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Pasaje CFA, Bae JS, Park BL, Cheong HS, Jang AS, Uh ST, Kim MK, Kim JH, Park TJ, Lee JS, Kim Y, Park CS, Shin HD. Genetic analysis between FGD6 and aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease in a Korean population. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pasaje CFA, Bae JS, Park BL, Cheong HS, Jang AS, Uh ST, Kim MK, Koh IS, Kim JH, Park TJ, Lee JS, Kim Y, Park CS, Shin HD. Association analysis of C6 genetic variations and aspirin hypersensitivity in Korean asthmatic patients. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:973-8. [PMID: 21704099 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing evidence that genetic mechanisms contribute to the development of aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA), a life-threatening disease. The complement component (C6) is a constituent of a biochemical cascade that has been implicated in airway epithelial damage and nasal polyposis, and therefore, may be a risk factor for AIA. To investigate the association between C6 variations and AIA in a Korean asthma cohort, 27 SNPs were selected for genotyping based on previously reported polymorphisms in the HapMap database. Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan assay, and five major haplotypes were obtained in 163 AIA cases and 429 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) controls subjects. Genotype frequency distributions of C6 polymorphisms and haplotypes were analyzed using logistic and regression models. Subsequent analyses revealed a lack of association between C6 genetic variations and AIA. From the initial analyses, marginal associations of rs10512766 (p = 0.04 in co-dominant model) and rs4957374 (p = 0.05 in dominant model) with AIA did not reach the threshold of significance after multiple testing corrections; thus this study failed to find convincing evidence that variations in C6 gene influence the risk of AIA in a Korean population. However, these preliminary results may contribute to the etiology of aspirin hypersensitivity in Korean asthmatic patients.
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Nadel JA, Davis B. Regulation of Na+ and Cl- transport and mucous gland secretion in airway epithelium. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:133-47. [PMID: 248008 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720356.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ussing's short-circuit technique was applied to canine airway epithelium in vitrol and a net flux of Cl- towards the airway lumen was demonstrated, with a smaller net flux of Na+ in the opposite direction. Furosemide decreased and acetylcholine, terbutaline, and histamine increased net ion transport towards the airway lumen. Associated changes in water content in the airway lumen could affect mucociliary clearance, and therefore inhibition of ion transport may play a role in disease states. To study secretions from submucosal glands in vivo, two techniques were used to identify the duct openings in the exposed canine tracheal epithelium. (a) The exposed mucosal surface was coated with powdered tantalum; accumulated secretions produced elevations under which the duct openings were located. (b) A vital dye (0.1% Neutral red) was placed on the exposed mucosal surface; the dye stained the duct openings. With these techniques, the innervation of the submucosal glands and the autonomic regulation of their secretions were studied. Micropuncture techniques were used to sample the secretions from the glands and ducts.
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Abstract
(1) SummaryNasal polyps are grossly oedematous tissue which has undergone considerable shrinkage when processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), converting the normally smooth surface into one with undulations. This shrinkage resulted in variable degrees of loss of the surface epithelium and thus gave rise to artifact. In its severest form, the entire surface epithelium was removed and the basement membrane exposed; lesser damage resulted in exposure of the basal cells, giving the previously described ‘cobblestone’ appearance. When the epithelium was intact, it was typical respiratory in type.
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Alcaide P, Jones TG, Lord GM, Glimcher LH, Hallgren J, Arinobu Y, Akashi K, Paterson AM, Gurish MA, Luscinskas FW. Dendritic cell expression of the transcription factor T-bet regulates mast cell progenitor homing to mucosal tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:431-9. [PMID: 17296784 PMCID: PMC2118716 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor T-bet was identified in CD4+ T cells, and it controls interferon γ production and T helper type 1 cell differentiation. T-bet is expressed in certain other leukocytes, and we recently showed (Lord, G.M., R.M. Rao, H. Choe, B.M. Sullivan, A.H. Lichtman, F.W. Luscinskas, and L.H. Glimcher. 2005. Blood. 106:3432–3439) that it regulates T cell trafficking. We examined whether T-bet influences homing of mast cell progenitors (MCp) to peripheral tissues. Surprisingly, we found that MCp homing to the lung or small intestine in T-bet−/− mice is reduced. This is reproduced in adhesion studies using bone marrow–derived MCs (BMMCs) from T-bet−/− mice, which showed diminished adhesion to mucosal addresin cellular adhesion molecule–1 (MAdCAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 (VCAM-1), endothelial ligands required for MCp intestinal homing. MCp, their precursors, and BMMCs do not express T-bet, suggesting that T-bet plays an indirect role in homing. However, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that T-bet expression by BM cells is required for MCp homing to the intestine. Furthermore, transfer of WT BM-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to T-bet−/− mice restores normal MCp intestinal homing in vivo and MCp adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 in vitro. Nonetheless, T-bet−/− mice respond vigorously to intestinal infection with Trichinella spiralis, eliminating a role for T-bet in MC recruitment to sites of infection and their activation and function. Therefore, remarkably, T-bet expression by DCs indirectly controls MCp homing to mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alcaide
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kirsch R, Bokhary R, Marcon MA, Cutz E. Activated mucosal mast cells differentiate eosinophilic (allergic) esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44:20-6. [PMID: 17204948 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31802c0d06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the utility of activated mucosal mast cells (MC) in the differential diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS Intraepithelial eosinophils and MC were quantified in esophageal biopsies from 25 children with EE, 22 children with GERD and 22 controls. MCs were identified by immunohistochemistry for MC tryptase, whereas MC activation status was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for immunoglobulin E (IgE) and by electron microscopy. RESULTS Esophageal biopsies from patients with EE showed higher intraepithelial eosinophil counts (55 +/- 27.5 vs 6.9 +/- 9.7, P < 0.0001) and MC counts (26.3 +/- 12.7 vs 7.8 +/- 8.9, P < 0.0001) than those from patients with GERD. Almost all EE biopsies (24 of 25 patients; 96%) contained IgE-bearing cells compared with 9 of 22 (41%) GERD biopsies (P < 0.001). GERD biopsies with intraepithelial eosinophil counts >7/high-power field (suggesting an allergic component) contained IgE-bearing cells in 6 of 7 (86%) cases compared to 3 of 15 (20%) cases with eosinophil counts <7/h.p.f (P < 0.01). No intraepithelial eosinophils, MC or IgE-positive cells were present in controls. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of intraepithelial MC and changes in cytoplasmic granules indicative of MC and eosinophil activation. CONCLUSIONS Intraepithelial MC counts and IgE-bearing cells may help to differentiate EE and GERD and to define a subset of GERD patients in which an allergic component is present. The findings support a role for a MC-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in the pathogenesis of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kirsch
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa typified by the symptoms of nasal itch, sneeze, anterior nasal secretions, and nasal blockage. These symptoms arise from the interaction between mediators and neural, vascular, and glandular structures within the nose. Nasal itch, sneezes, and rhinorrhoea are predominantly neural in origin, while nasal obstruction is predominantly vascular. Nasal biopsy studies show accumulation of eosinophils within the lamina propria and epithelium and an increase in tissue and cell surface basophils in both seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. These cells are in an activated state. Within the epithelium, increased numbers of mast cells, T cells and Langerhans' cells, which induce T-cell activation, are found. The accumulation of these cells can be linked to chemokine and cytokine generation by the epithelial cells themselves. Thus, the tissue cell recruitment is orchestrated by activated mast cells, T cells, and epithelial cells, with the recruited tissue eosinophils also contributing to their persistence at this site through autocrine mechanisms. Mast cells generate an array of mediators including histamine, tryptase, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. Histamine is also generated by basophils. Eosinophils and basophils contribute to the leukotriene synthesis within the tissue. Histamine nasal insufflation induces nasal itch, sneeze, and rhinorrhoea as well as nasal blockage, thereby reproducing all the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. These effects are primarily mediated by H1-receptors, and H1-receptor antagonists are a prominent treatment. Antagonism of histamine at these receptors reduces symptoms by about 40-50%, with the greatest effect on the neurally mediated responses. Thus, histamine is a major mediator of allergic rhinitis, but not the sole contributor. Nasal insufflation with leukotrienes, prostaglandins, or kinins is associated with the development of nasal blockage. These mediators act primarily on the nasal vasculature and, in this respect, leukotrienes are potent mediators. Leukotrienes also induce plasma protein exudation, which contributes to the anterior nasal secretions. Studies with combination products have suggested that modifying the effects of both leukotrienes and histamine has complementary effects in relieving nasal symptoms, indicating that both these mediators are relevant to disease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Howarth
- Department of Medical Specialities, University of Southampton, UK
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Jacobson MR, Juliusson S, Löwhagen O, Balder B, Kay AB, Durham SR. Effect of topical corticosteroids on seasonal increases in epithelial eosinophils and mast cells in allergic rhinitis: a comparison of nasal brush and biopsy methods. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:1347-55. [PMID: 10520055 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal brushing and nasal biopsy are well-tolerated sampling techniques. Seasonal grass pollen-induced rhinitis is characterized by epithelial mast cell infiltration and seasonal increases in both epithelial and sub-mucosal eosinophils. OBJECTIVE To compare the ability of the nasal brush and nasal biopsy techniques to detect natural seasonal increases in eosinophils and mast cells, and to assess the influence of topical corticosteroid. METHODS Nasal brush samples and nasal biopsies were collected from 46 grass pollen-sensitive seasonal rhinitis patients before the grass pollen season and at the peak of the pollen season following 6 weeks' treatment with either fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (200 microg, twice daily) or placebo nasal spray. RESULTS Placebo patients showed seasonal increases in epithelial eosinophils both with nasal brushing (P < 0.0001) and biopsy (P < 0.001). Epithelial mast cell numbers also increased during the pollen season as detectable by brushing (P < 0.0001) and biopsy (P < 0.03). Changes in cell numbers measured by nasal brushing correlated with those observed with nasal biopsy, both for eosinophils and mast cells (P < 0.05). Sub-mucosal eosinophils but not mast cells also increased during the pollen season (P < 0.002). Nasal brushing and biopsy revealed that fluticasone treatment inhibited seasonal increases in epithelial eosinophils (P < 0.00001) and epithelial infiltration by mast cells (nasal brushing P < 0.00001 and nasal biopsy P < 0.01). Fluticasone also inhibited seasonal increases in sub-mucosal eosinophils (P < 0.001) and significantly reduced nasal symptoms (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Nasal brushing harvests sufficient inflammatory cells from the surface of the nasal mucosa to be used in lieu of nasal biopsies in observation of the effect of drugs on the nasal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Jacobson
- Upper Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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Drake-Lee A, Price J. Mast cell ultrastructure in the inferior turbinate and stroma of nasal polyps. J Laryngol Otol 1997; 111:340-5. [PMID: 9176615 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100137260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen unselected adult patients with nasal polyps had ultrastructural examination of mast cells from matching biopsies of the polyp and inferior turbinate. Between three and 10 blocks were examined for each patient in both tissues and every mast cell that had a nucleus was photographed for study. Fifty-three mast cells were found within the stroma of nasal polyps and 54 in the submucosa of the inferior turbinate biopsies. The number of granules ranged between 13 and 167 (mean 60) for polyps and 18 and 148 (mean 61) in the inferior turbinate. The mast cells appeared essentially normal in the inferior turbinate of four patients. The degree of degranulation of the mast cells was calculated as in previous studies and then averaged for both the polyp and the inferior turbinate of each patient. There was greater degranulation in the nasal polyp compared to inferior turbinate (p = 0.03). These results were compared with mast cell degranulation found in the normal nose and in the inferior turbinate of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis which we previously published. The inferior turbinates in these patients were more degranulated than the normal nose (p = 0.0001) but were similar to that found in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. This suggested that some degree of degranulation may occur throughout the nose in two thirds of the patients with nasal polyps which supports the theory that mast cell reactions are not limited to the polyps in a proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drake-Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham
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Bagnato GF, Di Cesare E, Caruso RA, Gulli S, Cugliari A, Morabito Lo Prete A, Previti M, Muscarà M, Bottari M. Gastric mucosal mast cells in atopic subjects. Allergy 1995; 50:322-7. [PMID: 7573815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Intragastral allergen provocation under endoscopic control (IPEC) allows direct observation of gastric mucosa reactions after contact with inhalant allergens that reach the stomach. We selected patients with proved atopy to Parietaria but without clinical and endoscopic signs of gastric disease, and we tested them with the specific inhalant allergen during IPEC, recording gastric macroscopic reaction and mucosal mast-cell changes in biopsy specimens. All atopic patients showed visible changes in gastric mucosa quantified as IPEC score. Mast-cell numbers detected in atopic patients (135.4 +/- 102.6/mm2 of stromal area) were significantly higher than in nonatopic subjects (59.8 +/- 25.4/mm2; P < 0.03) and were positively correlated to atopic IPEC score (P < 0.01). In addition, 6/12 atopics who had both higher mast-cell counts and IPEC score showed an intraepithelial distribution of gastric mast cells which displayed ultrastructural features of partial degranulation. It is likely that changes observed in our patients with allergy to Parietaria reflect a subclinical activation of mast cells in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Bagnato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
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Drake-Lee A, Price J, Varley R. Mast cell ultrastructure in the adenoids of children with and without secretory otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 1994; 108:1058-63. [PMID: 7861081 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100128889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the differences in morphology of the mast cells from the adenoid in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) and those from children with recurrent tonsillitis. Tissue for electron microscopy was prepared in the standard manner and between three and 10 blocks were examined for each child. All the mast cells with nuclei were photographed and the condition of the granules noted. The number of electron dense granules in each cell was assessed on a scale between zero and 10. Sixteen unselected children with OME were compared with 19 children with recurrent tonsillitis. There were no obvious differences in the degree of degranulation between the two groups although there was more vacuolation than previously described in the normal nose but less than in those patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy and mast cell reactions do not seem to predispose to OME. It was concluded that the adenoids are not the ideal tissue in which to study normal mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drake-Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham
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Pesci A, Foresi A, Bertorelli G, Chetta A, Olivieri D, Oliveri D. Histochemical characteristics and degranulation of mast cells in epithelium and lamina propria of bronchial biopsies from asthmatic and normal subjects. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1993; 147:684-9. [PMID: 7680188 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.3.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined the staining characteristics and degranulation of mast cells in bronchial biopsy specimens taken by fiberoptic bronchoscopy from 13 stable asthmatic patients and eight normal nonsmoking subjects. Specimens were fixed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde, embedded in glycol methacrylate, and stained with toluidine blue (2%) for 30 min (pH 2.7) and 7 days (pH 0.5). The number of mast cells in the epithelium and in the lamina propria was counted under light microscopy. In addition, the distribution of mast cells with different granule contents, arbitrarily defined as degranulated or partly degranulated and fully granulated, was estimated at the two levels. In asthmatic subjects, the number of mast cells in the epithelium after either staining method was significantly higher compared with that in control subjects. The number of mast cells in the lamina propria, but not in the epithelium, was significantly higher after 7 days compared with 30-min toluidine blue stain both in asthmatic (135.6/mm2 versus 74.8/mm2; p < 0.001) and control subjects (121.5/mm2 versus 71.5/mm2; p < 0.01). There was evidence of a progressive mast cell degranulation when moving toward the airway lumen in both groups. However, degranulation was more evident in asthmatic subjects. In both groups, granulated mast cells were absent in the epithelium, whereas in the lamina propria granulated mast cells were approximately one-third of total in asthmatic and two-thirds of total in normal subjects. These observations suggest that mast cells in human bronchial mucosa are heterogeneous with respect to histochemical characteristics. They provide evidence that degranulation of mast cells occurs in both asthmatic and normal subjects and that degranulation is greater in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pesci
- Instituto di Clinica delle Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Università di Parma, Ospedale Rasori, Italy
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Abstract
The information reviewed here supports the concept that asthma is potentially curable. Reports of complete, durable remission of asthma can no longer be regarded as fortuitous occurrences, unrepresentative of asthma in general. Systematic studies of anti-inflammatory drug therapy designed to explore possible induction or remission of asthma clearly are warranted. Studies of aggressive anti-inflammatory drug therapy of asthma at the onset, to avoid establishment of chronic asthma, also are desirable. The current goals of therapy of asthma have been revised to include reduction of airway hyperreactivity with topical anti-inflammatory drugs, in addition to relief of current symptoms. This approach may provide valuable resistance to exacerbations in response to antigen exposures, infections, exercise, or irritants. Pathophysiologic mechanisms apparently essential to the establishment and perpetuation of chronic asthma have been identified. These processes may be vulnerable to eradication by combination therapy with existing pharmacologic agents such as cyclosporin A or FK-506 (to suppress cytokine production), gold, methotrexate, and other anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or in combination. Equally important, the vigorous anti-inflammatory therapy may be necessary only long enough to achieve a resolution of the chronic pulmonary inflammation. Systematic studies of the use of these agents to induce partial, or complete, stable remissions of asthma should be performed. In the past, remissions of asthma in children with neoplasia and the other patients presented herein were complete, durable, and welcome, but they were largely unexpected and unpredictable. For the future, there is increasing reason to believe that predictable pharmacologically induced remission of asthma will be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Sullivan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Abstract
The ultrastructure of nasal polyps from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients was compared with non-CF nasal polyps in this study. Morphometric analysis showed that CF nasal polyps contained greater numbers of mast cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells compared with the non-CF specimens. Morphologic evidence of degranulation was seen in approximately 30 per cent of the CF mast cells but was not observed in the non-CF mast cells. Increased numbers of small granules, vacuolated granules, and lipid bodies were noted in the CF compared with the non-CF nasal polyp mast cells. Also observed was a decrease in collagen in the extracellular space of the CF nasal polyps compared with the non-CF specimens. Although eosinophils were observed in the non-CF nasal polyp tissue, these leukocytes were absent in the CF nasal polyps. These data indicate that striking morphologic differences exist between CF and non-CF nasal polyps with mast cell degranulation, a salient feature of CF specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Henderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195
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15
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Drake-Lee AB, Price J. Ultrastructure of nasal mast cells in normal subjects and patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105:1006-13. [PMID: 1787351 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100118080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of mast cells from the nine normal inferior turbinates were compared with those found in eight patients with perennial allergic rhinitis due to house dust mite allergy. Forty-six mast cells from normal patients were found in forty blocks and eighty cells were found in thirty-three blocks in patients with perennial allergy suggesting an increase of mast cell numbers in perennial allergy. There were no basophils outside the blood vessels and whole mast cells were found only in the submucosa. There was no difference in the morphology of cells of different sizes. Mast cells were more degranulated in the allergic mucosa. Degranulation, irrespective of cell size was found at all depths of the mucosa. A review of the literature covered the in vivo and in vitro descriptions of the ultrastructural morphology of human mast cells in the respiratory tract.
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Trotter CM, Hall GH. Ultrastructure of mast cells in human inferior nasal concha. Clin Anat 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.980040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chiu HF, Burrall BA. Effect of interleukin 3 on the differentiation and histamine content of cultured bone marrow mast cells. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1990; 31:197-203. [PMID: 1707584 DOI: 10.1007/bf01997608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells were isolated from mouse femur bone and cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented medium with 20 units/ml of the purified T-cell lymphokine, interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-3 was uniquely able to induce the proliferation and differentiation of mature mast cells in vitro. The sparse granulation of the bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) can be seen by day 5, progressing to definable mast cells by day 7, the mast cells appear morphologically mature and comprise a 96% pure population after 14 days of the culture. The monocytes macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils disappeared by day 9. After 4 weeks of tissue culture, mast cells are fully mature and completely granulated at 98% cell purity. The BMMC are mononuclear, oval or round in shape and appear smaller than rat peritoneal mast cells. BMMC are stable over 3-5 months in conditioned medium. The homogeneous mast cell population possesses membrane receptors and mediators, such as histamine in their metachromatic granules. The histamine content of BMMC in culture between 2 to 4 weeks rose from 1.43 to 1.82 pg/cell. Moreover, the percentage of histamine release caused by 0.1 microM and 1.0 microM ionophore A23187 was 15% and 35%, respectively. By contrast, the histamine releasing activity of 0.01% and 0.001% compound 48/80 were 12 +/- 2% and 59 +/- 7% respectively. The granular density, histamine content and histamine release activity of BMMC are different from that of peritoneal mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Abstract
The presence of mast cells, often in an activated state or increased numbers, has been noted in various cutaneous disorders. Recent studies suggest that mast cells are of primary importance in these conditions and their presence does not merely represent a secondary event. This review focuses on atopic dermatitis, contact hypersensitivity reactions, bullous pemphigoid, fibrosing conditions, neurofibromatosis, wound healing, polycythemia vera, and psoriasis, in which there is significant evidence to indicate a pathophysiologic role for mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rothe
- Division of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
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Heard BE, Dewar A, Nunn AJ, Kay AB. Heterogeneous ultrastructure of human bronchial mast cells: morphometric subdivision of cell types and evidence for a degranulation gradient. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3:71-8. [PMID: 2363937 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/3.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural heterogeneity of mast cells in human bronchial mucosa was investigated by examining 100 cells by electron microscopy and morphometry. Differential counts of secretory granules allowed subdivision of mast cells into three groups: (1) 49 cells with greater than 65% mixed granules; (2) 30 cells with greater than 30% scrolled granules; (3) 12 cells with greater than 30% particulate granules. Nine cells showed borderline characteristics. Records of depths of cells in the mucosa showed that most mixed-granule cells occupied middle levels, whereas most scrolled granule cells lay higher up, near the basement membrane. This raised the possibility that scrolled-granule cells may represent partly degranulated mixed-granule cells. Nineteen mast cells were filled with very dense mixed granules, and appeared to correspond to those staining with safranin in paraffin sections. However, morphometry did not produce any criteria for distinguishing these cells sharply from paler mixed-granule cells, which were therefore regarded as degranulating forms of the same type of cell. Evidence was found of a gradient of mast cell degranulation which appeared to increase in magnitude upward from deep submucosa to superficial mucosa. This evidence included finding a significant upward reduction in total granule area per cell, total granule numbers, numbers of mixed granules, and numbers of dense-cored granules. It was concluded that although bronchial mucosal mast cells could be subdivided ultrastructurally into three apparently heterogeneous groups, degranulation was found to produce a wide range of different cell appearances, and could, conceivably, even be responsible for the above grouping, rather than intrinsic mast cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Heard
- Department of Lung Pathology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Trotter CM, Hall GH, Salter DM, Wilson JA. Histology of mucous membrane of human inferior nasal concha. Clin Anat 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.980030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Friedman MM, Kaliner M. Ultrastructural changes in human skin mast cells during antigen-induced degranulation in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82:998-1005. [PMID: 3204257 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human skin mast cells were degranulated in vivo by intradermal injection of antigen. Biopsy specimens of control and stimulated skin were obtained at 5 minutes, again at 10 to 15 minutes, and analyzed by electron microscopy. Degranulation, defined as dissolution of granule contents and swelling in at least 20% of secretory granules of mast cells was observed in one third of mast cells at 5 minutes and in nearly two thirds of mast cells at 10 to 15 minutes, but was absent in biopsy specimens of control subjects. Anaphylactic degranulation was characterized by extensive fusion of granules to form degranulation channels, fusion of channels with the cell membrane to form large pores, and exocytosis of amorphous or fibrillar granule matrix into the connective tissue. Extruded secretory granules of skin mast cells persist for at least 15 minutes in the connective tissues, in apparent contrast to the process of in vivo degranulation in nasal and lung mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Friedman
- Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Rockville, Md
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Rydzyński K, Dalen H, Saetersdal T, Engedal H. Morphologic and morphometric analysis of the mast cells from human heart biopsies. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1987; 20:288-90. [PMID: 3604806 DOI: 10.1007/bf02074693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have examined mast cell morphology in human papillary muscles obtained from patients subjected to mitral valve replacement. Elongated, metachromatically staining mast cells were found in the connective tissue close to blood vessels and nerves. Electron microscopic examination showed that the most conspicuous features were cytoplasmic granules which displayed a crystalline internal structure and which were surrounded by perigranular membranes. They were composed of a number of coiled electron-dense layers (3 to 4 predominantly) which formed scrolls and gratings. Apart from the crystalline structure, all granules had a dark, uniform matrix. Measurements of crystalline structure periodicity indicated a unimodal distribution around a mean of 85.6 +/- 1.9 A.
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Dvorak AM, Hammel I, Schulman ES, Peters SP, MacGlashan DW, Schleimer RP, Newball HH, Pyne K, Dvorak HF, Lichtenstein LM. Differences in the behavior of cytoplasmic granules and lipid bodies during human lung mast cell degranulation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1984; 99:1678-87. [PMID: 6436254 PMCID: PMC2113347 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.99.5.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a morphometric and autoradiographic approach to analyze changes in specific cytoplasmic granules and cytoplasmic lipid bodies associated with human lung mast cell degranulation. Mast cells were dissociated from lung tissue by enzymatic digestion and were then enriched to purities of up to 99% by countercurrent centrifugation elutriation and recovery from columns containing specific antigen bound to Sepharose 6 MB. Degranulation was induced by goat anti-IgE. At various intervals after stimulation, parallel aliquots of cells were recovered for determination of histamine release or were fixed for transmission electron microscopy. We found that lipid bodies, electron-dense structures that lack unit membranes, were present in both control and stimulated mast cells. Autoradiographic analysis showed that lipid bodies represented the major repository of 3H-label derived from [3H]arachidonic acid taken up from the external milieu. By contrast, the specific cytoplasmic granules contained no detectable 3H-label. In addition, lipid bodies occurred in intimate association with degranulation channels during mast cell activation, but the total volume of lipid bodies did not change during the 20 min after stimulation with anti-IgE. This result stands in striking contrast to the behavior of specific cytoplasmic granules, the great majority of which (77% according to aggregate volume) exhibited ultrastructural alterations during the first 20 min of mast cell activation. These observations establish that mast cell cytoplasmic granules and cytoplasmic lipid bodies are distinct organelles that differ in ultrastructure, biochemistry, and behavior during mast cell activation.
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Ho KL. Ultrastructure of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma. II. Mast cells and angiogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 1984; 64:308-18. [PMID: 6542293 DOI: 10.1007/bf00690396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The topographic distribution, population density, and ultrastructural features of mast cells were studied in six cases of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma. The vascular area of tumor tissue contained large numbers of mast cells (6.3 cells/high power field, X 400) in comparison with hyalinized area (0.3 cell) and adjacent cerebellar tissue (less than 0.1 cell). Close association of mast cells with endothelial cells and stromal cells was found. The morphology of mast cell granules and their degranulation through dissolution of granule contents and exocytosis were illustrated. The findings suggest that an increased number of mast cells may represent one of the characteristic histological features of capillary hemangioblastoma, and continuous degranulation of mast cell granules with release of heparin may play an important pathophysiologic role in the vascular proliferation and expansion of the tumor.
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Kawabori S, Okuda M, Unno T. Mast cells in allergic nasal epithelium and lamina propria before and after provocation. An electron microscopic study. CLINICAL ALLERGY 1983; 13:181-9. [PMID: 6839445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1983.tb02586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A study of mast cells in subjects with nasal allergy was made by electron microscopy before and after provocation in three areas; the nasal epithelium, the subepithelial layer and the deep layer of the nasal lamina propria. The ration of degranulation of the mast cells in the nasal epithelium and subepithelial layer increased after provocation. The main features of exchanged granules of the mast cells in these areas were (1) swelling of lower electron density of the area enclosed by perigranular membrane, (2) lower electron density of the total area of granular substance with fibrillar and reticular changes, and (3) the disappearance of granular substance. It was, therefore, judged that the mast cells in the nasal epithelium and in the subepithelial layer play a more important part in the onset of a nasal allergic reaction than do those in the deep layer of the nasal lamina propria.
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Abstract
Mast cells were identified by electronmicroscopy in the alveolar wall of the lung in 20 subjects (10 normal, 10 abnormal). A quantitative and qualitative study was made of the mast cells. In the normal lung there was an average concentration of 350 mast cells/mm2 of alveolar wall and in the abnormal 523/mm2. Mast cells occupied approximately 1.6-2.1% of the area of the alveolar wall. There was marked variation in the structure of the mast cell granules but no differences between those in the normal and abnormal lungs. There was evidence that constant degranulation of mast cells may be occurring in the lung. The role that alveolar mast cells may play in the vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia is discussed. It is suggested that the tachypnoea present in asthma may partly be due to release of mediators from sensitised mast cells within the alveolar wall.
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Ishikawa E, Tanaka H, Kakimoto S, Takasaki S, Kirino Y, Sakata A, Suzuki M. A pathological study on eosinophilic lymphfolliculoid granuloma (Kimura's disease). ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1981; 31:767-81. [PMID: 7304168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1981.tb02802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study included 46 cases of eosinophilic lymphfolliculoid granuloma(kimura's disease), which occurred mainly in males between the ages of 11 to 52 years. The common sites were the soft tissue of the head and neck region. Although recurrence was not infrequent, the clinical course was benign. Laboratory findings revealed eosinophilia and frequent elevation of serum IgE. The histological characteristics consisted of proliferation of lymphoid follicles and granulation tissue with infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and histiocytes, some degree of vascular proliferation, and fibrosis. With the appliance of unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, a marked reticular reaction of IgE was confirmed in the germinal center of the folliculoid structure, and there were quite a number of IgE producing plasma cells. Many mast cells with IgE bound to their cell surface were seen in the granulation tissue. Toluidine blue staining and electron microscopy revealed fairly well preserved granules in mast cells, being quite different from the changes seen in type I allergy.
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Caulfield JP, Lewis RA, Hein A, Austen KF. Secretion in dissociated human pulmonary mast cells. Evidence for solubilization of granule contents before discharge. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1980; 85:299-312. [PMID: 6154710 PMCID: PMC2110634 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.85.2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells were enzymatically dissociated from human lung fragments that had been sensitized with serum from human allergic to ragweed and were enriched by isopyknic and velocity gradient sedimentation. Electron microscope examination showed that the mast cells were well preserved at the end of the dissociation and isolation and that the majority of their secretory granules contained crystalline structures. These structures exhibited three patterns--scrolls, gratings, and lattices--which all could be found in the same granule. The period of crystalline structures was found to be bimodal, with maxima at 150 and 75 A. Both periods were observed in gratings that had been tilted and in scrolls that had been cut obliquely, indicating that the various gross patterns are composed of the same basic substructure. After the mast cells were stimulated by rabbit anti-human IgE to release histamine, the contents of the granule were transformed from a crystalline to an amorphous state, and only granules with amorphous contents were seen discharging from the cell. Clusters of intermediate filaments were present around the granules with amorphous contents, both deep in the cytoplasm and discharging at the cell surface. Discharge occurred both by fusion of granule membranes with the plasma membrane and by fusion of granule membranes with other granule membranes that ultimately were continuous with the plasma membrane. After discharge, the granule residue was fibrillar. Cells challenged with anti-human IgE in calcium-free medium neither released histamine nor demonstrated morphologic changes in their granules. We conclude that the crystalline state represents a storage form for materials that are solubilized before fusion of the granule membrane with the plasma membrane and discharge.
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Abstract
This study describes the histopathology and ultrastructure of bronchial mucosa in lung biopsies from two children with bronchial asthma in remission, and compares them with lung samples from two children who died in status asthmaticus. Light microscopy of all samples showed changes typical of bronchial asthma, e.g. mucus plugging, goblet cell hyperplasia, 'thickening of bronchial basement membrane', peribronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy and eosinophilic infiltration. Electron microscopy revealed that the mucus plugs consisted of moderately electron-dense floccular material containing degenerate epithelial cells, macrophages and cell fragments. The luminal surfaces of ciliated cells showed cytoplasmic blebs and abnormal cilia. Mast cells in various stages of degranulation were scattered between bronchial epithelial cells. The subepithelial hyaline layer, commonly referred to as "thickened basement membrane", consisted of collagen fibrils in plexiform arrangement. The basement membrane proper appeared intact. These electron microscopic changes, particularly the presence of mast cells and subepithelial collagen deposits, were also found in autopsy samples. This combined light and electron microscopic study shows that marked, possibly irreversible changes may be present in the lungs of patients with severe bronchial asthma, even when they are asymptomatic. These pulmonary changes could be the direct consequence of mast cell activation and the release of various mediators. No evidence of immune complex deposition was found.
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Okuda M, Kawabori S, Otsuka H. Electron microscope study of basophilic cells in allergic nasal secretions. ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY 1978; 221:215-20. [PMID: 736829 DOI: 10.1007/bf01886298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate whether basophilic cells in nasal secretion belong to blood basophil or tissue mast cell, basophilic cells in the blood, nasal secretion, and nasal mucous membrane were electron microscopically observed in patients with house dust nasal allergy. The majority of basophilic cells in the nasal secretion was identical with the blood basophil in structure. The blood basophils pass through the vessels and emigrate in the mucous blanket in allergy.
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Behrendt H, Goertz W, Stang-Voss C. Ultrastructural differences in isolated mast cells from various species [proceedings]. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1978; 8:382-3. [PMID: 685759 DOI: 10.1007/bf01968623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Orr TS. Recent developments concerning the mast cell and the mode of action of disodium cromoglycate. Allergy 1975; 30 suppl 12:13-32. [PMID: 52991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1975.tb02305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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TROTTER CM, ORR TSC. A fine structure study of some cellular components in allergic reactions. II. Mast cells in normal and atopic human skin. Clin Exp Allergy 1974. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1974.tb01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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