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Sousa LRD, Duarte THC, Xavier VF, das Mercês AC, Vieira GM, Martins MD, Carneiro CM, dos Santos VMR, dos Santos ODH, Vieira PMDA. Benznidazole-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles for Oral Chemotherapeutic Treatment of Chagas Disease. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:800. [PMID: 38931921 PMCID: PMC11207087 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a worldwide public health problem. Benznidazole (BZ) is the drug used to treat it. However, in its commercial formulation, it has significant side effects and is less effective in the chronic phase of the infection. The development of particulate systems containing BZ is therefore being promoted. The objective of this investigation was to develop polymeric nanoparticles loaded with BZ and examine their trypanocidal impact in vitro. Two formulas (BNP1 and BNP2) were produced through double emulsification and freeze drying. Subsequent to physicochemical and morphological assessment, both formulations exhibited adequate yield, average particle diameter, and zeta potential for oral administration. Cell viability was assessed in H9C2 and RAW 264.7 cells in vitro, revealing no cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes or detrimental effects in macrophages at specific concentrations. BNP1 and BNP2 enhanced the effect of BZ within 48 h using a treatment of 3.90 μg/mL. The formulations notably improved NO reduction, particularly BNP2. The findings imply that the compositions are suitable for preclinical research, underscoring their potential as substitutes for treating CD. This study aids the quest for new BZ formulations, which are essential in light of the disregard for the treatment of CD and the unfavorable effects associated with its commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Resende Dutra Sousa
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (L.R.D.S.); (V.F.X.); (O.D.H.d.S.)
| | - Thays Helena Chaves Duarte
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (T.H.C.D.); (A.C.d.M.)
| | - Viviane Flores Xavier
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (L.R.D.S.); (V.F.X.); (O.D.H.d.S.)
| | - Aline Coelho das Mercês
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (T.H.C.D.); (A.C.d.M.)
| | - Gabriel Maia Vieira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (G.M.V.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Maximiliano Delany Martins
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (G.M.V.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Viviane Martins Rebello dos Santos
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e de Síntese Orgânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Orlando David Henrique dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (L.R.D.S.); (V.F.X.); (O.D.H.d.S.)
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (T.H.C.D.); (A.C.d.M.)
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2
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Bowman KA, Kaplonek P, McNamara RP. Understanding Fc function for rational vaccine design against pathogens. mBio 2024; 15:e0303623. [PMID: 38112418 PMCID: PMC10790774 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03036-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies represent the primary correlate of immunity following most clinically approved vaccines. However, their mechanisms of action vary from pathogen to pathogen, ranging from neutralization, to opsonophagocytosis, to cytotoxicity. Antibody functions are regulated both by antigen specificity (Fab domain) and by the interaction of their Fc domain with distinct types of Fc receptors (FcRs) present in immune cells. Increasing evidence highlights the critical nature of Fc:FcR interactions in controlling pathogen spread and limiting the disease state. Moreover, variation in Fc-receptor engagement during the course of infection has been demonstrated across a range of pathogens, and this can be further influenced by prior exposure(s)/immunizations, age, pregnancy, and underlying health conditions. Fc:FcR functional variation occurs at the level of antibody isotype and subclass selection as well as post-translational modification of antibodies that shape Fc:FcR-interactions. These factors collectively support a model whereby the immune system actively harnesses and directs Fc:FcR interactions to fight disease. By defining the precise humoral mechanisms that control infections, as well as understanding how these functions can be actively tuned, it may be possible to open new paths for improving existing or novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Wu S, Wang S, Wang L, Peng H, Zhang S, Yang Q, Huang M, Li Y, Guan S, Jiang W, Zhang Z, Bi Q, Li L, Gao Y, Xiong P, Zhong Z, Xu B, Deng Y, Deng Y. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation represses the early immune response against murine cytomegalovirus but enhances NK cell effector function. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:17. [PMID: 35439922 PMCID: PMC9017742 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation is beneficial for several chronic diseases; however, its effect on immune regulation is still debated. Given the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and because natural killer (NK) cells are a component of innate immunity critical for controlling CMV infection, the current study explored the effect of a DHA-enriched diet on susceptibility to murine (M) CMV infection and the NK cell effector response to MCMV infection. RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice fed a control or DHA-enriched diet for 3 weeks were infected with MCMV and sacrificed at the indicated time points postinfection. Compared with control mice, DHA-fed mice had higher liver and spleen viral loads at day 7 postinfection, but final MCMV clearance was not affected. The total numbers of NK cells and their terminal mature cell subset (KLRG1+ and Ly49H+ NK cells) were reduced compared with those in control mice at day 7 postinfection but not day 21. DHA feeding resulted in higher IFN-γ and granzyme B expression in splenic NK cells at day 7 postinfection. A mechanistic analysis showed that the splenic NK cells of DHA-fed mice had enhanced glucose uptake, increased CD71 and CD98 expression, and higher mitochondrial mass than control mice. In addition, DHA-fed mice showed reductions in the total numbers and activation levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DHA supplementation represses the early response to CMV infection but preserves NK cell effector functions by improving mitochondrial activity, which may play critical roles in subsequent MCMV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wu
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Peng
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuju Zhang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglan Yang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Huang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yana Li
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Guan
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Bi
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Li
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwen Xiong
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhong
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yafei Deng
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Trypanosoma cruzi, beyond the dogma of non-infection in birds. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 99:105239. [PMID: 35144004 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite responsible for Chagas disease affecting seven million people. The disease cycle is maintained between Triatominae insects and Mammalia hosts; a refractory effect against infection was noted in birds, but only verified in poultry. This paper presents a new host record for T. cruzi, the American barn-owl (Tyto furcata). Trypanosoma cruzi DTU II molecular evidence was found in heart, intestine, liver, and breast suggesting an established chronic infection based on the parasite DNA presence in multiple organs but absent in spleen, as in the murine model and chronically infected raccoons (Procyon lotor). For birds, the parasite rejection was explained based on the complement and high body temperature, but these mechanisms vary greatly among the members of the avian class. Therefore, there is a need to investigate whether more bird species can become infected, and if T. furcata has a role in disseminating, transmitting and/or maintaining the parasite.
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Kamdem BP, Elizabeth FI. The Role of Nitro (NO 2-), Chloro (Cl), and Fluoro (F) Substitution in the Design of Antileishmanial and Antichagasic Compounds. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:379-398. [PMID: 33371845 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201228122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are responsible for over 500,000 deaths annually and are characterized by multiple disabilities. Leishmaniasis and Chagas diseases are among the most severe NTDs, and are caused by the Leishmania sp and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. Glucantime, pentamidine, and miltefosine are commonly used to treat leishmaniasis, whereas nifurtimox, benznidazole are current treatments for Chagas disease. However, these treatments are associated with drug resistance and severe side effects. Hence, the development of synthetic products, especially those containing N02, F, or Cl, are known to improve biological activity. The present work summarizes the information on the antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of nitro-, chloro-, and fluorosynthetic derivatives. Scientific publications referring to halogenated derivatives in relation to antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities were hand-searched in databases such as SciFinder, Wiley, Science Direct, PubMed, ACS, Springer, Scielo, and so on. According to the literature information, more than 90 compounds were predicted as lead molecules with reference to their IC50/EC50 values in in vitro studies. It is worth mentioning that only active compounds with known cytotoxic effects against mammalian cells were considered in the present study. The observed activity was attributed to the presence of nitro-, fluoro-, and chloro-groups in the compound backbone. All in all, nitro and halogenated derivatives are active antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal compounds and can serve as the baseline for the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. However, efforts in in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies of the active synthetic compounds is still needed. Pharmacokinetic studies and the mechanism of action of the promising compounds need to be explored. The use of new catalysts and chemical transformation can afford unexplored halogenated compounds with improved antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface P Kamdem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ferreira I Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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de Paula Silva F, da Costa CMB, Pereira LM, Lessa DFS, Pitol DL, Issa JPM, do Prado Júnior JC, Abrahão AAC. Effects of ghrelin supplementation on the acute phase of Chagas disease in rats. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:532. [PMID: 31706334 PMCID: PMC6842500 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, which is endemic to subtropical and tropical Americas. The disease treatment remains partially ineffective, involving therapies directed to the parasite as well as palliative strategies for the clinical manifestations. Therefore, novel candidates for disease control are necessary. Additionally, strategies based on parasite inhibition via specific targets and application of compounds which improve the immune response against the disease is welcomed. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone pointed as a substance with important cardioprotective, vasodilatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and immune modulatory functions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of ghrelin in male Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Methods In order to delineate an immune response against T. cruzi mediated by ghrelin, we evaluated the following parameters: quantification of blood and cardiac parasites; analysis of cell markers (CD3+, CD8+, NK, NKT, CD45RA+, macrophage and RT1B+); nitric oxide (NO) production; lymphoproliferation assays; splenocyte apoptosis; and INF-γ, IL-12 and IL-6 quantification in sera. Results The animals infected with T. cruzi and supplemented with ghrelin demonstrated an upregulated pattern in macrophage and NO production, whereas an anti-inflammatory response was observed in T cells and cytokines. The low response against T. cruzi mediated by T cells probably contributed to a higher colonization of the cardiac tissue, when compared to infected groups. On the other side, the peptide decreased the inflammatory infiltration in cardiac tissue infected with T. cruzi. Conclusions Ghrelin demonstrated a dual function in animals infected with T. cruzi. Further studies, especially related to the decrease of cardiac tissue inflammation, are needed in order to determine the advantages of ghrelin supplementation in Chagas disease, mostly for populations from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando de Paula Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Cássia Mariana Bronzon da Costa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Diego Fernando Silva Lessa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius Leonardo Pitol
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mardegan Issa
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - José Clóvis do Prado Júnior
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia Carraro Abrahão
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Saha A, Nanavaty VP, Li B. Telomere and Subtelomere R-loops and Antigenic Variation in Trypanosomes. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:4167-4185. [PMID: 31682833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis, which is fatal if left untreated. T. brucei regularly switches its major surface antigen, VSG, to evade the host immune responses. VSGs are exclusively expressed from subtelomeric expression sites (ESs) where VSG genes are flanked by upstream 70 bp repeats and downstream telomeric repeats. The telomere downstream of the active VSG is transcribed into a long-noncoding RNA (TERRA), which forms RNA:DNA hybrids (R-loops) with the telomeric DNA. At an elevated level, telomere R-loops cause more telomeric and subtelomeric double-strand breaks (DSBs) and increase VSG switching rate. In addition, stabilized R-loops are observed at the 70 bp repeats and immediately downstream of ES-linked VSGs in RNase H defective cells, which also have an increased amount of subtelomeric DSBs and more frequent VSG switching. Although subtelomere plasticity is expected to be beneficial to antigenic variation, severe defects in subtelomere integrity and stability increase cell lethality. Therefore, regulation of the telomere and 70 bp repeat R-loop levels is important for the balance between antigenic variation and cell fitness in T. brucei. In addition, the high level of the active ES transcription favors accumulation of R-loops at the telomere and 70 bp repeats, providing an intrinsic mechanism for local DSB formation, which is a strong inducer of VSG switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Saha
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Vishal P Nanavaty
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Bibo Li
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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8
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Lidani KCF, Andrade FA, Bavia L, Damasceno FS, Beltrame MH, Messias-Reason IJ, Sandri TL. Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem. Front Public Health 2019; 7:166. [PMID: 31312626 PMCID: PMC6614205 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carlos Chagas discovered American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD) in his honor, just over a century ago. He described the clinical aspects of the disease, characterized by its etiological agent (Trypanosoma cruzi) and identified its insect vector. Initially, CD occurred only in Latin America and was considered a silent and poorly visible disease. More recently, CD became a neglected worldwide disease with a high morbimortality rate and substantial social impact, emerging as a significant public health threat. In this context, it is crucial to better understand better the epidemiological scenarios of CD and its transmission dynamics, involving people infected and at risk of infection, diversity of the parasite, vector species, and T. cruzi reservoirs. Although efforts have been made by endemic and non-endemic countries to control, treat, and interrupt disease transmission, the cure or complete eradication of CD are still topics of great concern and require global attention. Considering the current scenario of CD, also affecting non-endemic places such as Canada, USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan, in this review we aim to describe the spread of CD cases worldwide since its discovery until it has become a global public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lorena Bavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávia Silva Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Iara J. Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Cabrié A, Guittet O, Tomasini R, Vincendeau P, Lepoivre M. Crosstalk between TAp73 and TGF-β in fibroblast regulates iNOS expression and Nrf2-dependent gene transcription. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:617-629. [PMID: 30753884 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity produces anti-tumor and anti-microbial effects but also promotes carcinogenesis through mutagenic, immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic mechanisms. The tumor suppressor p53 contributes to iNOS downregulation by repressing induction of the NOS2 gene encoding iNOS, thereby limiting NO-mediated DNA damages. This study focuses on the role of the p53 homologue TAp73 in the regulation of iNOS expression. Induction of iNOS by immunological stimuli was upregulated in immortalized MEFs from TAp73-/- mice, compared to TAp73+/+ fibroblasts. This overexpression resulted both from increased levels of NOS2 transcripts, and from an increased stability of the protein. Limitation of iNOS expression by TAp73 in wild-type cells is alleviated by TGF-β receptor I inhibitors, suggesting a cooperation between TAp73 and TGF-β in suppression of iNOS expression. Accordingly, downregulation of iNOS expression by exogenous TGF-β1 was impaired in TAp73-/- fibroblasts. Increased NO production in these cells resulted in a stronger, NO-dependent induction of Nrf2 target genes, indicating that the Nrf2-dependent adaptive response to nitrosative stress in fibroblasts is proportional to iNOS activity. NO-dependent induction of two HIF-1 target genes was also stronger in TAp73-deficient cells. Finally, the antimicrobial action of NO against Trypanosoma musculi parasites was enhanced in TAp73-/- fibroblasts. Our data indicate that tumor suppressive TAp73 isoforms cooperate with TGF-β to control iNOS expression, NO-dependent adaptive responses to stress, and pathogen proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Cabrié
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9198, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Guittet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9198, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Richard Tomasini
- CRCM, INSERM, U1068, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France; Paoli-Calmettes Institute, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France; CNRS, UMR7258, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Philippe Vincendeau
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "INTERTRYP", Université Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Lepoivre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9198, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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10
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Acevedo GR, Girard MC, Gómez KA. The Unsolved Jigsaw Puzzle of the Immune Response in Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1929. [PMID: 30197647 PMCID: PMC6117404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with the different arms of the innate and adaptive host's immune response in a very complex and flowery manner. The history of host-parasite co-evolution has provided this protozoan with means of resisting, escaping or subverting the mechanisms of immunity and establishing a chronic infection. Despite many decades of research on the subject, the infection remains incurable, and the factors that steer chronic Chagas disease from an asymptomatic state to clinical onset are still unclear. As the relationship between T. cruzi and the host immune system is intricate, so is the amount and diversity of scientific knowledge on the matter. Many of the mechanisms of immunity are fairly well understood, but unveiling the factors that lead each of these to success or failure, within the coordinated response as a whole, requires further research. The intention behind this Review is to compile the available information on the different aspects of the immune response, with an emphasis on those phenomena that have been studied and confirmed in the human host. For ease of comprehension, it has been subdivided in sections that cover the main humoral and cell-mediated components involved therein. However, we also intend to underline that these elements are not independent, but function intimately and concertedly. Here, we summarize years of investigation carried out to unravel the puzzling interplay between the host and the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Papazahariadou M, Athanasiadis GI, Papadopoulos E, Symeonidou I, Hatzistilianou M, Castellani ML, Bhattacharya K, Shanmugham LN, Conti P, Frydas S. Involvement of NK Cells against Tumors and Parasites. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 22:144-53. [PMID: 17549670 DOI: 10.1177/172460080702200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance against pathogens depends on a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Acting as an early line of defence, the immune system includes activation of neutrophils, tissue macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils and natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are lymphoid cells that can be activated without previous stimulation and are therefore like macrophages in the first line of defence against tumor cells and a diverse range of pathogens. NK cells mediate significant activity and produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in response to infection. Their cytotoxicity production is induced principally by monocyte-, macrophage- and dendritic cell-derived cytokines, but their activation is also believed to be cytokine-mediated. Recognition of infection by NK cells is accomplished by numerous activating and inhibitory receptors on the NK cells’ surface that selectively trigger the cytolytic activity in a major histocompability complex-independent manner. NK cells have trypanocidal activity of fibroblast cells and mediate direct destruction of extracellular epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi and T. lewisi in vitro; moreover, they kill plasmodia-infected erythrocytes directly through cell-cell interaction. This review provides a more detailed analysis of how NK cells recognize and respond to parasites and how they mediate cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Also the unique role of NK cells in innate immunity to infection and the relationship between parasites and carcinogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Papazahariadou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Aristotele University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Ferreira LRP, Ferreira FM, Nakaya HI, Deng X, Cândido DDS, de Oliveira LC, Billaud JN, Lanteri MC, Rigaud VOC, Seielstad M, Kalil J, Fernandes F, Ribeiro ALP, Sabino EC, Cunha-Neto E. Blood Gene Signatures of Chagas Cardiomyopathy With or Without Ventricular Dysfunction. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:387-395. [PMID: 28003350 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 7 million people in Latin American areas of endemicity. About 30% of infected patients will develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), an inflammatory cardiomyopathy characterized by hypertrophy, fibrosis, and myocarditis. Further studies are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of disease progression. Transcriptome analysis has been increasingly used to identify molecular changes associated with disease outcomes. We thus assessed the whole-blood transcriptome of patients with Chagas disease. Microarray analysis was performed on blood samples from 150 subjects, of whom 30 were uninfected control patients and 120 had Chagas disease (1 group had asymptomatic disease, and 2 groups had CCC with either a preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]). Each Chagas disease group displayed distinct gene expression and functional pathway profiles. The most different expression patterns were between CCC groups with a preserved or reduced LVEF. A more stringent analysis indicated that 27 differentially expressed genes, particularly those related to natural killer (NK)/CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity, separated the 2 groups. NK/CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity could play a role in determining Chagas disease progression. Understanding genes associated with disease may lead to improved insight into CCC pathogenesis and the identification of prognostic factors for CCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Rodrigues Pinto Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and.,Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, and
| | - Frederico Moraes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and.,Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, and
| | - Helder Imoto Nakaya
- Department of Pathophysiology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Darlan da Silva Cândido
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
| | - Lea Campos de Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of São Paulo
| | | | - Marion C Lanteri
- Blood Systems Research Institute and.,Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and
| | - Vagner Oliveira-Carvalho Rigaud
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Blood Systems Research Institute and.,Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
| | | | - Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro
- Hospital das Clínicas and.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of São Paulo
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunology and.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institute of Science and Technology, and
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13
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Schmidt S, Ullrich E, Bochennek K, Zimmermann SY, Lehrnbecher T. Role of natural killer cells in antibacterial immunity. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:1119-1127. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2016.1254546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Filtjens J, Coltel N, Cencig S, Taveirne S, Van Ammel E, Van Acker A, Kerre T, Matthys P, Taghon T, Vandekerckhove B, Carlier Y, Truyens C, Leclercq G. The Ly49E Receptor Inhibits the Immune Control of Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:472. [PMID: 27891126 PMCID: PMC5103623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in the blood upon infection and invades various cells. Parasites intensively multiply during the acute phase of infection and persist lifelong at low levels in tissues and blood during the chronic phase. Natural killer (NK) and NKT cells play an important role in the immune control of T. cruzi infection, mainly by releasing the cytokine IFN-γ that activates the microbicidal action of macrophages and other cells and shapes a protective type 1 immune response. The mechanisms by which immune cells are regulated to produce IFN-γ during T. cruzi infection are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is induced early upon T. cruzi infection and remains elevated until day 20 post-infection. We previously demonstrated that the inhibitory receptor Ly49E, which is expressed, among others, on NK and NKT cells, is triggered by uPA. Therefore, we compared wild type (WT) to Ly49E knockout (KO) mice for their control of experimental T. cruzi infection. Our results show that young, i.e., 4- and 6-week-old, Ly49E KO mice control the infection better than WT mice, indicated by a lower parasite load and less cachexia. The beneficial effect of Ly49E depletion is more obvious in 4-week-old male than in female mice and weakens in 8-week-old mice. In young mice, the lower T. cruzi parasitemia in Ly49E KO mice is paralleled by higher IFN-γ production compared to their WT controls. Our data indicate that Ly49E receptor expression inhibits the immune control of T. cruzi infection. This is the first demonstration that the inhibitory Ly49E receptor can interfere with the immune response to a pathogen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Filtjens
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Nicolas Coltel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sabrina Cencig
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sylvie Taveirne
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Els Van Ammel
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Aline Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | | | - Yves Carlier
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Carine Truyens
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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15
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Batalla EI, Pino Martínez AM, Poncini CV, Duffy T, Schijman AG, González Cappa SM, Alba Soto CD. Impairment in natural killer cells editing of immature dendritic cells by infection with a virulent Trypanosoma cruzi population. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:494-504. [PMID: 23689360 DOI: 10.1159/000350242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early interactions between natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC) shape the immune response at the frontier of innate and adaptive immunity. Activated NK cells participate in maturation or deletion of DCs that remain immature. We previously demonstrated that infection with a high virulence (HV) population of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi downmodulates DC maturation and T-cell activation capacity. Here, we evaluated the role of NK cells in regulating the maturation level of DCs. Shortly after infection with HV T. cruzi, DCs in poor maturation status begin to accumulate in mouse spleen. Although infection induces NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production, NK cells from mice infected with HV T. cruzi exhibit reduced ability to lyse and fail to induce maturation of bone marrow-derived immature DCs (iDCs). NK-mediated lysis of iDCs is restored by in vitro blockade of the IL-10 receptor during NK-DC interaction or when NK cells are obtained from T. cruzi-infected IL-10 knockout mice. These results suggest that infection with a virulent T. cruzi strain alters NK cell-mediated regulation of the adaptive immune response induced by DCs. This regulatory circuit where IL-10 appears to participate might lead to parasite persistence but can also limit the induction of a vigorous tissue-damaging T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela I Batalla
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica-IMPAM, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Dumonteil E, Bottazzi ME, Zhan B, Heffernan MJ, Jones K, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Ortega J, de Leon Rosales SP, Lee BY, Bacon KM, Fleischer B, Slingsby BT, Cravioto MB, Tapia-Conyer R, Hotez PJ. Accelerating the development of a therapeutic vaccine for human Chagas disease: rationale and prospects. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:1043-55. [PMID: 23151163 PMCID: PMC3819810 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a leading cause of heart disease affecting approximately 10 million people in Latin America and elsewhere worldwide. The two major drugs available for the treatment of Chagas disease have limited efficacy in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected adults with indeterminate (patients who have seroconverted but do not yet show signs or symptoms) and determinate (patients who have both seroconverted and have clinical disease) status; they require prolonged treatment courses and are poorly tolerated and expensive. As an alternative to chemotherapy, an injectable therapeutic Chagas disease vaccine is under development to prevent or delay Chagasic cardiomyopathy in patients with indeterminate or determinate status. The bivalent vaccine will be comprised of two recombinant T. cruzi antigens, Tc24 and TSA-1, formulated on alum together with the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, E6020. Proof-of-concept for the efficacy of these antigens was obtained in preclinical testing at the Autonomous University of Yucatan. Here the authors discuss the potential for a therapeutic Chagas vaccine as well as the progress made towards such a vaccine, and the authors articulate a roadmap for the development of the vaccine as planned by the nonprofit Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development in collaboration with an international consortium of academic and industrial partners in Mexico, Germany, Japan, and the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Centro De Investigaciones Regional, “Dr. Hideo Noguchi” Autonomous University of Yucatan (UADY), Merida, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine) and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Zhan
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine), National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Heffernan
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine), National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn Jones
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine) and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jaime Ortega
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados - Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Bruce Y Lee
- Public Health Computational and Operations Research (PHICOR), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Kristina M Bacon
- Public Health Computational and Operations Research (PHICOR), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics (Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine) and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Jacobs T, Erdmann H, Fleischer B. Molecular interaction of Siglecs (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins) with sialylated ligands on Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:113-6. [PMID: 19910077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is transmitted by blood-sucking insect vectors. After transmission, parasites circulate in the blood as trypomastigotes and invade a variety of cells to multiply intracellularly as amastigotes. The acute phase triggers an immune response that restricts the dissemination and proliferation of parasites. However, parasites are able to persist in different tissues for decades causing the pathology of Chagas' disease. T. cruzi expresses a trans-sialidase (TS). This unique enzyme transfers sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to mucin-like molecules on the parasite and is supposed to be a major virulence factor. TS and sialylated structures were implicated in the persistence of parasites. We discuss here the recent findings on the function of sialylated structures on the surface of T. cruzi with a special emphasis on their property to interact with sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins, which may allow the parasite to modulate the immune system of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Perforin and gamma interferon expression are required for CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell-dependent protective immunity against a human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, elicited by heterologous plasmid DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus 5 boost vaccination. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4383-95. [PMID: 19651871 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01459-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterologous prime-boost strategy using plasmid DNA, followed by replication-defective recombinant adenovirus 5, is being proposed as a powerful way to elicit CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-mediated protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. We confirmed this concept and furthered existing research by providing evidence that the heterologous prime-boost regimen using the gene encoding amastigote surface protein 2 elicited CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-mediated protective immunity (reduction of acute parasitemia and prolonged survival) against experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Protective immunity correlated with the presence of in vivo antigen-specific cytotoxic activity prior to challenge. Based on this, our second goal was to determine the outcome of infection after heterologous prime-boost immunization of perforin-deficient mice. These mice were highly susceptible to infection. A detailed analysis of the cell-mediated immune responses in immunized perforin-deficient mice showed an impaired gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion by immune spleen cells upon restimulation in vitro with soluble recombinant antigen. In spite of a normal numeric expansion, specific CD8(+) T cells presented several functional defects detected in vivo (cytotoxicity) and in vitro (simultaneous expression of CD107a/IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha) paralleled by a decreased expression of CD44 and KLRG-1. Our final goal was to determine the importance of IFN-gamma in the presence of highly cytotoxic T cells. Vaccinated IFN-gamma-deficient mice developed highly cytotoxic cells but failed to develop any protective immunity. Our study thus demonstrated a role for perforin and IFN-gamma in a number of T-cell-mediated effector functions and in the antiparasitic immunity generated by a heterologous plasmid DNA prime-adenovirus boost vaccination strategy.
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19
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Lienenklaus S, Walisko R, te Boekhorst A, May T, Samuelsson C, Michiels T, Weiss S. PCR-based simultaneous analysis of the interferon-alpha family reveals distinct kinetics for early interferons. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:653-60. [PMID: 18844580 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a PCR-based analysis system that allows the simple simultaneous assessment of murine interferons (IFN)-alpha and IFN-beta induction in a single reaction. In this analysis, the so-called early IFN-alpha4 can be distinguished from the so-called late IFN-nonalpha4 by employing a primer mixture that amplifies a part of the IFN-alpha genes in which IFN-alpha4 exhibits a deletion of 15 nucleotides compared to IFN-nonalpha4. By including a final denaturation and a slow cooling step at the end of the PCR procedure, hybrid formation was avoided that regularly occurred when standard protocols were used. Separation of the amplification products on 4.5% agarose gels allowed the comparative assessment of the classical type I IFNs. Using this analysis system, we could show that in immortalized adult fibroblasts, IFN-beta is induced first and the two types of IFN-alpha are induced later and simultaneously. When similar fibroblasts derived from mice that lack IFN-beta were tested, the IFN response was delayed. However, now IFN-alpha4 appeared first and apparently induced the cascade of IFN-nonalpha4. This confirms the role of IFN-beta as master regulator of the normal IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lienenklaus
- Molecular Immunology, HZI, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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20
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Tarleton RL. Immune system recognition of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:430-4. [PMID: 17651955 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive cellular immune recognition is crucial for control of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi triggers both MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent innate activation pathways in macrophages and dendritic cells. TLR-2 and TLR-9 recognize GPI anchors and parasite DNA, respectively; however other, as yet undefined receptors and ligands, also appear to be involved in innate recognition. CD8(+) T cells distinguish T. cruzi-infected host cells primarily via robust recognition of MHC-associated peptide epitopes from the large and highly diverse trans-sialidase family of surface proteins. To date there has been minimal investigation of linkages between innate immune recognition in vivo and the generation of adaptive cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Tarleton
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, Coverdell Center for Biomedical Research, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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