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Miller LA, Royer CM, Pinkerton KE, Schelegle ES. Nonhuman Primate Models of Respiratory Disease: Past, Present, and Future. ILAR J 2018; 58:269-280. [PMID: 29216343 PMCID: PMC5886323 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system consists of an integrated network of organs and structures that primarily function for gas exchange. In mammals, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transmitted through a complex respiratory tract, consisting of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and lung. Exposure to ambient air throughout the lifespan imposes vulnerability of the respiratory system to environmental challenges that can contribute toward development of disease. The importance of the respiratory system to human health is supported by statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; in 2015, chronic lower respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in the United States. In light of the significant mortality associated with respiratory conditions that afflict all ages of the human population, this review will focus on basic and preclinical research conducted in nonhuman primate models of respiratory disease. In comparison with other laboratory animals, the nonhuman primate lung most closely resembles the human lung in structure, physiology, and mucosal immune mechanisms. Studies defining the influence of inhaled microbes, pollutants, or allergens on the nonhuman primate lung have provided insight on disease pathogenesis, with the potential for elucidation of molecular targets leading to new treatment modalities. Vaccine trials in nonhuman primates have been crucial for confirmation of safety and protective efficacy against infectious diseases of the lung in a laboratory animal model that recapitulates pathology observed in humans. In looking to the future, nonhuman primate models of respiratory diseases will continue to be instrumental for translating biomedical research for improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Christopher M Royer
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Edward S Schelegle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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2
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Dahlmann F, Sewald K. Use of nonhuman primates in obstructive lung disease research - is it required? Primate Biol 2017; 4:131-142. [PMID: 32110701 PMCID: PMC7041527 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-131-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In times of increasing costs for health insurances, obstructive lung
diseases are a burden for both the patients and the economy. Pulmonary symptoms
of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are similar;
nevertheless, the diseases differ in pathophysiology and therapeutic
approaches. Novel therapeutics are continuously developed, and nonhuman
primates (NHPs) provide valuable models for investigating novel biologicals
regarding efficacy and safety. This review discusses the role of nonhuman primate models for drug
development in asthma and COPD and investigates whether alternative methods
are able to prevent animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dahlmann
- German Primate Center GmbH, Infection Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Preclinical Pharmacology and Immunology, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Preclinical Pharmacology and Immunology, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
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3
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Airway remodeling in asthma: what really matters. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:551-569. [PMID: 28190087 PMCID: PMC5320023 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is generally quite broadly defined as any change in composition, distribution, thickness, mass or volume and/or number of structural components observed in the airway wall of patients relative to healthy individuals. However, two types of airway remodeling should be distinguished more clearly: (1) physiological airway remodeling, which encompasses structural changes that occur regularly during normal lung development and growth leading to a normal mature airway wall or as an acute and transient response to injury and/or inflammation, which ultimately results in restoration of a normal airway structures; and (2) pathological airway remodeling, which comprises those structural alterations that occur as a result of either disturbed lung development or as a response to chronic injury and/or inflammation leading to persistently altered airway wall structures and function. This review will address a few major aspects: (1) what are reliable quantitative approaches to assess airway remodeling? (2) Are there any indications supporting the notion that airway remodeling can occur as a primary event, i.e., before any inflammatory process was initiated? (3) What is known about airway remodeling being a secondary event to inflammation? And (4), what can we learn from the different animal models ranging from invertebrate to primate models in the study of airway remodeling? Future studies are required addressing particularly pheno-/endotype-specific aspects of airway remodeling using both endotype-specific animal models and “endotyped” human asthmatics. Hopefully, novel in vivo imaging techniques will be further advanced to allow monitoring development, growth and inflammation of the airways already at a very early stage in life.
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Lynn TM, Molloy EL, Masterson JC, Glynn SF, Costello RW, Avdalovic MV, Schelegle ES, Miller LA, Hyde DM, O'Dea S. SMAD Signaling in the Airways of Healthy Rhesus Macaques versus Rhesus Macaques with Asthma Highlights a Relationship Between Inflammation and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:562-73. [PMID: 26414797 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0210oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is important for correct lung morphogenesis, and there is evidence of BMP signaling reactivation in lung diseases. However, little is known about BMP signaling patterns in healthy airway homeostasis and inflammatory airway disease and during epithelial repair. In this study, a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model of allergic airway disease was used to investigate BMP signaling throughout the airways in health, disease, and regeneration. Stereologic quantification of immunofluorescent images was used to determine the expression of BMP receptor (BMPR) Ia and phosphorylated SMAD (pSMAD) 1/5/8 in the airway epithelium. A pSMAD 1/5/8 expression gradient was found along the airways of healthy juvenile rhesus macaques (n = 3, P < 0.005). Membrane-localized BMPRIa expression was also present in the epithelium of the healthy animals. After exposure to house dust mite allergen and ozone, significant down-regulation of nuclear pSMAD 1/5/8 occurs in the epithelium. When the animals were provided with a recovery period in filtered air, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, pSMAD 1/5/8, and membrane-localized BMPRIa expression were significantly increased in the epithelium of conducting airways (P < 0.005). Furthermore, in the asthmatic airways, altered BMPRIa localization was evident. Because of the elevated eosinophil presence in these airways, we investigated the effect of eosinophil-derived proteins on BMPRIa trafficking in epithelial cells. Eosinophil-derived proteins (eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil peroxidase, and major basic protein) induced transient nuclear translocation of membrane-bound BMPRIa. This work mapping SMAD signaling in the airways of nonhuman primates highlights a potential mechanistic relationship between inflammatory mediators and BMP signaling and provides evidence that basal expression of the BMP signaling pathway may be important for maintaining healthy airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Lynn
- 1 Biology Department, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Emer L Molloy
- 1 Biology Department, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Joanne C Masterson
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Senan F Glynn
- 3 Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard W Costello
- 3 Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark V Avdalovic
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Edward S Schelegle
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Lisa A Miller
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Dallas M Hyde
- 4 California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Shirley O'Dea
- 1 Biology Department, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
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Ghosh M, Dwyer-Nield LD, Kwon JB, Barthel L, Janssen WJ, Merrick DT, Keith RL. Tracheal dysplasia precedes bronchial dysplasia in mouse model of N-nitroso trischloroethylurea induced squamous cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122823. [PMID: 25860262 PMCID: PMC4393296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) is the second leading cause of lung cancer death in the US and has a 5-year survival rate of only 16%. Histological changes in the bronchial epithelium termed dysplasia are precursors to invasive SCC. However, the cellular mechanisms that cause dysplasia are unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we used topical application of N-nitroso-tris chloroethylurea (NTCU) for 32 weeks to induce squamous dysplasia and SCC in mice. At 32 weeks the predominant cell type in the dysplastic airways was Keratin (K) 5 and K14 expressing basal cells. Notably, basal cells are extremely rare in the normal mouse bronchial epithelium but are abundant in the trachea. We therefore evaluated time-dependent changes in tracheal and bronchial histopathology after NTCU exposure (4, 8, 12, 16, 25 and 32 weeks). We show that tracheal dysplasia occurs significantly earlier than that of the bronchial epithelium (12 weeks vs. 25 weeks). This was associated with increased numbers of K5+/K14+ tracheal basal cells and a complete loss of secretory (Club cell secretory protein expressing CCSP+) and ciliated cells. TUNEL staining of NTCU treated tissues confirmed that the loss of CCSP+ and ciliated cells was not due to apoptosis. However, mitotic index (measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) showed that NTCU treatment increased proliferation of K5+ basal cells in the trachea, and altered bronchial mitotic population from CCSP+ to K5+ basal cells. Thus, we demonstrate that NTCU-induced lung epithelial dysplasia starts in the tracheal epithelium, and is followed by basal cell metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium. This analysis extends our knowledge of the NTCU-SCC model by defining the early changes in epithelial cell phenotypes in distinct airway locations, and this may assist in identifying new targets for future chemoprevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lori D. Dwyer-Nield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer B. Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lea Barthel
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Merrick
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Keith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Denver Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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Polverino F, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald J, Wilder JA, Royer C, Laucho-Contreras M, Kelly EM, Divo M, Pinto-Plata V, Mauderly J, Celli BR, Tesfaigzi Y, Owen CA. A novel nonhuman primate model of cigarette smoke-induced airway disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:741-55. [PMID: 25542772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have several limitations for identifying new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for human COPD. These include a pulmonary anatomy that differs from humans, the limited airway pathologies and lymphoid aggregates that develop in smoke-exposed mice, and the challenges associated with serial biological sampling. Thus, we assessed the utility of cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed cynomolgus macaque as a nonhuman primate (NHP) large animal model of COPD. Twenty-eight NHPs were exposed to air or CS 5 days per week for up to 12 weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage and pulmonary function tests were performed at intervals. After 12 weeks, we measured airway pathologies, pulmonary inflammation, and airspace enlargement. CS-exposed NHPs developed robust mucus metaplasia, submucosal gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia, airway inflammation, peribronchial fibrosis, and increases in bronchial lymphoid aggregates. Although CS-exposed NHPs did not develop emphysema over the study time, they exhibited pathologies that precede emphysema development, including increases in the following: i) matrix metalloproteinase-9 and proinflammatory mediator levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, ii) lung parenchymal leukocyte counts and lymphoid aggregates, iii) lung oxidative stress levels, and iv) alveolar septal cell apoptosis. CS-exposed NHPs can be used as a model of airway disease occurring in COPD patients. Unlike rodents, NHPs can safely undergo longitudinal sampling, which could be useful for assessing novel biomarkers or therapeutics for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Polverino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Pulmonary Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Jacob McDonald
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Julie A Wilder
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Christopher Royer
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Maria Laucho-Contreras
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Emer M Kelly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Divo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Victor Pinto-Plata
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Joe Mauderly
- The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Bartolome R Celli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Caroline A Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Moore BD, Hyde DM, Miller LA, Wong EM, Schelegle ES. Persistence of serotonergic enhancement of airway response in a model of childhood asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:77-85. [PMID: 24484440 PMCID: PMC4091858 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0387oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and serotonergic enhancement of airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction induced by ozone (O3) plus allergen has not been evaluated. If this mechanism persists after a prolonged recovery, it would indicate that early-life exposure to O3 plus allergen induces functional changes predisposing allergic individuals to asthma-related symptoms throughout life, even in the absence of environmental insult. A persistent serotonergic mechanism in asthma exacerbations may offer a novel therapeutic target, widening treatment options for patients with asthma. The objective of this study was to determine if previously documented AHR and serotonin-enhanced ASM contraction in allergic monkeys exposed to O3 plus house dust mite allergen (HDMA) persist after prolonged recovery. Infant rhesus monkeys sensitized to HDMA were exposed to filtered air (FA) (n = 6) or HDMA plus O3 (n = 6) for 5 months. Monkeys were then housed in a FA environment for 30 months. At 3 years, airway responsiveness was assessed. Airway rings were then harvested, and ASM contraction was evaluated using electrical field stimulation with and without exogenous serotonin and serotonin-subtype receptor antagonists. Animals exposed to O3 plus HDMA exhibited persistent AHR. Serotonin exacerbated the ASM contraction in the exposure group but not in the FA group. Serotonin subtype receptors 2, 3, and 4 appear to drive the response. Our study shows that AHR and serotonin-dependent exacerbation of cholinergic-mediated ASM contraction induced by early-life exposure to O3 plus allergen persist for at least 2.5 years and may contribute to a persistent asthma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Moore
- 1 University of the Pacific, Stockton, California; and
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Gabehart K, Correll KA, Yang J, Collins ML, Loader JE, Leach S, White CW, Dakhama A. Transcriptome profiling of the newborn mouse lung response to acute ozone exposure. Toxicol Sci 2013; 138:175-90. [PMID: 24336422 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone pollution is associated with adverse effects on respiratory health in adults and children but its effects on the neonatal lung remain unknown. This study was carried out to define the effect of acute ozone exposure on the neonatal lung and to profile the transcriptome response. Newborn mice were exposed to ozone or filtered air for 3h. Total RNA was isolated from lung tissues at 6 and 24h after exposure and was subjected to microarray gene expression analysis. Compared to filtered air-exposed littermates, ozone-exposed newborn mice developed a small but significant neutrophilic airway response associated with increased CXCL1 and CXCL5 expression in the lung. Transcriptome analysis indicated that 455 genes were down-regulated and 166 genes were up-regulated by at least 1.5-fold at 6h post-ozone exposure (t-test, p < .05). At 24h, 543 genes were down-regulated and 323 genes were up-regulated in the lungs of ozone-exposed, compared to filtered air-exposed, newborn mice (t-test, p < .05). After controlling for false discovery rate, 50 genes were identified as significantly down-regulated and only a few (RORC, GRP, VREB3, and CYP2B6) were up-regulated at 24h post-ozone exposure (q < .05). Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that cell cycle-associated functions including cell division/proliferation were the most impacted pathways, which were negatively regulated by ozone exposure, an adverse effect that was associated with reduced bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation. These results demonstrate that acute ozone exposure alters cell proliferation in the developing neonatal lung through a global suppression of cell cycle function.
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Abstract
Airway epithelial healing is defined as restoration of health or soundness; to cure. Our research indicates that two types of progenitor cells participate in this process: the tissue-specific stem cell (TSC) and the facultative basal progenitor (FBP). The TSC restores the epithelium to its normal structure and function. Thus, the TSC regenerates the epithelium. In contrast, the FBP-derived epithelium is characterized by regions of cellular hyperplasia and hypoplasia. Since the FBP-derived epithelium deviates from normal, we term the FBP-mediated process repair. Our work indicates that the TSC responds to signals from other epithelial cells, including the FBP. These signals instruct the TSC to proliferate or to select one of several differentiation pathways. We interpret these data in the context of Stephen Padget's "seed and soil" paradigm. Therein, Padget explained that metastasis of a tumor, the seed, to a specific site, the soil, was determined by the growth and differentiation requirements of the tumor cell. By extending the seed and soil paradigm to airway epithelial healing, we suggest that proliferation and differentiation of the TSC, the seed, is determined by its interactions with other cell types, the soil. Based on this concept, we provide a set of suggestions for development of cell-based therapies that are directed toward chronic airways disease.
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Plopper CG, Joad JP, Miller LA, Schelegle ES, Fanucchi MV, Van Winkle LS, Tyler NK, Avdalovic MV, Evans MJ, Lasley WL, Buckpitt AR, Pinkerton KE, Tarkington BK, Davis S, Nishio SJ, Gershwin LJ, Wu R, Hyde DM. Lung effects of inhaled corticosteroids in a rhesus monkey model of childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1104-18. [PMID: 22702509 PMCID: PMC3913647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risks for infants and young children receiving inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy are largely unknown. Recent clinical studies indicate that ICS therapy in pre-school children with symptoms of asthma result in decreased symptoms without influencing the clinical disease course, but potentially affect postnatal growth and development. The current study employs a primate experimental model to identify the risks posed by ICS therapy. OBJECTIVE To (1) establish whether ICS therapy in developing primate lungs reverses pulmonary pathobiology associated with allergic airway disease (AAD) and (2) define the impact of ICS on postnatal lung growth and development in primates. METHODS Infant rhesus monkeys were exposed, from 1 through 6 months, to filtered air (FA) with house dust mite allergen and ozone using a protocol that produces AAD (AAD monkeys), or to FA alone (Control monkeys). From three through 6 months, the monkeys were treated daily with ICS (budesonide) or saline. RESULTS Several AAD manifestations (airflow restrictions, lavage eosinophilia, basement membrane zone thickening, epithelial mucin composition) were reduced with ICS treatment, without adverse effects on body growth or adrenal function; however, airway branching abnormalities and intraepithelial innervation were not reduced. In addition, several indicators of postnatal lung growth and differentiation: vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, compliance, non-parenchymal lung volume and alveolarization, were increased in both AAD and Control monkeys that received ICS treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Incomplete prevention of pathobiological changes in the airways and disruption of postnatal growth and differentiation of airways and lung parenchyma in response to ICS pose risks for developing primate lungs. These responses also represent two mechanisms that could compromise ICS therapy's ability to alter clinical disease course in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Plopper
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Hur DG, Khalmuratova R, Ahn SK, Ha YS, Min YG. Roles of periostin in symptom manifestation and airway remodeling in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:222-30. [PMID: 22754716 PMCID: PMC3378929 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Periostin was originally identified as a secreted factor during screening of a mouse osteoblastic library. In a recent study, periostin was found to directly regulate eosinophil accumulation in allergic mucosal inflammation. Chronic eosinophilic inflammation is related to the development of remodeling. The present study examined the expression of periostin and evaluated its role in the inflammatory process and remodeling associated with allergic rhinitis. METHODS A murine model of allergic rhinitis was established in periostin knockout mice. We analyzed the expression of periostin, manifestation of nasal symptoms, eosinophilic inflammation, and subepithelial fibrosis as well as the expression of MMP-2, TIMP-1, and type 1 collagen in nasal tissue. RESULTS Periostin was mainly distributed in the subepithelial tissue of the nasal mucosa. The subepithelial tissue was thinner in the knockout group than in the control group. No differences in the expression of MMP-2 or TIMP-1 were found in the knockout group. However, after a month of allergen challenge, type I collagen in the nasal tissue was lower in the knockout group than in the control group. The number of eosinophils and the symptom score were also lower in the knockout group. CONCLUSIONS Periostin is expressed in nasal tissues of murine models of allergic rhinitis. Periostin deficiency may affect the remodeling of nasal tissue with reduced subepithelial fibrosis, and lead to less eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gu Hur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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12
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Moore BD, Hyde D, Miller L, Wong E, Frelinger J, Schelegle ES. Allergen and ozone exacerbate serotonin-induced increases in airway smooth muscle contraction in a model of childhood asthma. Respiration 2012; 83:529-42. [PMID: 22507883 DOI: 10.1159/000336835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) modulates cholinergic neurotransmission and exacerbates airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction in normal animal and nonasthmatic human tissue. Exposure to house dust mite allergen (HDMA) and ozone (O(3)) leads to airway hyperreactivity and 5-HT-positive cells in the airway epithelium of infant rhesus monkeys. Research shows that concomitant exposure in allergic animals has an additive effect on airway hyperreactivity. OBJECTIVES In this study, the hypothesis is that the exposure of allergic infant rhesus monkeys to HDMA, O(3) and in combination, acting through 5-HT receptors, enhances 5-HT modulation of postganglionic cholinergic ASM contraction. METHODS Twenty-four HDMA-sensitized infant monkeys were split into 4 groups at the age of 1 month, and were exposed to filtered air (FA), HDMA, O(3) or in combination (HDMA+O(3)). At the age of 6 months, airway rings were harvested and postganglionic, and parasympathetic-mediated ASM contraction was evaluated using electrical-field stimulation (EFS). RESULTS 5-HT exacerbated the EFS response within all exposure groups, but had no effect in the FA group. 5-HT(2), 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptor agonists exacerbated the response. 5-HT concentration-response curves performed after incubation with specific receptor antagonists confirmed the involvement of 5-HT(2), 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptors. Conversely, a 5-HT(1) receptor agonist attenuated the tension across all groups during EFS, and in ASM contracted via exogenous acetylcholine. CONCLUSIONS HDMA, O(3) and HDMA+O(3) exposure in a model of childhood allergic asthma enhances 5-HT exacerbation of EFS-induced ASM contraction through 5-HT(2), 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptors. A nonneurogenic inhibitory pathway exists, unaffected by exposure, mediated by 5-HT(1) receptors located on ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Moore
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Respiratory Diseases Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8732, USA.
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13
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Evans MJ, Fanucchi MV, Plopper CG, Hyde DM. Postnatal development of the lamina reticularis in primate airways. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:947-54. [PMID: 20503389 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The basement membrane zone (BMZ) appears as three component layers: the lamina lucida, lamina densa, and lamina reticularis. The laminas lucida and densa are present during all stages of development. The lamina reticularis appears during postnatal development. Collagens I, III, and V form heterogeneous fibers that account for the thickness of the lamina reticularis. Additionally, there are three proteoglycans considered as integral components of the BMZ: perlecan, collagen XVIII, and bamacan. Perlecan is the predominant heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the airway BMZ. It is responsible for many of the functions attributed to the BMZ, in particular, trafficking of growth factors and cytokines between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Growth factor binding sites on perlecan include FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-7, FGF-10, PDGF, HGF, HB-EGF, VEGF, and TGF-beta. Growth factors pass through the BMZ when moving between the epithelial and mesenchymal cell layers. They move by rapid reversible binding with sites on both the heparan sulfate chains and core protein of perlecan. In this manner, perlecan regulates movement of growth factors between tissues. Another function of the BMZ is storage and regulation of FGF-2. FGF-2 has been shown to be involved with normal growth and thickening of the BMZ. Thickening of the BMZ is a feature of airway remodeling in asthma. It may have a positive effect by protecting against airway narrowing and air trapping. Conversely, it may have a negative effect by influencing trafficking of growth factors in the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit. However, currently the significance of BMZ thickening is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Evans
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Roles of epithelial cell-derived periostin in TGF-beta activation, collagen production, and collagen gel elasticity in asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14170-5. [PMID: 20660732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009426107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periostin is considered to be a matricellular protein with expression typically confined to cells of mesenchymal origin. Here, by using in situ hybridization, we show that periostin is specifically up-regulated in bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic subjects, and in vitro, we show that periostin protein is basally secreted by airway epithelial cells in response to IL-13 to influence epithelial cell function, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and extracellular matrix organization. In primary human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with periostin and epithelial cells overexpressing periostin, we reveal a function for periostin in stimulating the TGF-beta signaling pathway in a mechanism involving matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Furthermore, conditioned medium from the epithelial cells overexpressing periostin caused TGF-beta-dependent secretion of type 1 collagen by airway fibroblasts. In addition, mixing recombinant periostin with type 1 collagen in solution caused a dramatic increase in the elastic modulus of the collagen gel, indicating that periostin alters collagen fibrillogenesis or cross-linking and leads to stiffening of the matrix. Epithelial cell-derived periostin in asthma has roles in TGF-beta activation and collagen gel elasticity in asthma.
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Evans MJ, Fanucchi MV, Miller LA, Carlson MA, Nishio SJ, Hyde DM. Reduction of collagen VII anchoring fibrils in the airway basement membrane zone of infant rhesus monkeys exposed to house dust mite. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L543-7. [PMID: 20139177 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen VII anchoring fibrils in the basement membrane zone (BMZ) are part of a supracellular anchoring network that attaches the epithelium to the BMZ. Sloughing of airway epithelium in asthmatics (creola bodies) is a pathology associated with the supracellular anchoring network. In a rhesus monkey model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma, we found increased deposition of collagen I in the BMZ. In this study, we determine whether HDM also affected deposition of collagen VII in the BMZ. In the developing airway of rhesus monkeys, the width of collagen VII anchoring fibrils in the BMZ was 0.02 +/- 0.04 microm at 1 mo of age. At 6 mo the width had increased to 1.28 +/- 0.34 microm and at 12 mo 2.15 +/- 0.13 microm. In animals treated with HDM, we found a 42.2% reduction in the width of collagen VII layer in the BMZ at 6 mo (0.74 +/- 0.15 microm; P < 0.05). During recovery, the rate of collagen VII deposition returned to normal. However, the amount of collagen VII lost was not recovered after 6 mo. We concluded that normal development of the collagen VII attachment between the epithelium and BMZ occurs in coordination with development of the BMZ. However, in HDM-treated animals, the collagen VII attachment with the epithelium was significantly reduced. Such a reduction in collagen VII may weaken the supracellular anchoring network and be associated with sloughing of the epithelium and formation of creola bodies in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Evans
- California National Primate Research Center and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Universitof California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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The influence of air pollution during intrauterine development and early childhood on respiratory functions at later age. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:519-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
This review evaluates the current status of information regarding the nonhuman primate as an experimental model for defining mechanisms of chronic airways disease in humans, using the concept of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU) as a basis for comparison with other laboratory species. All of the cellular and acellular compartments within the walls of tracheobronchial airways which interact as the EMTU are present throughout the airway tree in human and nonhuman primates. The epithelial compartment contains mucous goblet and basal cells in the surface epithelium and submucosal glands within the wall. The interstitial compartment of primates has a prominent subepithelial basement membrane zone (BMZ) with an attenuated fibroblast sheath and cartilage throughout the tree. In primates, there is an extensive transition zone between distal conducting airways and lung parenchyma composed of numerous generations of respiratory bronchioles. None of these features are characteristic of intrapulmonary airways in rodents, whose airways do share ciliated cells, smooth muscle cells, nerve networks, vasculature and inflammatory cell populations with primates. While the numbers of intrapulmonary airway branches are similar for most mammals, branching patterns, which dictate distribution of inhaled materials, are more uniform (dichotomous) in primates and less so (monopodial) in rodents. Development of tracheobronchial airways (both differentiation of the EMTU and overall growth) occurs over an extensive postnatal period (months to years) in primates and a comparably shorter time period (2-3 weeks) in rodents. As with allergic airways disease in humans, experimental exposure of nonhuman primates to a known human allergen, house dust mite, produces extensive remodeling of all compartments of the EMTU: mucous goblet cell hyperplasia, epithelial sloughing, basement membrane zone (BMZ) thickening and reorganization, altered attenuated fibroblast function, subepithelial fibrosis and smooth muscle thickening. Experimental allergic airways disease in nonhuman primates also shares other features with asthmatic humans: positive skin test to allergen; allergen-specific circulating IgE; airway hyper responsiveness to allergen, histamine and methacholine; increased eosinophils, IGE positive cells and mucins in airway exudate; and migratory leukocyte accumulations in the airway wall and lumen. Experimental exposure of nonhuman primates to reactive gases, such as ozone, produces the chronic respiratory bronchiolitis and other airway alterations associated with restricted airflow and chronic respiratory bronchiolitis characteristic of COPD in young smokers. We conclude that nonhuman primate models are appropriate for defining mechanisms as they relate to allergic airways disease and COPD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Plopper
- California National Primate Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Plopper CG, Smiley-Jewell SM, Miller LA, Fanucchi MV, Evans MJ, Buckpitt AR, Avdalovic M, Gershwin LJ, Joad JP, Kajekar R, Larson S, Pinkerton KE, Van Winkle LS, Schelegle ES, Pieczarka EM, Wu R, Hyde DM. Asthma/allergic airways disease: does postnatal exposure to environmental toxicants promote airway pathobiology? Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:97-110. [PMID: 17325978 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601132030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The recent, dramatic increase in the incidence of childhood asthma suggests a role for environmental contaminants in the promotion of interactions between allergens and the respiratory system of young children. To establish whether exposure to an environmental stressor, ozone (O3), and an allergen, house dust mite (HDMA), during early childhood promotes remodeling of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU) of the tracheobronchial airway wall by altering postnatal development, infant rhesus monkeys were exposed to cyclic episodes of filtered air (FA), HDMA, O3, or HDMA plus O3. The following alterations in the EMTU were found after exposure to HDMA, O3, or HDMA plus O3: (1) reduced airway number; (2) hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium; (3) increased mucous cells; (4) shifts in distal airway smooth muscle bundle orientation and abundance to favor hyperreactivity; (5) interrupted postnatal basement membrane zone differentiation; (6) modified epithelial nerve fiber distribution; and (7) reorganization of the airway vascular and immune system. CONCLUSIONS cyclic challenge of infants to toxic stress during postnatal lung development modifies the EMTU. This exacerbates the allergen response to favor development of intermittent airway obstruction associated with wheeze. And, exposure of infants during early postnatal lung development initiates compromises in airway growth and development that persist or worsen as growth continues, even with cessation of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Plopper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kajekar R. Environmental factors and developmental outcomes in the lung. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 114:129-45. [PMID: 17408750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The developing lung is highly susceptible to damage from exposure to environmental toxicants particularly due to the protracted maturation of the respiratory system, extending from the embryonic phase of development in utero through to adolescence. The functional organization of the lungs requires a coordinated ontogeny of critical developmental processes that include branching morphogenesis, cellular differentiation and proliferation, alveolarization, and maturation of the pulmonary immune, vasculature, and neural systems. Therefore, exposure to environmental pollutants during crucial periods of prenatal and/or postnatal development may determine the course of lung morphogenesis and maturation. Depending on the timing of exposure and pathobiological response of the affected tissue, exposure to environmental pollutants can potentially result in long-term alterations that affect the structure and function of the respiratory system. Besides an immature respiratory system at birth, children possess unique differences in their physiology and behavioral characteristics compared to adults that are believed to augment the vulnerability of their developing lungs to perturbations by environmental toxins. Furthermore, an interaction between genetic predisposition and increased opportunity for exposure to chemical and infectious disease increase the hazards and risks for infants and children. In this article, the evidence for perturbations of lung developmental processes by key ambient pollutants (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS], ozone, and particulate matter [PM]) are discussed in terms of biological factors that are intrinsic to infants and children and that influence exposure-related lung development and respiratory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Kajekar
- Immunobiology, Centocor, 145 King of Prussia Road, Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
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Avdalovic MV, Putney LF, Schelegle ES, Miller L, Usachenko JL, Tyler NK, Plopper CG, Gershwin LJ, Hyde DM. Vascular remodeling is airway generation-specific in a primate model of chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:1069-76. [PMID: 16931639 PMCID: PMC2648107 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200506-848oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Changes in the density of bronchial vessels have been proposed as a part of airway remodeling that occurs in chronic asthma. OBJECTIVES Using an established nonhuman primate model of chronic allergic asthma, we evaluated changes in vascular density as well as the contribution of bronchial epithelium to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). METHODS Eight juvenile rhesus macaques were divided into two groups of four. One group was exposed to 11 cycles of aerosolized house dust mite allergen (HDMA), whereas the other was exposed to filtered air. Bronchial wall vasculature was identified using an immunohistochemical approach, and vascular density was quantified stereologically. A semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction approach was used to estimate VEGF splice variant gene expression at discrete airway generations. Cell culture of primary tracheal epithelial cells with varying concentrations of HDMA was used to quantify the direct contribution of the epithelium to VEGF production. RESULTS Bronchial vascular density was increased at mid- to lower airway generations, which was independent of changes in the interstitial compartment. The VEGF121 splice variant was significantly increased at lower airway generations. VEGF protein increased in a dose-dependant fashion in vitro primarily by an increase in VEGF121 gene expression. CONCLUSION This study highlights that increased vascular density in an animal model of chronic allergic asthma is airway generation specific and associated with a unique increase of VEGF splice variant gene expression. Airway epithelium is the likely source for increased VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Avdalovic
- UC Davis Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, 4150 V Street, PSSB #3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Kajekar R, Pieczarka EM, Smiley-Jewell SM, Schelegle ES, Fanucchi MV, Plopper CG. Early postnatal exposure to allergen and ozone leads to hyperinnervation of the pulmonary epithelium. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 155:55-63. [PMID: 16616710 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway injury in infant monkeys exposed to ozone and/or house dust mite allergen (HDMA) is associated with a loss of epithelial innervation. In this study, we evaluated for persistence/recovery of the altered epithelial innervation. Thirty-day-old rhesus monkeys were exposed to repeated episodes of HDMA and/or ozone from 1 to 6 months of age and subsequently allowed to recover for 6 months in the absence of further ozone exposure and/or minimal HDMA challenge (sufficient to maintain allergen sensitization). At 1 year of age, nerve density in intrapulmonary airways was immunohistochemically evaluated using antibodies directed against protein gene product 9.5. Hyperinnervation and irregular epithelial nerve distribution was observed in both HDMA- and ozone-exposed groups; most prominent alterations were observed in animals exposed to HDMA plus ozone. Therefore, while adaptive mechanisms exist that re-establish epithelial innervation following cessation or diminution of exposure to HDMA and/or ozone, the recovery is associated with persistent proliferative mechanisms that result in hyperinnervation of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Kajekar
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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