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Cheung SM, Chan KS, Zhou W, Husain E, Gagliardi T, Masannat Y, He J. Spatial heterogeneity of peri-tumoural lipid composition in postmenopausal patients with oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4699. [PMID: 38409583 PMCID: PMC10897464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of lipid composition in adipose tissue adjacent to breast tumour is observed in ex vivo and animal models. Novel non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows rapid lipid mapping of the human whole breast. We set out to elucidate the spatial heterogeneity of peri-tumoural lipid composition in postmenopausal patients with oestrogen receptor positive (ER +) breast cancer. Thirteen participants (mean age, 62 ± [SD] 6 years) with ER + breast cancer and 13 age-matched postmenopausal healthy controls were scanned on MRI. The number of double bonds in triglycerides was computed from MRI images to derive lipid composition maps of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids (MUFA, PUFA, SFA). The spatial heterogeneity measures (mean, median, skewness, entropy and kurtosis) of lipid composition in the peri-tumoural region and the whole breast of participants and in the whole breast of controls were computed. The Ki-67 proliferative activity marker and CD163 antibody on tumour-associated macrophages were assessed histologically. Mann Whitney U or Wilcoxon tests and Spearman's coefficients were used to assess group differences and correlations, respectively. For comparison against the whole breast in participants, peri-tumoural MUFA had a lower mean (median (IQR), 0.40 (0.02), p < .001), lower median (0.42 (0.02), p < .001), a negative skewness with lower magnitude (- 1.65 (0.77), p = .001), higher entropy (4.35 (0.64), p = .007) and lower kurtosis (5.13 (3.99), p = .001). Peri-tumoural PUFA had a lower mean (p < .001), lower median (p < .001), a positive skewness with higher magnitude (p = .005) and lower entropy (p = .002). Peri-tumoural SFA had a higher mean (p < .001), higher median (p < .001), a positive skewness with lower magnitude (p < .001) and lower entropy (p = .012). For comparison against the whole breast in controls, peri-tumoural MUFA had a negative skewness with lower magnitude (p = .01) and lower kurtosis (p = .009), however there was no difference in PUFA or SFA. CD163 moderately correlated with peri-tumoural MUFA skewness (rs = - .64), PUFA entropy (rs = .63) and SFA skewness (rs = .59). There was a lower MUFA and PUFA while a higher SFA, and a higher heterogeneity of MUFA while a lower heterogeneity of PUFA and SFA, in the peri-tumoural region in comparison with the whole breast tissue. The degree of lipid deregulation was associated with inflammation as indicated by CD163 antibody on macrophages, serving as potential marker for early diagnosis and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Man Cheung
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Kwok-Shing Chan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenshu Zhou
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ehab Husain
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tanja Gagliardi
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yazan Masannat
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Broomfield Breast Unit, Broomfield Hospital, Mid and South Essex NHS Trust, Chelmsford, UK
- London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jiabao He
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Bozdemir-Ozel C, Arikan H, Calik-Kutukcu E, Karadüz BN, Inal-Ince D, Kabakci G, Sumer E, Dagdelen S. Subclinical Inflammation Is Associated With Reductions in Muscle Oxygenation, Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:422-427. [PMID: 32616275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise capacity is related to both morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between subclinical inflammation level, exercise capacity, muscle oxygenation and quality of life in T2DM. METHODS This study includes 28 patients with T2DM (mean age, 51.5±5.0 years; male-to-female ratio, 6:22). Exercise capacity was evaluated using an incremental symptom-limited maximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Muscle oxygenation was investigated using a wearable lactate-measuring device. Diabetes-specific quality of life was assessed using the Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (DQOL). Subclinical inflammation was assessed using C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. RESULTS CRP level was negatively correlated with peak workload during the test (r=-0.588, p=0.002), muscle oxygenation (r=-0.465, p=0.019) and the psychological impact of treatment subscale of the DQOL (r=-0.540, p=0.017), and positively correlated with body mass index (r=0.519, p=0.008), waist circumference (r=0.426, p=0.038) and fat percentage (r=0.573, p=0.004). There was no correlation between CRP and fasting blood glucose or glycated hemoglobin level (p>0.05). Peak workload was inversely related to fat percentage (r=-0.467, p=0.016) and the DQOL worry about the future impact of diabetes subscale (r=-0.501, p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS In our study, subclinical inflammation negatively affected muscle oxygenation, exercise capacity and quality of life independently of glycemic indicators. Our findings suggest that the degree of glycemic control is insufficient to explain lower exercise capacity. Further studies are needed to investigate subclinical inflammation-reducing interventions in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemile Bozdemir-Ozel
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hülya Arikan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Calik-Kutukcu
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beyza Nur Karadüz
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Inal-Ince
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giray Kabakci
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Sumer
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Dagdelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Chien MY, Lee PL, Yu CW, Wei SY, Shih TTF. Intramyocellular Lipids, Insulin Resistance, and Functional Performance in Patients with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:69-78. [PMID: 32095087 PMCID: PMC6995288 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s232554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An increasing number of studies have linked the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with metabolic dysfunction. However, little is known about the lipid compartments (intramyocellular [IMCL] and extramyocellular [EMCL] lipids) inside the musculature in these patients. The present study was designed to investigate the IMCL and EMCL, biochemical data, and functional performance in patients with severe OSA, and to examine the correlations between intramuscular lipid contents and test variables. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Twenty patients with severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]: ≥30/h; body mass index [BMI]: 26.05±2.92) and 20 age- and BMI-matched controls (AHI <5/h) were enrolled. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure the IMCL and EMCL of the right vastus lateralis muscle. Biochemical data, including levels of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), were measured. Insulin resistance index (IR) was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment method. Performance tests included a cardiopulmonary exercise test and knee extension strength and endurance measurements. RESULTS Patients with severe OSA had significantly (P<0.05) lower values of IMCL (14.1±5.4 AU) and EMCL (10.3±5.8 AU) compared to the control group (25.2±17.6 AU and 14.3±11.1 AU, respectively). Patients with severe OSA had significantly higher hsCRP, IR, and dyslipidemia compared with controls (all P<0.05). Furthermore, IMCL was negatively correlated with AHI, cumulative time with nocturnal pulse oximetric saturation lower than 90% (TSpO2<90%) (ρ=-0.35, P<0.05), IR (ρ=-0.40, P<0.05), glucose (ρ=-0.33, P<0.05), and insulin (ρ=-0.36, P<0.05), and positively correlated with lowest oximetric saturation (ρ=0.33, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Skeletal muscle dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities were observed in patients with OSA that did not have obesity. IMCL was positively correlated with aerobic capacity and muscular performance, but negatively correlated with AHI and IR. Large-scale clinical trials are required to explore the complicated mechanism among OSA, intramuscular metabolism, and insulin action. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00813852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yueh Chien
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Sleep Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Obesity, Lifestyle and Metabolic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Lee
- Center of Sleep Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Obesity, Lifestyle and Metabolic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Electronics Technology Integration, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Yu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Medical College and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu Yuan Wei
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Medical College and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiffany Ting-Fang Shih
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Medical College and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nagarajan R, Carpenter CL, Lee CC, Michael N, Sarma MK, Souza R, Xu E, Velan SS, Hahn TJ, Go VL, Thomas MA. Assessment of Lipid and Metabolite Changes in Obese Calf Muscle Using Multi-Echo Echo-planar Correlated Spectroscopic Imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17338. [PMID: 29229948 PMCID: PMC5725420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related conditions including heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes are leading causes of preventable death. Recent evidence suggests that altered myocellular lipid metabolism in obesity may lead to increased insulin resistance (IR) that predisposes to these disorders. To test the hypothesis that muscles rich in type I vs. type II muscle fibers would exhibit similar changes in intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) content in obesity, we utilized a new four-dimensional multi echo echo-planar correlated spectroscopic imaging technique that allows separate determination of IMCL and EMCL content in individual calf muscles in obese vs. normal healthy human subjects. Calf muscles were scanned in 32 obese and 11 healthy subjects using a 3T MRI/MRS scanner, and IR in the obese subjects was documented by glucose tolerance testing. In obese subjects, elevation of both IMCL and EMCL content was observed in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles (with mixed type I and II fiber content), while a significant increase in only IMCL content (+48%, p < 0.001) was observed in the soleus muscle (predominantly type I fibers). These observations indicate unexpected differences in changes in myolipid metabolism in type I vs. type II rich muscle regions in obesity, perhaps related to IR, and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Catherine L Carpenter
- UCLA Schools of Nursing, Medicine, and Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cathy C Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manoj K Sarma
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Raissa Souza
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edward Xu
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, Singapore.,Departments of Physiology & Medicine, National University of, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Theodore J Hahn
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vay-Liang Go
- UCLA Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - M Albert Thomas
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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5
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Gemmink A, Bakker LEH, Guigas B, Kornips E, Schaart G, Meinders AE, Jazet IM, Hesselink MKC. Lipid droplet dynamics and insulin sensitivity upon a 5-day high-fat diet in Caucasians and South Asians. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42393. [PMID: 28195217 PMCID: PMC5307956 DOI: 10.1038/srep42393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-day High-Fat High-Calorie diet (HFHC-diet) reduces insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) in South Asian, but not Caucasian healthy lean males. We aimed to investigate if differences in myocellular lipid handling are underlying this differential response. A two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and muscle biopsies were performed in 12 healthy lean Caucasian and South Asian males (BMI < 25 kg/m2, 19-25 years) before and after a 5-day HFHC-diet (regular diet + 375 mL cream/day; 1275 kcal/day; 94% fat). Triglyceride extractions and Western Blots for lipid droplet and mitochondrial proteins were performed. Intramyocellular lipid content and HFHC-diet response were similar between ethnicities (group effect: P = 0.094; diet effect: +~30%, P = 0.044). PLIN5 protein content increased upon the HFHC-diet (P = 0.031) and tended to be higher in South Asians (0.87 ± 0.42 AU vs. 1.35 ± 0.58 AU, P = 0.07). 4-HNE tended to increase in South Asians upon the HFHC-diet (interaction effect: P = 0.057). In Caucasians ΔPLIN5 content correlated with ΔRd (Caucasians: r = 0.756, P = 0.011; South Asians: r = -0.085, P = 0.816), while in South Asians Δ4-HNE associated with ΔPLIN5 content (Caucasians: r = 0.312, P = 0.380; South Asians: r = 0.771, P = 0.003). These data indicate that in Caucasians, PLIN5 may be protective against HFHC-diet induced insulin resistance, which for reasons not yet understood is not observed in South Asians, who possess increased lipid peroxidation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leontine E H Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kornips
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Edo Meinders
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Bakker LEH, Sleddering MA, Schoones JW, Meinders AE, Jazet IM. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in South Asians. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:R99-R114. [PMID: 23939919 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is exceptionally high among both native and migrant South Asians. T2DM occurs more often and at a younger age and lower BMI, and the risk of coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease, and renal complications is higher for South Asians compared with people of White Caucasian descent. The high prevalence of T2DM and its related complications in South Asians, which comprise one-fifth of the total world's population, poses a major health and socioeconomic burden. The underlying cause of this excess risk, however, is still not completely understood. Therefore, gaining insight into the pathogenesis of T2DM in South Asians is of great importance. The predominant mechanism, in this ethnicity seems to be insulin resistance (IR) rather than an impaired β-cell function. In this systematic review, we describe several possible mechanisms that may underlie or contribute to the increased IR observed in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leontine E H Bakker
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Bhopal RS. A four-stage model explaining the higher risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asians compared with European populations. Diabet Med 2013; 30:35-42. [PMID: 22998210 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With approximately 1.5 billion people at risk, the staggeringly high risk of Type 2 diabetes in South Asians comprises a global problem. The causes of this high risk are complex, with 23 major risk factors identified in a Lancet seminar. This paper proposes a four-stage explanatory model: (1) the birth of a small, adipose, lowlean mass South Asian baby--the phenotype tracking through life; (2) in childhood and early adulthood, the deposition of any excess energy intake preferentially in upper body and ectopic fat stores rather than in the lower body or superficial subcutaneous fat stores; (3) as a consequence of points 1 and 2, and exacerbated by an environment of low physical activity and excess calories, the accelerated appearance of high levels of plasma insulin, triglycerides and glucose, and the fatty-liver vicious cycle; (4) β-cell failure as a result of fewer β-cells at birth, exposure to apoptotic triggers such as fat in the pancreas, and high demand from insulin resistance, which causes diabetes. Other risk factors--especially energy-dense hyperglycaemic diet and low physical activity--play into this pathway. The recommended behavioural changes fit with this model, which brings clarity to guide future research, policy, practice and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Bhopal
- Edinburgh Ethnicity and Health Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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8
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Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity-related non-communicable diseases: South Asians vs White Caucasians. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:167-87. [PMID: 20644557 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
South Asians are at higher risk than White Caucasians for the development of obesity and obesity-related non-communicable diseases (OR-NCDs), including insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Rapid nutrition and lifestyle transitions have contributed to acceleration of OR-NCDs in South Asians. Differences in determinants and associated factors for OR-NCDs between South Asians and White Caucasians include body phenotype (high body fat, high truncal, subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat, and low muscle mass), biochemical parameters (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hyperleptinemia, low levels of adiponectin and high levels of C-reactive protein), procoagulant state and endothelial dysfunction. Higher prevalence, earlier onset and increased complications of T2DM and CHD are often seen at lower levels of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in South Asians than White Caucasians. In view of these data, lower cut-offs for obesity and abdominal obesity have been advocated for Asian Indians (BMI; overweight >23 to 24.9 kg m(-2) and obesity ≥ 25 kg m(-2); and WC; men ≥ 90 cm and women ≥ 80 cm, respectively). Imbalanced nutrition, physical inactivity, perinatal adverse events and genetic differences are also important contributory factors. Other differences between South Asians and White Caucasians include lower disease awareness and health-seeking behavior, delayed diagnosis due to atypical presentation and language barriers, and religious and sociocultural factors. All these factors result in poorer prevention, less aggressive therapy, poorer response to medical and surgical interventions, and higher morbidity and mortality in the former. Finally, differences in response to pharmacological agents may exist between South Asians and White Caucasians, although these have been inadequately studied. In view of these data, prevention and management strategies should be more aggressive for South Asians for more positive health outcomes. Finally, lower cut-offs of obesity and abdominal obesity for South Asians are expected to help physicians in better and more effective prevention of OR-NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Misra
- National Diabetes, Obesity, and Cholesterol Disorders Foundation (N-DOC), New Delhi, India.
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9
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Das UN. Obesity: genes, brain, gut, and environment. Nutrition 2009; 26:459-73. [PMID: 20022465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, which is assuming alarming proportions, has been attributed to genetic factors, hypothalamic dysfunction, and intestinal gut bacteria and an increase in the consumption of energy-dense food. Obesity predisposes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and certain forms of cancer. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal bacteria in obese humans and mice differ from those in lean that could trigger a low-grade systemic inflammation. Consumption of a calorie-dense diet that initiates and perpetuates obesity could be due to failure of homeostatic mechanisms that regulate appetite, food consumption, and energy balance. Hypothalamic factors that regulate energy needs of the body, control appetite and satiety, and gut bacteria that participate in food digestion play a critical role in the onset of obesity. Incretins, cholecystokinin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, leptin, long-chain fatty acid coenzyme A, endocannabinoids and vagal neurotransmitter acetylcholine play a role in the regulation of energy intake, glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion, and pathobiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, there is a cross-talk among the gut, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and hypothalamus. Based on these evidences, it is clear that management of obesity needs a multifactorial approach.
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10
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Misra A, Khurana L. The Metabolic Syndrome in South Asians: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009; 7:497-514. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2009.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Misra
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Fortis Hospital, Vasant Kunj, Delhi, India
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cholesterol Disorders (C-DOC), Diabetes Foundation (India), SDA, New Delhi, India
| | - Lokesh Khurana
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cholesterol Disorders (C-DOC), Diabetes Foundation (India), SDA, New Delhi, India
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11
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Sinha S, Misra A, Rathi M, Kumar V, Pandey RM, Luthra K, Jagannathan NR. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biochemical investigation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian Indians: observation of high muscle lipids and C-reactive protein levels. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27:94-100. [PMID: 18687549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the determination of intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) of the soleus muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the various anthropometric and biochemical profiles of these patients were determined, including estimation of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker of coronary heart disease, and insulin resistance [Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR)]. The estimated CRP level and the IMCL content in these patients were correlated with body mass index, percentage of body fat, other measures of abdominal obesity, serum lipoproteins, fasting and post-oral glucose load serum insulin levels and other surrogate markers of insulin resistance. The IMCL content (P=.04), CRP (P=.008) and insulin resistance (P=.0007) were significantly higher in T2DM patients compared to healthy controls. However, IMCL content did not correlate with values of fasting insulin, HOMA-IR or CRP in either group. These findings have strong implications of increased cardiovascular risk in Asian Indians with T2DM. The absence of relationship between CRP and IMCL needs to be explored further in a study using a large sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sinha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029, India
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12
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Cui MH, Hwang JH, Tomuta V, Dong Z, Stein DT. Cross contamination of intramyocellular lipid signals through loss of bulk magnetic susceptibility effect differences in human muscle using 1H-MRSI at 4 T. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1290-8. [PMID: 17673557 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01088.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross contamination of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) signals through loss of bulk magnetic susceptibility (BMS) differences was detected in human muscles using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) at 4 T by varying nominal voxel sizes on healthy subjects. In soleus muscle the IMCL content estimated in 1.00-ml-sized voxels was 15% and 30% higher than that in 0.25-ml voxels for nonobese ( P < 0.05) and obese ( P < 0.01) subjects, respectively, whereas no effect was observed on IMCL estimation in tibialis posterior (TP) and tibialis anterior (TA) regions for different voxel sizes. The unbiased 0.25-ml voxel size 1H-MRSI method was applied to measure IMCL content in nonobese sedentary (NOB-Sed), moderately trained (Ath), sedentary obese (OB), and Type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM) subjects. IMCL content in soleus was greatest in OB, with decreasing content in DM, Ath, and NOB-Sed, respectively (12.6 ± 1.6, 9.7 ± 1.8, 7.4 ± 1.0, 4.9 ± 0.5 mmol/kg wet wt; P < 0.05 by ANOVA; P < 0.05 OB vs. NOB-Sed or Ath). In TA, IMCL was equivalently elevated in DM and OB, which was higher than in Ath or NOB-Sed, respectively (4.2 ± 0.4 and 4.2 ± 0.7 vs. 2.7 ± 0.5 and 1.5 ± 0.3 mmol/kg wet wt; ANOVA, P < 0.05; P < 0.05 DM or OB vs. NOB-Sed). We conclude that IMCL content is overestimated when voxel size exceeds 0.25 ml despite measurement by optimized high-resolution 1H-MRSI at high field. When IMCL is measured unbiased by concomitant obesity, we find that it is strongly influenced by muscle type, training status, and the presence of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Cui
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Gruss MRRC Rm. 205, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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