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Ravi S, Havewala M, Kircanski K, Brotman MA, Schneider L, Degnan K, Almas A, Fox N, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Filippi C. Parenting and childhood irritability: Negative emotion socialization and parental control moderate the development of irritability. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1444-1453. [PMID: 35039102 PMCID: PMC9289071 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Irritability, characterized by anger in response to frustration, is normative in childhood. While children typically show a decline in irritability from toddlerhood to school age, elevated irritability throughout childhood may predict later psychopathology. The current study (n = 78) examined associations between trajectories of irritability in early childhood (ages 2-7) and irritability in adolescence (age 12) and tested whether these associations are moderated by parenting behaviors. Results indicate that negative emotion socialization moderated trajectories of irritability - relative to children with low stable irritability, children who exhibited high stable irritability in early childhood and who had parents that exhibited greater negative emotion socialization behaviors had higher irritability in adolescence. Further, negative parental control behavior moderated trajectories of irritability - relative to children with low stable irritability, children who had high decreasing irritability in early childhood and who had parents who exhibited greater negative control behaviors had higher irritability in adolescence. In contrast, positive emotion socialization and control behaviors did not moderate the relations between early childhood irritability and later irritability in adolescence. These results suggest that both irritability in early childhood and negative parenting behaviors may jointly influence irritability in adolescence. The current study underscores the significance of negative parenting behaviors and could inform treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Ravi
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mazneen Havewala
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Kircanski
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa A. Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leslie Schneider
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn Degnan
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alisa Almas
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Filippi
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Guyon-Harris KL, Humphreys KL, Degnan K, Fox NA, Nelson CA, Zeanah CH. A prospective longitudinal study of Reactive Attachment Disorder following early institutional care: considering variable- and person-centered approaches. Attach Hum Dev 2018; 21:95-110. [PMID: 30037301 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1499208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the study of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) in early childhood has received considerable attention, there is emerging interest in RAD that presents in school age children and adolescents. We examined the course of RAD signs from early childhood to early adolescence using both variable-centered (linear mixed modeling) and person-centered (growth mixture modeling) approaches. One-hundred twenty-four children with a history of institutional care from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care, as well as 69 community comparison children were included in the study. While foster care was associated with steep reductions in RAD signs across development, person-centered approaches indicated that later age of placement into families and greater percent time in institutional care were each associated with prolonged elevated RAD signs. Findings suggest the course of RAD is variable but substantially influenced by early experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Guyon-Harris
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , USA
| | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Stanford University , Palo Alto , CA
| | - Kathryn Degnan
- c Department of Psychology , Catholic University of America , Washington DC , USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- d Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology , University of Maryland , College Park
| | - Charles A Nelson
- e Department of Developmental Medicine , Boston Children's Hospital , Cambridge , USA.,f Department of Pediatrics , Harvard Graduate School of Education and School of Education , Cambridge , USA
| | - Charles H Zeanah
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , USA
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Bell CR, MacHugh ND, Connelley TK, Degnan K, Morrison WI. Haematopoietic depletion in vaccine-induced neonatal pancytopenia depends on both the titre and specificity of alloantibody and levels of MHC I expression. Vaccine 2015; 33:3488-96. [PMID: 26055292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP) is a disease of calves characterised by haematopoietic depletion, mediated by ingestion of alloantibodies in colostrum. It has been linked epidemiologically to vaccination of the dams of affected calves with a particular vaccine (Pregsure) containing a novel adjuvant. Evidence suggests that BNP-alloantibodies are directed against MHC I molecules, induced by contaminant bovine cellular material from Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells used in the vaccine's production. We aimed to investigate the specificity of BNP-alloantibody for bovine MHC I alleles, particularly those expressed by MDBK cells, and whether depletion of particular cell types is due to differential MHC I expression levels. A complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay was used to assess functional serum alloantibody titres in BNP-dams, Pregsure-vaccinated dams with healthy calves, cows vaccinated with an alternative product and unvaccinated controls. Alloantibody specificity was investigated using transfected mouse lines expressing the individual MHC I alleles identified from MDBK cells and MHC I-defined bovine leukocyte lines. All BNP-dams and 50% of Pregsure-vaccinated cows were shown to have MDBK-MHC I specific alloantibodies, which cross-reacted to varying degrees with other MHC I genotypes. MHC I expression levels on different blood cell types, assessed by flow cytometry, were found to correlate with levels of alloantibody-mediated damage in vitro and in vivo. Alloantibody-killed bone marrow cells were shown to express higher levels of MHC I than undamaged cells. The results provide evidence that MHC I-specific alloantibodies play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of BNP. Haematopoietic depletion was shown to be dependent on the titre and specificity of alloantibody produced by individual cows and the density of surface MHC I expression by different cell types. Collectively, the results support the hypothesis that MHC I molecules originating from MDBK cells used in vaccine production, coupled with a powerful adjuvant, are responsible for the generation of pathogenic alloantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Bell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Niall D MacHugh
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Kathryn Degnan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Connelley TK, Degnan K, Longhi CW, Morrison WI. Genomic analysis offers insights into the evolution of the bovine TRA/TRD locus. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:994. [PMID: 25408163 PMCID: PMC4289303 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The TRA/TRD locus contains the genes for V(D)J somatic rearrangement of TRA and TRD chains expressed by αβ and γδ T cells respectively. Previous studies have demonstrated that the bovine TRA/TRD locus contains an exceptionally large number of TRAV/TRDV genes. In this study we combine genomic and transcript analysis to provide insights into the evolutionary development of the bovine TRA/TRD locus and the remarkable TRAV/TRDV gene repertoire. Results Annotation of the UMD3.1 assembly identified 371 TRAV/TRDV genes (distributed in 42 subgroups), 3 TRDJ, 6 TRDD, 62 TRAJ and single TRAC and TRDC genes, most of which were located within a 3.5 Mb region of chromosome 10. Most of the TRAV/TRDV subgroups have multiple members and several have undergone dramatic expansion, most notably TRDV1 (60 genes). Wide variation in the proportion of pseudogenes within individual subgroups, suggest that differential ‘birth’ and ‘death’ rates have been used to form a functional bovine TRAV/TRDV repertoire which is phylogenetically distinct from that of humans and mice. The expansion of the bovine TRAV/TRDV gene repertoire has predominantly been achieved through a complex series of homology unit (regions of DNA containing multiple gene) replications. Frequent co-localisation within homology units of genes from subgroups with low and high pseudogene proportions suggest that replication of homology units driven by evolutionary selection for the former may have led to a ‘collateral’ expansion of the latter. Transcript analysis was used to define the TRAV/TRDV subgroups available for recombination of TRA and TRD chains and demonstrated preferential usage of different subgroups by the expressed TRA and TRD repertoires, indicating that TRA and TRD selection have had distinct impacts on the evolution of the TRAV/TRDV repertoire. Conclusion Both TRA and TRD selection have contributed to the evolution of the bovine TRAV/TRDV repertoire. However, our data suggest that due to homology unit duplication TRD selection for TRDV1 subgroup expansion may have substantially contributed to the genomic expansion of several TRAV subgroups. Such data demonstrate how integration of genomic and transcript data can provide a more nuanced appreciation of the evolutionary dynamics that have led to the dramatically expanded bovine TRAV/TRDV repertoire. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-994) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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Connelley TK, Longhi C, Burrells A, Degnan K, Hope J, Allan AJ, Hammond JA, Storset AK, Morrison WI. NKp46+ CD3+ cells: a novel nonconventional T cell subset in cattle exhibiting both NK cell and T cell features. J Immunol 2014; 192:3868-80. [PMID: 24639352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NKp46 receptor demonstrates a high degree of lineage specificity, being expressed almost exclusively in NK cells. Previous studies have demonstrated NKp46 expression by T cells, but NKp46+ CD3+ cells are rare and almost universally associated with NKp46 acquisition by T cells following stimulation. In this study we demonstrate the existence of a population of NKp46+ CD3+ cells resident in normal bovine PBMCs that includes cells of both the αβ TCR+ and γδ TCR+ lineages and is present at a frequency of 0.1-1.7%. NKp46+ CD3+ cells express transcripts for a broad repertoire of both NKRs and TCRs and also the CD3ζ, DAP10, and FcεR1γ but not DAP12 adaptor proteins. In vitro functional analysis of NKp46+ CD3+ cells confirm that NKp46, CD16, and CD3 signaling pathways are all functionally competent and capable of mediating/redirecting cytolysis. However, only CD3 cross-ligation elicits IFN-γ release. NKp46+ CD3+ cells exhibit cytotoxic activity against autologous Theileria parva-infected cells in vitro, and during in vivo challenge with this parasite an expansion of NKp46+ CD3+ cells was observed in some animals, indicating the cells have the potential to act as an anti-pathogen effector population. The results in this study identify and describe a novel nonconventional NKp46+ CD3+ T cell subset that is phenotypically and functionally distinct from conventional NK and T cells. The ability to exploit both NKRs and TCRs suggests these cells may fill a functional niche at the interface of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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Cheesman S, O’Mahony E, Pattaradilokrat S, Degnan K, Knott S, Carter R. A single parasite gene determines strain-specific protective immunity against malaria: The role of the merozoite surface protein I. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:951-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cheesman S, Creasey A, Degnan K, Kooij T, Afonso A, Cravo P, Carter R, Hunt P. Validation of Pyrosequencing™ for accurate and high throughput estimation of allele frequencies in malaria parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 152:213-9. [PMID: 17239454 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cheesman
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, The Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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Zhang F, Lineaweaver WC, Kao S, Tonken H, Degnan K, Newlin L, Buncke HJ. Microvascular transfer of the rectus abdominis muscle and myocutaneous flap in rats. Microsurgery 1993; 14:420-3. [PMID: 8371692 DOI: 10.1002/micr.1920140614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A rat microvascular free rectus myocutaneous flap model with a superior epigastric vessel pedicle is presented. The rectus muscle has a predictable "flow-through" axial vascular system consisting of superior and inferior epigastric vessels anastomosing under the fascial sheath, and six to seven musculocutaneous perforating branches to the skin. The superior epigastric artery and vein, averaging 0.45 mm and 0.5 mm in diameter, can be used as the vascular pedicle in muscle or myocutaneous flap transplantation. Eight muscle and 15 myocutaneous flaps were transplanted to the groin. The myocutaneous flaps averaged 3.5 cm by 1.2 cm in size; the pedicle length averaged 11 mm. The 5 day survival was 100% for muscle flaps and 67% for myocutaneous flaps. The rectus myocutaneous flap is believed to be the first true myocutaneous model in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Division of Microsurgical Replantation-Transplantation, Davies Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94114
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