1
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McKechnie AE, Freeman MT, Brigham RM. Avian Heterothermy: A Review of Patterns and Processes. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1028-1038. [PMID: 37156524 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many birds reduce rest-phase energy demands through heterothermy, physiological responses involving facultative, reversible reductions in metabolic rate and body temperature (Tb). Here, we review the phylogenetic distribution and ecological contexts of avian heterothermy. Heterothermy has been reported in 140 species representing 15 orders and 39 families. Recent work supports the view that deep heterothermy is most pronounced in phylogenetically older taxa whereas heterothermy in passerines and other recently diverged taxa is shallower and confined to minimum Tb > 20°C. The reasons why deep heterothermy is absent in passerines remain unclear; we speculate an evolutionary trade-off may exist between the capacity to achieve low heterothermic Tb and the tolerance of hyperthermic Tb. Inter- and intraspecific variation in heterothermy is correlated with factors including foraging ecology (e.g., territoriality and defense of food resources among hummingbirds), food availability and foraging opportunities (e.g., lunar phase predicts torpor use in caprimulgids), and predation risk. Heterothermy also plays a major role before and during migration. Emerging questions include the magnitude of energy savings associated with heterothermy among free-ranging birds, the role phylogenetic variation in the capacity for heterothermy has played in evolutionary radiations into extreme habitats, and how the capacity for heterothermy affects avian vulnerability to rapid anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Marc T Freeman
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - R Mark Brigham
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
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2
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Bansal A, Zhang J, Lu Q, Mei Q, Zhang Y. Tether-free optogenetic control of insulin secretion using an upconversion nanoparticle-doped hydrogel platform. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2046-2055. [PMID: 36723390 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), as a molecular therapeutic, induces glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, which has drawn significant attention in treating type II diabetes. However, it always suffers from hurdles such as short half-lives or instability. Thus, producing such therapeutics endogenously, as and when needed, is beneficial. Optogenetics-based production of GLP-1 offers an attractive alternative, wherein, the cell lines such as HEK293T can be genetically modified to bring the expression of the gene of interest under visible light control. However, the need for blue light for activation necessitates the implantation of invasive optical fibers owing to high tissue scattering and low depth of penetration through biological tissue at this wavelength. Here, we overcome this problem by proposing an upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-based system. HEK293T cells, rewired to produce GLP-1 under blue light illumination, were co-encapsulated with UCNPs in a hydrogel. The UCNPs act as near-infrared (NIR) to blue light nano-transducers, allowing deep penetration toward implementing a tether-free optogenetic gene expression platform. This platform is particularly powerful for thick gel implants (>3 mm) that cannot be illuminated throughout using a blue light source. Moreover, the GLP-1 produced in this platform was sufficient to increase insulin secretion in rat insulinoma cells, providing a powerful and controllable therapeutic tool for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Bansal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Qingsong Mei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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3
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Hannon G, Tansi FL, Hilger I, Prina‐Mello A. The Effects of Localized Heat on the Hallmarks of Cancer. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hannon
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Dublin 8 Ireland
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Felista L. Tansi
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena Am Klinikum 1 07740 Jena Germany
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena Am Klinikum 1 07740 Jena Germany
| | - Adriele Prina‐Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Dublin 8 Ireland
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin 8 Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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4
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Freeman MT, Czenze ZJ, Schoeman K, McKechnie AE. Extreme hyperthermia tolerance in the world's most abundant wild bird. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13098. [PMID: 32753751 PMCID: PMC7403380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal tolerances of vertebrates are generally restricted to body temperatures below 45–47 °C, and avian and mammalian critical thermal maxima seldom exceed 46 °C. We investigated thermoregulation at high air temperatures in the red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea), an African passerine bird that occurs in flocks sometimes numbering millions of individuals. Our data reveal this species can increase its body temperature to extremely high levels: queleas exposed to air temperature > 45 °C increased body temperature to 48.0 ± 0.7 °C without any apparent ill-effect, with individual values as high as 49.1 °C. These values exceed known avian lethal limits, with tolerance of body temperature > 48 °C unprecedented among birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Freeman
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Z J Czenze
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K Schoeman
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A E McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. .,DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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5
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Zhang XH, Wu JX, Sha JZ, Yang B, Sun JR, Bao ED. Heat shock protein 90 relieves heat stress damage of myocardial cells by regulating Akt and PKM2 signaling in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1888-1908. [PMID: 32236591 PMCID: PMC7169958 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is associated with resisting heat-stress injury to the heart, particularly in myocardial mitochondria. However, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. The present study was based on the high expression of Hsp90 during heat stress (HS) and involved inducing higher expression of Hsp90 using aspirin in mouse hearts. Higher Hsp90 levels inhibited HS-induced myocardial damage and apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, by stimulating Akt (protein kinase B) activation and PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2) signaling, and subsequently increasing mitochondrial Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) levels and its phosphorylation. Functional inhibition of Hsp90 using geldanamycin verified that reducing the association of Hsp90 with Akt and PKM2 caused the functional decline of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and PKM2 that initiate Bcl-2 to move into mitochondria, where it is phosphorylated. Protection by Hsp90 was weakened by blocking Akt activation using Triciribine, which could not be recovered by normal initiation of the PKM2 pathway. Furthermore, increased Hsp70 levels induced by Akt activation in myocardial cells may flow into the blood to resist heat stress. The results provided in vivo mechanistic evidence that in myocardial cells, Hsp90 resists heat stress via separate activation of the Akt-Bcl-2 and PKM2-Bcl-2 signaling pathways, which contribute toward preserving cardiac function and mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Wu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Zhou Sha
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Rui Sun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - En-Dong Bao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
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6
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McKechnie AE, Wolf BO. The Physiology of Heat Tolerance in Small Endotherms. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 34:302-313. [PMID: 31389778 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the heat tolerances of small mammals and birds has taken on new urgency with the advent of climate change. Here, we review heat tolerance limits, pathways of evaporative heat dissipation that permit the defense of body temperature during heat exposure, and mechanisms operating at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Blair O Wolf
- UNM Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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7
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Millimeter-wave pulsed heating in vitro: cell mortality and heat shock response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15249. [PMID: 31649300 PMCID: PMC6813304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Millimeter wave (MMW)-induced heating represents a promising alternative for non-invasive hyperthermia of superficial skin cancer, such as melanoma. Pulsed MMW-induced heating of tumors allows for reaching high peak temperatures without overheating surrounding tissues. Herein, for the first time, we evaluate apoptotic and heat shock responses of melanoma cells exposed in vitro to continuous (CW) or pulsed-wave (PW) amplitude-modulated MMW at 58.4 GHz with the same average temperature rise. Using an ad hoc exposure system, we generated 90 min pulse train with 1.5 s pulse duration, period of 20 s, amplitude of 10 °C, and steady-state temperature at the level of cells of 49.2 °C. The activation of Caspase-3 and phosphorylation of HSP27 were investigated using fluorescence microscopy to monitor the spatial variation of cellular response. Our results demonstrate that, under the considered exposure conditions, Caspase-3 activation was almost 5 times greater following PW exposure compared to CW. The relationship between the PW-induced cellular response and SAR-dependent temperature rise was non-linear. Phosphorylation of HSP27 was 58% stronger for PW compared to CW. It exhibits a plateau for the peak temperature ranging from 47.7 to 49.2 °C. Our results provide an insight into understanding of the cellular response to MMW-induced pulsed heating.
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8
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Dado-Senn B, Skibiel AL, Fabris TF, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Dry period heat stress induces microstructural changes in the lactating mammary gland. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222120. [PMID: 31536517 PMCID: PMC6752841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine dry period is a non-lactating period between consecutive lactations characterized by mammary gland involution and redevelopment phases to replace senescent mammary epithelial cells with active cells primed for the next lactation. Dairy cows exposed to heat stress during the dry period experience milk yield reductions between 3–7.5 kg/d in the next lactation, partially attributed to processes associated with mammary cell growth and turnover during the dry period. However, the carry-over impact of dry period heat stress on mammary morphology during lactation has yet to be determined. In the current study, we hypothesized that exposure to heat stress during the dry period would alter alveolar microstructure and cellular turnover (i.e. proliferation and apoptosis) during lactation. Cows were either subjected to heat stress (HT, access to shade; n = 12) or cooling (CL, access to shade, fans, and soakers; n = 12) for a 46 d dry period. Upon calving, all cows were treated similarly with access to cooling for their entire lactation. Six cows per treatment were randomly selected for mammary gland biopsies at 14, 42, and 84 days in milk. Tissues were sectioned and stained for histological analysis. During lactation, HT cows produced 4 kg less colostrum and 3.7 kg less milk compared with CL cows. Lactating mammary gland microstructure was impacted after exposure to dry period heat stress; HT cows had fewer alveoli and a higher proportion of connective tissue in the mammary gland relative to CL cows, however alveolar area was similar between treatments. Rates of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis were similar between treatment groups. This suggests that heat stress exposure during the dry period leads to reductions in milk yield that could be caused, in part, by a reduction in alveoli number in the lactating mammary gland but not to dynamic alterations in cellular turnover once lactation is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Skibiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Thiago F. Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey E. Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Higbee‐Dempsey E, Amirshaghaghi A, Case MJ, Miller J, Busch TM, Tsourkas A. Indocyanine Green–Coated Gold Nanoclusters for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Higbee‐Dempsey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate GroupPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Ahmad Amirshaghaghi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Matthew J. Case
- College of MedicineMedical University of South Carolina Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Joann Miller
- Department of Radiation OncologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Theresa M. Busch
- Department of Radiation OncologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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10
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Mathematical Models of Cell Response Following Heating. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30315551 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The cells of the cardiovascular system can experience temperature excesses of a few degrees during a diseased state or of tens of degrees during a thermal therapy treatment. These raised temperatures may be acute or of long duration. The multiple cell lines that compose each tissue then react, in approximate order of increasing thermal insult, by expressing heat shock proteins, undergoing apoptosis, or suffering necrosis. Mathematical models of the response of cells could aid in planning and designing thermal therapies. The multi-factor nature of the cell response makes it challenging to develop such models. The models most used clinically are mathematically simple and based on the response of representative tissues. The model that might provide the most fundamental understanding of the biochemical response of cells requires many parameters, some of which are difficult to measure. None of the semi-empirical models that provide improved prediction of cell fate have been widely accepted to plan therapies. There remain great opportunities for developing mathematical models cell response.
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11
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Magnetosomes Extracted from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense as Theranostic Agents in an Experimental Model of Glioblastoma. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:2198703. [PMID: 30116160 PMCID: PMC6079595 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2198703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) with chemically synthesized nanoparticles is currently used in clinical trials as it destroys tumor cells with an extremely localized deposition of thermal energy. In this paper, we investigated an MFH protocol based on magnetic nanoparticles naturally produced by magnetotactic bacteria: magnetosomes. The efficacy of such protocol is tested in a xenograft model of glioblastoma. Mice receive a single intratumoral injection of magnetosomes, and they are exposed three times in a week to an alternating magnetic field with concurrent temperature measurements. MRI is used to visualize the nanoparticles and to monitor tumor size before and after the treatment. Statistically significant inhibition of the tumor growth is detected in subjects exposed to the alternating magnetic field compared to control groups. Moreover, thanks to magnetosomes high transversal relaxivity, their effective delivery to the tumor tissue is monitored by MRI. It is apparent that the efficacy of this protocol is limited by inhomogeneous delivery of magnetosomes to tumor tissue. These results suggest that naturally synthesized magnetosomes could be effectively considered as theranostic agent candidates for hyperthermia based on iron oxide nanoparticles.
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12
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DNA nanotechnology-based composite-type gold nanoparticle-immunostimulatory DNA hydrogel for tumor photothermal immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2017; 146:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Preclinical Validation of the Located Hyperthermia Using Gold Macro-Rods and Ultrasound as an Effective Treatment for Solid Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28971442 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57379-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Hyperthermia, the procedure of raising the temperature of a part of or the whole body above normal for a defined period of time, is applied alone or as an adjunctive with various established cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this study used a method for inducing hyperthermia in solid tumors with a combination of gold macro rod (GR) and ultrasound, the feasibility of this technique was described only with computational models and in vitro. The Ehrlich tumor, derived from a mouse adenocarcinoma, has been used to investigate the bio-heat transfer and the effect of gold rods irradiated with ultrasound. The in vivo measurements demonstrated that the technique inhibited more 80% of the tumor growth in both experimental models tested. These results not only confirm the bio heat transfer to tissue as predicted by analytical calculation and in vitro measurements, but are also proved to be a potential alternative to kill cancer cells.
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14
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Abbasian Ardakani A, Rajaee J, Khoei S. Diagnosis of human prostate carcinoma cancer stem cells enriched from DU145 cell lines changes with microscopic texture analysis in radiation and hyperthermia treatment using run-length matrix. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1248-1256. [PMID: 28738712 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1359429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperthermia and radiation have the ability to induce structural and morphological changes on both macroscopic and microscopic level. Normal and damage cells have a different texture but may be perceived by human eye, as having the same texture. MATERIALS AND METHODS To explore the potential of texture analysis based on run-length matrix, a total of 32 sphere images for each group and treatment regime were used in this study. Cells were subjected to the treatment with different doses of 6 MeV electron radiation (0 2, 4 and 6 Gy), hyperthermia (at 43° C in 0, 30, 60 and 90 min) and radiation + hyperthermia (at 43 °C in 30 min with 2, 4 and 6 Gy dose), respectively. Twenty run-length matrix (RLM) features were extracted as descriptors for each selected region of interest for texture analysis. Linear discriminant analysis was employed to transform raw data to lower-dimensional spaces and increase discriminative power. RESULTS The features were classified by the first nearest neighbor classifier. RLM features represented the best performance with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% between 0 and 6 Gy radiation, 0 and 6 Gy radiation + hyperthermia, 0 and 90 min and 30 and 90 min hyperthermia groups. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 1 for these groups. CONCLUSION RLM features have a high potential to characterize cell changes during different treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbasian Ardakani
- a Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Jila Rajaee
- a Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Samideh Khoei
- a Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Razi Drug Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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15
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Mayle KM, Dern KR, Wong VK, Sung S, Ding K, Rodriguez AR, Taylor Z, Zhou ZH, Grundfest WS, Deming TJ, Kamei DT. Polypeptide-Based Gold Nanoshells for Photothermal Therapy. SLAS Technol 2016; 22:18-25. [PMID: 27126980 DOI: 10.1177/2211068216645292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted killing of cancer cells by engineered nanoparticles holds great promise for noninvasive photothermal therapy applications. We present the design and generation of a novel class of gold nanoshells with cores composed of self-assembled block copolypeptide vesicles with photothermal properties. Specifically, poly(L-lysine)60- block-poly(L-leucine)20 (K60L20) block copolypeptide vesicles coated with a thin layer of gold demonstrate enhanced absorption of light due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the near-infrared range. We show that the polypeptide-based K60L20 gold nanoshells have low toxicity in the absence of laser exposure, significant heat generation upon exposure to near-infrared light, and, as a result, localized cytotoxicity within the region of laser irradiation in vitro. To gain a better understanding of our gold nanoshells in the context of photothermal therapy, we developed a comprehensive mathematical model for heat transfer and experimentally validated this model by predicting the temperature as a function of time and position in our experimental setup. This model can be used to predict which parameters of our gold nanoshells can be manipulated to improve heat generation for tumor destruction. To our knowledge, our results represent the first ever use of block copolypeptide vesicles as the core material of gold nanoshells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Mayle
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn R Dern
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent K Wong
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shijun Sung
- 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ke Ding
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - April R Rodriguez
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Taylor
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,3 Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,4 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,5 California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Warren S Grundfest
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,3 Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Deming
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel T Kamei
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Mahat DB, Salamanca HH, Duarte FM, Danko CG, Lis JT. Mammalian Heat Shock Response and Mechanisms Underlying Its Genome-wide Transcriptional Regulation. Mol Cell 2016; 62:63-78. [PMID: 27052732 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is critical for survival of all organisms. However, its scope, extent, and the molecular mechanism of regulation are poorly understood. Here we show that the genome-wide transcriptional response to heat shock in mammals is rapid and dynamic and results in induction of several hundred and repression of several thousand genes. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the "master regulator" of the HSR, controls only a fraction of heat shock-induced genes and does so by increasing RNA polymerase II release from promoter-proximal pause. Notably, HSF2 does not compensate for the lack of HSF1. However, serum response factor appears to transiently induce cytoskeletal genes independently of HSF1. The pervasive repression of transcription is predominantly HSF1-independent and is mediated through reduction of RNA polymerase II pause release. Overall, mammalian cells orchestrate rapid, dynamic, and extensive changes in transcription upon heat shock that are largely modulated at pause release, and HSF1 plays a limited and specialized role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dig B Mahat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - H Hans Salamanca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Fabiana M Duarte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
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Nicosia A, Maggio T, Mazzola S, Gianguzza F, Cuttitta A, Costa S. Characterization of small HSPs from Anemonia viridis reveals insights into molecular evolution of alpha crystallin genes among cnidarians. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105908. [PMID: 25251681 PMCID: PMC4175457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene family encoding small Heat-Shock Proteins (sHSPs containing α-crystallin domain) are found both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms; however, there is limited knowledge of their evolution. In this study, two small HSP genes termed AvHSP28.6 and AvHSP27, both organized in one intron and two exons, were characterised in the Mediterranean snakelocks anemone Anemonia viridis. The release of the genome sequence of Hydra magnipapillata and Nematostella vectensis enabled a comprehensive study of the molecular evolution of α-crystallin gene family among cnidarians. Most of the H. magnipapillata sHSP genes share the same gene organization described for AvHSP28.6 and AvHSP27, differing from the sHSP genes of N. vectensis which mainly show an intronless architecture. The different genomic organization of sHSPs, the phylogenetic analyses based on protein sequences, and the relationships among Cnidarians, suggest that the A.viridis sHSPs represent the common ancestor from which H. magnipapillata genes directly evolved through segmental genome duplication. Additionally retroposition events may be considered responsible for the divergence of sHSP genes of N. vectensis from A. viridis. Analyses of transcriptional expression profile showed that AvHSP28.6 was constitutively expressed among different tissues from both ectodermal and endodermal layers of the adult sea anemones, under normal physiological conditions and also under different stress condition. Specifically, we profiled the transcriptional activation of AvHSP28.6 after challenges with different abiotic/biotic stresses showing induction by extreme temperatures, heavy metals exposure and immune stimulation. Conversely, no AvHSP27 transcript was detected in such dissected tissues, in adult whole body cDNA library or under stress conditions. Hence, the involvement of AvHSP28.6 gene in the sea anemone defensome is strongly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Nicosia
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy
| | - Teresa Maggio
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research-ISPRA, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Calata Porta di Massa, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gianguzza
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Cuttitta
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Differential sensitivity of telomerase from human hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic cell lines to mild hyperthermia. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 69:681-91. [PMID: 24590263 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of hyperthermia (HT) on cell proliferation and telomerase activity of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and compared with human leukemic cell lines (TF-1, K562 and HL-60). The cells were exposed to HT at 42 and 43 °C up to 120 min. The cells were incubated at 37 °C for 96 h. Then the cells were collected and assayed for cell proliferation, viability, telomerase activity, and terminal restriction fragment (TRF) lengths. The enzyme activity from HSCs was decreased up to 68.6 at 42 and 85.1 % at 43 °C for 120 min. This inhibition in leukemic cells was up to 28.9 and 53.6 % in TF-1; 53 and 63.9 % in K562; 45.2 and 61.1 % in HL-60 cells. The treated cells showed TRF lengths about 5.3 kb for control HL-60 cells, 5.0 kb for HL-60 cells treated at 42 and 4.5 kb at 43 °C for 120 min. In HSCs, the TRF length was about 4.5 kb for untreated cells and 4.0-4.5 kb for treated cells at 42 and 43 °C for 120 min. The time response curves indicated that, inhibition of the enzyme activity in leukemic cells was dependent to the time of exposure to HT. But in HSCs, the inhibition was reached to steady state at 15 min exposure to 43 °C heat stress. TRF length was constant at treated two types of cells, which implies that in cells subjected to mild HT no telomere shortening was observed.
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Abstract
Hyperthermia means overheating of the living object completely or partly. Hyperthermia, the procedure of raising the temperature of a part of or the whole body above the normal for a defined period of time, is applied alone or as an adjunctive with various established cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The fact that is the hyperthermia is not generally accepted as conventional therapy. The problem is its controversial performance. The controversy is originated from the complications of the deep heating and the focusing of the heat effect. The idea of oncothermia solves the selective deep action on nearly cellular resolution. We would like to demonstrate the force and perspectives of oncothermia as a highly specialized hyperthermia in clinical oncology. Our aim is to prove the ability of oncothermia to be a candidate to become a widely accepted modality of the standard cancer care. We would like to show the proofs and the challenges of the hyperthermia and oncothermia applications to provide the presently available data and summarize the knowledge in the topic. Like many early-stage therapies, oncothermia lacks adequate treatment experience and long-range, comprehensive statistics that can help us optimize its use for all indications.
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Hyperthermia versus Oncothermia: Cellular Effects in Complementary Cancer Therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:672873. [PMID: 23662149 PMCID: PMC3638606 DOI: 10.1155/2013/672873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia means overheating of the living object completely or partly. Hyperthermia, the procedure of raising the temperature of a part of or the whole body above normal for a defined period of time, is applied alone or as an adjunctive with various established cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, hyperthermia is not generally accepted as conventional therapy. The problem is its controversial performance. The controversy is originated from the complications of the deep heating and the focusing of the heat effect. The idea of oncothermia solves the selective deep action on nearly cellular resolution. We would like to demonstrate the force and perspectives of oncothermia, as a highly specialized hyperthermia in clinical oncology. Our aim is to prove the ability of oncothermia to be a candidate to become a widely accepted modality of the standard cancer care. We would like to show the proofs and the challenges of the hyperthermia and oncothermia applications to provide the presently available data and summarize the knowledge in the topic. Like many early stage therapies, oncothermia lacks adequate treatment experience and long-range, comprehensive statistics that can help us optimize its use for all indications.
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Gavrilova LP, Korpacheva II, Semushina SG, Yashin VA. Heat shock induces simultaneous rearrangements of all known cytoskeletal filaments in normal interphase fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x13010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Cebrián V, Martín-Saavedra F, Gómez L, Arruebo M, Santamaria J, Vilaboa N. Enhancing of plasmonic photothermal therapy through heat-inducible transgene activity. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012. [PMID: 23178286 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We explore the synergistic effect of photothermal therapy and gene therapy, simultaneously triggered by silica-gold nanoshells (NS) or hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNPs) in human HeLa cells following near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Thermal transfer from NS was higher than that displayed by HGNPs, owing to a differential interaction of the nanomaterial with the biological environment. Under sublethal photothermal conditions, NS and HGNPs effectively modulated the expression levels of a DsRed-monomer reporter gene controlled by the highly heat-inducible human HSP70B promoter, as a function of nanomaterial concentration and length of laser exposure. Hyperthermia treatments at doses that do not promote cell death generated a lethal outcome in HeLa cells harboring the fusogenic GALV-FMG transgene under the control of the HSP70B promoter. Combination of lethal photothermia with the triggering of the cytotoxic transgene resulted in a dramatic increase of the cell-ablation area as a result of the synergistic activity established. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study photothermal therapy and gene therapy, simultaneously triggered by silica-gold nanoshells or hollow gold nanoparticles, was investigated in human HeLa cells following near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. It is shown that the combination of lethal photothermia with the triggering of the cytotoxic transgene at sublethal levels results in a synergistic cytotoxic effect in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Cebrián
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain
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Dos Santos LF, Antonio EL, Serra AJ, Venturini G, Montemor J, Okada M, Araújo S, Tucci P, de Paola A, Fenelon G. Thermotolerance does not reduce the size or remodeling of radiofrequency lesions in the rat myocardium. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2012; 36:5-11; discussion 11. [PMID: 23080332 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-012-9746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Late lesion extension may be involved in the genesis of delayed radiofrequency (RF) effects. Because RF lesion is thermally mediated, we hypothesized that induction of heat shock response (thermotolerance) would modulate lesion healing. We evaluated the effects of thermotolerance on the dimensions and remodeling of RF lesions in a rat model of heart failure. METHODS Wistar rats (weight 300 g) subjected to heat stress (n = 22, internal temperature of 42 °C for 10 min) were compared to controls (n = 22, internal temperature of 37 °C for 10 min). After 48 h (peak of HSP70 myocardial concentration), a modified unipolar RF lesion (customized catheter, tip 4.5 mm in diameter; 12 W; 10 s) was created on the left ventricular free wall. Animals were sacrificed 2 h (n = 10 per group) and 4 weeks (n = 12 per group) after ablation for lesion analysis. An echocardiogram was obtained at 4 weeks. RESULTS There was no difference between groups regarding the size of acute (controls 27 ± 2 vs. treated 27 ± 3 mm(2)) and chronic lesions (controls 17 ± 1 vs. treated 19 ± 1 mm(2)). Histology of lesions did not differ between groups. The echocardiogram revealed dilation of the cavities and moderate systolic dysfunction without difference between groups. Acute lesion dimensions were similar between control and treated animals over time (ablation undertaken 3, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after hyperthermia) and also using a conventional ablation catheter (50 °C; 15 W; 10 s). CONCLUSION Thermotolerance does not reduce the size or remodeling of RF lesions in the rat myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Felipe Dos Santos
- Discipline of Cardiology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 781, 10th Floor (Cardiology), São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
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Pattani VP, Tunnell JW. Nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: a comparative study of heating for different particle types. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:675-84. [PMID: 22933382 PMCID: PMC3512106 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Near-infrared (NIR) absorbing plasmonic nanoparticles enhance photothermal therapy of tumors. In this procedure, systemically delivered gold nanoparticles preferentially accumulate at the tumor site and when irradiated using laser light, produce localized heat sufficient to damage tumor cells. Gold nanoshells and nanorods have been widely studied for this purpose, and while both exhibit strong NIR absorption, their overall absorption and scattering properties differ widely due to their geometry. In this paper, we compared the photothermal response of both nanoparticle types including the heat generation and photothermal efficiency. METHODS Tissue simulating phantoms, with varying concentrations of gold nanoparticles, were irradiated with a near-infrared diode laser while concurrently monitoring the surface temperature with an infrared camera. We calculated nanoshell and nanorod optical properties using the Mie solution and the discrete dipole approximation, respectively. In addition, we measured the heat generation of nanoshells and nanorods at the same optical density to determine the photothermal transduction efficiency for both nanoparticle types. RESULTS We found that the gold nanoshells produced more heat than gold nanorods at equivalent number densities (# of nanoparticles/ml), whereas the nanorods generated more heat than nanoshells at equivalent extinction values at the irradiance wavelength. To reach an equivalent heat generation, we found that it was necessary to have ∼36× more nanorods than nanoshells. However, the gold nanorods were found to have two times the photothermal transduction efficiency than the gold nanoshells. CONCLUSION For the nanoparticles tested, the nanoshells generated more heat, per nanoparticle, than nanorods, primarily due to their overall larger geometric cross-section. Conversely, we found that the gold nanorods had a higher photothermal efficiency than the gold nanoshells. In conclusion, the ideal choice of plasmonic nanoparticle requires not only per particle efficiency, but also the in vivo particle targeting ability under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun P. Pattani
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering 107 W Dean Keeton, C0800 Austin, TX 78712
| | - James W. Tunnell
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering 107 W Dean Keeton, C0800 Austin, TX 78712; (512) 232-2110
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Wan Q, Whang I, Lee J. Molecular and functional characterization of HdHSP20: a biomarker of environmental stresses in disk abalone Haliotis discus discus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:48-59. [PMID: 22498576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) production in cell is inducible by many physical and chemical stressors, providing adaptive significance for organisms when faced with environmental changes. In this study, we characterized a novel small HSP gene from disk abalone, designated as HdHSP20, and investigated its temporal expression by different environmental stimuli. The full-length genome sequence of HdHSP20 is composed of three exons and two introns. The 5' flanking region contains multiple putative transcription factor binding sites related to stress response. The open reading frame of the HdHSP20 cDNA is 480 bp and encodes 160 amino acid residues with 18.76 kDa molecular mass. The deduced amino acid sequence shares highest similarity with HSP20 genes from other invertebrates. HdHSP20 also shows several structural signatures of small HSP, including the conserved α-crystallin domain, the absence of cysteine residues, a high number of Glx/Asx residues and the compact β-sandwich structure in the C-terminal region. Overexpression of recombinant HdHSP20 protein conveyed enhanced thermotolerance to Escherichia coli cells, suggesting its functional activity in the cellular chaperone network. qRT-PCR measurements of HdHSP20 mRNA level have shown rapid and drastic induction by extreme temperatures, extreme salinities, heavy metals and the microbial infections. Collectively, our results suggest that HdHSP20 gene is likely involved in the stress resistant mechanisms in disk abalone. Its expression may serve as a potential biomarker capable to indicate a stress state in abalone due to extreme environmental change and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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26
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Caffrey BE, Williams TA, Jiang X, Toft C, Hokamp K, Fares MA. Proteome-wide analysis of functional divergence in bacteria: exploring a host of ecological adaptations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35659. [PMID: 22563391 PMCID: PMC3338524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional divergence is the process by which new genes and functions originate through the modification of existing ones. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the evolution of new functions, including gene duplication or changes in the ecological requirements of an organism. Novel functions emerge at the expense of ancestral ones and are generally accompanied by changes in the selective forces at constrained protein regions. We present software capable of analyzing whole proteomes, identifying putative amino acid replacements leading to functional change in each protein and performing statistical tests on all tabulated data. We apply this method to 750 complete bacterial proteomes to identify high-level patterns of functional divergence and link these patterns to ecological adaptations. Proteome-wide analyses of functional divergence in bacteria with different ecologies reveal a separation between proteins involved in information processing (Ribosome biogenesis etc.) and those which are dependent on the environment (energy metabolism, defense etc.). We show that the evolution of pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria is constrained by their association with the host, and also identify unusual events of functional divergence even in well-studied bacteria such as Escherichia coli. We present a description of the roles of phylogeny and ecology in functional divergence at the level of entire proteomes in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Caffrey
- Department of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tom A. Williams
- Department of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Department of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina Toft
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Department of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Integrative Systems Biology Group, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Nadin SB, Cuello-Carrión FD, Sottile ML, Ciocca DR, Vargas-Roig LM. Effects of hyperthermia on Hsp27 (HSPB1), Hsp72 (HSPA1A) and DNA repair proteins hMLH1 and hMSH2 in human colorectal cancer hMLH1-deficient and hMLH1-proficient cell lines. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:191-201. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2011.638962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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28
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Hundt W, Steinbach S, Burbelko M, Kiessling A, Rominger M, O'Connell-Rodwell CE, Mayer D, Bednarski MD, Guccione S. Induction of luciferase activity under the control of an hsp70 promoter using high-intensity focused ultrasound: combination of bioluminescence and MRI imaging in three different tumour models. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2011; 10:197-210. [PMID: 21381798 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo temporal changes of luciferase activity were investigated under the control of an hsp70 promoter in three tumour models after the application of different intensities of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Three cell lines, SCCVII, NIH3T3 and M21 were stably transfected with a plasmid containing the hsp70 promoter and luciferase reporter gene, and tumours were subcutaneously initiated into mice. At a size of 1300 ± 234 mm(3), the tumours were exposed to five intensities of continuous HIFU (802-1401-2157-3067-4133 W/cm(2)) for 20 sec. Bioluminescence and MR imaging were performed to assess luciferase activity and signal intensity changes in the tissue. The MRI scan protocol was pre- and post-contrast T1-wt-SE, T2-wt-FSE, DCE-MRI, diffusion-wt STEAM sequence, T2 relaxation time determination obtained on a 1.5-T GE MRI scanner. The NIH3T3 tumours showed the highest luciferase activity of 328.1 ± 7.1 fold at 24 h at a HIFU intensity of 3067 W/cm(2), the M21 tumours of 3.2 ± 0.6 fold 8 hours and the SCCVII tumours 2.9 ± 0.9 fold 4 hours post-HIFU at 2157 W/cm(2). The greatest increase in T2 signal intensity and T2 relaxation time of 20.7 ± 3.4% was seen in the SCCVII tumours. The highest contrast medium uptake of 10.1 ± 1.1% was noted in the M21 tumours, and 14.8 ± 1.9% in the SCCVII tumours. In all tumours, a significant increase in the diffusion coefficient was seen with increased HIFU intensity, the highest of which was 40.3 ± 4.1% in the SCCVII tumours. The three tumour cell lines stably transfected with the hsp70/luciferase gene showed differential luciferase activity, which peaked at different times after the application of HIFU and was dependant on tumour type and HIFU energy deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hundt
- Department of Radiology, Lucas MRS Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Deezagi A, Manteghi S, Khosravani P, Vaseli-Hagh N, Soheili ZS. Induced apoptosis by mild hyperthermia occurs via telomerase inhibition on the three human myeloid leukemia cell lines: TF-1, K562, and HL-60. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 50:1519-27. [PMID: 19672770 DOI: 10.1080/10428190903129130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to understand the effect of hyperthermia on the telomerase activity in human leukemic cell lines (HL-60, K562, and TF-1). The cells were treated by hyperthermia at the range of 41-44 degrees C for 120 min and incubated for 96 h. Then telomerase activity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed. The results indicated that hyperthermia significantly induced apoptosis on the cells. The cells exhibited pre-apoptotic pattern at 41 and 42 degrees C at 60-120 min and apoptotic pattern at 43 and 44 degrees C over 30 min after hyperthermia. Telomerase activity (that was assayed immediately after hyperthermia) was stable at 41-42 degrees C for 60 min but decreased to 35-40% at 120 min. However, at severe hyperthermia (43-44 degrees C) telomerase activity was decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Following hyperthermia (41-44 degrees C up to 120 min), the cells were incubated for 96 h. In these conditions, the telomerase activity was decreased by about 60-80% in comparison with that untreated control cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkhaleg Deezagi
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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Desai SP, Voldman J. Cell-based sensors for quantifying the physiological impact of microsystems. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 3:48-56. [PMID: 20949196 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microsystems are increasingly used in the manipulation, patterning and sorting of cells. Critical to the widespread adoption of these new technologies is development of an understanding of their impact on cellular physiology. Here we show the integration of a cell-based sensor, a microfabricated electrical screening platform, and quantitative imaging to enable the first large-scale physiological screens of the impact of microsystems on cells. To perform physiological screening, we developed a cell-based sensor that reports on stress-mediated transcription (via Heat Shock Factor 1 induced expression of GFP). This cell-based sensor was quantitatively characterized using automated imaging. The integration of this quantitative physiological sensor with a microfabricated system enabled the execution of multiplexed screens across electric field strength, frequency, and application duration. Voltage sweeps indicate increasing physiological stress with increasing voltage due to Joule heating, while frequency sweeps indicate increased stress at lower frequencies (<500 kHz) compared with higher frequencies (>1 MHz) due to generation of reactive species at lower frequencies. Combined voltage and frequency sweeps enable the generation of complex maps of physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil P Desai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Schwerdt A, Zintchenko A, Concia M, Roesen N, Fisher K, Lindner LH, Issels R, Wagner E, Ogris M. Hyperthermia-induced targeting of thermosensitive gene carriers to tumors. Hum Gene Ther 2009. [PMID: 19866491 DOI: 10.1089/hgt.2008.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Locoregional hyperthermia (HT) can be used for site-directed activation of macromolecular drug delivery systems. We have developed a gene delivery system based on thermosensitive block copolymers (TSCs) with a phase transition temperature of 42 degrees C [Zintchenko, A., Ogris, M., and Wagner, E. (2006). Bioconjug. Chem. 17, 766-772], in which the statistical copolymer of vinylpyrrolidinone and N-isopropylacryamide is grafted on polyethylenimine (PEI). Here we applied polyplexes consisting of plasmid DNA and TSCs systemically in A/J mice bearing a syngeneic Neuro2A neuroblastoma tumor subcutaneously in each hind limb. One limb was selectively treated by HT at 42 degrees C, at the same time that polyplexes were injected via the tail vein. Hyperthermia led to increased accumulation of thermosensitive polymer and aggregation of thermosensitive polyplexes in HT-treated tumors, resulting in up to 10-fold increased DNA deposition compared with non-HT-treated tumor. The level of transgene expression induced by TSC polyplexes in HT-treated tumors was significantly higher and selective for tumor tissue. With nonthermosensitive PEI polyplexes HT did not influence transgene deposition or expression in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Schwerdt
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Laszlo A, Fleischer I. The heat-induced gamma-H2AX response does not play a role in hyperthermic cell killing. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 25:199-209. [PMID: 19437236 DOI: 10.1080/02656730802631775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to determine whether the heat-induced formation of gamma-H2AX foci is involved in hyperthermic cell killing. MATERIALS AND METHODS The heat-induced gamma-H2AX response was determined in cells exhibiting various degrees of heat sensitivity. The panel of cells tested included cells that are transiently thermotolerant, permanently heat resistant, permanently heat sensitive, and permanently resistant to oxidative stress. Cells exposed to non-thermal environmental conditions that lead to protection from, or sensitization to, heat were also tested. The heat sensitivity of cells in which H2AX was knocked out was also ascertained. RESULTS The protein synthesis independent state of thermotolerance, but not the protein synthesis dependent state of thermotolerance, was found to be involved in the attenuation of the gamma-H2AX response in thermotolerant cells. The initial magnitude of the gamma-H2AX response was found to be the same in all cell lines with altered heat sensitivity. Furthermore, no differences in the resolution of gamma-H2AX foci were found among the cell lines tested. We also found that H2AX knock-out cells were not more heat sensitive. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the heat-induced gamma-H2AX response does not play a role in heat-induced cell killing, thereby adding further evidence that the heat-induced gamma-H2AX foci are not due to DNA double strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Laszlo
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Lu W, Xiong C, Zhang G, Huang Q, Zhang R, Zhang JZ, Li C. Targeted photothermal ablation of murine melanomas with melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog-conjugated hollow gold nanospheres. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:876-86. [PMID: 19188158 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop melanoma-targeted hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNS) and evaluate their potential utility for selective photothermal ablation in melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A new class of photothermal coupling agents based on HAuNS was synthesized. HAuNS were stabilized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating and attached with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) analog, [Nle4,D-Phe7]alpha-MSH (NDP-MSH), which is a potent agonist of melanocortin type-1 receptor overexpressed in melanoma. The intracellular uptake of the NDP-MSH-conjugated PEGylated HAuNS (NDP-MSH-PEG-HAuNS) and the distribution of beta-arrestin were examined in murine B16/F10 melanoma cells. The biodistribution of NDP-MSH-PEG-HAuNS was assessed at 4 hours post i.v. injection in tumor-bearing nude mice. Photothermal ablation effect of the nanoparticles was evaluated both histologically using excised tissue and functionally by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. RESULTS NDP-MSH-PEG-HAuNS consist only of a thin gold wall with hollow interior (outer diameter, 43.5 +/- 2.3 nm; shell thickness, 3-4 nm), which displays strong and tunable resonance absorption in near-IR region (peak, 808 nm). The nanoparticles were specifically taken up by melanoma cells, which initiated the recruitment of beta-arrestins, the adapters to link the activated G-protein-coupled receptors to clathrin, indicating the involvement of receptor-mediated endocytosis. This resulted in enhanced extravasation of NDP-MSH-PEG-HAuNS from tumor blood vessels and their dispersion into tumor matrix compared with nonspecific PEGylated HAuNS. Successful selective photothermal ablation of B16/F10 melanoma with targeted HAuNS was confirmed by histologic and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography evaluation at 24 hours post near IR-region laser irradiation at a low-dose energy of 30 J/cm2. CONCLUSION NDP-MSH-PEG-HAuNS have the potentials to mediate targeted photothermal ablation of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lepock JR. Role of nuclear protein denaturation and aggregation in thermal radiosensitization. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 20:115-30. [PMID: 15195506 DOI: 10.1080/02656730310001637334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia at temperatures above 41 degrees C denatures a set of thermolabile cellular proteins located in all parts of the cell. Non-histone nuclear proteins, including those comprising the nuclear matrix, appear to be particularly thermolabile. Heating isolated nuclear matrices of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) V79 cells to 46 degrees C at 1 degree C/min results in approximately 15% denaturation. Protein unfolding during denaturation exposes buried hydrophobic residues, which increases protein-protein interactions and results in the co-aggregation of denatured thermolabile proteins and native, aggregative-sensitive nuclear proteins. This aggregated protein, the majority of which is native, is insoluble and resistant to extraction during isolation of nuclei and is responsible for the increased protein content, usually expressed as an increased protein:DNA ratio, of nuclei isolated from heated cells. A large fraction of the aggregated protein is found to be associated with the nuclear matrix, distributed throughout the fibre network and nucleolus. Three general consequences of nuclear protein denaturation and aggregation of relevance to cellular damage are: (1) protein (enzyme) inactivation, both direct inactivation of thermolabile proteins and indirect inactivation due to co-aggregation; (2) reduced accessibility and altered physical properties of DNA due to masking by aggregated protein; and (3) protein redistribution into and out of the nucleus. Functional impairment of the nucleus appears to be due to one or a combination of these basic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lepock
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.
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Laszlo A, Fleischer I. Heat-induced perturbations of DNA damage signaling pathways are modulated by molecular chaperones. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2042-9. [PMID: 19244134 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat is one of the most potent radiosensitizers known. Several randomized trials have shown that hyperthermia is a good adjuvant for radiotherapy at several different cancer sites. However, the mechanism(s) involved in the interaction of heat and radiation that lead to radiosensitization remain to be elucidated. In this report, we have determined that heat induces perturbations in some of the earliest events in the cellular response to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. We studied the effect of heat on the formation of complexes containing gamma-H2AX/MDC1/53BP1 in heated-irradiated cells. We found that the formation of this complex was delayed in heated-irradiated cells, in a heat but not radiation dose-dependent manner. The length of the heat-induced delay of complex formation was attenuated in thermotolerant and heat radiosensitization-resistant cells. The length of the delay of gamma-H2AX/MDC1/53BP1 complex formation correlated with the magnitude of heat radiosensitization and was modulated by the molecular chaperone Hsc70. Heat radiosensitization was attenuated in 53BP1-null cells, implying that the delay of the formation of the gamma-H2AX/MDC1/53BP1 complex plays a role in heat radiosensitization. Heat also induced a delay of events in the DNA damage response that are downstream from 53BP1. Our results support the notion that heat-induced perturbations in the earliest events of the cellular response to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage play a role in heat radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Laszlo
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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Schwerdt A, Zintchenko A, Concia M, Roesen N, Fisher K, Lindner LH, Issels R, Wagner E, Ogris M. Hyperthermia-Induced Targeting of Thermosensitive Gene Carriers to Tumors. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:1283-92. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Schwerdt
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Arkadi Zintchenko
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Concia
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nick Roesen
- Hybrid Systems, Cherwell Innovation Centre, Upper Heyford, OX25 5HD Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Fisher
- Hybrid Systems, Cherwell Innovation Centre, Upper Heyford, OX25 5HD Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lars H. Lindner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Grosshadern Medical Center (KGMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- CCG Hyperthermia, Helmholtz Zentrum München-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Issels
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Grosshadern Medical Center (KGMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- CCG Hyperthermia, Helmholtz Zentrum München-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Ogris
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Pineault N, Boucher JF, Cayer MP, Palmqvist L, Boyer L, Lemieux R, Proulx C. Characterization of the effects and potential mechanisms leading to increased megakaryocytic differentiation under mild hyperthermia. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:483-93. [PMID: 18522497 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical culture parameters have important influences on the proliferation and differentiation fate of hematopoietic stem cells. Recently, we have demonstrated that CD34+ cord blood (CB) cells undergo accelerated and increased megakaryocyte (Mk) differentiation when incubated under mild hyperthermic conditions (i.e., 39 degrees C). In this study, we investigated in detail the impacts of mild hyperthermia on Mk differentiation and maturation, and explored potential mechanisms responsible for these phenomena. Our results demonstrate that the qualitative and quantitative effects on Mk differentiation at 39 degrees C appear rapidly within 7 days, and that early transient culture at 39 degrees C led to even greater Mk yields (p<0.03). Surprisingly, cell viability was only found to be significantly reduced in the early stages of culture, suggesting that CB cells are able with time to acclimatize themselves to 39 degrees C. Although mild hyperthermia accelerated differentiation and maturation of CB-derived Mks, it failed to promote their polyploidization further but rather led to a small reduction in the proportion of polyploid Mks (p=0.01). Conversely, gene arrays analysis demonstrated that Mks derived at 39 degrees C have a normal gene expression program consistent with an advanced maturation state. Finally, two independent mechanisms that could account for the accelerated Mk differentiation were investigated. Our results suggest that the accelerated and increased Mk differentiation induced by mild hyperthermia is not mediated by cell-secreted factors but could perhaps be mediated by the increased expression of Mk transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pineault
- Héma-Québec Research and Development Department, Québec City, PQ, Canada G1V 5C3.
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Sharif-Khatibi L, Kariminia A, Khoei S, Goliaei B. Hyperthermia induces differentiation without apoptosis in permissive temperatures in human erythroleukaemia cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2008; 23:645-55. [PMID: 18097851 DOI: 10.1080/02656730701769833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether induction of differentiation by hyperthermia is accompanied by apoptosis and necrosis to further evaluate the benefits of using hyperthermia as a differentiation inducing physical modality. MATERIALS AND METHOD Differentiation was evaluated in K562 erythroleukaemia cells by measuring haemoglobin synthesis and flow cytometric measurement of glycophorin A expression. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin-V-FITC and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining assay. Apoptosis and necrosis was also evaluated morphologically using staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) by fluorescence microscopy. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) level was measured by ELISA kit. RESULTS Hyperthermia (43 degrees C) induced differentiation as judged by increased haemoglobin synthesis and glycophorin A expression. No sign of apoptosis or necrosis could be detected at this temperature. Cell viability did not change due to heat treatment, and cellular proliferation was reduced in a dose (heating time) dependent manner. At 45 degrees C, hyperthermia induced apoptosis and necrosis with minimal or no sign of differentiation. HSP70 level was significantly increased at 43 degrees C along with differentiation of leukaemic cells, while at 45 degrees C no significant effect on HSP70 production could be observed. CONCLUSIONS The encouraging results obtained here indicate that by heat treatment at 43 degrees C, hyperthermia can be used alone or in combination with other modalities as a differentiation inducing agent without any detectable apoptotic activity. Positive correlation between HSP70 production and induction of differentiation and lack of apoptosis by hyperthermia confirm the possible role of HSP70 in the heat-induced differentiation and apoptosis in leukaemic cells.
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Launay N, Goudeau B, Kato K, Vicart P, Lilienbaum A. Cell signaling pathways to αB-crystallin following stresses of the cytoskeleton. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:3570-84. [PMID: 16979163 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) act as chaperone, but also in protecting the different cytoskeletal components. Recent results suggest that alphaB-crystallin, a member of sHSPs family, might regulate actin filament dynamics, stabilize them in a phosphorylation dependent manner, and protect the integrity of intermediate filaments (IF) against extracellular stress. We demonstrate that vinblastin and cytochalasin D, which respectively disorganize microtubules and actin microfilaments, trigger the activation of the p38/MAPKAP2 kinase pathway and lead to the specific alphaB-crystallin phosphorylation at serine 59. Upstream of p38, we found that RhoK, PKC and PKA are selectively involved in the activation of p38 and phosphorylation of alphaB-crystallin, depending on the cytoskeletal network disorganized. Moreover, we demonstrate that chronic perturbations of IF network result in the same activation of p38 MAPK and alphaB-crystallin phosphorylation, as with severe disorganization of other cytoskeletal networks. Finally, we also show that Ser 59 phosphorylated alphaB-crystallin colocalizes with cytoskeletal components. Thus, disturbance of cytoskeleton leads by converging signaling pathways to the phosphorylation of alphaB-crystallin, which probably acts as a protective effector of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Launay
- EA 300 Stress et Pathologies du Cytosquelette, UFR de Biochimie, Université Paris 7, 2 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Changes in growth temperature induce both activating and inactivating responses from cells, with the magnitude of the temperature change being among the factors that influence which type of response dominates. Aside from upregulated enzyme activity, induction of thermotolerance is the most widely studied and best understood activating response that cells exhibit following heat shock. Inactivating responses to heat shock that are of biomedical interest include heat radiosensitization and cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the activation energy for inducing thermotolerance, heat cytotoxicity, and radiosensitization all fall within a similar range of 120-146 kcal per mole. The relatively high activation energy for each of these responses suggests that they all involve a heat-induced molecular transition as a trigger, and several lines of research suggest strongly that protein denaturation is the common transition that triggers all three responses. Low levels of protein denaturation are sufficient to attract the 90 kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) such that it frees up heat shock factor 1, which then trimerizes to form an active transcription factor that upregulates expression of heat shock proteins. Upregulation of heat shock proteins and other heat-induced events result in the development of thermotolerance, which protects cells from subsequent exposure to heat shock and other stresses. A more severe heat shock increases protein denaturation proportionately and leads to aggregation of both denatured and native proteins. This results in inactivation of protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair processes such that cells either die or are sensitized to radiation and other cytotoxic events. The ultimate fate of cells following a heat shock depends upon the summation of the activation and inactivation events that are induced, which appears to be governed by the resultant magnitude of protein denaturation and aggregation. Treatments that stabilize cellular proteins against denaturation and aggregation reduce the magnitude of inactivating responses while increasing that of activating responses for a given heat shock (time at temperature), while treatments that sensitize proteins to denaturation and aggreation have the converse effect. These findings support the conclusion that the determinant of the cellular response to heat shock is the amount of heat-induced protein denaturation and aggregation and not the time at temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lepock
- Department of Medical Biophysics and the Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Kampinga HH. Chaperones in preventing protein denaturation in living cells and protecting against cellular stress. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005:1-42. [PMID: 16610353 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29717-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cellular internal and external stress conditions can be classified as proteotoxic stresses. Proteotoxic stresses can be defined as stresses that increase the fraction of proteins that are in an unfolded state, thereby enhancing the probability of the formation of intracellular aggregates. These aggregates, if not disposed, can lead to cell death. In response to the appearance of damaged proteins, cells induce the expression of heat shock proteins. These can function as molecular chaperones to prevent protein aggregation and to keep proteins in a state competent for either refolding or degradation. Most knowledge of the function and regulation (by co-factors) of individual heat shock proteins comes from cell free studies on refolding of heat- or chemically denatured, purified proteins. Unlike the experimental situation in a test tube, cells contain multiple chaperones and co-factors often moving in and out different subcompartments that contain a variety of protein substrates at different folding states. Also, within cells folding competes with the degradative machinery. In this chapter, an overview will be provided on how the main cytosolic/nuclear chaperone Hsp70 is regulated, what is known about its interaction with other main cytosolic/nuclear chaperone families (Hsp27, Hsp90, and Hsp110), and how it may function as a molecular chaperone in living mammalian cells to protect against proteotoxic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Kampinga
- Department of Cell Biology, Section of Radiation and Stress Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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42
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Al-Johany A, . AH. Increased Antioxidant and White Blood Cell Counts and Decreased Free Radical
Production During Mild Heat Stress in Uromastyx egyptius. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.311.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Haffor A, . AMAJ. Effect of Heat Stress, Hypoxia and Hypoxia-hyperoxia on Free Radical Production in mice Mus musculus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.89.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Hargis MT, Storck CW, Wickstrom E, Yakubov LA, Leeper DB, Coss RA. Hsp27 anti-sense oligonucleotides sensitize the microtubular cytoskeleton of Chinese hamster ovary cells grown at low pH to 42 degrees C-induced reorganization. Int J Hyperthermia 2005; 20:491-502. [PMID: 15277022 DOI: 10.1080/02656730410001699100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells maintained in vitro at pH 6.7 were used to model cells in the acidic environment of tumours. CHO cells grown at pH 6.7 develop thermotolerance during 42 degrees C heating at pH 6.7 and their cytoskeletal systems are resistant to 42 degrees C-induced perinuclear collapse. Hsp27 levels are elevated in cells grown at pH 6.7 and are further induced during 42 degrees C heating, while Hsp70 levels remain low or undetectable, suggesting that Hsp27 is responsible for some of the novel characteristics of these cells. An anti-sense oligonucleotide strategy was used to test the importance of Hsp27 by lowering heat-induced levels of the protein. The response of the microtubular cytoskeleton to heat was used as an endpoint to assess the effectiveness of the anti-sense strategy. Treatment with anti-sense oligonucleotides prevented the heat-induced increase of Hsp27 levels measured immediately following heat. Treatment with anti-sense oligonucleotides also sensitized the cytoskeleton of cells grown at low pH to heat-induced perinuclear collapse. However, cytoskeletal collapse was not evident in cells grown at pH 6.7 and treated with 4-nt mismatch oligonucleotides or in control cells maintained and heated at pH 6.7. The cytoskeleton collapsed around the nucleus in cells cultured and heated at pH 7.3. These results confirm that over-expression of Hsp27 confers heat protection to the microtubular cytoskeleton in CHO cells grown at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hargis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University 111 S, 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5097, USA
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Dynlacht JR, Xu M, Pandita RK, Wetzel EA, Roti Roti JL. Effects of heat shock on the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex in irradiated or unirradiated cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2004; 20:144-56. [PMID: 15195509 DOI: 10.1080/02656730410001660634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which hyperthermia sensitizes mammalian cells to ionizing radiation remains to be elucidated, but an overwhelming amount of circumstantial evidence suggests that heat radiosensitization might be mediated by inhibition of double-strand break repair, particularly after exposure of irradiated cells to heat treatments in excess of about 43 degrees C. In mammalian cells, double-strand break repair usually occurs via two pathways, non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination. Several reports suggest a role for non-homologous end-joining in heat radiosensitization, while others implicate homologous recombination as a target. However, cell lines that are compromised in either the non-homologous end-joining or homologous recombination pathway are still capable of being radiosensitized, suggesting that heat affects both pathways. Indeed, several of the proteins involved in one or both of these pathways have been observed to undergo alterations or translocation after unirradiated or irradiated cells are exposed to heat shock. The work summarized in this review implicates proteins of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex as targets for heat radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dynlacht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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O'Connell-Rodwell CE, Shriver D, Simanovskii DM, McClure C, Cao YA, Zhang W, Bachmann MH, Beckham JT, Jansen ED, Palanker D, Schwettman HA, Contag CH. A genetic reporter of thermal stress defines physiologic zones over a defined temperature range. FASEB J 2004; 18:264-71. [PMID: 14769820 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0585com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We define five unique cellular responses to thermal stress using a reporter construct generated using the stress-inducible promoter from the gene encoding a murine 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70A.1) to express luciferase (luc). Thermal stress was delivered over a range of temperatures (42-68 degrees C) for 5 s to 20 min and luciferase activity was measured in live cells using a cooled CCD camera as a measure of reporter gene transcription. Reporter gene expression was assessed every 2 h for 10 h, and at 24 h post-stress. Expression patterns were validated for selected temperatures. A transition zone where cells lose the ability to produce light and beyond which >50% of cells die was observed to occur within a narrow (2.5 degrees C) temperature window. Although luc and hsp70 mRNA levels in this transition zone were high, there were reduced levels of Luc and Hsp70 protein and ATP levels. Cells treated at these temperatures recovered the ability to produce light in response to a secondary stress at 30 h. This Hsp70-luc reporter gene construct may be useful for defining zones of physiologic responses and assessing collateral thermal damage generated during treatment of biological tissue with lasers and other sources of heat.
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Teti D, Visalli M, McNair H. Analysis of polyamines as markers of (patho)physiological conditions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:107-49. [PMID: 12450656 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aliphatic polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are normal cell constituents that play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. The equilibrium between cellular uptake and release and the balanced activities of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of polyamines are essential for normal homeostasis in the proliferation and functions of cells and tissues. However, the intracellular polyamine content increases in hyperplastic or neoplastic growth. Although the involvement of polyamines in physiological and pathological cell proliferation and differentiation has been well established, the role they play is quite different in relation to cell systems and animal models and is dependent on inducer agents and stimuli. Also, the experimental procedures used to deplete polyamines have been shown to influence the cell responses. In this paper, the assay methods currently in use for polyamines are reviewed and compared with respect to sensitivity, reproducibility and applicability to routine analysis. The relevance of polyamine metabolism and the uptake/release process in many physiological and pathological processes is highlighted, and the cellular polyamine pathways are discussed in relation to the possible diagnostic and therapeutic significance of these mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Teti
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Microbiology, Section of Experimental Pathology, Azienda Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, IV piano, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Hamuro M, Nakamura K, Yamada R, Matsuoka T, Kaminou T, Nishida N. Inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia by heat stress in an experimental model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13:1247-53. [PMID: 12471189 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential effect of heat stress in inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia after angioplasty in an experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, proliferation and migration of heat-stress-induced and noninduced cells were compared with use of an endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell coculture model (five culture dishes in each experiment). Mild heat stress was induced via exposure of cultures to a temperature of 42 degrees C for 2 hours. In vivo, the neointimal thickness of ear arteries of Japanese white rabbits 7 days after denudation of endothelium was histologically evaluated in the control and heat-stress-induced groups (three rabbits in each group). RESULTS Proliferation of heat-stress-induced smooth muscle cells declined significantly compared with that of noninduced cells in single-culture and coculture models. The migration rates of neither endothelial cells nor smooth muscle cells were significantly affected by heat stress. In vivo, the mean neointimal thickness was 13.8 micro m +/- 8.0 in the control group and 3.9 micro m +/- 2.1 in the induced group (P <.05). CONCLUSION Induction of mild heat stress has great potential to reduce neointimal hyperplasia after angioplasty because it inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation without inhibiting endothelial migration in vitro and suppresses neointimal growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Hamuro
- Department of Radiology, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-5-7 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Chen MS, Goswami PC, Laszlo A. Differential accumulation of U14 snoRNA and hsc70 mRNA in Chinese hamster cells after exposure to various stress conditions. Cell Stress Chaperones 2002; 7:65-72. [PMID: 11892989 PMCID: PMC514804 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2002)007<0065:daousa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously characterized the unique organization of the U14 small nucleolar ribonucleic acid (snoRNA) gene in Chinese hamster HA-1 cells. The single copy of the hsc70/U14 gene is the only source for the production of both U14 snoRNA species and hsc70 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in these cells. Here we report that the accumulations of U14 snoRNA and hsc70 mRNA are different in response to various stress conditions, although both of them are transcribed in a single primary transcript. Heat shock induced an increased accumulation of both U14 snoRNA and hsc70 mRNA. On the other hand, exposure to sodium arsenite or azetidine induced an increased accumulation of hsc70 mRNA, but did not lead to a concomitant increase in the level of U14 snoRNA. Under normal growth conditions, the variations in the levels of U14 snoRNA and hsc70 mRNA, in the different phases of the cell cycle, are correlated. The increased expression of U14 snoRNA and hsc70 mRNA, and the hsc70 protein induced specifically by heat shock suggest that they participate in the repair process of heat-induced damage to macromolecular complexes involved in the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
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VanderWaal RP, Griffith CL, Wright WD, Borrelli MJ, Roti JL. Delaying S-phase progression rescues cells from heat-induced S-phase hypertoxicity. J Cell Physiol 2001; 187:236-43. [PMID: 11268003 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which a cell protects itself from the lethal effects of heat shock and other stress-inducing agents is the subject of much research. We have investigated the relationship between heat-induced damage to DNA replication machinery and the lethal effects of heat shock, in S-phase cells, which are more sensitive to heat shock than either G1 or G2. We found that maintaining cells in aphidicolin, which prevents the passage of cells through S-phase, can rescue S-phase HeLa cells from the lethal effects of heat shock. When S-phase, HeLa cells were held for 5-6 h in 3 microM aphidicolin the measured clonogenic survival was similar to that for exponentially growing cells. It is known, that heat shock induces denaturation or unfolding of proteins, rendering them less soluble and more likely to co-isolate with the nuclear matrix. Here, we show that enhanced binding of proteins involved in DNA replication (PCNA, RPA, and cyclin A), with the nuclear matrix, correlates with lethality of S-phase cells following heat shock under four different experimental conditions. Specifically, the amounts of RPA, PCNA, and cyclin A associated with the nuclear matrix when cells resumed progression through S-phase correlated with cell killing. Heat-induced enhanced binding of nuclear proteins involved with other aspects of DNA metabolism, (Mrell, PDI), do not show this correlation. These results support the hypothesis that heat-induced changes in the binding of proteins associated with DNA replication factories are the potentially lethal lesions, which become fixed to lethal lesions by S-phase progression but are repairable if S-phase progression is delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P VanderWaal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Radiation Oncology Center, Section of Cancer Biology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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