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Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030581. [PMID: 35336991 PMCID: PMC8955100 DOI: 10.3390/v14030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV/SIV infection, the upregulation of immune checkpoint (IC) markers, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), CD160, 2B4 (CD244), and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), can lead to chronic T cell exhaustion. These ICs play predominant roles in regulating the progression of HIV/SIV infection by mediating T cell responses as well as enriching latent viral reservoirs. It has been demonstrated that enhanced expression of ICs on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells could inhibit cell proliferation and cytokine production. Overexpression of ICs on CD4+ T cells could also format and prolong HIV/SIV persistence. IC blockers have shown promising clinical results in HIV therapy, implying that targeting ICs may optimize antiretroviral therapy in the context of HIV suppression. Here, we systematically review the expression profile, biological regulation, and therapeutic efficacy of targeted immune checkpoints in HIV/SIV infection.
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Estévez-Herrera J, Márquez-Arce D, Cabrera C, Espert L, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Interplay of HIV and Autophagy in Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661446. [PMID: 33995324 PMCID: PMC8113651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still a global threat despite the notable efforts made by the scientific and health communities to understand viral infection, to design new drugs or to improve existing ones, as well as to develop advanced therapies and vaccine designs for functional cure and viral eradication. The identification and analysis of HIV-1 positive individuals that naturally control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment has provided clues about cellular processes that could interact with viral proteins and RNA and define subsequent viral replication and clinical progression. This is the case of autophagy, a degradative process that not only maintains cell homeostasis by recycling misfolded/old cellular elements to obtain nutrients, but is also relevant in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, such as HIV-1. Several studies suggest that early steps of HIV-1 infection, such as virus binding to CD4 or membrane fusion, allow the virus to modulate autophagy pathways preparing cells to be permissive for viral infection. Confirming this interplay, strategies based on autophagy modulation are able to inhibit early steps of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, autophagy dysregulation in late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle may promote autophagic cell-death of CD4+ T cells or control of HIV-1 latency, likely contributing to disease progression and HIV persistence in infected individuals. In this scenario, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV/autophagy interplay may contribute to the development of new strategies to control HIV-1 replication. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and the early events of HIV-1 infection, and how autophagy modulation could impair or benefit HIV-1 infection and persistence, impacting viral pathogenesis, immune control of viral replication, and clinical progression of HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Márquez-Arce
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
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Abstract
A disease of more than 39.6 million people worldwide, HIV-1 infection has no curative therapy. To date, one man has achieved a sterile cure, with millions more hoping to avoid the potential pitfalls of lifelong antiretroviral therapy and other HIV-related disorders, including neurocognitive decline. Recent developments in immunotherapies and gene therapies provide renewed hope in advancing efforts toward a sterilizing or functional cure. On the horizon is research concentrated in multiple separate but potentially complementary domains: vaccine research, viral transcript editing, T-cell effector response targeting including checkpoint inhibitors, and gene editing. Here, we review the concept of targeting the HIV-1 tissue reservoirs, with an emphasis on the central nervous system, and describe relevant new work in functional cure research and strategies for HIV-1 eradication.
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Swathirajan CR, Vignesh R, Waldrop G, Shanmugasundaram U, Nandagopal P, Solomon SS, Pradeep A, Saravanan S, Murugavel KG. HIV-specific T-cell Responses and Generalized Activation in HIV-1 Infected Long-term Non-progressors and Progressors from South India. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:302-314. [PMID: 30543175 PMCID: PMC6416489 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666181212122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anti-viral cytokine expressions by cytotoxic T-cells and lower activation rates have been reported to correlate with suppressed HIV replication in long-term non-progressors (LTNP). Immune mechanisms underlying disease non-progression in LTNP might vary with HIV-1 subtype and geographical locations. Objective: This study evaluates cytokine expression and T-cells activation in relation to disease non-progression in LTNP. Methods: HIV-1 Subtype C infected LTNP (n=20) and progressors (n=15) were enrolled and flowcytometry assays were performed to study HIV-specific CD8 T-cells expressing IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and MIP-1β against gag and env peptides. CD4+ T-cell activation was evaluated by surface expression of HLADR and CD38. Results: Proportions of cytokines studied did not differ significantly between LTNP and progressors, while contrasting correlations with disease progression markers were observed in LTNP. CD4+ T-cell activation rates were significantly lower in LTNP compared to progressors which indicate the potential role of T-cell activation rates in disease non-progression in LTNP. Conclusion: LTNP and progressors showed similar CD8+ T-cell responses, but final conclusions can be drawn only by comparing multiple immune factors in larger LTNP cohort with HIV-1 infected individuals at various levels of disease progression. A possible role of HIV-1 subtype variation and ethnic differences in addition to host-genetic and viral factors cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramachandran Vignesh
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India.,UniKL-Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL-RCMP), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 3, Jalan Greentown, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Greer Waldrop
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | | | - Pannerselvam Nandagopal
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Sunil Suhas Solomon
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India.,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Amrose Pradeep
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Shanmugam Saravanan
- Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Hospital Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
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Petrelli A, Mijnheer G, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, van der Wal MM, Giovannone B, Mocholi E, Vazirpanah N, Broen JC, Hijnen D, Oldenburg B, Coffer PJ, Vastert SJ, Prakken BJ, Spierings E, Pandit A, Mokry M, van Wijk F. PD-1+CD8+ T cells are clonally expanding effectors in human chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4669-4681. [PMID: 30198907 DOI: 10.1172/jci96107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are characterized by recurrent inflammatory attacks in the tissues mediated by autoreactive T cells. Identity and functional programming of CD8+ T cells at the target site of inflammation still remain elusive. One key question is whether, in these antigen-rich environments, chronic stimulation leads to CD8+ T cell exhaustion comparable to what is observed in infectious disease contexts. In the synovial fluid (SF) of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients, a model of chronic inflammation, an overrepresentation of PD-1+CD8+ T cells was found. Gene expression profiling, gene set enrichment analysis, functional studies, and extracellular flux analysis identified PD-1+CD8+ T cells as metabolically active effectors, with no sign of exhaustion. Furthermore, PD-1+CD8+ T cells were enriched for a tissue-resident memory (Trm) cell transcriptional profile and demonstrated increased clonal expansion compared with the PD-1- counterpart, suggesting antigen-driven expansion of locally adapted cells. Interestingly, this subset was also found increased in target tissues in other human chronic inflammatory diseases. These data indicate that local chronic inflammation drives the induction and expansion of CD8+ T cells endowed with potential detrimental properties. Together, these findings lay the basis for investigation of PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cell targeting strategies in human chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Petrelli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerdien Mijnheer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David P Hoytema van Konijnenburg
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria M van der Wal
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Enric Mocholi
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J Coffer
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine
| | - Sebastian J Vastert
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Berent J Prakken
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Michal Mokry
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Division of Child Health, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Yan J, Zhang S, Sun J, Xu J, Zhang X. Irreversible phenotypic perturbation and functional impairment of B cells during HIV-1 infection. Front Med 2017; 11:536-547. [PMID: 29181691 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can damage humoral immunity. The knowledge of B cell perturbations during chronic HIV-1 infection and their recovery after combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is not complete yet, and thus attempts to further improve humoral immunity are impeded. In this study, an HIV-1 chronically infected cohort with similar demographics, infection history, genetic background, and HIV-1 genotype was established to probe B cell perturbations. Results showed that the B cells from this cohort were highly activated and prone to cell death, and B cell compartments were altered significantly. Notably, although cART partially reversed the hyperactivation and reduced tissue-like memory B cells, other B cell perturbations, including impaired expression of survival factor Bcl-2, costimulatory molecules, and shrunken resting memory B cells, were irreversible. Further functional characterization revealed that the influenza HAspecific antibody-secreting cells were significantly lower during HIV-1 infection, whereas the recalled antibody response to HIV-1-specific antigens was decreased after cART. Finally, CpG plus R848 treatment increased the survival of B cells and memory B cells in vitro from HIV-1-infected patients. In conclusion, this study identified irreversible B cell immune perturbations in chronic HIV-1 infections regardless of cART and proposed the potential strategy to enhance B cell functions through the improvement of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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HIV-Specific CD8 T Cells Producing CCL-4 Are Associated With Worse Immune Reconstitution During Chronic Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:338-344. [PMID: 28418988 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological nonresponse represents the Achilles heel in the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectiveness, and increases risk of clinical events and death. CD8 T cells play a crucial role in controlling HIV replication, and polyfunctional HIV-specific CD8 T cells have been associated with nonprogressive HIV infection. However, the possible role of polyfunctional CD8 T cells in predicting posttreatment immune reconstitution has not yet been explored. The aim of this study was to identify functional markers predictive of immunological response to cART in chronic HIV-infected patients. METHODS A cohort of chronic HIV-infected individuals naive to cART were enrolled in the ALPHA study. CD4/CD8 T-cell subsets, their differentiation/activation, as well as susceptibility to apoptosis were analyzed before and after 12 months of cART. Moreover, CD8 T cells polyfunctional response after HIV antigenic stimulation was also assessed. RESULTS Results showed a significant correlation between worse CD4 T-cell restoration and low frequency of naive CD4 T cells, high frequency of effector memory CD4 T cells, and high susceptibility to apoptosis of CD4 T cells all before cART. Moreover, CD8 functional subsets expressing total C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL-4) or in combination with CD107a and interferon gamma (IFNγ) were negatively associated with immune reconstitution. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study shows that a more differentiated phenotype of CD4 T cells and CCL-4-producing CD8 T cells could represent valuable predictors of worse immune reconstitution. These parameters may be used as tools for identifying patients at risk of immunological failure during cART and eventually represent the basis for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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A novel mechanism linking memory stem cells with innate immunity in protection against HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1057. [PMID: 28432326 PMCID: PMC5430909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection affects 37 million people and about 1.7 million are infected annually. Among the phase III clinical trials only the RV144 vaccine trial elicited significant protection against HIV-1 acquisition, but the efficacy and immune memory were inadequate. To boost these vaccine functions we studied T stem cell memory (TSCM) and innate immunity. TSCM cells were identified by phenotypic markers of CD4+ T cells and they were further characterised into 4 subsets. These expressed the common IL-2/IL-15 receptors and another subset of APOBEC3G anti-viral restriction factors, both of which were upregulated. In contrast, CD4+ TSCM cells expressing CCR5 co-receptors and α4β7 mucosal homing integrins were decreased. A parallel increase in CD4+ T cells was recorded with IL-15 receptors, APOBEC3G and CC chemokines, the latter downmodulating CCR5 molecules. We suggest a novel mechanism of dual memory stem cells; the established sequential memory pathway, TSCM →Central →Effector memory CD4+ T cells and the innate pathway consisting of the 4 subsets of TSCM. Both pathways are likely to be activated by endogenous HSP70. The TSCM memory stem cell and innate immunity pathways have to be optimised to boost the efficacy and immune memory of protection against HIV-1 in the clinical trial.
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Zhou RM, Li Y, Wang N, Huang X, Cao SR, Shan BE. Association of programmed death-1 polymorphisms with the risk and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:365-375. [PMID: 27751353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an immunoinhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 family. This study was designed to investigate the association of PD-1 rs36084323:A>G, rs2227981:C>T, rs2227982:C>T and rs10204525:A>G single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a high-incidence population from Northern China. These four SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method in 584 ESCC patients and 585 healthy controls. The rs2227981:C>T SNP C/T genotype increased the risk of ESCC for the smokers (OR = 1.483, 95% CI = 1.018-2.160) and rs2227982:C>T SNP C/T genotype enhanced susceptibility to ESCC for the females (OR = 1.708, 95% CI = 1.056-2.762). For rs10204525:A>G SNP, A/A genotype was related to increased risk of ESCC (OR = 1.735, 95% CI = 1.086-2.771) overall. Among the 584 ESCC patients, the survival information of 204 ESCC patients was collected. The rs36084323:A>G SNP A/G genotype was associated with lower risk of death in ESCC patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC) family history (HR = 0.339, 95%CI = 0.115-0.996). The rs2227982:C>T SNP C/T genotype was associated with lower risk of death in smoker ESCC patients and ESCC patients with UGIC family history (HR = 0.409 and 0.292, 95%CI = 0.194-0.863 and 0.101-0.847). PD-1 rs2227981:C>T, rs2227982:C>T and rs10204525:A>G SNPs might be used as predictive markers of the susceptibility to ESCC for the Han nationality in a high-incidence population from Northern China. PD-1 rs36084323:A>G and rs2227982:C>T SNPs were associated with the prognosis of the Han ESCC patients in this high-incidence region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Miao Zhou
- Hebei Provincial Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Hebei Provincial Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Na Wang
- Hebei Provincial Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Hebei Provincial Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shi-Ru Cao
- Hebei Provincial Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bao-En Shan
- Hebei Provincial Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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Platten M, Jung N, Trapp S, Flossdorf P, Meyer-Olson D, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Stephan C, Mauss S, Weiss V, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Rockstroh J, Fätkenheuer G, Lehmann C. Cytokine and Chemokine Signature in Elite Versus Viremic Controllers Infected with HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:579-87. [PMID: 26751176 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) maintaining high CD4(+) T-cell counts without antiretroviral therapy (ART) are divided into elite controllers (ECs) with undetectable and viremic controllers (VCs) with low viral loads. Little is known about the long-term changes of T-cell subsets and inflammation patterns in ECs versus VCs. The aim of the study was to explore the long-term evolution of CD4(+) T-cell levels in LTNPs and to analyze cytokine profiles in ECs versus VCs. Nineteen ECs and 15 VCs were enrolled from the natural virus controller cohort (NaViC). T-cell counts were monitored over years, the mean annual change was calculated, and plasma concentrations of 25 cytokines were evaluated using a multiplex bead array. While absolute numbers of T cells did not differ between ECs and VCs over time, we observed a significant decrease of CD4(+) T-cell percentages in VCs, but not in ECs (median [interquartile range]: ECs: 37% [28-41] vs. VCs: 29% [25-34]; p = .02). ECs had lower levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β, p = .003), interferon γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10, p = .03), and monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG, p = .02). CD4(+) T-cell percentages inversely correlated with MIP 1-β (r = -0.42, p = .017) and IP-10 (r = -0.77, p < .0001). A subtle decline of CD4(+) T-cell percentages could be observed in VCs, but not in ECs, which was associated with higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, even low levels of HIV replication might go along with a progressive decline in CD4(+) T-cell counts in LTNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Platten
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Norma Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanna Trapp
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Flossdorf
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Meyer-Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, m&i Specialty Hospital Bad Pyrmont, Bad Pyrmont, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Mauss
- Center for HIV and Hepatogastroenterology, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Weiss
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Rockstroh
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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High MIP-1β Levels in Plasma Predict Long-Term Immunological Nonresponse to Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69:395-402. [PMID: 26115437 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected patients who fail to reconstitute their CD4 T-cell counts during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) have increased risk of both AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. Improved understanding of immunological nonresponse (INR) is necessary to enable earlier clinical intervention. METHODS In a cohort of 112 HIV-infected patients starting ART, we performed a serial analysis of 32 plasma-soluble markers, assessed by multiplex cytokine and enzyme immunoassay. Samples were drawn pre-ART and during the first 3 years of treatment, with a final observation time of 8.4 years (interquartile range, 7.0-10.7 years) on ART. Long-term INR (LT-INR) was defined as failure to reach a CD4 T-cell count >350 cells per microliter. Marker stability was evaluated by parallel analysis of samples from ART-naïve and HIV-seronegative controls. RESULTS Baseline CD4 T-cell counts predicted subsequent LT-INR (n = 15) [odds ratio, 1.10 (95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.19) pr. 10 cells/μL reduction in CD4 count, P = 0.030] in the cohort as a whole, but not in patients with baseline CD4 counts <200 cells per microliter (n = 78). LT-INR was best characterized by elevated plasma levels of the CC chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β), both at baseline (pre-ART) and during ART. In patients with baseline CD4 counts <200 cells per microliter, baseline MIP-1β predicted LT-INR [odds ratio 1.23 (95% confidence interval: 1.02 to 1.47) per 10 pg/mL increase in MIP-1β, P = 0.029]. CONCLUSIONS Elevated pre-ART levels of MIP-1β identified LT-INR patients who started ART at CD4 counts <200. INR was characterized by persistently high MIP-1β during suppressive ART. Thus, MIP-1β may be of use for early identification of LT-INR.
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Abstract
DESIGN Rapid CD4 cell loss represents an HIV phenotype used to identify causal variants of accelerated disease progression. The optimal rate and threshold for identifying this extreme phenotype in recently infected individuals is unclear. METHODS Using a cohort of patients with known dates of HIV-1 seroconversion (SC), CASCADE (Concerted Action on SeroConversion on AIDS and Death in Europe), we identified proportions experiencing nadir CD4 cell levels within 1 year of SC, and assessed their mean AIDS-free survival time at 10-year follow-up and hazard of AIDS/death, compared with those whose CD4 remained >500 cells per cubic millimeter. Follow-up was censored at December 31, 1996 to avoid bias due to combination antiretroviral therapy initiation. RESULTS Of 4876 individuals, 2.8%, 7.3%, and 24.9% experienced ≥1 CD4 <100, 200, and 350 cells per cubic millimeter, respectively, within 1 year of SC. Minimum CD4 levels of 30, 166, 231, and 506 cells per cubic millimeter were experienced during this period by 1%, 5%, 10%, and 50% of individuals, respectively. Mean (95% confidence interval) AIDS-free survival at 10 years follow-up was 2.9 (2.3 to 3.6), 5.5 (5.0 to 6.1), 6.7 (6.5 to 7.0), 7.4 (7.2 to 7.6), and 8.1 (7.9 to 8.3), for those with minimum counts ≤100, 100-200, 200-350, 350-500, >500 cells per cubic millimeter, respectively. Using counts of >500 cells per cubic millimeter as reference, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of AIDS/death were 15.0 (11.9 to 18.9), 3.6 (2.9 to 4.5), 2.1 (1.8 to 2.4), and 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7), respectively. The hazard ratio increased to 37.5 (26.5 to 53.1) when a minimum CD4 count <100 was confirmed within 1 year of SC. CONCLUSION At least 1 CD4 ≤100 cells per cubic millimeter within the first year of SC identifies a rare group of individuals at high risk of disease progression and could form the basis for defining the rapid progressor phenotype.
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Dinkins C, Pilli M, Kehrl JH. Roles of autophagy in HIV infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:11-7. [PMID: 25385065 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major cellular pathway, which at basal levels regulates and maintains the cytoplasmic environment through the capture, isolation and digestion of intracellular materials in a specialized structure called an autophagosome. The unique ability of autophagy to degrade large targets, such as damaged and surplus organelles, intracellular microbes and protein aggregates, has made it a prime focus in inflammation and microbial research. Indeed, autophagy has been shown to be involved in a number of infectious and inflammatory pathologies, by which it may confer protection against intracellular microbes, be targeted by microbes for evasion or be hijacked for microbe biogenesis. In addition, autophagy helps regulate the intracellular and global immune response to both extracellular and intracellular pathogens. Here we review the current literature on the interactions between autophagy and HIV among different immune cells and discuss new research that re-emphasizes the role of inflammation in HIV-mediated CD4(+) T cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dinkins
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manohar Pilli
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Okulicz JF, Mesner O, Ganesan A, O’Bryan TA, Deiss RG, Agan BK. Hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness and clinical outcomes in HIV controllers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105591. [PMID: 25144773 PMCID: PMC4140789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine responsiveness is associated with reduced risk of AIDS or death in HIV-infected individuals. Although HIV controllers (HIC) typically have favorable immunologic and clinical characteristics compared to non-controllers, vaccine responsiveness has not been studied. Methods and Findings In the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study, HBV vaccine response was defined as antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) ≥10 IU/L after last vaccination. For determination of vaccine responsiveness, HIC (n = 44) and treatment-naïve non-controllers (n = 476) were not on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) when vaccinated while treated non-controllers (n = 284) received all HBV vaccine doses during viral load (VL)-suppressive HAART. Progression to AIDS or death was also compared for all HIC (n = 143) and non-controllers (n = 1566) with documented anti-HBs regardless of the timing of HBV vaccination. Positive vaccine responses were more common in HIC (65.9%) compared to HAART-naïve non-controllers (36.6%; P<0.001), but similar to non-controllers on HAART (59.9%; P = 0.549). Factors associated with vaccine response for HIC compared to HAART-naïve non-controllers include HIC status (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.23–5.89; P = 0.014), CD4 count at last vaccination (OR 1.28, 1.15–1.45 for every 100 cells/uL; P<0.001), and number of vaccine doses administered (OR 0.56, 0.35–0.88; P = 0.011). When HIC were compared to non-controllers on HAART, only CD4 count at last vaccination was significant (OR 1.23, 1.1–1.38 for every 100 cells/uL; P<0.001). The rate of AIDS or death per 100 person/years for HIC compared to non-controllers was 0.14 (95% CI 0–0.76) versus 0.98 (95% CI 0.74–1.28) for vaccine responders and 0 (95% CI 0–2.22) versus 4.11 (95% CI 3.38–4.96) for non-responders, respectively. Conclusions HIC have improved HBV vaccine responsiveness compared to treatment-naïve non-controllers, but similar to those on VL-suppressive HAART. Progression to AIDS or death can be predicted by HBV vaccine responder status for non-controllers, however these events are rarely observed in HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason F. Okulicz
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Octavio Mesner
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. O’Bryan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Deiss
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Buggert M, Tauriainen J, Yamamoto T, Frederiksen J, Ivarsson MA, Michaëlsson J, Lund O, Hejdeman B, Jansson M, Sönnerborg A, Koup RA, Betts MR, Karlsson AC. T-bet and Eomes are differentially linked to the exhausted phenotype of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004251. [PMID: 25032686 PMCID: PMC4102564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cell exhaustion represents a major hallmark of chronic HIV infection. Two key transcription factors governing CD8(+) T cell differentiation, T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes), have previously been shown in mice to differentially regulate T cell exhaustion in part through direct modulation of PD-1. Here, we examined the relationship between these transcription factors and the expression of several inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CD160, and 2B4), functional characteristics and memory differentiation of CD8(+) T cells in chronic and treated HIV infection. The expression of PD-1, CD160, and 2B4 on total CD8(+) T cells was elevated in chronically infected individuals and highly associated with a T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) expressional profile. Interestingly, both resting and activated HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in chronic infection were almost exclusively T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) cells, while CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells displayed a balanced expression pattern of T-bet and Eomes. The T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) virus-specific CD8(+) T cells did not show features of terminal differentiation, but rather a transitional memory phenotype with poor polyfunctional (effector) characteristics. The transitional and exhausted phenotype of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells was longitudinally related to persistent Eomes expression after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Strikingly, these characteristics remained stable up to 10 years after ART initiation. This study supports the concept that poor human viral-specific CD8(+) T cell functionality is due to an inverse expression balance between T-bet and Eomes, which is not reversed despite long-term viral control through ART. These results aid to explain the inability of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells to control the viral replication post-ART cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanna Tauriainen
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Immunology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juliet Frederiksen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin A. Ivarsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Lund
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bo Hejdeman
- Department of Infectious Diseases Venhälsan, Stockholm South General Hospital (Södersjukhuset), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nardacci R, Amendola A, Ciccosanti F, Corazzari M, Esposito V, Vlassi C, Taibi C, Fimia GM, Del Nonno F, Ippolito G, D'Offizi G, Piacentini M. Autophagy plays an important role in the containment of HIV-1 in nonprogressor-infected patients. Autophagy 2014; 10:1167-78. [PMID: 24813622 PMCID: PMC4203545 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies have suggested that autophagy may play a role in both HIV-1 replication and disease progression. In this study we investigated whether autophagy protects the small proportion of HIV-1 infected individuals who remain clinically stable for years in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, these named long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) and elite controllers (EC). We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the HIV-1 controllers present a significantly higher amount of autophagic vesicles associated with an increased expression of autophagic markers with respect to normal progressors. Of note, ex vivo treatment of PBMC from the HIV-1 controllers with the MTOR inhibitor rapamycin results in a more efficient autophagic response, leading to a reduced viral production. These data lead us to propose that autophagy contributes to limiting viral pathogenesis in HIV-1 controllers by targeting viral components for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Nardacci
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amendola
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Corazzari
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy; Department of Biology; University of Rome "Tor Vergata"; Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Esposito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Chrysoula Vlassi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA); University of Salento; Lecce, Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D'Offizi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases; IRCCS "L. Spallanzani"; Rome, Italy; Department of Biology; University of Rome "Tor Vergata"; Rome, Italy
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18
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HIV-1 latency: an update of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Viruses 2014; 6:1715-58. [PMID: 24736215 PMCID: PMC4014718 DOI: 10.3390/v6041715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major obstacle towards HIV-1 eradication is the life-long persistence of the virus in reservoirs of latently infected cells. In these cells the proviral DNA is integrated in the host’s genome but it does not actively replicate, becoming invisible to the host immune system and unaffected by existing antiviral drugs. Rebound of viremia and recovery of systemic infection that follows interruption of therapy, necessitates life-long treatments with problems of compliance, toxicity, and untenable costs, especially in developing countries where the infection hits worst. Extensive research efforts have led to the proposal and preliminary testing of several anti-latency compounds, however, overall, eradication strategies have had, so far, limited clinical success while posing several risks for patients. This review will briefly summarize the more recent advances in the elucidation of mechanisms that regulates the establishment/maintenance of latency and therapeutic strategies currently under evaluation in order to eradicate HIV persistence.
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Immunoregulatory T cells may be involved in preserving CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors and controllers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65:10-8. [PMID: 23995946 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182a7c932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected controllers control viral replication and maintain normal CD4 T cell counts. Long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) also maintain normal CD4 T cell counts but have ongoing viral replication. We hypothesized that immunoregulatory mechanisms are involved in preserved CD4 T cell counts in controllers and in LTNPs. METHODS Twenty HIV-infected viremic controllers, 5 elite controllers (ECs), and 14 LTNPs were included in this cross-sectional study. For comparison, 25 progressors and 34 healthy controls were included. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), Treg subpopulations, CD161+Th17 cells, and CD3+CD8+CD161(high)Tc17 cells in peripheral blood were measured using flow cytometry. Tregs in lymphoid tissue were determined in tonsil biopsies and evaluated using immunolabeling. The production of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-17 upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin in peripheral blood was determined by Luminex. RESULTS All groups of HIV-infected patients displayed similar percentages of Tregs in both peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue. However, a larger percentage of Tregs in ECs and LTNPs were activated compared with that in controls, progressors, and viremic controllers. Further, ECs as the only group of HIV-infected patients, displayed elevated percentages of CD161+Th17 cells, preserved CD3+CD8+CD161(high)Tc17 cells, and preserved IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS Overall, Treg percentage was similar in both blood and lymphoid tissue in all groups of patients and controls. However, both ECs and LTNPs displayed a large proportion of activated Tregs suggesting immunoregulatory mechanisms to be involved in preserving CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected nonprogressors.
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20
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Gaardbo JC, Hartling HJ, Ronit A, Thorsteinsson K, Madsen HO, Springborg K, Gjerdrum LMR, Birch C, Laye M, Ullum H, Andersen ÅB, Nielsen SD. Different immunological phenotypes associated with preserved CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected controllers and viremic long term non-progressors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63744. [PMID: 23696852 PMCID: PMC3655944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected controllers control viral replication and maintain normal CD4+ T cell counts. Long Term Non-Progressors (LTNP) also maintain normal CD4+ T cell counts, but have on-going viral replication. We hypothesized that different immunological mechanisms are responsible for preserved CD4+ T cell counts in controllers and LTNP. METHODS 25 HIV-infected controllers and 14 LTNP were included in this cross-sectional study. For comparison, 25 progressors and 34 healthy controls were included. Production and destruction of T cells were addressed by determination of T cell receptor excision circles (TREC), recent thymic emigrants, naïve cells, immune activation, senescence and apoptosis. Furthermore, telomere length was determined, and the amount of lymphoid tissue in tonsil biopsies was quantified. RESULTS Controllers presented with partly preserved thymic output, preserved expression of the IL-7 receptor and IL-7 receptor density, and lower levels of destruction of cells than progressors resembling HIV-negative healthy controls. In contrast, LTNP appeared much like progressors, and different from controllers in immune activation, senescence, and apoptosis. Interestingly, CD8+ RTE, TREC and telomere length were partly preserved. Finally, both controllers and LTNP displayed decreased amounts of lymphoid tissue compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Controllers presented with an immunological profile different from LTNP. While controllers resembled healthy controls, LTNP were similar to progressors, suggesting different immunological mechanisms to be responsible for preserved CD4+ T cell counts in LTNP and controllers. However, both controllers and LTNP presented with reduced amounts of lymphoid tissue despite preserved CD4+ T cell counts, indicating HIV to cause damage even in non-progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Christine Gaardbo
- Viro-immunology Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans J. Hartling
- Viro-immunology Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ronit
- Viro-immunology Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Thorsteinsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Ole Madsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karoline Springborg
- Department of Oto-rhinolaryngology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Birch
- Viro-immunology Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Laye
- Center of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åse Bengaard Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-immunology Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Kulpa DA, Lawani M, Cooper A, Peretz Y, Ahlers J, Sékaly RP. PD-1 coinhibitory signals: the link between pathogenesis and protection. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:219-27. [PMID: 23548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of HIV-1 infected individuals, the adaptive immune response drives virus escape resulting in persistent viremia and a lack of immune-mediated control. The expression of negative regulatory molecules such as PD-1 during chronic HIV infection provides a useful marker to differentiate functional memory T cell subsets and the frequency of T cells with an exhausted phenotype. In addition, cell-based measurements of virus persistence equate with activation markers and the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing PD-1. High-level expression of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are found on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and are upregulated by chronic antigen stimulation, Type 1 and Type II interferons (IFNs), and homeostatic cytokines. In HIV infected subjects, PD-1 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells continue to remain high following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). System biology approaches have begun to elucidate signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets that become dysfunctional through chronic TCR activation and PD-1 signaling. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of transcriptional signatures and signal transduction pathways associated with immune exhaustion with a focus on recent work in our laboratory characterizing the role of PD-1 in T cell dysfunction and HIV pathogenesis. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking PD-1-PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints for activating potent cellular immune responses against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
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22
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Challacombe SJ. Professor Thomas Lehner: archetypal translational scientist. J Dent Res 2013; 92:393-6. [PMID: 23481587 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513482140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Professor Thomas Lehner is one of the most distinguished oral and dental researchers to have come out of the UK. Over the past 40 years, he has made an astonishing number of discoveries which have had an impact on our understanding of the pathogenesis of a variety of mucosal diseases. He has consistently practiced both basic and clinical research and built an integrated group of clinical and non-clinical researchers, which allowed him easy transition from the laboratory to the clinic. Tom Lehner was among the early scientists studying mucosal immunology, initially exploring oral diseases, with special emphasis on the immunobiology of Streptococcus mutans, leading to active and passive vaccination against dental caries. He was the first to demonstrate cellular immunity as the immunopathological basis of periodontal diseases, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and candidiasis. Over the past 20 years, his expertise in mucosal immunobiology has been applied to the immunology of HIV/SIV infections. His seminal contributions include regional innate mucosal immunity, prevention of SIV infection in macaques by secretory IgA antibodies, up-regulation of CC chemokines, and the first demonstration of protective CCR5 antibodies. Arguably, his leadership, his students, and the establishment of immunology applied to oral mucosal diseases will be his greatest legacy. His contributions continue unabated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Challacombe
- King's College London Dental Institute at Guys Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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23
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Brumme ZL, Chopera DR, Brockman MA. Modulation of HIV reservoirs by host HLA: bridging the gap between vaccine and cure. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:599-605. [PMID: 22939190 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs are the greatest challenge facing an HIV cure. Here, we review recent evidence supporting an important role for the host immune response, in particular HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes, in modulating HIV reservoirs during natural infection. These observations indicate that factors governing immune-mediated control of HIV may also contribute to the clearance of viral reservoirs. As such, critical gaps in our understanding of HIV immunology hinder efforts to develop both an effective HIV vaccine as well as novel therapies that may lead to a cure. The importance of elucidating correlates of protective cellular immunity should be recognized during research to develop and test potential HIV elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Li Y, Ling W, Xu H, Wang M, Wu C. The activation and dynamics of cytokine expression by CD4+ T cells and AIDS progression in HIV-1-infected Chinese individuals. Microb Pathog 2012; 53:189-97. [PMID: 22892467 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are the main targets of HIV-1 and play a central role during the progression of AIDS, but the mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, blood samples were collected from HIV-1-infected Chinese individuals, including typical progressors (TPs) and long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). More HIV-1 productively infected CD4(+) T cells were obtained through co-cultures and the infected CD4(+) T cells were discriminated from bystander cells by intracellular p24 staining. The activation level and dynamics of cytokine expression of CD4(+) T cells were analyzed. After stimulating the freshly isolated PBMCs with PHA, the frequencies of CD69(+)CD4(+) T cells/CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells were higher in TP than in LTNP group and were positively correlated with viral load and negatively correlated with CD4(+) T cell counts. The activation level of CD4(+) T cells in the co-cultured PBMCs was higher in TP than in LTNP group, and HIV-1 productively infected CD4(+) T cells were more activated than bystander CD4(+) T cells. The expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and the frequency of Th1 cells in co-cultured PBMCs were lower in TP than in LTNP group. HIV-1 productively infected CD4(+) T cells expressed higher level of Th1/Th2 cytokines than bystander cells. More productive HIV-1 infection occurred in Th1 than in Th2 cells, followed by Th0 cells. The present results suggest that the excessive activation level of CD4(+) T cells and the preferential replication of HIV-1 in Th1 cells that lead to the shift of Th1 to Th2 are likely crucial to AIDS progression in HIV-1-infected Chinese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Thirty Years with HIV Infection-Nonprogression Is Still Puzzling: Lessons to Be Learned from Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors. AIDS Res Treat 2012; 2012:161584. [PMID: 22693657 PMCID: PMC3368166 DOI: 10.1155/2012/161584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early days of the HIV epidemic, it was observed that a minority of the infected patients did not progress to AIDS or death and maintained stable CD4+ cell counts. As the technique for measuring viral load became available it was evident that some of these nonprogressors in addition to preserved CD4+ cell counts had very low or even undetectable viral replication. They were therefore termed controllers, while those with viral replication were termed long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). Genetics and virology play a role in nonprogression, but does not provide a full explanation. Therefore, host differences in the immunological response have been proposed. Moreover, the immunological response can be divided into an immune homeostasis resistant to HIV and an immune response leading to viral control. Thus, non-progression in LTNP and controllers may be due to different immunological mechanisms. Understanding the lack of disease progression and the different interactions between HIV and the immune system could ideally teach us how to develop a functional cure for HIV infection. Here we review immunological features of controllers and LTNP, highlighting differences and clinical implications.
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