1
|
Liu Q, Qiao M, Lohinai Z, Mao S, Pan Y, Wang Y, Yang S, Zhou F, Jiang T, Yi X, Ren S, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. CCL19 associates with lymph node metastasis and inferior prognosis in patients with small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2021; 162:194-202. [PMID: 34823893 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a systemic disease and most patients have metastases at diagnosis. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of SCLC metastasis may provide potential approach to improve clinical outcome. METHODS HTG Edge-seq was used to identify the differential gene expression between primary SCLC lesions and paired metastatic lymph nodes (LN). Overall survival (OS) analysis was performed in patients with different levels of plasma CCL19 concentration. Invasion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis ability of SCLC cells and function of CD8 + T cells were evaluated in vitro to investigate the mechanism of CCL19 in promoting metastasis. RESULTS Four chemokines (CCL19, CCL21, CCL8, CCR1) were the most differentially expressed between primary lesions and metastatic LN. CCL19 was further investigated because its mRNA and protein level expression were also validated in four SCLC cell lines (H446, H69, H82, H196). Higher plasma CCL19 was associated with late lymph node (N3) metastasis (training cohort P = 0.044, validation cohort P = 0.020) and shorter OS (training cohort P = 0.040, validation cohort P = 0.047) in SCLC patients. Silencing CCL19 inhibited SCLC cell migration, invasion, proliferation and HUVECs tube formation. Furthermore, we found that CCL19 could decrease percentage of CD8 + Ki67 + and CD8 + GZMB + T cells and increase proportion of CD8 + PD1 + T cells. CONCLUSION CCL19 was associated with LN metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with SCLC. Its expression promoted tumor progression and metastasis and impaired the function of CD8 + T cells, suggesting CCL19 might be a potential target for SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Meng Qiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zoltan Lohinai
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shiqi Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Tongji University Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Center for Thoracic Oncology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Almeida SM, Rotta I, Tang B, Vaida F, Letendre S, Ellis RJ. IgG intrathecal synthesis in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) according to the HIV-1 subtypes and pattern of HIV RNA in CNS and plasma compartments. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 355:577542. [PMID: 33845284 PMCID: PMC8102367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that humoral immunity stimulation in the CNS in HIV-1C patients would be lower than that in HIV-1B due to a defective Tat chemokine dimotif (C30C31) that might influence cellular trafficking and CNS inflammation. Sixty-eight paired CSF and blood samples from people with HIV (PWH), free of CNS opportunistic infections, were included, HIV-1B (n = 27), HIV-1C (n = 26), and HIV negative (n = 25). IgG intrathecal synthesis was assayed using quantitative and qualitative methods. IgG oligoclonal bands (OCB) in CSF were observed in 51% of PWH, comparable between HIV-1B and HIV-1C, as well as the medians of IgG intrathecal synthesis formulas. The group with HIV infection aviremic in CSF and blood showed 75% of OCB. There was a poor positive correlation between the IgG quotient and GDS. The impact of HIV-1 on IgG intrathecal production was not subtype dependent. Low-grade CNS intrathecal IgG production persists in HIV CNS infection even in PWH with CSF and blood HIV RNA controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Florin Vaida
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a leukocyte chemoattractant that plays a crucial role in cell trafficking and leukocyte activation. Dysfunctional CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in persistent HBV infection. However, whether HBV can be cleared by CCL19-activated immunity remains unclear. METHODS We assessed the effects of CCL19 on the activation of PBMCs in patients with HBV infection. We also examined how CCL19 influences HBV clearance and modulates HBV-responsive T cells in a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In addition, C-C chemokine-receptor type 7 (CCR7) knockdown mice were used to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CCL19/CCR7 axis-induced immune activation. RESULTS From in vitro experiments, we found that CCL19 enhanced the frequencies of Ag-responsive IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells from patients by approximately twofold, while CCR7 knockdown (LV-shCCR7) and LY294002 partially suppressed IFN-γ secretion. In mice, CCL19 overexpression led to rapid clearance of intrahepatic HBV likely through increased intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell proportion, decreased frequency of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells in blood and compromised suppression of hepatic APCs, with lymphocytes producing a significantly high level of Ag-responsive TNF-α and IFN-γ from CD8+ T cells. In both CCL19 over expressing and CCR7 knockdown (AAV-shCCR7) CHB mice, the frequency of CD8+ T-cell activation-induced cell death (AICD) increased, and a high level of Ag-responsive TNF-α and low levels of CD8+ regulatory T (Treg) cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS Findings in this study provide insights into how CCL19/CCR7 axis modulates the host immune system, which may promote the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for HBV treatment by overcoming T-cell tolerance.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan Y, Chen R, Wang X, Hu K, Huang L, Lu M, Hu Q. CCL19 and CCR7 Expression, Signaling Pathways, and Adjuvant Functions in Viral Infection and Prevention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:212. [PMID: 31632965 PMCID: PMC6781769 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a critical regulator of the induction of T cell activation, immune tolerance, and inflammatory responses during continuous immune surveillance, homeostasis, and development. Migration of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7)-expressing cells to secondary lymphoid organs is a crucial step in the onset of adaptive immunity, which is initiated by a complex interaction between CCR7 and its cognate ligands. Recent advances in knowledge regarding the response of the CCL19-CCR7 axis to viral infections have elucidated the complex network of interplay among the invading virus, target cells and host immune responses. Viruses use various strategies to evade or delay the cytokine response, gaining additional time to replicate in the host. In this review, we summarize the impacts of CCL19 and CCR7 expression on the regulation of viral pathogenesis with an emphasis on the corresponding signaling pathways and adjuvant mechanisms. We present and discuss the expression, signaling adaptor proteins and effects of CCL19 and CCR7 as these molecules differentially impact different viral infections and viral life cycles in host homeostatic strategies. The underlying mechanisms discussed in this review may assist in the design of novel agents to modulate chemokine activity for viral prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Renfang Chen
- The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Hepatology Institute of Wuxi, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Hepatology Institute of Wuxi, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Accomplices for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Latency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1274. [PMID: 29085362 PMCID: PMC5650658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that are involved in the regulation of immune cell migration. Multiple functional properties of chemokines, such as pro-inflammation, immune regulation, and promotion of cell growth, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, have been identified in many pathological and physiological contexts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by persistent inflammation and immune activation during both acute and chronic phases, and the "cytokine storm" is one of the hallmarks of HIV infection. Along with immune activation after HIV infection, an extensive range of chemokines and other cytokines are elevated, thereby generating the so-called "cytokine storm." In this review, the effects of the upregulated chemokines and chemokine receptors on the processes of HIV infection are discussed. The objective of this review was to focus on the main chemokines and chemokine receptors that have been found to be associated with HIV infection and latency. Elevated chemokines and chemokine receptors have been shown to play important roles in the HIV life cycle, disease progression, and HIV reservoir establishment. Thus, targeting these chemokines and receptors and the other proteins of related signaling pathways might provide novel therapeutic strategies, and the evidence indicates a promising future regarding the development of a functional cure for HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arockiaraj J, Bhatt P, Harikrishnan R, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA. Molecular and functional roles of 6C CC chemokine 19 in defense system of striped murrel Channa striatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:817-27. [PMID: 26057460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have reported the molecular information of chemokine-19 (Chem19) from striped murrel Channa striatus (Cs). CsCC-Chem19 cDNA sequence was 555 base pair (bp) in length which is 68bp 5' untranslated region (UTR), 339bp translated region and 149bp 3' UTR. The translated region is encoded for a polypeptide of 112 amino acids. CsCC-Chem19 peptide contains a signal sequence between 1 and 26 and an interleukin (IL) 8 like domain between 24 and 89. The multiple sequence alignment showed a 'DCCL' motif, an indispensable motif present in all CC chemokines which was conserved throughout the evolution. Phylogenetic tree showed that CsCC-Chem19 formed a cluster with chemokine 19 from fishes. Secondary structure of CsCC-Chem19 revealed that the peptide contains maximum amount of coils (61.6%) compared to α-helices (25.9%%) and β-sheet (12.5%). Further, 3D analysis indicated that the cysteine residues at 33, 34, 59 and 75 making the disulfide bridges as 33 = 59 and 34 = 75. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest CsCC-Chem19 mRNA expression was observed in blood and it was up-regulated upon fungus and bacterial infection. Utilizing the coding region of CsCC-Chem19, recombinant CsCC-Chem19 protein was produced. The recombinant CsCC-Chem19 protein induced the cellular proliferation and respiratory burst activity of C. striatus peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the chemotactic activity showed that the recombinant CsCC-Chem19 significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the movement of PBL of C. striatus. Conclusively, CsCC-Chem19 is a 6C CC chemokine having an ability to perform both inflammatory and homeostatic functions. However, further research is necessary to understand the potential of 6C CC chemokine 19 of C. striatus, particularly their regulatory ability on different cellular components in the defense system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Prasanth Bhatt
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Strong effects of genetic and lifestyle factors on biomarker variation and use of personalized cutoffs. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4684. [PMID: 25147954 PMCID: PMC4143927 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal biomarkers used for disease diagnosis should display deviating levels in affected individuals only and be robust to factors unrelated to the disease. Here we show the impact of genetic, clinical and lifestyle factors on circulating levels of 92 protein biomarkers for cancer and inflammation, using a population-based cohort of 1,005 individuals. For 75% of the biomarkers, the levels are significantly heritable and genome-wide association studies identifies 16 novel loci and replicate 2 previously known loci with strong effects on one or several of the biomarkers with P-values down to 4.4 × 10−58. Integrative analysis attributes as much as 56.3% of the observed variance to non-disease factors. We propose that information on the biomarker-specific profile of major genetic, clinical and lifestyle factors should be used to establish personalized clinical cutoffs, and that this would increase the sensitivity of using biomarkers for prediction of clinical end points. Protein biomarkers could play an important role in the diagnosis and management of diseases. Here the authors investigate the impact of genetic, clinical and lifestyle factors on 92 protein biomarkers for cancer and inflammation and suggest that personalized biomarker thresholds should be used in cancer management.
Collapse
|
8
|
Spear M, Guo J, Wu Y. Novel anti-HIV therapeutics targeting chemokine receptors and actin regulatory pathways. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:300-12. [PMID: 24117829 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infects helper CD4(+) T cells, and causes CD4(+) T-cell depletion and immunodeficiency. In the past 30 years, significant progress has been made in antiretroviral therapy, and the disease has become manageable. Nevertheless, an effective vaccine is still nowhere in sight, and a cure or a functional cure awaits discovery. Among possible curative therapies, traditional antiretroviral therapy, mostly targeting viral proteins, has been proven ineffective. It is possible that targeting HIV-dependent host cofactors may offer alternatives, both for preventing HIV transmission and for forestalling disease progression. Recently, the actin cytoskeleton and its regulators in blood CD4(+) T cells have emerged as major host cofactors that could be targeted. The novel concept that the cortical actin is a barrier to viral entry and early post-entry migration has led to the nascent model of virus-host interaction at the cortical actin layer. Deciphering the cellular regulatory pathways has manifested exciting prospects for future therapeutics. In this review, we describe the study of HIV interactions with actin cytoskeleton. We also examine potential pharmacological targets that emerge from this interaction. In addition, we briefly discuss several actin pathway-based anti-HIV drugs that are currently in development or testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Spear
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Astrup E, Ranheim T, Damås JK, Davì G, Santilli F, Jensenius M, Vitale G, Aukrust P, Olano JP, Otterdal K. Increased expression of the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in clinical and experimental Rickettsia conorii infection. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:70. [PMID: 24507453 PMCID: PMC3923395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on their essential role in concerting immunological and inflammatory responses we hypothesized that the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 may play a pathogenic role in rickettsiae infection. Methods Serum levels of CCL19 and CCL21 in patients with R. africae and R. conorii infection were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays. Lungs from R. conorii infected mice were examined for CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results We found that patients with R. africae infection (n = 15) and in particular those with R. conorii infection (n = 16) had elevated serum levels of CCL19 on admission, with a decline during follow-up. While a similar pattern was seen for CCL21 in R. africae infection, patients with R. conorii infection showed persistently increased CCL21 levels during follow-up. In experimental R. conorii infection, we found strong immunostaining of CCL19 and CCL21 in the lungs, particularly in individuals that had received lethal doses. Immunofluorescence showed co-localization of CCR7 to endothelial cells, macrophages and fibroblasts within the lung tissue of R. conorii infected mice. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the CCL19/CCL21/CCR7 axis is up-regulated during R. africae and in particular during R. conorii infection, which may potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Astrup
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, Lørenskog 1478, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu JX, Cao X, Liu Y, Tang FR. CCL28 in the mouse hippocampal CA1 area and the dentate gyrus during and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1094-101. [PMID: 22917922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study showed a wide presence of CCL28 in mouse CNS, including cerebral, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. In hippocampus, the expression of CCL28 at both mRNA and protein level was clarified. The CCL28 expression was mainly localized in pyramidal cells of CA area, granular cells of dentate gyrus and some interneurons in CA area and hilus. Double-labelling immunocytochemistry revealed that most of calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin immunopositive neurons expressed CCL28. During and after pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (SE), a down-regulated expression of CCL28 in hippocampal interneurons in the CA1 area and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus was demonstrated. The present study may, therefore provide evidence that CCL28 may have a novel role in CNS and may be involved in the loss of hippocampal interneurons, and subsequent disinhibition of pyramidal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evans VA, Khoury G, Saleh S, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. HIV persistence: chemokines and their signalling pathways. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:151-7. [PMID: 22749173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are the major barrier to curing HIV. We have recently demonstrated that chemokines, which bind to the chemokine receptors CCR7, CXCR3 and CCR6, facilitate efficient HIV nuclear localisation and integration in resting CD4+ T cells, leading to latency. As latently infected cells are enriched in lymphoid tissues, where chemokines are highly concentrated, this may provide a mechanism for the generation of latently infected cells in vivo. Here we review the role of chemokines in HIV persistence; the main signalling pathways that are involved; and how these pathways may be exploited to develop novel strategies to reduce or eliminate latently infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Evans
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|