1
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Da Costa Guevara D, Trejo E. 5-HT 2A, 5-HT 1B/D, 5HT 3 and 5-HT 7 receptors as mediators of serotonin-induced direct contractile response of bovine airway smooth muscle. J Smooth Muscle Res 2022; 57:79-93. [PMID: 34980821 PMCID: PMC8710915 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.57.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) performs a variety of functions in the
body including the modulation of muscle tone in respiratory airways. Several studies
indicate a possible role of 5-HT in the pathophysiology of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
However, the receptors and the molecular mechanisms by which 5-HT acts on airway smooth
muscle (ASM) continue to be controversial. Most of the evidence suggests the participation
of different subtypes of receptors in an indirect response. This study supports the
proposal that 5-HT directly contracts ASM and characterizes pharmacologically the subtypes
of serotonergic receptors involved. The characterization was carried out by using
selective antagonists in an organ bath model allowing study of the smooth muscle of
segments of bovine trachea. Results: The results obtained show that 5-HT2A
receptors are the main mediators of the direct contractile response of bovine ASM, with
the cooperation of the 5-HT7, 5-HT3 and 5-HT1B/D
receptors. Also, it was observed that the muscle response to serotonin is developed more
slowly and to a lesser extent in comparison with the response to cholinergic stimulation.
Conclusion: Overall, the receptors that mediate the direct serotonergic contraction of the
smooth muscle of the bovine trachea are 5-HT2A, 5-HT7,
5-HT3 and 5-HT1B/D receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Da Costa Guevara
- Sección de Biomembranas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IME), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ernesto Trejo
- Sección de Biomembranas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IME), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
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2
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Pavón-Romero GF, Serrano-Pérez NH, García-Sánchez L, Ramírez-Jiménez F, Terán LM. Neuroimmune Pathophysiology in Asthma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663535. [PMID: 34055794 PMCID: PMC8155297 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of lower airway disease, characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Type I hypersensitivity underlies all atopic diseases including allergic asthma. However, the role of neurotransmitters (NT) and neuropeptides (NP) in this disease has been less explored in comparison with inflammatory mechanisms. Indeed, the airway epithelium contains pulmonary neuroendocrine cells filled with neurotransmitters (serotonin and GABA) and neuropeptides (substance P[SP], neurokinin A [NKA], vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP], Calcitonin-gene related peptide [CGRP], and orphanins-[N/OFQ]), which are released after allergen exposure. Likewise, the autonomic airway fibers produce acetylcholine (ACh) and the neuropeptide Y(NPY). These NT/NP differ in their effects; SP, NKA, and serotonin exert pro-inflammatory effects, whereas VIP, N/OFQ, and GABA show anti-inflammatory activity. However, CGPR and ACh have dual effects. For example, the ACh-M3 axis induces goblet cell metaplasia, extracellular matrix deposition, and bronchoconstriction; the CGRP-RAMP1 axis enhances Th2 and Th9 responses; and the SP-NK1R axis promotes the synthesis of chemokines in eosinophils, mast cells, and neutrophils. In contrast, the ACh-α7nAChR axis in ILC2 diminishes the synthesis of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, attenuating lung inflammation whereas, VIP-VPAC1, N/OFQ-NOP axes cause bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects. Some NT/NP as 5-HT and NKA could be used as biomarkers to monitor asthma patients. In fact, the asthma treatment based on inhaled corticosteroids and anticholinergics blocks M3 and TRPV1 receptors. Moreover, the administration of experimental agents such as NK1R/NK2R antagonists and exogenous VIP decrease inflammatory mediators, suggesting that regulating the effects of NT/NP represents a potential novel approach for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis M. Terán
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Du X, Wang T, Wang Z, Wu X, Gu Y, Huang Q, Wang J, Xie J. 5-HT 7 Receptor Contributes to Proliferation, Migration and Invasion in NSCLC Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2139-2151. [PMID: 32210580 PMCID: PMC7071786 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s244339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because only a small portion of NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) patients benefit from molecular targeted therapy or immunotherapy and do not develop therapeutic resistance, continued research on new targets is warranted. Serotonin has recently emerged as a growth factor for tumor cells, and its receptors may be potential therapeutic targets. The mechanism related to the behavior of the 5-HT7 receptor in NSCLC remains unknown. Methods Both gene expression analysis and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted to evaluate 5-HT7 receptor expression in NSCLC tissues. The correlation between 5-HT7 receptor expression and clinicopathological features was also examined. Cell proliferation was measured using a CCK8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assay and colony formation, migration and invasion were evaluated by the Transwell assay. siRNA transfection and stimulation with the selective agonist LP211 were used to identify the involvement of molecules in proliferation, migration and invasion. Quantitative real-time chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to quantifiy mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Pathway inhibitors facilitated the exploration of possible signaling pathways regulated by the 5-HT7 receptor in migration and invasion. Results The 5-HT7 receptor was overexpressed in NSCLC tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal lung tissues. High 5-HT7 receptor expression levels were correlated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.007) and advanced TNM stage (P=0.000) in NSCLC patients. The 5-HT7 receptor positively regulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC cells. The stimulatory effect of the 5-HT7 receptor on A549 cell migration and invasion may occur through the P38 pathway. In H1299 cells, the 5-HT7 receptor might positively regulate Src to promote cell migration and invasion. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the 5-HT7 receptor, which mediates NSCLC progression, may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiya Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmiao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
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4
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Campos-Bedolla P, De-La-Cruz-Negrete R, Vargas MH, Torrejón-González E, Mejía-Mendoza D, Islas-Hernández A, Segura-Medina P, Córdoba-Rodríguez G, Orozco-Suárez S, Arreola-Ramírez JL. Allergic sensitization increases contractile responses to 5-HT in guinea pig aorta. Physiol Res 2019; 69:191-197. [PMID: 31852196 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that asthma is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, but its mechanism is uncertain. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a mediator involved in asthma and in cardiovascular functioning. Thus, in the present study, we explored whether allergic sensitization in guinea pigs modifies 5-HT-induced contractile responses and 5-HT2A receptor expression in thoracic aorta rings. We found that sensitization produced a significant increase of 100 microM 5-HT-induced contractions of aorta rings (~27 % greater contraction than in non-sensitized animals, p<0.05). Preincubation with 10 nM ketanserin (a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist) reduced by ~30 % (p=0.003) and ~36 % (p=0.005) the area under the curve of 5-HT-induced contractions in aortas from non-sensitized and sensitized animals, respectively. There were no differences between sensitized and non-sensitized animals with respect to mRNA (qPCR) and protein (Western blot) expression of 5-HT2A receptor in thoracic aortas. We concluded that in this guinea pig model of asthma, allergic sensitization is not confined to airways, but also affects arterial contractile responses to 5-HT; changes in the expression of the 5-HT2A receptor appear not to be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Campos-Bedolla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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5
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Flanagan TW, Sebastian MN, Battaglia DM, Foster TP, Cormier SA, Nichols CD. 5-HT 2 receptor activation alleviates airway inflammation and structural remodeling in a chronic mouse asthma model. Life Sci 2019; 236:116790. [PMID: 31626791 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although the bulk of research into the biology of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors has focused on its role in the CNS, selective activation of these receptors in peripheral tissues can produce profound anti-inflammatory effects. We previously demonstrated that the small molecule 5-HT2 receptor agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] inhibits TNF-α-mediated proinflammatory signaling cascades and inflammation via 5-HT2A receptor activation and prevents the development of, and inflammation associated with, acute allergic asthma in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) model. Here, we investigated the ability of (R)-DOI to reverse inflammation and symptoms associated with established asthma in a newly developed model of chronic asthma. METHODS An 18-week ovalbumin challenge period was performed to generate persistent, chronic asthma in BALB/c mice. Four once daily intranasal treatments of (R)-DOI were administered one week after allergen cessation, with respiratory parameters being measured by whole-body plethysmography (WBP). Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in homogenized lung tissue, bronchoalveolar (BALF) fluid was analyzed for chemokine modulation by multiplex assays, and Periodic Acid-Schiff and Masson's Trichrome staining was performed to determine goblet cell infiltration and overall changes to lung morphology. KEY FINDINGS 5-HT2 activation via (R)-DOI attenuates elevated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, reduces pulmonary inflammation and mucus production, and reduces airway structural remodeling and collagen deposition by nearly 70%. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these data provide support for the therapeutic potential of (R)-DOI and 5-HT2 receptor activation for the treatment of asthma, and identifies (R)-DOI as a novel therapeutic compound against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Melaine N Sebastian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Diana M Battaglia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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6
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Malaspinas I, Petak F, Baudat A, Doras C, Eigenmann PA, Habre W. Blockade of the cholinergic system during sensitization enhances lung responsiveness to allergen in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:1293-1301. [PMID: 29992592 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although acute prophylactic administration of atropine modulates airway responsiveness, the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of sensitization and in antigen-induced bronchoconstriction remains unclear. The aim of the present study is to determine whether blocking muscarinic receptors during chronic allergen exposure modulates lung responsiveness to the specific allergen. Forty rats were randomly assigned to one of the following five treatment groups: sensitization with saline vehicle, intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (1 mg) with or without atropine treatment (10 mg/kg per day) and repeated ovalbumin aerosol (1.25 mg/mL for 20 minutes) either alone or combined with atropine. Lung responsiveness to methacholine (4-16 μg/kg per minute) and intravenous ovalbumin (2 mg) was established before and 21 days after treatment with forced oscillations following bilateral vagotomy. Lung cellularity was determined by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). A lung inflammatory response in all sensitized animals was defined as an increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the BALF. Baseline respiratory mechanics and methacholine responsiveness on Days 0 and 21 were comparable in all groups. However, increases in airway resistance following intravenous allergen challenge were significantly exacerbated in rats that received atropine. Inhibition of the cholinergic nervous system during allergic sensitization potentiates bronchoconstriction following exposure to the specific allergen. These findings highlight the role of the cholinergic neuronal pathway in airway sensitization to a specific allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliona Malaspinas
- Anaesthesiological Investigation Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ferenc Petak
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aurélie Baudat
- Anaesthesiological Investigation Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Doras
- Anaesthesiological Investigation Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A Eigenmann
- Department of Paediatrics, Geneva Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Walid Habre
- Anaesthesiological Investigation Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Anaesthesia Unit, Geneva Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Kaya-Yasar Y, Karaman Y, Bozkurt TE, Onder SC, Sahin-Erdemli I. Effects of intranasal treatment with slow (GYY4137) and rapid (NaHS) donors of hydrogen sulfide in lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Keshavarz M, Schwarz H, Hartmann P, Wiegand S, Skill M, Althaus M, Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G. Caveolin-1: Functional Insights into Its Role in Muscarine- and Serotonin-Induced Smooth Muscle Constriction in Murine Airways. Front Physiol 2017; 8:295. [PMID: 28555112 PMCID: PMC5430063 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased bronchoconstrictor response is a hallmark in the progression of obstructive airway diseases. Acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) are the major bronchoconstrictors. There is evidence that both cholinergic and serotonergic signaling in airway smooth muscle (ASM) involve caveolae. We hypothesized that caveolin-1 (cav-1), a structural protein of caveolae, plays an important regulatory role in ASM contraction. We analyzed airway contraction in different tracheal segments and extra- and intrapulmonary bronchi in cav-1 deficient (cav-1−/−) and wild-type mice using organ bath recordings and videomorphometry of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) treated and non-treated precision-cut lung slices (PCLS). The presence of caveolae was investigated by electron microscopy. Receptor subtypes driving 5-HT-responses were studied by RT-PCR and videomorphometry after pharmacological inhibition with ketanserin. Cav-1 was present in tracheal epithelium and ASM. Muscarine induced a dose dependent contraction in all airway segments. A significantly higher Emax was observed in the caudal trachea. Although, caveolae abundancy was largely reduced in cav-1−/− mice, muscarine-induced airway contraction was maintained, albeit at diminished potency in the middle trachea, in the caudal trachea and in the bronchus without changes in the maximum efficacy. MCD-treatment of PLCS from cav-1−/− mice reduced cholinergic constriction by about 50%, indicating that cholesterol-rich plasma domains account for a substantial portion of the muscarine-induced bronchoconstriction. Notably, cav-1-deficiency fully abrogated 5-HT-induced contraction of extrapulmonary airways. In contrast, 5-HT-induced bronchoconstriction was fully maintained in cav-1-deficient intrapulmonary bronchi, but desensitization upon repetitive stimulation was enhanced. RT-PCR analysis revealed 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors as the most prevalent subtypes in the airways. The 5-HT-induced-constriction in PCLS could be antagonized by ketanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor inhibitor. In conclusion, the role of cav-1, caveolae, and cholesterol-rich plasma domains in regulation of airway tone are highly agonist-specific and dependent on airway level. Cav-1 is indispensable for serotonergic contraction of extrapulmonary airways and modulates cholinergic constriction of the trachea and main bronchus. Thus, cav-1/caveolae shall be considered in settings such as bronchial hyperreactivity in common airway diseases and might provide an opportunity for modulation of the constrictor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Keshavarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Heike Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPSBremen, Germany
| | - Petra Hartmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Silke Wiegand
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Melanie Skill
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Mike Althaus
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Germany
| | - Gabriela Krasteva-Christ
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Germany
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9
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House JS, Nichols CE, Li H, Brandenberger C, Virgincar RS, DeGraff LM, Driehuys B, Zeldin DC, London SJ. Vagal innervation is required for pulmonary function phenotype in Htr4-/- mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L520-L530. [PMID: 28130264 PMCID: PMC5407097 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00495.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies have identified over 50 loci associated with pulmonary function and related phenotypes, yet follow-up studies to determine causal genes or variants are rare. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in serotonin receptor 4 (HTR4) are associated with human pulmonary function in genome-wide association studies and follow-up animal work has demonstrated that Htr4 is causally associated with pulmonary function in mice, although the precise mechanisms were not identified. We sought to elucidate the role of neural innervation and pulmonary architecture in the lung phenotype of Htr4-/- animals. We report here that the Htr4-/- phenotype in mouse is dependent on vagal innervation to the lung. Both ex vivo tracheal ring reactivity and in vivo flexiVent pulmonary functional analyses demonstrate that vagotomy abrogates the Htr4-/- airway hyperresponsiveness phenotype. Hyperpolarized 3He gas magnetic resonance imaging and stereological assessment of wild-type and Htr4-/- mice reveal no observable differences in lung volume, inflation characteristics, or pulmonary microarchitecture. Finally, control of breathing experiments reveal substantive differences in baseline breathing characteristics between mice with/without functional HTR4 in breathing frequency, relaxation time, flow rate, minute volume, time of inspiration and expiration and breathing pauses. These results suggest that HTR4's role in pulmonary function likely relates to neural innervation and control of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S House
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Cody E Nichols
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Huiling Li
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Rohan S Virgincar
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laura M DeGraff
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Bastiaan Driehuys
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie J London
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; .,Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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10
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Ayaz G, Halici Z, Albayrak A, Karakus E, Cadirci E. Evaluation of 5-HT7 Receptor Trafficking on In Vivo and In Vitro Model of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Inflammatory Cell Injury in Rats and LPS-Treated A549 Cells. Biochem Genet 2016; 55:34-47. [PMID: 27586707 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-016-9769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 5-HT7 receptor agonist (LP44) and antagonist (SB269970) on LPS-induced in vivo tissue damage and cell culture by molecular methods. This study was conducted in two steps. For in vivo studies, 24 female rats were divided into four groups. Group I: healthy; II (2nd h): LPS 5 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally (i.p.); III (4th h): LPS 5 mg/kg administered i.p.; IV (8th h): LPS 5 mg/kg administered i.p. For in vitro studies, we used the A549 cell line. Groups: I control (healthy) (2-4 h); II LPS: 1 µg/ml E. Coli O55:B5 strain (2-4 h); III agonist (LP44) 10-9 M (2-4 h); IV antagonist (SB269970) 10-9 M (2-4 h); V LPS+agonist 10-9 M (LP44 1 µg/ml) (2-4 h); VI LPS+antagonist 10-9 M (2-4 h). In molecular analyses, we determined increased TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and 5-HT7 mRNA expressions in rat lung tissues and increased TNF-α, iNOS, and 5-HT7 mRNA expressions in the A549 cell line. In in vitro parameters, LP44 agonist administration-related decrease was observed. Our study showed that lung 5-HT7 receptor expression is increased in LPS-induced endotoxemia. All this data suggest that 5-HT7 receptor overexpression is an important protective mechanism during LPS-induced sepsis-related cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsen Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Campus, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Campus, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulmecit Albayrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Campus, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Emre Karakus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Cadirci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Campus, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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11
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Córdoba-Rodríguez G, Vargas MH, Ruiz V, Carbajal V, Campos-Bedolla P, Mercadillo-Herrera P, Arreola-Ramírez JL, Segura-Medina P. Allergic sensitization modifies the pulmonary expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in guinea pigs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 223:9-15. [PMID: 26657047 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays a role in asthma. However, scarce information exists about the pulmonary expression of 5-HT receptors and its modification after allergic sensitization. In the present work, we explored the expression of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-ht5a, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors in lungs from control and sensitized guinea pigs through qPCR and Western blot. In control animals, mRNA from all receptors was detectable in lung homogenates, especially from 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptors. Sensitized animals had decreased mRNA expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptors and increased that of 5-HT7 receptor. In contrast, they had increased protein expression of 5-HT2A receptor in bronchial epithelium and of 5-HT4 receptor in lung parenchyma. The degree of airway response to the allergic challenge was inversely correlated with mRNA expression of the 5-HT1A receptor. In summary, our results showed that major 5-HT receptor subtypes are constitutively expressed in the guinea pig lung, and that allergic sensitization modifies the expression of 5-HT2A, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Córdoba-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, Mexico
| | - Mario H Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, Mexico
| | - Víctor Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, Mexico
| | - Verónica Carbajal
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, Mexico
| | - Patricia Campos-Bedolla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México DF, Mexico
| | | | - José Luis Arreola-Ramírez
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, Mexico
| | - Patricia Segura-Medina
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, Mexico.
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Nau F, Miller J, Saravia J, Ahlert T, Yu B, Happel KI, Cormier SA, Nichols CD. Serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor activation prevents allergic asthma in a mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L191-8. [PMID: 25416380 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00138.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lung characterized by airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and mucus hyperproduction. Current mainstream therapies include bronchodilators that relieve bronchoconstriction and inhaled glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation. The small molecule hormone and neurotransmitter serotonin has long been known to be involved in inflammatory processes; however, its precise role in asthma is unknown. We have previously established that activation of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2A) receptors has potent anti-inflammatory activity in primary cultures of vascular tissues and in the whole animal in vasculature and gut tissues. The 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist, (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] is especially potent. In this work, we have examined the effect of (R)-DOI in an established mouse model of allergic asthma. In the ovalbumin mouse model of allergic inflammation, we demonstrate that inhalation of (R)-DOI prevents the development of many key features of allergic asthma, including AHR, mucus hyperproduction, airways inflammation, and pulmonary eosinophil recruitment. Our results highlight a likely role of the 5-HT2 receptors in allergic airways disease and suggest that 5-HT2 receptor agonists may represent an effective and novel small molecule-based therapy for asthma.
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13
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Di Pilato P, Niso M, Adriani W, Romano E, Travaglini D, Berardi F, Colabufo NA, Perrone R, Laviola G, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M. Selective agonists for serotonin 7 (5-HT7) receptor and their applications in preclinical models: an overview. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:401-15. [PMID: 24622785 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 7 (5-HT7) receptor was the last serotonin receptor subtype to be discovered in 1993. This receptor system has been implicated in several central nervous system (CNS) functions, including circadian rhythm, rapid eye movement sleep, thermoregulation, nociception, memory and neuropsychiatric symptoms and pathologies, such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. In 1999, medicinal chemistry efforts led to the identification of SB-269970, which became the gold standard selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and later of various selective agonists such as AS-19, LP-44, LP-12, LP-211 and E-55888. In this review, we summarize the preclinical pharmacological studies performed using these agonists, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. The data indicate that 5-HT7 receptor agonists can have neuroprotective effects against N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced toxicity, modulate neuronal plasticity in rats, enhance morphine-induced antinociception and alleviate hyperalgesia consecutive to nerve lesion in neuropathic animals.
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Moore BD, Hyde DM, Miller LA, Wong EM, Schelegle ES. Persistence of serotonergic enhancement of airway response in a model of childhood asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:77-85. [PMID: 24484440 PMCID: PMC4091858 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0387oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and serotonergic enhancement of airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction induced by ozone (O3) plus allergen has not been evaluated. If this mechanism persists after a prolonged recovery, it would indicate that early-life exposure to O3 plus allergen induces functional changes predisposing allergic individuals to asthma-related symptoms throughout life, even in the absence of environmental insult. A persistent serotonergic mechanism in asthma exacerbations may offer a novel therapeutic target, widening treatment options for patients with asthma. The objective of this study was to determine if previously documented AHR and serotonin-enhanced ASM contraction in allergic monkeys exposed to O3 plus house dust mite allergen (HDMA) persist after prolonged recovery. Infant rhesus monkeys sensitized to HDMA were exposed to filtered air (FA) (n = 6) or HDMA plus O3 (n = 6) for 5 months. Monkeys were then housed in a FA environment for 30 months. At 3 years, airway responsiveness was assessed. Airway rings were then harvested, and ASM contraction was evaluated using electrical field stimulation with and without exogenous serotonin and serotonin-subtype receptor antagonists. Animals exposed to O3 plus HDMA exhibited persistent AHR. Serotonin exacerbated the ASM contraction in the exposure group but not in the FA group. Serotonin subtype receptors 2, 3, and 4 appear to drive the response. Our study shows that AHR and serotonin-dependent exacerbation of cholinergic-mediated ASM contraction induced by early-life exposure to O3 plus allergen persist for at least 2.5 years and may contribute to a persistent asthma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Moore
- 1 University of the Pacific, Stockton, California; and
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15
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Investigation of 5-HT4 receptors in bronchial hyperresponsiveness in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 28:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Cadirci E, Halici Z, Bayir Y, Albayrak A, Karakus E, Polat B, Unal D, Atamanalp SS, Aksak S, Gundogdu C. Peripheral 5-HT7 receptors as a new target for prevention of lung injury and mortality in septic rats. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1271-83. [PMID: 23694713 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex pathophysiological event involving metabolic acidosis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, tissue damage and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Although many new mechanisms are being investigated to enlighten the pathophysiology of sepsis, there is no effective treatment protocol yet. Presence of 5-HT7 receptors in immune tissues prompted us to hypothesize that these receptors have roles in inflammation and sepsis. We investigated the effects of 5-HT7 receptor agonists and antagonists on serum cytokine levels, lung oxidative stress, lung histopathology, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) positivity and lung 5-HT7 receptor density in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced sepsis model of rats. Agonist administration to septic rats increased survival time; decreased serum cytokine response against CLP; decreased oxidative stress and increased antioxidant system in lungs; decreased the tissue NF-κB immunopositivity, which is high in septic rats; and decreased the sepsis-induced lung injury. In septic rats, as a result of high inflammatory response, 5-HT7 receptor expression in lungs increased significantly and agonist administration, which decreased inflammatory response and related mortality, decreased the 5-HT7 receptor expression. In conclusion, all these data suggest that stimulation of 5-HT7 receptors may be a new therapeutic target for prevention of impaired inflammatory response related lung injury and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Cadirci
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Erzurum, Turkey
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Albayrak A, Halici Z, Cadirci E, Polat B, Karakus E, Bayir Y, Unal D, Atasoy M, Dogrul A. Inflammation and peripheral 5-HT7 receptors: The role of 5-HT7 receptors in carrageenan induced inflammation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Arreola-Ramírez JL, Vargas MH, Manjarrez-Gutiérrez G, Alquicira J, Gutiérrez J, Córdoba G, Campos-Bedolla P, Segura-Medina P. Modifications of plasma 5-HT concentrations during the allergic bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:269-74. [PMID: 23848294 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.805855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several contractile mediators involved in the antigen-induced airway obstruction have been identified, but the role of 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin) has been scantily investigated. In this work, the potential role of 5-HT in the allergic bronchoconstriction was evaluated through a pharmacological approach and plasma 5-HT measurement in blood samples from the right and left ventricles of anesthetized guinea-pigs. Intravenous 5-HT caused a dose-dependent increase of the lung resistance in anesthetized, nonsensitized guinea pigs. Likewise, in sensitized animals the antigenic challenge with ovalbumin also caused a transient bronchoconstriction (356 ± 60% the basal value), which was largely inhibited by the blockade of serotonergic receptors with methiothepin plus tropisetron (134 ± 10%, P = .007). Sensitized animals tended to have plasma 5-HT concentrations higher than nonsensitized controls, and shortly after the peak of the allergic bronchoconstriction the 5-HT levels in the left ventricle (blood flowing out from lungs) tended to be higher than in the right ventricle (blood entering the lungs), although data dispersion precluded the obtaining of statistical significance. Interestingly, the degree of bronchoconstriction highly correlated with the concentrations of 5-HT found in the left ventricle and measured either in platelet-rich plasma (r = 0.97 P = .007) or platelet-poor plasma (r = 0.97, P = .006). After the obstructive response subsided these correlations were lost, but now the degree of bronchoconstriction turned to be correlated with 5-HT concentration in platelet concentrate (r = 0.76, P = .03). In conclusion, our results suggested that 5-HT is actively released from lungs during the antigenic challenge and that this autacoid is involved in the generation of the airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Arreola-Ramírez
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México DF, México
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Murphy SR, Schelegle ES, Miller LA, Hyde DM, Van Winkle LS. Ozone exposure alters serotonin and serotonin receptor expression in the developing lung. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:168-79. [PMID: 23570994 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone, a pervasive environmental pollutant, adversely affects functional lung growth in children. Animal studies demonstrate that altered lung development is associated with modified signaling within the airway epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, including mediators that can change nerve growth. We hypothesized that ozone exposure alters the normal pattern of serotonin, its transporter (5-HTT), and two key receptors (5-HT2A and 5-HT4), a pathway involved in postnatal airway neural, epithelial, and immune processes. We exposed monkeys to acute or episodic ozone during the first 2 or 6 months of life. There were three exposure groups/age: (1) filtered air, (2) acute ozone challenge, and (3) episodic ozone + acute ozone challenge. Lungs were prepared for compartment-specific qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and stereology. Airway epithelial serotonin immunopositive staining increased in all exposure groups with the most prominent in 2-month midlevel and 6-month distal airways. Gene expression of 5-HTT, 5-HT2AR, and 5-HT4R increased in an age-dependent manner. Overall expression was greater in distal compared with midlevel airways. Ozone exposure disrupted both 5-HT2AR and 5-HT4R protein expression in airways and enhanced immunopositive staining for 5-HT2AR (2 months) and 5-HT4R (6 months) on smooth muscle. Ozone exposure increases serotonin in airway epithelium regardless of airway level, age, and exposure history and changes the spatial pattern of serotonin receptor protein (5-HT2A and 5-HT4) and 5-HTT gene expression depending on compartment, age, and exposure history. Understanding how serotonin modulates components of reversible airway obstruction exacerbated by ozone exposure sets the foundation for developing clinically relevant therapies for airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Murphy
- Center for Health and the Environment, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
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Histamine, carbachol, and serotonin induce hyperresponsiveness to ATP in guinea pig tracheas: involvement of COX-2 pathway. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1171-9. [PMID: 23475395 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP promotes an indirect contraction of airway smooth muscle via the secondary release of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) from airway epithelium. Our aim was to evaluate if common contractile agonists modify this response to ATP. Tracheas from sensitized guinea pigs were used to evaluate ATP-induced contractions before and after a transient contraction produced by histamine, carbachol, or serotonin. Epithelial mRNA for COX-1 and COX-2 was measured by RT-PCR and their expression assessed by immunohistochemistry. Compared with the initial response, ATP-induced contraction was potentiated by pretreatment with histamine, carbachol, or serotonin. Either suramin (antagonist of P2X and P2Y receptors) plus RB2 (antagonist of P2Y receptors) or indomethacin (inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2) annulled the ATP-induced contraction, suggesting that it was mediated by P2Y receptor stimulation and TXA2 production. When COX-2 was inhibited by SC-58125 or thromboxane receptors were antagonized by SQ-29548, just the potentiation was abolished, leaving the basal response intact. Airway epithelial cells showed increased COX-2 mRNA after stimulation with histamine or carbachol, but not serotonin, while COX-1 mRNA was unaffected. Immunochemistry corroborated this upregulation of COX-2. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that histamine and carbachol cause hyperresponsiveness to ATP by upregulating COX-2 in airway epithelium, which likely increases TXA2 production. Serotonin-mediated hyperresponsiveness seems to be independent of COX-2 upregulation, but nonetheless is TXA2 dependent. Because acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin can be present during asthmatic exacerbations, their potential interactions with ATP might be relevant in its pathophysiology.
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Katelaris CH, Linneberg A, Magnan A, Thomas WR, Wardlaw AJ, Wark P. Developments in the field of allergy in 2010 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 41:1690-710. [PMID: 22107142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2010 over 200 articles were published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy including editorials, reviews, opinion articles, letters, book reviews and of course at the heart of the journal, papers containing original data which have moved the field of allergy forward on a number of fronts. For the third year running the editors felt it would be of value to summarize the key messages contained in these papers as a snapshot of where the cutting edge of research into allergic disease is leading. We have broadly followed the sections of the journal, although this year the mechanistic articles are grouped together and the studies involving experimental models of disease are discussed throughout the paper. In the field of asthma and rhinitis phenotypes and biomarkers continue to a major pre-occupation of our authors. There is continued interest in mechanisms of inflammation and disordered lung function with the mouse model of asthma continuing to offer new insights. There is also a steady flow of papers investigating new therapies, including those derived from plants and herbs, although many are mechanistic with too few high quality clinical trials. The mechanisms involved in allergic disease are well covered with many strong papers using clinical material to ask relevant questions. Pro-pre and snybiotics continue to be of major interest to our authors and this remains a controversial and complicated field. The discipline of epidemiology has retained its interest in risk factors for the development of allergic disease with a view to refining and debating the reasons for the allergy epidemic. There is continued interest in the relationship between helminthic disease and allergy with a new twist in 2010 involving studies using infection with helminths as a potential treatment. The genetics of allergic disease continues to be very productive, although the field has moved on from only investigating single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes to Genome Wide Association Studies and an increasing and welcome emphasis on gene-environment interactions. In the field of clinical allergy there is steady flow of papers describing patterns of drug allergy with renewed interest in reactions to contrast media, but food allergy is the major area of interest in this section of the journal. Lastly in the field of allergens there is a growing interest in the role of component resolved diagnosis in improving the diagnosis and management of allergic disease. Another excellent year, full of fascinating and high quality work, which the journal has been proud to bring to the allergy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Katelaris
- University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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