| | - Junken Aoki
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST); Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST).
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Wunsch E, Krawczyk M, Milkiewicz M, Trottier J, Barbier O, Neurath MF, Lammert F, Kremer AE, Milkiewicz P. Serum Autotaxin is a Marker of the Severity of Liver Injury and Overall Survival in Patients with Cholestatic Liver Diseases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30847. [PMID: 27506882 PMCID: PMC4978954 DOI: 10.1038/srep30847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is involved in the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid. Both have recently been linked to cholestatic pruritus and liver injury. We aimed to investigate whether ATX is an indicator of cholestatic liver injury, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prognosis based on a group of 233 patients, 118 with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and 115 with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Patients were followed for 1–60 months, cumulative survival rates were calculated. ATX activity was significantly higher in both groups than in the 103 controls, particularly in patients with cirrhosis and in patients with longer disease duration. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) non-responders with PBC exhibited increased ATX activity. ATX activity was correlated with liver biochemistry, MELD, Mayo Risk scores and was associated with worse disease-specific HRQoL aspects. In both groups, Cox model analysis indicated that ATX was a negative predictor of survival. Increased ATX levels were associated with a 4-fold higher risk of death/liver transplantation in patients with PBC and a 2.6-fold higher risk in patients with PSC. We conclude that in patients with cholestatic conditions, ATX is not only associated with pruritus but also indicates impairment of other HRQoL aspects, liver dysfunction, and can serve as a predictor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wunsch
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Milkiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-de-Québec &Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, 2705 Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-de-Québec &Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, 2705 Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.,Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery of the Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Shimizu M, Furuichi K, Toyama T, Yamahana J, Ohkawa R, Igarashi K, Aoki J, Kaneko S, Yatomi Y, Wada T. Serum Autotaxin Levels Are Associated with Proteinuria and Kidney Lesions in Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Biopsy-proven Diabetic Nephropathy. Intern Med 2016; 55:215-21. [PMID: 26831013 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the relationships between the serum autotaxin (ATX) levels and the clinical and pathological parameters, as well as the long-term renal outcome, in type 2 diabetic patients with biopsy-proven diabetic nephropathy. Methods In this retrospective single-center cohort study, serum samples were collected from 38 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with biopsy-proven diabetic nephropathy at the time of renal biopsy. The serum ATX levels were measured using a specific sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Results A multivariate linear regression analysis revealed the urinary protein excretion to be independently associated with the serum ATX levels. In addition, patients with serum ATX levels above the median showed more advanced diffuse lesions, nodular lesions and arteriolar hyalinosis compared to those with serum ATX levels below the median. However, high serum ATX levels were not associated with any increase in the number of renal composite events [a need for dialysis or a 50% decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline]. Conclusion The serum ATX levels in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy were associated with proteinuria and diabetic kidney lesions, although the serum ATX levels were not identified to be a predictive indicator for the renal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shimizu
- Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan
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Federico L, Jeong KJ, Vellano CP, Mills GB. Autotaxin, a lysophospholipase D with pleomorphic effects in oncogenesis and cancer progression. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:25-35. [PMID: 25977291 PMCID: PMC4689343 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 2, more commonly known as autotaxin (ATX), is an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene. ATX is expressed in multiple tissues and participates in numerous key physiologic and pathologic processes, including neural development, obesity, inflammation, and oncogenesis, through the generation of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid. Overwhelming evidence indicates that altered ATX activity leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression through the modulation of multiple hallmarks of cancer pathobiology. Here, we review the structural and catalytic characteristics of the ectoenzyme, how its expression and maturation processes are regulated, and how the systemic integration of its pleomorphic effects on cells and tissues may contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. Additionally, the up-to-date spectrum of the most frequent ATX genomic alterations from The Cancer Genome Atlas project is reported for a subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Federico
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Stein AJ, Bain G, Prodanovich P, Santini AM, Darlington J, Stelzer NMP, Sidhu RS, Schaub J, Goulet L, Lonergan D, Calderon I, Evans JF, Hutchinson JH. Structural Basis for Inhibition of Human Autotaxin by Four Potent Compounds with Distinct Modes of Binding. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:982-92. [PMID: 26371182 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is a bioactive phospholipid that regulates diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival/apoptosis, through the activation of a family of G protein-coupled receptors. The ATX-LPA pathway has been implicated in many pathologic conditions, including cancer, fibrosis, inflammation, cholestatic pruritus, and pain. Therefore, ATX inhibitors represent an attractive strategy for the development of therapeutics to treat a variety of diseases. Mouse and rat ATX have been crystallized previously with LPA or small-molecule inhibitors bound. Here, we present the crystal structures of human ATX in complex with four previously unpublished, structurally distinct ATX inhibitors. We demonstrate that the mechanism of inhibition of each compound reflects its unique interactions with human ATX. Our studies may provide a basis for the rational design of novel ATX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Stein
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Gretchen Bain
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Pat Prodanovich
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Angelina M Santini
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Janice Darlington
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Nina M P Stelzer
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Ranjinder S Sidhu
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Jeffrey Schaub
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Lance Goulet
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Dave Lonergan
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Imelda Calderon
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - Jilly F Evans
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
| | - John H Hutchinson
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.J.S., N.M.P.S., R.S.S., J.S.); and PharmAkea, San Diego, California (G.B., P.P., A.M.S., J.D., L.G., D.L., I.C., J.F.E., J.H.H.)
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Murph MM, Jiang GW, Altman MK, Jia W, Nguyen DT, Fambrough JM, Hardman WJ, Nguyen HT, Tran SK, Alshamrani AA, Madan D, Zhang J, Prestwich GD. Vinyl sulfone analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine irreversibly inhibit autotaxin and prevent angiogenesis in melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5999-6013. [PMID: 26190462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an enzyme discovered in the conditioned medium of cultured melanoma cells and identified as a protein that strongly stimulates motility. This unique ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase facilitates the removal of a choline headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to yield lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is a potent lipid stimulator of tumorigenesis. Thus, ATX has received renewed attention because it has a prominent role in malignant progression with significant translational potential. Specifically, we sought to develop active site-targeted irreversible inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological activity of an LPC-mimetic electrophilic affinity label that targets the active site of ATX, which has a critical threonine residue that acts as a nucleophile in the lysophospholipase D reaction to liberate choline. We synthesized a set of quaternary ammonium derivative-containing vinyl sulfone analogs of LPC that function as irreversible inhibitors of ATX and inactivate the enzyme. The analogs were tested in cell viability assays using multiple cancer cell lines. The IC50 values ranged from 6.74 to 0.39 μM, consistent with a Ki of 3.50 μM for inhibition of ATX by the C16H33 vinyl sulfone analog CVS-16 (10b). A phenyl vinyl sulfone control compound, PVS-16, lacking the choline-like quaternary ammonium mimicking head group moiety, had little effect on cell viability and did not inhibit ATX. Most importantly, CVS-16 (10b) significantly inhibited melanoma progression in an in vivo tumor model by preventing angiogenesis. Taken together, this suggests that CVS-16 (10b) is a potent and irreversible ATX inhibitor with significant biological activity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi M Murph
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - Guowei W Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States
| | - Molly K Altman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Duy T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jada M Fambrough
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - William J Hardman
- The University of Georgia and Georgia Regents University Medical Partnership, 1425 Prince Avenue, Athens, GA 30606, United States
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Sterling K Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Ali A Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Damian Madan
- Echelon Biosciences Incorporated, 675 Arapeen Way, Suite 302, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States.
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Tabuchi S. The autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid-lysophosphatidic acid receptor cascade: proposal of a novel potential therapeutic target for treating glioblastoma multiforme. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:56. [PMID: 26084470 PMCID: PMC4477515 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Its prognosis is one of the worst among all cancer types, and it is considered a fatal malignancy, incurable with conventional therapeutic strategies. As the bioactive multifunctional lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is well recognized to be involved in the tumorigenesis of cancers by acting on G-protein-coupled receptors, LPA receptor (LPAR) antagonists and LPA synthesis inhibitors have been proposed as promising drugs for cancer treatment. Six LPARs, named LPA1-6, are currently recognized. Among them, LPA1 is the dominant LPAR in the CNS and is highly expressed in GBM in combination with the overexpression of autotaxin (ATX), the enzyme (a phosphodiesterase, which is a potent cell motility-stimulating factor) that produces LPA.Invasion is a defining hallmark of GBM. LPA is significantly related to cell adhesion, cell motility, and invasion through the Rho family GTPases Rho and Rac. LPA1 is responsible for LPA-driven cell motility, which is attenuated by LPA4. GBM is among the most vascular human tumors. Although anti-angiogenic therapy (through the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) was established, sufficient results have not been obtained because of the increased invasiveness triggered by anti-angiogenesis. As both ATX and LPA play a significant role in angiogenesis, similar to VEGF, inhibition of the ATX/LPA axis may be beneficial as a two-pronged therapy that includes anti-angiogenic and anti-invasion therapy. Conventional approaches to GBM are predominantly directed at cell proliferation. Recurrent tumors regrow from cells that have invaded brain tissues and are less proliferative, and are thus quite resistant to conventional drugs and radiation, which preferentially kill rapidly proliferating cells. A novel approach that targets this invasive subpopulation of GBM cells may improve the prognosis of GBM. Patients with GBM that contacts the subventricular zone (SVZ) have decreased survival. A putative source of GBM cells is the SVZ, the largest area of neurogenesis in the adult human brain. GBM stem cells in the SVZ that are positive for the neural stem cell surface antigen CD133 are highly tumorigenic and enriched in recurrent GBM. LPA1 expression appears to be increased in these cells. Here, the author reviews research on the ATX/LPAR axis, focusing on GBM and an ATX/LPAR-targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaharu Tabuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, 730 Ezu, Tottori, 680-0901, Japan.
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Tokuhara Y, Kurano M, Shimamoto S, Igarashi K, Nojiri T, Kobayashi T, Masuda A, Ikeda H, Nagamatsu T, Fujii T, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. A New Enzyme Immunoassay for the Quantitative Determination of Classical Autotaxins (ATXα, ATXβ, and ATXγ) and Novel Autotaxins (ATXδ and ATXε). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130074. [PMID: 26083365 PMCID: PMC4471343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that converts lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid, a potent bioactive lipid mediator, through its lysophospholipase D activity. Although five alternative splicing isoforms of ATX have been identified as ATXα, ATXβ, ATXγ, ATXδ, and ATXε and the expression patterns of each isoform differ among several tissues, the clinical significance of each isoform remains to be elucidated. Methods Anti-ATXβ and anti-ATXδ monoclonal antibodies were produced by immunization with recombinant human ATXβ and ATXδ expressed using a baculovirus system, respectively. We then developed enzyme immunoassays to measure the serum concentrations of “classical ATX” (ATXα, ATXβ, and ATXγ) and “novel ATX” (ATXδ and ATXε) antigens and evaluated the usefulness of these assays using human serum samples. Results The with-run and between-run precision, interference, detection limit, and linearity studies for the present assay were well validated. In healthy subjects, the serum concentrations of classical ATX and novel ATX were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in women than in men, while the ratios of classical ATX or novel ATX to total ATX were not different between women and men. The concentrations of both classical ATX and novel ATX in normal pregnant subjects and patients with chronic liver diseases or follicular lymphoma were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects, while the ratio of both ATX isoforms to total ATX did not vary among these groups. Conclusions We have developed a new enzyme immunoassay to determine the concentrations of classical ATX and novel ATX in human serum. These assays may be helpful for elucidating the distinct functional roles of each ATX isoform, which are largely unknown at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Tokuhara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Saitama, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Saitama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimamoto
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nojiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Masuda
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Saitama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Saitama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Saitama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Yukiura H, Kano K, Kise R, Inoue A, Aoki J. Autotaxin overexpression causes embryonic lethality and vascular defects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126734. [PMID: 25992708 PMCID: PMC4438000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secretory protein, which converts lysophospholipids to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and is essential for embryonic vascular formation. ATX is abundantly detected in various biological fluids and its level is elevated in some pathophysiological conditions. However, the roles of elevated ATX levels remain to be elucidated. In this study, we generated conditional transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing ATX and examined the effects of excess LPA signalling. We found that ATX overexpression in the embryonic period caused severe vascular defects and was lethal around E9.5. ATX was conditionally overexpressed in the neonatal period using the Cre/loxP system, which resulted in a marked increase in the plasma LPA level. This resulted in retinal vascular defects including abnormal vascular plexus and increased vascular regression. Our findings indicate that the ATX level must be carefully regulated to ensure coordinated vascular formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yukiura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980–8578, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980–8578, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kise
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980–8578, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980–8578, Japan
- PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6–3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980–8578, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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50
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Barbayianni E, Kaffe E, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, as a promising therapeutic target in chronic inflammation and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:76-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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