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Zhong MZ, Xu MN, Zheng SQ, Cheng SQ, Zeng K, Huang XW. Manipulating host secreted protein gene expression: an indirect approach by HPV11/16 E6/E7 to suppress PBMC cytokine secretion. Virol J 2024; 21:172. [PMID: 39095779 PMCID: PMC11295672 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 11/16 E6/E7 proteins have been recognized to be pivotal in viral pathogenesis. This study sought to uncover the potential mechanisms of how HPV11/16 E6/E7-transfected keratinocytes inhibit cytokine secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Upon co-culturing HPV11/16 E6/E7-transfected keratinocytes with PBMC in a non-contact manner, we observed a marked decrease in various cytokines secreted by PBMC. To determine if this suppression was mediated by specific common secreted factors, we conducted transcriptomic sequencing on these transfected cells. This analysis identified 53 common differentially secreted genes in all four HPV-transfected cells. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated these genes were predominantly involved in immune regulation. Results from quantitative PCR (qPCR) and an extensive literature review suggested the downregulation of 12 genes (ACE2, BMP3, BPIFB1, CLU, CST6, CTF1, HMGB2, MMP12, PDGFA, RNASE7, SULF2, TGM2), and upregulation of 7 genes (CCL17, CCL22, FBLN1, PLAU, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9), may be crucial in modulating tumor immunity and combating pathogenic infections, with genes S100A8 and S100A9, and IL-17 signaling pathway being particularly noteworthy. Thus, HPV11/16 E6/E7 proteins may inhibit cytokine secretion of immune cells by altering the expression of host-secreted genes. Further exploration of these genes may yield new insights into the complex dynamics of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Zhen Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Nian Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Qi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Qiong Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Rademeyer KM, R Nass S, Jones AM, Ohene-Nyako M, Hauser KF, McRae M. Fentanyl dysregulates neuroinflammation and disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:1-21. [PMID: 38280928 PMCID: PMC11232468 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Opioid overdose deaths have dramatically increased by 781% from 1999 to 2021. In the setting of HIV, opioid drug abuse exacerbates neurotoxic effects of HIV in the brain, as opioids enhance viral replication, promote neuronal dysfunction and injury, and dysregulate an already compromised inflammatory response. Despite the rise in fentanyl abuse and the close association between opioid abuse and HIV infection, the interactive comorbidity between fentanyl abuse and HIV has yet to be examined in vivo. The HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mouse model was used to understand the interactive effects between fentanyl and HIV. Tat is an essential protein produced during HIV that drives the transcription of new virions and exerts neurotoxic effects within the brain. The Tat-transgenic mouse model uses a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-driven tetracycline promoter which limits Tat production to the brain and this model is well used for examining mechanisms related to neuroHIV. After 7 days of fentanyl exposure, brains were harvested. Tight junction proteins, the vascular cell adhesion molecule, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β were measured to examine the integrity of the blood brain barrier. The immune response was assessed using a mouse-specific multiplex chemokine assay. For the first time in vivo, we demonstrate that fentanyl by itself can severely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and dysregulate the immune response. In addition, we reveal associations between inflammatory markers and tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Rademeyer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, U.S.A..
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Chu YT, Liao MT, Tsai KW, Lu KC, Hu WC. Interplay of Chemokines Receptors, Toll-like Receptors, and Host Immunological Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2384. [PMID: 37760825 PMCID: PMC10525553 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive framework has been established for understanding immunological pathways, which can be categorized into eradicated and tolerable immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with specific immune responses. TH1 immunity is related to TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, while TH2 immunity is associated with TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6. TH22 immunity is linked to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5, and THαβ (Tr1) immunity is related to TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. The chemokine receptor CXCR5 is a marker of follicular helper T cells, and other chemokine receptors can also be classified within a framework based on host immunological pathways. On the basis of a literature review on chemokines and immunological pathways, the following associations were identified: CCR5 with TH1 responses, CCR1 with TH1-like responses, CCR4 (basophils) and CCR3 (eosinophils) with TH2 and TH9 responses, CCR10 with TH22 responses, CCR6 with TH17 responses, CXCR3 with THαβ responses, CCR8 with regulatory T cells (Treg), and CCR2 with TH3 responses. These findings contribute to the identification of biomarkers for immune cells and provide insights into host immunological pathways. Understanding the chemokine and Toll-like receptor system is crucial for comprehending the function of the innate immune system, as well as adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Tung Chu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Bao Y, Zhu X. Role of Chemokines and Inflammatory Cells in Respiratory Allergy. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:1805-1822. [PMID: 36575714 PMCID: PMC9790160 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s395490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of "one airway, one disease" has been gaining importance in the last decade. In the upper and lower airways, allergic mechanisms interact with each other. In the initial stage of respiratory allergic inflammation, allergens contact the respiratory epithelium, which produces chemokines and inflammatory factors, which cause allergic reactions by binding to the corresponding receptors and chemotactic various inflammatory cells to reach the epithelium and tissues. It also drives inflammatory cells to activate and produce more inflammatory factors, thus producing a cascade amplification effect. Inflammatory cell aggregation and activation are very complex and interact with each other in a lattice structure. By blocking the action of various chemokines, inflammatory cell aggregation is reduced, and ultimately the symptoms of respiratory allergy are alleviated. Chemokines can serve as cues for coordinated recruitment of immune cells into and out of tissues, as well as directing the spatial organization of immune cells within tissues and cellular interactions. Chemokines are critical in directing immune cell migration and thus have an important role in the direction of respiratory allergy: however, chemokines are also involved in the production and recruitment of immune cells that contribute to respiratory allergy. In this article, linking the upper and lower respiratory tracts. We review the role of the chemokine system in the respiratory immune response and discuss how respiratory disease modulates overall chemokines to shape the type and outcome of the immune response to the treatment of respiratory allergic disease so that we can further deepen our knowledge of chemokines in the direction of respiratory allergy. In the future, we can do drug research and development based on this network structure and explore new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xinhua Zhu, Email
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Xu W, Qian J, Zeng F, Li S, Guo W, Chen L, Li G, Zhang Z, Wang QJ, Deng F. Protein kinase Ds promote tumor angiogenesis through mast cell recruitment and expression of angiogenic factors in prostate cancer microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:114. [PMID: 30841931 PMCID: PMC6404326 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Mast cells are being increasingly recognized as critical components in the tumor microenvironment. Protein Kinase D (PKD) is essential for the progression of prostate cancer, but its role in prostate cancer microenvironment remains poorly understood. Methods The expression of PKD, mast cells and microvessel density were examined by IHC. The clinical significance was determined by statistical analyses. The biological function of PKD and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. Results PKD2/3 contributed to MCs recruitment and tumor angiogenesis in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Clinical data showed that increased activation of PKD at Ser744/748 in prostate cancer was correlated with mast cell infiltration and microvascular density. PKD2/3 silencing of prostate cancer cells markedly decreased MCs migration and tube formation of HUVEC cells. Moreover, PKD2/3 depletion not only reduced SCF, CCL5 and CCL11 expression in prostate cancer cells but also inhibited angiogenic factors in MCs. Conversely, exogenous SCF, CCL5 and CCL11 reversed the effect on MCs migration inhibited by PKD2/3 silencing. Mechanistically, PKD2/3 interacted with Erk1/2 and activated Erk1/2 or NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to AP-1 or NF-κB binding to the promoter of scf, ccl5 and ccl11. Finally, PKD-specific inhibitor significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor growth in mice bearing RM-1 prostate cancer cells, which was attributed to attenuation of mast cell recruitment and tumor angiogenesis. Conclusions These results demonstrate a novel PKDs function that contributes to tumor angiogenesis and progression through mast cells recruitment in prostate cancer microenvironment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1118-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfu Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Present address: Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Jiabi Qian
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Present address: Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Fangyin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China
| | - Songyu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guihuan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhishuai Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Mast Cell Serotonin Immunoregulatory Effects Impacting on Neuronal Function: Implications for Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Disorders. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:147-53. [PMID: 26038194 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are derived from hemopoietic precursor cells, undergo their maturation in peripheral tissues, and play a significant role in both the innate and adaptive immune response. Cross-linking of the FcεRI on MCs initiates activation of several cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases which rapidly lead to phosphorylation and recruitment of adaptor molecules. These effects trigger the release of preformed mediators stored in the cytoplasmic granules, including histamine, serotonin and tryptase, as well as newly synthesized mediators, such as cytokines/chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and growth factors. Serotonin (5-HT) is a bioactive monoamine, which has seven specific cell surface membrane bound receptors which are coupled to G-proteins, plays an important role in the central and peripheral nervous system, and is one of the key mediators in signaling between nervous and immune systems. Serotonin is not stored in all MC types but is implicated in MC adhesion, chemotaxis, tumorigenesis, and tissue regeneration through smooth muscle differentiation of stromal cells. Recent evidence indicates that serotonin has immunoregulatory actions that may be important in neuropsychiatric conditions. Chemokines, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, and related molecules, constitute the C-C class of chemokine supergene family, play a role in regulating T helper-cell cytokine production and MC trafficking, and are involved in histamine and serotonin generation and MC functions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1-β and tumor necrosis factor which mediate MC response, are capable of activating p38 MAPK, and might increase serotonin generation through p38 MAPK activation. Here, we review the relationship between MCs and serotonin and its role in inflammatory diseases and neuroimmune interactions.
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Nakamura T, Sakata Y, Otsuka-Kanazawa S, Ichii O, Chihara M, Nagasaki KI, Namiki Y, Kon Y. Genomic analysis of the appearance of ovarian mast cells in neonatal MRL/MpJ mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100617. [PMID: 24956472 PMCID: PMC4067331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In MRL/MpJ mice, ovarian mast cells (OMCs) are more abundant than in other mouse strains, and tend to distribute beneath the ovarian surface epithelium at birth. This study investigated the factors regulating the appearance of neonatal OMCs in progeny of the cross between MRL/MpJ and C57BL/6N strains. F1 neonates had less than half the number of OMCs than MRL/MpJ. Interestingly, MRLB6F1 had more neonatal OMCs than B6MRLF1, although they were distributed over comparable areas. Furthermore, in MRL/MpJ fetuses for which parturition was delayed until embryonic day 21.5, the number of OMCs was significantly higher than in age-matched controls at postnatal day 2. These results suggest that the number of OMCs was influenced by the environmental factors during pregnancy. Quantitative trait locus analysis using N2 backcross progeny revealed two significant loci on chromosome 8: D8Mit343–D8Mit312 for the number of OMCs and D8Mit86–D8Mit89 for their distribution, designated as mast cell in the ovary of MRL/MpJ 1 (mcom1) and mcom2, respectively. Among MC migration-associated genes, ovarian expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 at mcom1 locus was significantly higher in MRL/MpJ than in C57BL/6N, and positively correlated with the expression of OMC marker genes. These results indicate that the appearance of neonatal OMCs in MRL/MpJ is controlled by environmental factors and filial genetic factors, and that the abundance and distribution of OMCs are regulated by independent filial genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakata
- Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saori Otsuka-Kanazawa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masataka Chihara
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nagasaki
- Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuka Namiki
- Office for Faculty Development and Teaching Enriched Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Specht S, Frank JK, Alferink J, Dubben B, Layland LE, Denece G, Bain O, Förster I, Kirschning CJ, Martin C, Hoerauf A. CCL17 controls mast cells for the defense against filarial larval entry. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4845-52. [PMID: 21398605 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Filarial parasites have to trespass many barriers to successfully settle within their mammalian host, which is equipped with mechanical borders and complex weaponry of an evolved immune system. However, little is known about mechanisms of early local events in filarial infections. In this study, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells not only upregulated activation markers CD40 and CD80 upon in vitro stimulation with filarial extracts, but also secreted CCL17, a chemokine known to be produced upon microbial challenge. Mice deficient for CCL17 had an up to 4-fold higher worm burden compared with controls by day 10 of infection with the murine filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis. Also, numbers of mast cells (MCs) invading the skin and degranulation were significantly increased, which was associated with enhanced vascular permeability and larval establishment. This phenotype was reverted by inhibition of MC degranulation with disodium cromoglycate or by blockade of histamine. In addition, we showed that CCL17-mediated vascular permeability was dependent on the presence of Wolbachia endosymbionts and TLR2. Our findings reveal that CCL17 controls filarial larval entry by limiting MC-dependent vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Specht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Kubo T, Ichimiya S, Tonooka A, Nagashima T, Kikuchi T, Sato N. p63 induces CD4+ T-cell chemoattractant TARC/CCL17 in human epithelial cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:725-32. [PMID: 18937546 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To preserve immunosurveillance, epithelial cells support T-cell trafficking toward inflammatory foci. However, how epithelial cells are enrolled in recruiting T cells has not been fully elucidated. In this study we investigated the function of p63, a p53 family member, in the regulation of the expression of various types of chemokine ligands by focusing on the property of p63 as an epitheliotropic transcription factor. As assessed by experiments using three different human epithelial cell lines with small-interfering RNAs or plasmids of p63, certain CC chemokine ligands were found to be under the control of p63. In these CC chemokine ligands, p63 had the common capacity to upregulate TARC/CCL17 in the different cell lines, whose receptor CCR4 was preferentially presented on CD4(+) T cells such as memory, regulatory, IL-17-producing and type II helper T cells. More interestingly, when cells were stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) as observed during tissue repair process, the expression of p63 and TARC/CCL17 was concomitantly suppressed. This implies that, in local inflammatory regions with general epithelial tissue remodeling, the p63-TARC/CCL17 axis may participate in the engagement of efficient immune reactions by specified T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terufumi Kubo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Waldo SW, Li Y, Buono C, Zhao B, Billings EM, Chang J, Kruth HS. Heterogeneity of human macrophages in culture and in atherosclerotic plaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1112-26. [PMID: 18321997 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that monocytes differentiate into unique lineage-determined macrophage subpopulations in response to the local cytokine environment. The present study evaluated the atherogenic potential of two divergent lineage-determined human monocyte-derived macrophage subpopulations. Monocytes were differentiated for 7 days in the presence of alternative macrophage development cytokines: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to produce granulocyte-macrophage-CSF macrophages (GM-Mac), or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to produce M-Mac. Gene chip analyses of three monocyte donors demonstrated differential expression of inflammatory and cholesterol homeostasis genes in the macrophage subpopulations. Quantitative PCR confirmed a fivefold elevation in the expression of genes that promote reverse cholesterol transport (PPAR-gamma, LXR-alpha, and ABCG1) and macrophage emigration from lesions (CCR7) in GM-Mac compared to that in M-Mac. Immunocytochemistry confirmed enhanced expression of the proinflammatory marker CD14 in M-Mac relative to GM-Mac. M-Mac spontaneously accumulated cholesterol when incubated with unmodified low-density lipoprotein whereas GM-Mac only accumulated similar levels of cholesterol after protein kinase C activation. Immunostained human coronary arteries showed that macrophages with similar antigen expression to that of M-Mac (CD68(+)/CD14(+)) were predominant within atherosclerotic lesions whereas macrophages with antigen expression similar to GM-Mac (CD68(+)/CD14(-)) were predominant in areas devoid of disease. The identification of macrophage subpopulations with different gene expression patterns and, thus, different potentials for promoting atherosclerosis has important experimental and clinical implications and could prove to be a valuable finding in developing therapeutic interventions in diseases dependent on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Waldo
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1422, USA
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Abstract
Mast cells possess an array of potent inflammatory mediators capable of inducing acute symptoms after cell activation, including urticaria, angioedema, bronchoconstriction, diarrhea, vomiting, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, and death in few minutes. In contrast, mast cells can provide an array of beneficial mediators in the setting of acute infections, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The balance between the detrimental and beneficial roles of mast cells is not completely understood. Although the symptoms of acute mast cell mediator release can be reversed with epinephrine, adrenergic agonists, and mediator blockers, the continued release of histamine, proteases, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and chemokines leads to chronic and debilitating disease, such as mastocytosis. Identification of the molecular factors and mechanisms that control the synthesis and release of mast cell mediators should benefit all patients with mast cell activation syndromes and mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Castells
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Scott K, Bradding P. Human mast cell chemokines receptors: implications for mast cell tissue localization in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:693-7. [PMID: 15969654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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