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Lill CB, Fitter S, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K, Noll JE. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemoresistance in paediatric pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9. [PMID: 39102101 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Paediatric patients with relapsed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) have poor prognosis, as relapse-causing clones are often refractory to common chemotherapeutics. While the molecular mechanisms leading to chemoresistance are varied, significant evidence suggests interactions between B-ALL blasts and cells within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate chemotherapy sensitivity. Importantly, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and BM adipocytes are known to support B-ALL cells through multiple distinct molecular mechanisms. This review discusses the contribution of integrin-mediated B-ALL/BM-MSC signalling and asparagine supplementation in B-ALL chemoresistance. In addition, the role of adipocytes in sequestering anthracyclines and generating a BM niche favourable for B-ALL survival is explored. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of BM-MSCs and adipocytes in promoting a quiescent and chemoresistant B-ALL phenotype. Novel treatments which target these mechanisms are discussed herein, and are needed to improve dismal outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Lill
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
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2
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Saluja S, Bansal I, Bhardwaj R, Beg MS, Palanichamy JK. Inflammation as a driver of hematological malignancies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1347402. [PMID: 38571491 PMCID: PMC10987768 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1347402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a tightly regulated process that produces all adult blood cells and immune cells from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs usually remain quiescent, and in the presence of external stimuli like infection or inflammation, they undergo division and differentiation as a compensatory mechanism. Normal hematopoiesis is impacted by systemic inflammation, which causes HSCs to transition from quiescence to emergency myelopoiesis. At the molecular level, inflammatory cytokine signaling molecules such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, interleukins, and toll-like receptors can all cause HSCs to multiply directly. These cytokines actively encourage HSC activation, proliferation, and differentiation during inflammation, which results in the generation and activation of immune cells required to combat acute injury. The bone marrow niche provides numerous soluble and stromal cell signals, which are essential for maintaining normal homeostasis and output of the bone marrow cells. Inflammatory signals also impact this bone marrow microenvironment called the HSC niche to regulate the inflammatory-induced hematopoiesis. Continuous pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine activation can have detrimental effects on the hematopoietic system, which can lead to cancer development, HSC depletion, and bone marrow failure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage DNA and ultimately lead to the transformation of HSCs into cancerous cells, are produced due to chronic inflammation. The biological elements of the HSC niche produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause clonal growth and the development of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in hematological malignancies. The processes underlying how inflammation affects hematological malignancies are still not fully understood. In this review, we emphasize the effects of inflammation on normal hematopoiesis, the part it plays in the development and progression of hematological malignancies, and potential therapeutic applications for targeting these pathways for therapy in hematological malignancies.
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Koch C, Fischer NC, Puchert M, Engele J. Interactions of the chemokines CXCL11 and CXCL12 in human tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1335. [PMID: 36539774 PMCID: PMC9768901 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokines, CXCL12 and CXCL11, are upregulated in tumors from many organs and control their progression. CXCL12 and CXCL11 affect tumor cell functions by either binding their prime receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR3, respectively, and/or CXCR7 as a common second chemokine receptor. In humans, CXCR3 exists in the functional splice variants, CXCR3A and CXCR3B, which either have pro- or anti-tumor activity, respectively. Despite the intimate crosstalk between the CXCL12- and CXCL11-system, the impact of a combination of CXCL12 and CXCL11 on tumor progression remains vague. METHODS In the present work, we have analyzed CXCL12 and CXCL11 for combined effects on migration, invasion, proliferation, and cytostatic-induced apoptosis of the human tumor cells, A549, A767, A772, DLD-1, and MDA-MB-231. RESULTS We demonstrate that the mode of interaction differs with respect to cell type and function and allows for either potentiation, attenuation or no changes of cellular responses. The divergent responses are not the result of the distinct use of different CXCL12- and CXCL11-receptors by the respective tumor cells, but in case of cell migration seem to be associated with the activation of p38 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings point to therapeutic limitations of ongoing efforts to selectively target CXCR3, CXCR4, or CXCR7 in cancer patients, and rather favor individualized targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koch
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Charlotte Fischer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Puchert
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Engele
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Pan C, Fang Q, Liu P, Ma D, Cao S, Zhang L, Chen Q, Hu T, Wang J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells With Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Like Phenotype Stimulate SDF-1/CXCR4 Axis to Enhance the Growth and Invasion of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells Through Cell-to-Cell Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708513. [PMID: 34733839 PMCID: PMC8558501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are the stromal cells in the leukemia microenvironment, and can obtain cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype under certain conditions to further promote leukemia progression. However, the mechanism of MSCs with CAF-like phenotype interacting with leukemia cells in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and promoting the progression of B-ALL remains unclear. Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells with CAF-like phenotype were obtained by treating MSCs with recombinant human transforming growth factor-β (rhTGF-β), hereafter referred to as TGF-β conditioned MSCs. In vivo mouse model experiments, in vitro transwell chamber experiments, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models, lentiviral transfection and other experimental methods were used to investigate the possible mechanism of the interaction between TGF-β conditioned MSCs and leukemia cells in promoting the growth, migration and invasion of B-ALL cells. Results: Compared with untreated MSCs, TGF-β conditioned MSCs significantly promoted the growth and proliferation of leukemia cells in mice, and increased the expression of CXCR4 in tumor tissues. In vitro cell experiments, TGF-β conditioned MSCs obviously promoted the migration and invasion of Nalm-6/RS4;11 cells, which were effectively blocked by the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100, thereby inhibiting the secretion of MMP-9 in TGF-β conditioned MSCs and inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in leukemia cells. Further, findings were made that the interaction between TGF-β conditioned MSCs and leukemia cells were mediated by the interaction between the integrin receptor α5β1 on the surface of leukemia cells and the increased expression of fibronectin on TGF-β conditioned MSCs. AMD3100 could weaken such effect by reducing the expression of integrin α5β1 on leukemia cells. Further regulation of integrin β1 could effectively interfere with the interaction between TGF-β conditioned MSCs and leukemia cells. Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cells with CAF-like phenotype could be a key factor in promoting the growth and invasion of B-ALL cells, and the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis might be a significant factor in mediating the communication of MSCs with CAF-like phenotype and leukemia cells. To prevent the progression of B-ALL cells, blocking the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis with AMD3100 or targeting integrin β1 might be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Province Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre and Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuyun Cao
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Luxin Zhang
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Qingzhen Chen
- Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Tianzhen Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Haematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Hematological Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Province Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre and Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Guiyang, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Su L, Hu Z, Yang YG. Role of CXCR4 in the progression and therapy of acute leukaemia. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13076. [PMID: 34050566 PMCID: PMC8249790 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is expressed on leukaemia cells and haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and its ligand stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is produced abundantly by stromal cells in the bone marrow (BM). The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays important roles in homing to and retention in the protective BM microenvironment of malignant leukaemia cells and normal HSCs. CXCR4 expression is regulated by multiple mechanisms and the level of CXCR4 expression on leukaemia cells has prognostic indications in patients with acute leukaemia. CXCR4 antagonists can mobilize leukaemia cells from BM to circulation, which render them effectively eradicated by chemotherapeutic agents, small molecular inhibitors or hypomethylating agents. Therefore, such combinational therapies have been tested in clinical trials. However, new evidence emerged that drug-resistant leukaemia cells were not affected by CXCR4 antagonists, and the migration of certain leukaemia cells to the leukaemia niche was independent of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. In this review, we summarize the role of CXCR4 in progression and treatment of acute leukaemia, with a focus on the potential of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target for acute leukaemia. We also discuss the potential value of using CXCR4 antagonists as chemosensitizer for conditioning regimens and immunosensitizer for graft-vs-leukaemia effects of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Su
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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6
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Hong Z, Wei Z, Xie T, Fu L, Sun J, Zhou F, Jamal M, Zhang Q, Shao L. Targeting chemokines for acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33743810 PMCID: PMC7981899 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid hematopoietic precursors. It is regulated by various signaling molecules such as cytokines and adhesion molecules in its microenvironment. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that regulate migration, positioning and interactions of cells. Many chemokine axes such as CXCL12/CXCR4 and CCL25/CCR9 have been proved to play important roles in leukemia microenvironment and further affect ALL outcomes. In this review, we summarize the chemokines that are involved in ALL progression and elaborate on their roles and mechanisms in leukemia cell proliferation, infiltration, drug resistance and disease relapse. We also discuss the potential of targeting chemokine axes for ALL treatments, since many related inhibitors have shown promising efficacy in preclinical trials, and some of them have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Hong
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zimeng Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Fu
- The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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7
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CD9, a key actor in the dissemination of lymphoblastic leukemia, modulating CXCR4-mediated migration via RAC1 signaling. Blood 2015; 126:1802-12. [PMID: 26320102 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-628560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD9, a member of the tetraspanin family, has been implicated in hematopoietic and leukemic stem cell homing. We investigated the role of CD9 in the dissemination of B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells, by stably downregulating CD9 in REH and NALM6 cells. CD9 expression was associated with higher levels of REH cell adhesion to fibronectin and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-mediated migration. Death occurred later in NOD/SCID mice receiving REH cells depleted of CD9 for transplantation than in mice receiving control cells. After C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) stimulation, CD9 promoted the formation of long cytoplasmic actin-rich protrusions. We demonstrated that CD9 enhanced RAC1 activation, in both REH cells and blasts from patients. Conversely, the overexpression of a competing CD9 C-terminal tail peptide in REH cytoplasm decreased RAC1 activation and cytoplasmic extension formation in response to CXCL12. Finally, the inhibition of RAC1 activation decreased migration in vitro, and the depletion of RAC1 protein from transplanted REH cells increased mouse survival. Furthermore, a testis-conditioned medium induced the migration of REH and NALM6 cells, and this migration was impeded by an anti-CD9 antibody. The level of CD9 expression also influenced the homing of these cells in mouse testes. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that CD9 plays a key role in the CXCR4-mediated migration and engraftment of B-ALL cells in the bone marrow or testis, through RAC1 activation.
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8
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Jiang K, Li J, Yin J, Ma Q, Yan B, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang L, Liu T, Zhang Y, Fan Q, Yang A, Qiu X, Ma B. Targeted delivery of CXCR4-siRNA by scFv for HER2+ breast cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2015; 59:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Roccaro AM, Mishima Y, Sacco A, Moschetta M, Tai YT, Shi J, Zhang Y, Reagan MR, Huynh D, Kawano Y, Sahin I, Chiarini M, Manier S, Cea M, Aljawai Y, Glavey S, Morgan E, Pan C, Michor F, Cardarelli P, Kuhne M, Ghobrial IM. CXCR4 Regulates Extra-Medullary Myeloma through Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition-like Transcriptional Activation. Cell Rep 2015; 12:622-35. [PMID: 26190113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-medullary disease (EMD) in multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. However, molecular alterations that lead to EMD have not been well defined. We developed bone marrow (BM)- and EMD-prone MM syngeneic cell lines; identified that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional patterns were significantly enriched in both clones compared to parental cells, together with higher levels of CXCR4 protein; and demonstrated that CXCR4 enhanced the acquisition of an EMT-like phenotype in MM cells with a phenotypic conversion for invasion, leading to higher bone metastasis and EMD dissemination in vivo. In contrast, CXCR4 silencing led to inhibited tumor growth and reduced survival. Ulocuplumab, a monoclonal anti-CXCR4 antibody, inhibited MM cell dissemination, supported by suppression of the CXCR4-driven EMT-like phenotype. These results suggest that targeting CXCR4 may act as a regulator of EMD through EMT-like transcriptional modulation, thus representing a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent MM disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo M Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuji Mishima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michele Moschetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiantao Shi
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Maine Medical Center Research Institute (MMCRI), Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Daisy Huynh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yawara Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ilyas Sahin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Spedali Civili di Brescia, Centro per la Ricerca Onco-ematologica AIL (CREA), 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Salomon Manier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michele Cea
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yosra Aljawai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Siobhan Glavey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chin Pan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Effects of p38α/β inhibition on acute lymphoblastic leukemia proliferation and survival in vivo. Leukemia 2015; 29:2307-16. [PMID: 26104660 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
P38α/β has been described as a tumor-suppressor controlling cell cycle checkpoints and senescence in epithelial malignancies. However, p38α/β also regulates other cellular processes. Here, we describe a role of p38α/β as a regulator of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) proliferation and survival in experimental ALL models. We also report first evidence that p38α/β phosphorylation is associated with the occurrence of relapses in TEL-AML1-positive leukemia. First, in vitro experiments show that p38α/β signaling is induced in a cyclical manner upon initiation of proliferation and remains activated during log-phase of cell growth. Next, we provide evidence that growth-permissive signals in the bone marrow activate p38α/β in a novel avian ALL model, in which therapeutic targeting can be tested. We further demonstrate that p38α/β inhibition by small molecules can suppress leukemic expansion and prolong survival of mice bearing ALL cell lines and primary cells. Knockdown of p38α strongly delays leukemogenesis in mice xenografted with cell lines. Finally, we show that in xenografted TEL-AML1 patients, ex vivo p38α/β phosphorylation is associated with an inferior long-term relapse-free survival. We propose p38α/β as a mediator of proliferation and survival in ALL and show first preclinical evidence for p38α/β inhibition as an adjunct approach to conventional therapies.
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11
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Vilchis-Ordoñez A, Contreras-Quiroz A, Vadillo E, Dorantes-Acosta E, Reyes-López A, Quintela-Nuñez del Prado HM, Venegas-Vázquez J, Mayani H, Ortiz-Navarrete V, López-Martínez B, Pelayo R. Bone Marrow Cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Create a Proinflammatory Microenvironment Influencing Normal Hematopoietic Differentiation Fates. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:386165. [PMID: 26090405 PMCID: PMC4450234 DOI: 10.1155/2015/386165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a serious public health problem in the pediatric population worldwide, contributing to 85% of deaths from childhood cancers. Understanding the biology of the disease is crucial for its clinical management and the development of therapeutic strategies. In line with that observed in other malignancies, chronic inflammation may contribute to a tumor microenvironment resulting in the damage of normal processes, concomitant to development and maintenance of neoplastic cells. We report here that hematopoietic cells from bone marrow B-ALL have the ability to produce proinflammatory and growth factors, including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12, and GM-CSF that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of normal stem and progenitor cells. Our findings suggest an apparently distinct CD13(+)CD33(+) population of leukemic cells contributing to a proinflammatory microenvironment that may be detrimental to long-term normal hematopoiesis within B-ALL bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Vilchis-Ordoñez
- “Federico Gómez” Children's Hospital, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security, Avenida Cuauhtemoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
- Clinical Biochemistry Program, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Adriana Contreras-Quiroz
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security, Avenida Cuauhtemoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, CINVESTAV, 07360 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vadillo
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security, Avenida Cuauhtemoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Venegas-Vázquez
- UMAE “Dr. Victorio de la Fuente Narvaéz”, Mexican Institute for Social Security, 07760 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Hector Mayani
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security, Avenida Cuauhtemoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rosana Pelayo
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security, Avenida Cuauhtemoc 330, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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de Lourdes Perim A, Amarante MK, Guembarovski RL, de Oliveira CEC, Watanabe MAE. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the pathogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): a possible therapeutic target. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1715-23. [PMID: 25572297 PMCID: PMC11113340 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood malignancy, accounting for approximately 80 % of leukemia in the pediatric group, and its etiology is unknown. This neoplasia is characterized by male predominance, high-risk features and poor outcome, mainly in recurrence patients and adults. In recent years, advances in the success of childhood ALL treatment were verified, and the rate of cure is over 80 % of individuals. However, there is a considerable scope for improving therapeutic outcome in this neoplasia. Improvements in ALL therapy might readily be achieved by developing additional biomarkers that can predict and refine prognosis in patients with ALL. In normal hematopoietic cells, cytokines provide the stimulus for proliferation, survival, self-renewal, differentiation and functional activation. Abnormalities of cytokines are characteristic in all forms of leukemia, including ALL. The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) is a member of the CXC chemokine family that binds to CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis appears to play a role in dissemination of solid tumors and hematopoietic diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which ALL cells are disseminated will provide additional information to expand therapeutic approach. Therefore, this review summarizes information relating to ALL cell biology, focusing specifically in a cytokine receptor important axis, CXCL12/CXCR4, that may have implications for novel treatment strategies to improve life expectancy of patients with this neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Lourdes Perim
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, PR 86038-440 Brazil
| | - Marla Karine Amarante
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, PR 86038-440 Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário-Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina, PR 86051-970 Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Coral de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário-Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina, PR 86051-970 Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário-Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina, PR 86051-970 Brazil
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Liesveld J. Plerixafor: potential role in acute leukemia therapy. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Hu Y, Xiong Q, Yang Y, Wang H, Shu C, Xu W, Fang X, Hu S. Integrated analysis of gene expression and microRNA regulation in three leukemia-related lymphoblastic cell lines. Gene 2015; 564:39-52. [PMID: 25796601 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RNA-sequencing technology is progressively being applied in various fields since high-throughput data analysis provides deeper mining on both the genomic and transcriptomic level. Lymphoblastic leukemogenesis is a complex process caused by abnormalities occurring during lymphocyte differentiation, and can be initiated by various triggers. Each leukemia subtype has distinct characteristics that can be identified in the corresponding cell lines; the detection of the exclusive genetic signatures of these varying cell lines is critical. Our analysis revealed that approximately 8000 human genes were differentially expressed between samples. Signaling pathways such as the NOD-like signaling pathway, cell surface receptor signaling pathways, and leukemia-related pathways were significantly regulated, as determined by KEGG annotation. Furthermore, several oncogenes and differentiation-related genes were differentially expressed between leukemia cell lines and lymphocyte types, respectively. Our miRNA analysis demonstrated that the expression of approximately one-third of all expressed miRNAs appeared to be significantly different between the leukemia cell lines studied. We also analyzed the mRNA-miRNA regulatory networks of both lymphocyte differentiation and leukemogenesis to determine key regulators of interest. We combined the results of the mRNA and miRNA analyses in order to investigate the regulatory relationship between them. This study not only identifies differences in the pathways and networks of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) relative to normal lymphocytes, but also identifies unique functional characteristics of lymphoid cells and distinct gene expression patterns during lymphoid development. The discovery of leukemia-related miRNAs may provide meaningful insights into the biology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qian Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yadong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chang Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-104 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China.
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Mer tyrosine kinase promotes the survival of t(1;19)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the central nervous system (CNS). Blood 2015; 125:820-30. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-583062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Mer mediates quiescence and chemotherapy resistance in a CNS coculture model and causes CNS infiltration in immunodeficient mice. Mer expression correlates with CNS positivity upon initial diagnosis in t(1;19)-positive pediatric ALL patients.
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16
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Mazur G, Butrym A, Kryczek I, Dlubek D, Jaskula E, Lange A, Kuliczkowski K, Jelen M. Decreased expression of CXCR4 chemokine receptor in bone marrow after chemotherapy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas is a good prognostic factor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98194. [PMID: 24859274 PMCID: PMC4032278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CXCR4 chemokine receptor is constitutively expressed on normal and malignant B lymphocytes derived from patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and has a significant role in cell migration to lymph nodes and bone marrow. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) constitute a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases, which can localize not only to lymph nodes, but also can migrate to peripheral blood and metastase to other organs, including bone marrow. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine CXCR4 gene expression in peripheral blood and bone marrow of NHL patients before and after treatment. Methods Samples of lymphoma lymph nodes, peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirates of patients with B-cell NHL were taken at diagnosis and after chemotherapy. Gene expression was determined by the reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction method. Expression was estimated from 0 AU (no amplificate signal) to 3 AU (maximal amplificate signal). Results No significant difference in the level of CXCR4 expression was found in reactive lymph nodes compared to lymphoma samples We observed high level of CXCR4 expression in most patients before treatment: in bone marrow: 3 AU-10 pts, 2 AU–8 pts, 1 AU–2 pts. In peripheral blood: 3 AU–14 pts, 2 AU–4 pts, 1 AU–1 pts, 0 AU–1 pts. After chemotherapy, significant decrease in CXCR4 expression was observed. Bone marrow: 3 AU–5 pts, 2 AU–7 pts, 1 AU–5 pts, 0 AU–3 pts (p = 0.03). Peripheral blood: 3 AU–2 pts, 2 AU–6 pts, 1 AU–10 pts, 0 AU–2 pts (p = 0.0002). There was a good response to treatment in patients with significant decrease of CXCR4 expression in the bone marrow after treatment with 10-fold lower risk of death (p = 0.03). Conclusions Decrease in CXCR4 expression in the bone marrow of NHL patients after chemotherapy may be a good prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mazur
- Dept. of Internal and Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Butrym
- Dept. of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Dlubek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Jaskula
- Department of Clinical Immunology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lange
- Department of Clinical Immunology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kuliczkowski
- Dept. of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michal Jelen
- Division of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Uckun FM, Pitt J, Qazi S. JAK3 pathway is constitutively active in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 11:37-48. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Guihard S, Peyrouze P, Cheok MH. Pharmacogenomic considerations of xenograft mouse models of acute leukemia. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 13:1759-72. [PMID: 23171339 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of combination chemotherapy to cure acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and acute myeloid leukemia in adults emerged for acute myeloid leukemia in the 1960s and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the 1980s as a paradigm for curing any disseminated cancer. This article summarizes recent developments and considerations in the use of acute leukemia xenografts established in immunodeficient mice to elucidate the genetic and genomic basis of acute leukemia pathogenesis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Guihard
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, INSERM U837, Institute for Cancer Research, 1 Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille Cedex, France
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19
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Hu T, Yao Y, Yu S, Guo H, Han L, Wang W, Tian T, Hao Y, Liu Z, Nan K, Wang S. Clinicopathologic significance of CXCR4 and Nrf2 in colorectal cancer. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:283-90. [PMID: 23885267 PMCID: PMC3721036 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20130069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The CXCR4 and Nrf2 signaling pathways are abnormally activated in response to cellular stress in various types of human cancers. In this study, we examined the expression of CXCR4 and Nrf2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue specimens and investigated their correlation with patient clinicopathologic characteristics. We determined CXCR4 and Nrf2 expression in 76 CRC tissue specimens and paired normal tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. We found that the protein and mRNA transcript levels of CXCR4 were significantly higher in CRC tissue specimens than in paired normal tissues, while the expressions of Nrf2 protein and mRNA were increased in CRC tissues compared to distant non-cancerous tissues. High expression level of CXCR4 was positively correlated with poorly differentiated (P = 0.031), more advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.019), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.007) and distant metastasis (P = 0.018). However, the expression of Nrf2 protein was positively correlated with larger tumor size (P = 0.049), more advanced TNM stage (P = 0.013), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.016) and distant metastasis (P = 0.023). Moreover, there was a strong relationship between CXCR4 and Nrf2 expression in CRC tissues, indicating that high Nrf2 expression may contribute to CXCR4 overexpression. In addition, combined expression of CXCR4 and Nrf2 strongly correlated with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P = 0.003). Furthermore, we found that combined high expression of CXCR4 and Nrf2 had stronger correlation with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis than any single molecule did. This study indicated that the abnormal expression of CXCR4 and Nrf2 contributed to the progression of CRC.
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20
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Gachet S, Genescà E, Passaro D, Irigoyen M, Alcalde H, Clémenson C, Poglio S, Pflumio F, Janin A, Lasgi C, Dodier S, Soyer M, Duménil G, Ghysdael J. Leukemia-initiating cell activity requires calcineurin in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2013; 27:2289-300. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Baek SH, Kim SM, Nam D, Lee JH, Ahn KS, Choi SH, Kim SH, Shim BS, Chang IM, Ahn KS. Antimetastatic effect of nobiletin through the down-regulation of CXC chemokine receptor type 4 and matrix metallopeptidase-9. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1210-1218. [PMID: 22853317 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.664151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nobiletin is one of the citrus bioflavonoids and can be found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, tangerines, and grapefruits. The most studied properties of nobiletin are its anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. OBJECTIVE The exact mechanisms of how nobiletin inhibits tumor metastasis and invasion are still not fully understood. In this study, we screened various natural compounds to down-modulate the CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9). MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of nobiletin on the constitutive expressions of CXCR4 and MMP-9, MMP-9 enzymatic activity, associated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation, and tumor cell invasion in human breast cancer cells was investigated. CXCR4 and MMP-9 expression were evaluated via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. NF-κB activation was also evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). In addition, the antimetastatic effects of nobiletin were determined by gelatin zymography and invasion assay. RESULTS Nobiletin down-regulated both the constitutive expressions of CXCR4 and MMP-9 in human breast cancer cells with IC(50) values of 32 and 24 µM, respectively. Nobiletin also suppressed MMP-9 enzymatic activity and tumor cell invasion under noncytotoxic concentrations. Neither proteasome inhibition nor lysosomal stabilization had any effect on the nobiletin-induced decrease in CXCR4 expression. A detailed study of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that the regulation of the down-regulation of CXCR4 and MMP-9 were at the transcriptional level, as indicated by the down-regulation of mRNA expression and the suppression of the constitutive NF-κB and MAPKs activation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results indicate, for the first time, that nobiletin is a novel blocker of CXCR4 and MMP-9 expressions and thus has the potential to suppress metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine and Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Purizaca J, Meza I, Pelayo R. Early lymphoid development and microenvironmental cues in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:89-101. [PMID: 22480783 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a hematological disorder characterized by malignant and uncontrolled proliferation of B-lymphoid precursor cells in bone marrow. Over the last few years remarkable advances have been made in identifying genetic aberrations, patterns of abnormal transcriptional activity controlling early fate decisions and environmental cues that may influence leukemic development. In this review we focus on the structure of the early lymphoid system and the current knowledge about cell composition and function of the hematopoietic microenvironment that might control progenitor cell activity and lead to differentiation, proliferation and survival of developing B leukemic precursors. Learning the biology of special leukemic niches is central to understanding the pathogenesis of B-ALL and for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Purizaca
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Castro FV, McGinn OJ, Krishnan S, Marinov G, Li J, Rutkowski AJ, Elkord E, Burt DJ, Holland M, Vaghjiani R, Gallego A, Saha V, Stern PL. 5T4 oncofetal antigen is expressed in high risk of relapse childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is associated with a more invasive and chemotactic phenotype. Leukemia 2012; 26:1487-98. [PMID: 22266911 PMCID: PMC3378689 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the overall prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is good, outcome after relapse is poor. Recurrence is frequently characterized by the occurrence of disease at extramedullary sites, such as the central nervous system and testes. Subpopulations of blasts able to migrate to such areas may have a survival advantage and give rise to disease recurrence. Gene expression profiling of 85 diagnostic pre-B-ALL bone marrow samples revealed higher 5T4 oncofetal antigen transcript levels in cytogenetic high-risk subgroups of patients (P<0.001). Flow cytometric analysis determined that bone marrow from relapse patients have a significantly higher percentage of 5T4-positive leukemic blasts than healthy donors (P=0.005). The high-risk Sup-B15 pre-B-ALL line showed heterogeneity in 5T4 expression, and the derived, 5T4(+) (Sup5T4) and 5T4(-) (Sup) subline cells, displayed differential spread to the omentum and ovaries following intraperitoneal inoculation of immunocompromised mice. Consistent with this, Sup5T4 compared with Sup cells show increased invasion in vitro concordant with increased LFA-1 and VLA-4 integrin expression, adhesion to extracellular matrix and secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2/-9). We also show that 5T4-positive Sup-B15 cells are susceptible to 5T4-specific superantigen antibody-dependent cellular toxicity providing support for targeted immunotherapy in high-risk pre-B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Castro
- Cancer Research UK Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Konoplev S, Jorgensen JL, Thomas DA, Lin E, Burger J, Kantarjian HM, Andreeff M, Medeiros LJ, Konopleva M. Phosphorylated CXCR4 is associated with poor survival in adults with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2011; 117:4689-95. [PMID: 21456010 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is activated by phosphorylation (pCXCR4) and is essential for the migration of hematopoietic precursors to bone marrow. CXCR4 overexpression predicts a poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Data regarding the prognostic impact of CXCR4 in patients with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) are sparse and limited to the pediatric population. METHODS The authors analyzed CXCR4 and pCXCR4 expression in 54 adults with newly diagnosed B-ALL. CXCR4 was assessed by flow cytometry (FC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an anti-CXCR4 antibody. pCXCR4 expression was assessed using an anti-pCXCR4 antibody. RESULTS The study group included 30 men and 24 women with a median age of 42 years (range, 17-84 years). Philadelphia chromosome was present in 19 patients. The median follow-up was 16 months (range, 17-84 months). Forty-nine patients had a complete response, and 12 patients relapsed with a median relapse free survival >120 weeks. Fifteen patients (28%) died with a median survival >125 weeks. CXCR4 detected by FC and IHC was highly correlated (P < .001). CXCR4 was not associated with clinical or laboratory findings or survival. In contrast, pCXCR4 was associated with higher leukocyte count (P = .006) and serum bilirubin level (P = .03). In multivariate analysis, pCXCR4 expression (P = .027), high serum creatinine level (P < .01), presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (P = .017), and late clinical response (P < .001) were associated with worse overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that detection of the activated form of CXCR4, pCXCR4, provides independent prognostic information in adult patients with B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Konoplev
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) stromal niche can protect acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells against the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents and is a possible source of relapse. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is a major determinant in the crosstalk between leukemic cells and BM stroma. In the current study, we investigated the use of AMD11070, an orally available, small molecule antagonist of CXCR4, as an ALL-sensitizing agent. This compound effectively blocked stromal-induced migration of human ALL cells in culture and disrupted pre-established adhesion to stroma. To examine how to optimally use this compound in vivo, several combinations with cytotoxic drugs were tested in a stromal co-culture system. The best treatment regimen was then tested in vivo. Mice transplanted with murine Bcr/Abl ALL cells survived significantly longer when treated with a combination of nilotinib and AMD11070. Similarly, immunocompromised mice transplanted with human ALL cells and treated with vincristine and AMD11070 had few circulating leukemic cells, normal spleens and reduced human CD19+ cells in the bone marrow at the termination of the experiment. These results show that combined treatment with AMD11070 may be of significant benefit in eradicating residual leukemia cells at locations where they would otherwise be protected by stroma.
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Akers SM, Rellick SL, Fortney JE, Gibson LF. Cellular elements of the subarachnoid space promote ALL survival during chemotherapy. Leuk Res 2011; 35:705-11. [PMID: 21269691 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CNS infiltration by leukemic cells remains a problematic disease manifestation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Prophylactic regimens for CNS leukemia including intrathecal chemotherapeutics have decreased CNS involvement in ALL, but are not without toxicities. Using co-culture models, we show that astrocytes, choroid plexus epithelial cells, and meningeal cells protect ALL cells from chemotherapy-induced cell death using drugs included in prophylactic regimens-cytarabine, dexamethasone, and methotrexate. Understanding how ALL cells survive in the CNS remains invaluable for designing strategies to prevent CNS leukemia and minimizing the need for treatment in this sensitive anatomical site where treatment-induced toxicity is of significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Akers
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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27
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Rhodes LV, Short SP, Neel NF, Salvo VA, Zhu Y, Elliott S, Wei Y, Yu D, Sun M, Muir SE, Fonseca JP, Bratton MR, Segar C, Tilghman SL, Sobolik-Delmaire T, Horton LW, Zaja-Milatovic S, Collins-Burow BM, Wadsworth S, Beckman BS, Wood CE, Fuqua SA, Nephew KP, Dent P, Worthylake RA, Curiel TJ, Hung MC, Richmond A, Burow ME. Cytokine receptor CXCR4 mediates estrogen-independent tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to endocrine therapy in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 71:603-13. [PMID: 21123450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen independence and progression to a metastatic phenotype are hallmarks of therapeutic resistance and mortality in breast cancer patients. Metastasis has been associated with chemokine signaling through the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis. Thus, the development of estrogen independence and endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer patients may be driven by SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling. Here we report that CXCR4 overexpression is indeed correlated with worse prognosis and decreased patient survival irrespective of the status of the estrogen receptor (ER). Constitutive activation of CXCR4 in poorly metastatic MCF-7 cells led to enhanced tumor growth and metastases that could be reversed by CXCR4 inhibition. CXCR4 overexpression in MCF-7 cells promoted estrogen independence in vivo, whereas exogenous SDF-1 treatment negated the inhibitory effects of treatment with the anti-estrogen ICI 182,780 on CXCR4-mediated tumor growth. The effects of CXCR4 overexpression were correlated with SDF-1-mediated activation of downstream signaling via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) and with an enhancement of ER-mediated gene expression. Together, these results show that enhanced CXCR4 signaling is sufficient to drive ER-positive breast cancers to a metastatic and endocrine therapy-resistant phenotype via increased MAPK signaling. Our findings highlight CXCR4 signaling as a rational therapeutic target for the treatment of ER-positive, estrogen-independent breast carcinomas needing improved clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay V Rhodes
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Saunders P, Cisterne A, Weiss J, Bradstock KF, Bendall LJ. The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) synergizes with chemotherapeutic agents, ionizing radiation and proteasome inhibitors in pre-B acute lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2010; 96:69-77. [PMID: 20952516 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.026997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite incremental improvements in outcomes for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, significant numbers of patients still die from this disease. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors have shown potential in vitro and in vivo as therapeutic agents against a range of tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS Flow cytometry was used to evaluate drug-induced cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines and patients' samples. Human xenografts in immunocompromised mice were used to assess the in vivo effects of selected combinations. Pharmacological inhibitors and lentiviral small interfering ribonucleic acid knock-down of p53 were used to investigate the mechanism of cell killing involved. RESULTS Synergistic interactions between RAD001 and cytotoxic agents were demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, with increased caspase-dependent killing. RAD001 suppressed p53 and p21 responses, while suppression of p53 did not prevent killing, indicating p53 independence. RAD001 and cytotoxic agents activated the JUN N-terminal kinase pathway and the combination further increased JUN N-terminal kinase activation. JUN N-terminal kinase inhibition reduced synergistic cell killing by cytotoxic agents and RAD001 in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines and patients' samples. Bortezomib and MG132, which activate the JUN N-terminal kinase pathway, also synergized with RAD001 in killing pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Killing was greater when RAD001 was combined with proteasome inhibitors than with cytotoxic drugs. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that combining mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors with conventional chemotherapy or selected novel agents has the potential to improve clinical responses in patients with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Saunders
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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Tavor S, Petit I. Can inhibition of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis eradicate acute leukemia? Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:178-85. [PMID: 20637871 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poor prognosis of acute leukemia with current treatments is mainly due to the relapse of the disease following chemotherapy. In the last decade, an emerging concept has proposed that the leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and their interactions with the BM microenvironment are the major cause of the acute leukemia relapse. Adhesion to the stromal niche is crucial for LSCs as it directly supports self-renewal, proliferation, arrest of differentiation and protects from damaging chemo-agents. One of the key players in this crosstalk between leukemic cells and the BM stroma niche is the chemokine SDF-1. SDF-1 regulates the process of homing and engraftment of LSCs into the BM and inhibition of its receptor CXCR4 induces leukemic cell mobilization into the circulation. However, besides its chemotactic and adhesive functions, SDF-1 is also a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates leukemic cell proliferation as well as their program of differentiation. CXCR4 antagonists are used in combination with chemotherapy in preclinical and clinical studies, which demonstrate that blocking CXCR4 is a novel promising approach of therapy. In this review, we focus on the multifaceted SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in acute leukemia and discuss how targeting this pathway could provide potential interest to eradicate the LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Tavor
- Institute of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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