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Parker A, Maclaren OJ, Fletcher AG, Muraro D, Kreuzaler PA, Byrne HM, Maini PK, Watson AJM, Pin C. Cell proliferation within small intestinal crypts is the principal driving force for cell migration on villi. FASEB J 2016; 31:636-649. [PMID: 27811059 PMCID: PMC5241155 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The functional integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier relies on tight coordination of cell proliferation and migration, with failure to regulate these processes resulting in disease. It is not known whether cell proliferation is sufficient to drive epithelial cell migration during homoeostatic turnover of the epithelium. Nor is it known precisely how villus cell migration is affected when proliferation is perturbed. Some reports suggest that proliferation and migration may not be related while other studies support a direct relationship. We used established cell-tracking methods based on thymine analog cell labeling and developed tailored mathematical models to quantify cell proliferation and migration under normal conditions and when proliferation is reduced and when it is temporarily halted. We found that epithelial cell migration velocities along the villi are coupled to cell proliferation rates within the crypts in all conditions. Furthermore, halting and resuming proliferation results in the synchronized response of cell migration on the villi. We conclude that cell proliferation within the crypt is the primary force that drives cell migration along the villus. This methodology can be applied to interrogate intestinal epithelial dynamics and characterize situations in which processes involved in cell turnover become uncoupled, including pharmacological treatments and disease models.—Parker, A., Maclaren, O. J., Fletcher, A. G., Muraro, D., Kreuzaler, P. A., Byrne, H. M., Maini, P. K., Watson, A. J. M., Pin, C. Cell proliferation within small intestinal crypts is the principal driving force for cell migration on villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Parker
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Maclaren
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Muraro
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Kreuzaler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carmen Pin
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom;
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Dunn SJ, Näthke IS, Osborne JM. Computational models reveal a passive mechanism for cell migration in the crypt. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80516. [PMID: 24260407 PMCID: PMC3832622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration in the intestinal crypt is essential for the regular renewal of the epithelium, and the continued upward movement of cells is a key characteristic of healthy crypt dynamics. However, the driving force behind this migration is unknown. Possibilities include mitotic pressure, active movement driven by motility cues, or negative pressure arising from cell loss at the crypt collar. It is possible that a combination of factors together coordinate migration. Here, three different computational models are used to provide insight into the mechanisms that underpin cell movement in the crypt, by examining the consequence of eliminating cell division on cell movement. Computational simulations agree with existing experimental results, confirming that migration can continue in the absence of mitosis. Importantly, however, simulations allow us to infer mechanisms that are sufficient to generate cell movement, which is not possible through experimental observation alone. The results produced by the three models agree and suggest that cell loss due to apoptosis and extrusion at the crypt collar relieves cell compression below, allowing cells to expand and move upwards. This finding suggests that future experiments should focus on the role of apoptosis and cell extrusion in controlling cell migration in the crypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara-Jane Dunn
- Computational Science Laboratory, Microsoft Research Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Inke S. Näthke
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Osborne
- Computational Science Laboratory, Microsoft Research Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Kershaw SK, Byrne HM, Gavaghan DJ, Osborne JM. Colorectal cancer through simulation and experiment. IET Syst Biol 2013; 7:57-73. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2012.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie K. Kershaw
- Department of Computer ScienceComputational Biology GroupWolfson Building, Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QDUK
| | - Helen M. Byrne
- Department of Computer ScienceComputational Biology GroupWolfson Building, Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QDUK
- OCCAM, Mathematical Institute24-29 St. Giles’OxfordOX1 3LBUK
| | - David J. Gavaghan
- Department of Computer ScienceComputational Biology GroupWolfson Building, Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QDUK
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Centre for Integrative Systems BiologySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - James M. Osborne
- Department of Computer ScienceComputational Biology GroupWolfson Building, Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QDUK
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Centre for Integrative Systems BiologySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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Sun Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Mao X, Peng X, Peng Y. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated intestinal trefoil factor gene therapy for burn-induced intestinal mucosal injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62429. [PMID: 23638081 PMCID: PMC3634752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) is a small polypeptide with potential medical values whose main pharmacological effects are to alleviate gastrointestinal mucosal injury caused by various injury factors and promote the repair of damaged mucosa. However, its low yield limits its application. The purpose of our study was to construct a recombinant adenoviral vector containing the hITF gene and observe the therapeutic effect of burn-induced intestinal mucosal injury using in vitro and in vivo analysis. First, a recombinant shuttle plasmid was constructed by ligating a pAdTrack-CMV vector with a full-length hITF gene containing a signal peptide and the mature peptide, followed by the recombinant Ad-hITF adenovirus vector after linearization and homologous recombination with the backbone plasmid in the competent BJ5183 strain. Second, the hITF expression level was detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting after Ad-hITF infection of colon cancer HT-29 cells. The recombinant adenovirus significantly promoted cell migration in an in vitro wounding model. Finally, we confirmed that the recombinant adenovirus could significantly expedite the healing of intestinal mucosal injury after establishing a mouse model in which severe burns were stimulated and the recombinant adenovirus was delivered by intragastric injection. In summary, we constructed a recombinant adenoviral vector containing the hITF gene and confirmed its role in promoting repair of the intestinal mucosa. Our study provides a novel way to treat burn-induced intestinal mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, Plastic Surgery Center, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (YZP)
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liangxi Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Plastic Surgery Center, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Mao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Plastic Surgery Center, No. 97 Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (YZP)
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Mirams GR, Fletcher AG, Maini PK, Byrne HM. A theoretical investigation of the effect of proliferation and adhesion on monoclonal conversion in the colonic crypt. J Theor Biol 2012; 312:143-56. [PMID: 22902425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The surface epithelium lining the intestinal tract renews itself rapidly by a coordinated programme of cell proliferation, migration and differentiation events that is initiated in the crypts of Lieberkühn. It is generally believed that colorectal cancer arises due to mutations that disrupt the normal cellular dynamics of the crypts. Using a spatially structured cell-based model of a colonic crypt, we investigate the likelihood that the progeny of a mutated cell will dominate, or be sloughed out of, a crypt. Our approach is to perform multiple simulations, varying the spatial location of the initial mutation, and the proliferative and adhesive properties of the mutant cells, to obtain statistical distributions for the probability of their domination. Our simulations lead us to make a number of predictions. The process of monoclonal conversion always occurs, and does not require that the cell which initially gave rise to the population remains in the crypt. Mutations occurring more than one to two cells from the base of the crypt are unlikely to become the dominant clone. The probability of a mutant clone persisting in the crypt is sensitive to dysregulation of adhesion. By comparing simulation results with those from a simple one-dimensional stochastic model of population dynamics at the base of the crypt, we infer that this sensitivity is due to direct competition between wild-type and mutant cells at the base of the crypt. We also predict that increases in the extent of the spatial domain in which the mutant cells proliferate can give rise to counter-intuitive, non-linear changes to the probability of their fixation, due to effects that cannot be captured in simpler models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Mirams
- Computational Biology, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK.
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Dunn SJ, Appleton PL, Nelson SA, Näthke IS, Gavaghan DJ, Osborne JM. A two-dimensional model of the colonic crypt accounting for the role of the basement membrane and pericryptal fibroblast sheath. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002515. [PMID: 22654652 PMCID: PMC3359972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the basement membrane is vital in maintaining the integrity and structure of an epithelial layer, acting as both a mechanical support and forming the physical interface between epithelial cells and the surrounding connective tissue. The function of this membrane is explored here in the context of the epithelial monolayer that lines the colonic crypt, test-tube shaped invaginations that punctuate the lining of the intestine and coordinate a regular turnover of cells to replenish the epithelial layer every few days. To investigate the consequence of genetic mutations that perturb the system dynamics and can lead to colorectal cancer, it must be possible to track the emerging tissue level changes that arise in the crypt. To that end, a theoretical crypt model with a realistic, deformable geometry is required. A new discrete crypt model is presented, which focuses on the interaction between cell- and tissue-level behaviour, while incorporating key subcellular components. The model contains a novel description of the role of the surrounding tissue and musculature, based upon experimental observations of the tissue structure of the crypt, which are also reported. A two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional geometry is considered, and the shape of the crypt is allowed to evolve and deform. Simulation results reveal how the shape of the crypt may contribute mechanically to the asymmetric division events typically associated with the stem cells at the base. The model predicts that epithelial cell migration may arise due to feedback between cell loss at the crypt collar and density-dependent cell division, an hypothesis which can be investigated in a wet lab. This work forms the basis for investigation of the deformation of the crypt structure that can occur due to proliferation of cells exhibiting mutant phenotypes, experiments that would not be possible in vivo or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara-Jane Dunn
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Wong SY, Chiam KH, Lim CT, Matsudaira P. Computational model of cell positioning: directed and collective migration in the intestinal crypt epithelium. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 3:S351-63. [PMID: 20356873 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0018.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the intestinal crypt is a dynamic tissue undergoing constant regeneration through cell growth, cell division, cell differentiation and apoptosis. How the epithelial cells maintain correct positioning and how they migrate in a directed and collective fashion are still not well understood. In this paper, we developed a computational model to elucidate these processes. We show that differential adhesion between epithelial cells, caused by the differential activation of EphB receptors and ephrinB ligands along the crypt axis, is necessary to regulate cell positioning. Differential cell adhesion has been proposed previously to guide cell movement and cause cell sorting in biological tissues. The proliferative cells and the differentiated post-mitotic cells do not intermingle as long as differential adhesion is maintained. We also show that, without differential adhesion, Paneth cells are randomly distributed throughout the intestinal crypt. In addition, our model suggests that, with differential adhesion, cells migrate more rapidly as they approach the top of the intestinal crypt. Finally, by calculating the spatial correlation function of the cell velocities, we observe that differential adhesion results in the differentiated epithelial cells moving in a coordinated manner, where correlated velocities are maintained at large distances, suggesting that differential adhesion regulates coordinated migration of cells in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shek Yoon Wong
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore
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Dahly EM, Guo Z, Ney DM. IGF-I augments resection-induced mucosal hyperplasia by altering enterocyte kinetics. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R800-8. [PMID: 12763742 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00014.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine if exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) augments the adaptive growth response to mid small bowel resection in association with changes in enterocyte kinetics. We determined structural adaptation and concomitant changes in enterocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of the jejunum in growing, parenterally fed rats after mid small bowel resection or small bowel transection, and treatment with IGF-I or vehicle. IGF-I treatment in resected rats significantly increased jejunal mucosal mass by 20% and mucosal concentrations of protein and DNA by 36 and 33%, respectively, above the response to resection alone. The enhancement of resection-induced adaptive growth and cellularity by IGF-I reflected an increase in enterocyte proliferation, an expansion of the proliferative compartment in the crypt, and no further decrease in enterocyte apoptosis or increase in enterocyte migration beyond the effects of resection. The ability of IGF-I to augment the mucosal hyperplasia stimulated by the endogenous response to resection substantiates the role of IGF-I as an intestinal mitogen that promotes tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Dahly
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Meineke FA, Potten CS, Loeffler M. Cell migration and organization in the intestinal crypt using a lattice-free model. Cell Prolif 2001; 34:253-66. [PMID: 11529883 PMCID: PMC6495866 DOI: 10.1046/j.0960-7722.2001.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel class of spatial models of cell movement and arrangement applied to the two-dimensional cellular organization of the intestinal crypt. The model differs from earlier approaches in using a dynamic movement on a lattice-free cylindrical surface. Cell movement is a consequence of mitotic activity. Cells interact by viscoelastic forces. Voronoi tessellation permits simulations of individual cell boundaries. Simulations can be compared with experimental data obtained from cell scoring in sections. Simulation studies show that the model is consistent with the experimental results for the spatial distribution of labelling indices, mitotic indices and other observed phenomena using a fixed number of stem cells and a fixed number of transit cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Meineke
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany.
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