1
|
Zimmermann J, Kliewer-Neumann J, Bovenschen I, Lang K, Gabler S, Nowacki K, Spangler G. Predictors of the rate and course of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder symptoms in foster children during the first year of placement. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 154:106872. [PMID: 38850747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to adverse care experiences, foster children are at risk for developing symptoms of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the factors influencing rate and course of RAD and DSED symptoms during the first year of placement in long-term foster care. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample consisted of 55 foster children aged 1 to 6 years. Measurements were taken at placement as well as 6 and 12 months after placement. METHODS RAD and DSED symptoms were assessed with the Disturbance of Attachment Interview (DAI). DSED symptoms were also assessed by observation with the Rating of Infant Stranger Engagement (RISE). Foster parents and caseworkers reported on children's preplacement experiences and placement characteristics. RESULTS RAD symptoms were rare at Wave 1 (5.5 %) and remitted in most children within the first six months of placement, t(54) = 3.06, p = .003. A total of 30.9 % of the foster children presented DSED symptoms according to the DAI, but only 5.5 % of the children according to the RISE. Foster parents reported symptom reduction, t(54) = 3.71, p = .003, while observational data indicated symptom stability. Prior placement in emergency foster care was associated with lower levels of RAD at Wave 1, F(1.62, 80.88) = 7.80, p = .002, while later placed children presented more RAD and DSED symptoms (RRAD2 = 0.07, RDSED2 = 0.08, RRISE2 = 0.12). Psychopathology of the biological parents (RRAD2 = 0.07, RDSED2 = 0.08) and visitation with the biological parents (RRISE2 = 0.14) predicted symptom stability. CONCLUSION A substantial number of foster children present persistent DSED symptoms indicating a need for evidenced based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janin Zimmermann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Psychology, Department for Developmental Psychology and Educational Psychology, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; German Youth Institute, Department for Families and Family Policies, Nockherstraße 2, 81541 Munich, Germany.
| | - Josephine Kliewer-Neumann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Applied Social Sciences, Emil-Figge-Straße 38-44, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Ruhr-University Bochum, Research and Treatment Center for Mental Health, Center for Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, Massenbergstraße 9-13, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ina Bovenschen
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Psychology, Department for Developmental Psychology and Educational Psychology, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; German Youth Institute, Department for Families and Family Policies, Nockherstraße 2, 81541 Munich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Lang
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Psychology, Department for Developmental Psychology and Educational Psychology, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; Child Guidance Center, Ingolstadt, Gabelsbergerstr. 46, 85057 Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Sandra Gabler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Psychology, Department for Developmental Psychology and Educational Psychology, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katja Nowacki
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Applied Social Sciences, Emil-Figge-Straße 38-44, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Gottfried Spangler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Psychology, Department for Developmental Psychology and Educational Psychology, Nägelsbachstraße 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dubé C, Morin AJS, Tóth-Király I, Olivier E, Tracey D, McCune VS, Craven RG, Maïano C. Social Interaction Profiles Among Youth with Intellectual Disabilities: Associations with Indicators of Psychosocial Adjustment. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:458-476. [PMID: 36342629 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the nature of the social interaction profiles observed among youth with intellectual disabilities (ID), defined while considering their relationships with their parents, peers, and teachers, as well as the implication of these profiles for self-esteem, aggressive behaviors, and prosocial behaviors. A sample of 393 youth with mild (48.2%) to moderate (51.8%) levels of ID, aged between 11 and 22 (M = 15.70), was recruited in Canada (n = 141) and Australia (n = 253). Our results revealed four profiles, corresponding to Socially Isolated (23.24%), Socially Integrated (39.83%), Socially Rejected (28.37%) and Socially Connected (8.57%) youth with ID. The socially integrated and connected profiles both presented higher self-esteem, more prosocial behaviors, and less aggressive behaviors than the socially isolated and rejected profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céleste Dubé
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W, H4B 1R6, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W, H4B 1R6, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - István Tóth-Király
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W, H4B 1R6, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Olivier
- Département de psychopédagogie et d'andragogie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Danielle Tracey
- School of Education, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Victoria Smodis McCune
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W, H4B 1R6, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rhonda G Craven
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO|Campus de Saint-Jérôme), Saint-Jérome, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fonagy P, Campbell C, Luyten P. Attachment, Mentalizing and Trauma: Then (1992) and Now (2022). Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030459. [PMID: 36979268 PMCID: PMC10046260 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the current status of research on the relationship between attachment and trauma in developmental psychopathology. Beginning with a review of the major issues and the state-of-the-art in relation to current thinking in the field of attachment about the impact of trauma and the inter-generational transmission of trauma, the review then considers recent neurobiological work on mentalizing and trauma and suggests areas of new development and implications for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Chloe Campbell
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Do the Temperamental Characteristics of Both Mother and Child Influence the Well-Being of Adopted and Non-Adopted Children? CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081227. [PMID: 36010117 PMCID: PMC9406479 DOI: 10.3390/children9081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: For decades, the temperaments of infants and small children have been a focus of studies in human development and been seen as a potential contributor to children’s developmental patterns. However, less is known about the interplay between the temperamental characteristics of mothers and their children in the context of explaining variations in developmental outcomes. The aim of our study was to explore the associations—with or without genetic links—of the temperaments and psychological distress of mothers and the temperaments of children with behavioral problems in a group of internationally adopted children and their adoptive mothers and in a group of non-adopted children and their mothers. (2) Methods: Data (n = 170) were derived from the ongoing Finnish Adoption (FinAdo) follow-up study. The children included were under the age of 7 years; 74 were adopted internationally through legal agencies between October 2010 and December 2016, and the remaining 96 were non-adopted children living with their birth parents (biological group) recruited from day-care centers. We used Mary Rothbart’s temperament questionnaires to assess temperament, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to obtain data on the children’s behavioral/emotional problems and competencies, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to assess parental psychological distress. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Southwest Finland, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents and the children themselves. (3) Results: The negative affectivities of both mothers and children were associated with the total CBCL and with both internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors after adjusting for age, gender, and adoption status. Both relationships remained significant when tested simultaneously, suggesting additive effects. Maternal negative affect was associated with problem behavior irrespective of child extraversion/surgency. Child extraversion/surgency was associated with lower levels of all internalizing behavioral problems when adjusted for maternal sociability. Child negative affect was associated with all behavioral problem measures irrespective of maternal sociability or maternal psychological distress. Maternal distress was associated with child problem behaviors only in children with low extraversion/surgency. (4) Limitations: The sample size was relatively small, and the information was gathered solely with questionnaires. (5) Conclusions: The results of the study may be clinically significant. Child negative affect, maternal negative affect, and maternal experienced distress, combined with low child extraversion/surgency, may increase the risk of child problem behaviors in both adoptees and non-adoptees.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamadi L, Fletcher HK. Are people with an intellectual disability at increased risk of attachment difficulties? A critical review. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2021; 25:114-130. [PMID: 31362566 DOI: 10.1177/1744629519864772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Attachment difficulties are associated with a range of adverse outcomes in mental health, and people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) may be at greater risk of experiencing difficulties in their attachment relationships. This review critically evaluated recent research measuring the prevalence of attachment difficulties in people with ID. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, and a higher prevalence of insecure and disorganized attachment classifications, and symptoms of attachment disorder, was found across a number of subgroups of people with diagnoses of ID. However, the validity and reliability of measures of attachment have not been empirically established in this population, and control groups were not always appropriate. These findings indicate the need to (1) develop reliable and standardized assessments of attachment for people with ID and (2) evaluate the efficacy of attachment-based interventions in relation to reducing psychological distress, mental health problems and expression of behaviours experienced by others as challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen K Fletcher
- 7482Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Intestinal parasites may be associated with later behavioral problems in internationally adopted children. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245786. [PMID: 33493225 PMCID: PMC7833226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim At arrival in new home country, internationally adopted children often have intestinal parasites. International adoptees also exhibit more behavioral problems than their biological peers. We examined whether intestinal parasite infections in international adoptees on arrival in Finland are associated with their later behavioral and emotional problems. Methods Data for this study were sourced from the Finnish Adoption Study (FinAdo) based on parental questionnaires for all internationally adopted children under 18 years (n = 1450) who arrived in Finland from 1985 to 2007. A total of 1293 families provided sufficient information on the adoptee’s background, parasitic status on arrival, and behavioral symptoms at the median time of 5 years after arrival (mean age = 7.8 years). Behavioral and emotional disorders were evaluated with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. Results Of the 1293 families, parents of 206 adoptive children reported intestinal parasites in their adopted children on arrival. Parasite-infected children had subsequently higher CBCL problem scores than the children without parasites (p < 0.001). The association between intestinal parasites and later behavioral problems was stronger than that between intestinal parasites and any other factors measured in this study, except disability. Limitations The control group was naturally provided by the adopted children without parasite infections, but we could not compare the adopted children to non-adopted children without a defined parasite infection. We were unable to specify the effects associated with a specific parasite type. It was not possible either to include multiple environmental factors that could have been associated with behavioral problems in the models, which indicated only modest explanatory values. Conclusions In this study, intestinal parasite infections in early childhood may be associated with children’s later psychological wellbeing, even in children who move to a country with a low prevalence of parasites. Our findings may support further developments pertaining to the gut-brain theory.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cuyvers B, Vervoort E, Bosmans G. Reactive attachment disorder symptoms and prosocial behavior in middle childhood: the role of Secure Base Script knowledge. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:524. [PMID: 33148195 PMCID: PMC7641862 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attachment disorder show prosocial behavior problems. Children with a reactive attachment disorder show inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior. Consequently, these children typically display prosocial behavior problems. However, the underlying mechanism between reactive attachment disorder and prosocial behavior problems is still unclear and findings in literature are mixed. METHODS The current study investigated the role of children's attachment representations in this association. Attachment representations reflect knowledge about a cognitive script regarding the attachment figure as a source for support (Secure Base Script). We tested whether secure base script knowledge 1) mediates or 2) moderates the link between reactive attachment disorder and prosocial behavior problems in 83 children (6-11 years; 83.1% boys) recruited from special education schools for children with behavioral problems. Children completed a pictorial Secure Base Script Test. Their reactive attachment disorder symptoms were assessed during an interview with the primary caregivers. Primary caregivers and teachers filled out a prosocial behavior questionnaire about the child. RESULTS Results did not support the mediation hypothesis, but evidence for the moderation hypothesis was found. Secure base script knowledge attenuated the negative association between attachment disorder symptoms and prosocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to the discussion about the link between attachment representations and attachment disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bien Cuyvers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Guy Bosmans
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Clinical Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goldberg AE, Garcia R. Community Characteristics, Victimization, and Psychological Adjustment Among School-Aged Adopted Children With Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parents. Front Psychol 2020; 11:372. [PMID: 32210887 PMCID: PMC7076132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Little research has examined victimization among school-aged children raised in lesbian/gay (LG) parent households and almost no work has attended to the school and community contexts that may impact their victimization risk. This study examined predictors of parent-reported child victimization and child adjustment, and parent responses to victimization, in 43 two-mother, 37 two-father, and 56 mother–father families, with adopted children (median age = 8.6 years). Predictors included parent (sexual orientation), school (climate, public versus private) and community (urbanicity, percentage voted Democrat) factors, with parent and child demographics included as controls. A total of 47% of parents reported one or more child victimization experiences in the past year; there were no differences by family type. An exploratory interaction between family type and urbanicity indicated that in large urban areas, children with LG parents were predicted to experience less victimization than children with heterosexual parents; in more rural regions, children with LG parents were predicted to experience more victimization than children with heterosexual parents. School climate was related to victimization: Parents who reported more negative school climate reported more child victimization. Children with higher levels of parent-reported victimization had higher levels of parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In large urban areas, children with LG parents were predicted to have fewer internalizing symptoms than children with heterosexual parents; in more rural areas, children with LG parents were predicted to have more internalizing symptoms than children with heterosexual parents. Regarding parents’ responses to victimization, LG parents were more likely to talk to school administrators, their children, and the bully, compared to heterosexual parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Goldberg
- Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guyon-Harris KL, Humphreys KL, Degnan K, Fox NA, Nelson CA, Zeanah CH. A prospective longitudinal study of Reactive Attachment Disorder following early institutional care: considering variable- and person-centered approaches. Attach Hum Dev 2019; 21:95-110. [PMID: 30037301 PMCID: PMC6344314 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1499208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the study of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) in early childhood has received considerable attention, there is emerging interest in RAD that presents in school age children and adolescents. We examined the course of RAD signs from early childhood to early adolescence using both variable-centered (linear mixed modeling) and person-centered (growth mixture modeling) approaches. One-hundred twenty-four children with a history of institutional care from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care, as well as 69 community comparison children were included in the study. While foster care was associated with steep reductions in RAD signs across development, person-centered approaches indicated that later age of placement into families and greater percent time in institutional care were each associated with prolonged elevated RAD signs. Findings suggest the course of RAD is variable but substantially influenced by early experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Charles A. Nelson
- Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School
- Harvard Graduate School of Education
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raby KL, Dozier M. Attachment across the lifespan: insights from adoptive families. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 25:81-85. [PMID: 29621692 PMCID: PMC6158124 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research with adoptive families offers novel insights into longstanding questions about the significance of attachment across the lifespan. We illustrate this by reviewing adoption research addressing two of attachment theory's central ideas. First, studies of children who were adopted after experiencing severe adversity offer powerful tests of the unique consequences of experiences in early attachment relationships. Although children who experience early maltreatment or institutionalization show remarkable recovery in the quality of their attachments after being placed with their adoptive families, experiencing pre-adoptive adversity also has long-lasting repercussions for these individuals' later attachment representations. Second, adoptive families allow for genetically-informed examinations of the intergenerational transmission process. Indeed, despite the lack of genetic relatedness, adoptive parents' attachment representations are associated with their children's attachment behaviors and representations across childhood and adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Dozier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Upadhyaya S, Chudal R, Luntamo T, Sinkkonen J, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Kaneko H, Sourander A. Parental Risk Factors among Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder Referred to Specialized Services: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:546-556. [PMID: 30594970 PMCID: PMC6589152 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-00861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This nationwide population-based register study examined the family and parental risk factors associated with offspring reactive attachment disorder (RAD). We identified 614 children diagnosed with RAD from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care and each case was matched with four controls. Univariate and multivariate models examined the associations between risk factors and RAD. In the multivariate model, offspring RAD was associated with only mother, only father and both parents having psychiatric diagnoses. Increased odds were observed for maternal smoking during pregnancy, single motherhood and paternal age ≥ 45 years. This study provides information on several parental adversities and offspring RAD that have important implications for public health, when planning early prevention and interventions in infant mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subina Upadhyaya
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3/ Teutori 3rd Floor, 20540, Turku, Finland.
| | - Roshan Chudal
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3/ Teutori 3rd Floor, 20540 Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Luntamo
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3/ Teutori 3rd Floor, 20540 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3/ Teutori 3rd Floor, 20540 Turku, Finland
| | - Susanna Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3/ Teutori 3rd Floor, 20540 Turku, Finland
| | - Hitoshi Kaneko
- 0000 0001 0943 978Xgrid.27476.30Psychological Support and Research Center for Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andre Sourander
- 0000 0001 2097 1371grid.1374.1Department of Child Psychiatry, Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3/ Teutori 3rd Floor, 20540 Turku, Finland ,0000 0004 0628 215Xgrid.410552.7Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liskola K, Raaska H, Lapinleimu H, Elovainio M. Parental depressive symptoms as a risk factor for child depressive symptoms; testing the social mediators in internationally adopted children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1585-1593. [PMID: 29651645 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parental depressive symptoms have shown to be associated with offspring depression but much of the research has been focused on maternal depression. The aim of our study was to investigate the extent to which depressive symptoms of both parents associate with offspring depressive symptoms and whether social factors mediate these associations using data from adopted children with no shared genetic background. Data were derived from the Finnish Adoption survey study (a subsample of adopted children aged between 9 and 12 years, n = 548). Parental depressive symptoms were measured using short version of the General Health Questionnaire and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to measure depressive symptoms in adoptees. Paternal depressive symptoms were related to the total CDI (B = 0.33, p = 0.05) and two dimensions of offspring depressive symptoms: negative mood (B = 0.10, p = 0.03) and interpersonal problems (B = 0.06, p = 0.009). These associations remained significant even when adjusted for child's age and gender, age at adoption, type of placement before adoption, continent of birth and adoptive family's SES. No associations were found between maternal and any dimensions of offspring depressive symptoms. No information about the mental health of biological parents was available. We interpret the results as demonstrating that intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms is not solely related to shared genes. Also, the results highlight the association of paternal depression with offspring depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Liskola
- Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 590, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Raaska
- Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 590, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marko Elovainio
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Spangler G, Bovenschen I, Jorjadze N, Zimmermann J, Werner A, Riedel N, Gabler S, Kliewer-Neumann JD, Nowacki K. Inhibited symptoms of Attachment Disorder in children from institutional and foster care samples. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 21:132-151. [DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1499210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Spangler
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Bovenschen
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Family Welfare and Child Protection, German Youth Institute, Munich, Germany
| | - Nino Jorjadze
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janin Zimmermann
- Department of Family Welfare and Child Protection, German Youth Institute, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Werner
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Riedel
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Gabler
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Katja Nowacki
- Institute of Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Science and Arts, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zeanah CH, Chesher T, Boris NW. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:990-1003. [PMID: 27806867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This Practice Parameter is a revision of a previous Parameter addressing reactive attachment disorder that was published in 2005. It reviews the current status of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DESD) with regard to assessment and treatment. Attachment is a central component of social and emotional development in early childhood, and disordered attachment is defined by specific patterns of abnormal social behavior in the context of "insufficient care" or social neglect. Assessment requires direct observation of the child in the context of his or her relationships with primary caregivers. Treatment requires establishing an attachment relationship for the child when none exists and ameliorating disturbed social relatedness with non-caregivers when evident.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This presentation describes the development of attachment between adopted children and their adoptive parents with a focus on the particular issues seen in international adoptions. The questions of settling in, trauma in the country of origin, and the motivations of the adoptive parents will be discussed. Diagnosis and various psychopathological manifestations will be examined, as will outpatient and inpatient modes of therapy. The treatment of children of various ages will be covered along with the necessity for intensive counseling and psychotherapy for the adoptive parents. This will enable the parents to work through early trauma, which will give them and their adopted child the basis for developing healthy attachment patterns. This in turn will enable the child to mature and integrate into society. Possibilities of prevention are discussed. Many of the approaches discussed here regarding attachment and adoption may be applied to foster children and their foster parents.
Collapse
|
16
|
Adopted children's language difficulties and their relation to symptoms of reactive attachment disorder: FinAdo study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
Raaska H, Lapinleimu H, Sinkkonen J, Salmivalli C, Matomäki J, Mäkipää S, Elovainio M. Experiences of school bullying among internationally adopted children: results from the Finnish Adoption (FINADO) Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2012; 43:592-611. [PMID: 22362203 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-012-0286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of and factors associated with school bullying and victimization among Finnish international adoptees. The Olweus bully/victim questionnaire was sent to all 9-15-year-old children adopted in Finland between 1985 and 2007 through the mediating organizations officially approved by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The children were identified through official adoption organizations. The response rate in the target sample was 49.4%: the study sample consisted of 364 children (190 girls, 52.2%). The children's background factors and symptoms of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) were evaluated using a FINADO questionnaire. Their learning difficulties and social and language skills were assessed using a standardized parental questionnaire (Five to Fifteen). Of the participants, 19.8% reported victimization by peers while 8% had bullied others. Both victimization and bullying were associated with severe symptoms of RAD at the time of adoption (RR 2.68, 95%CI 1.50-4.77 and RR 2.08, 95%CI 1.17-3.69 for victimization and bullying, respectively). Lack of social skills was associated with victimization (RR 1.74, 95%CI 1.06-2.85) but not independently with being a bully (RR 1.50, 95%CI 0.91-2.45). In a multivariate analysis the child's learning difficulties and language difficulties were not associated with either bullying others or victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Raaska
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|