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Guo F, Zhang S, Yan X, Dan Y, Wang J, Zhao Y, Yu Z. Bioassay-guided isolation of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory constituents from stem of Vigna angularis. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:312-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kinetics of Hypoglycemic α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Protein. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Xie X, Tu ZC, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Wang H, Wang ZX, Zhang NH, Zhong BZ. Antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, and phytochemical fingerprints ofAnoectochilus roxburghiiformula tea residues with HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330047 China
| | - Zong-Cai Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330047 China
- College of Life Science; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Life Science; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Life Science; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330047 China
| | - Zhen-Xing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Nan-Hai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330047 China
| | - Bi-Zhen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi 330047 China
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Elyasiyan U, Nudel A, Skalka N, Rozenberg K, Drori E, Oppenheimer R, Kerem Z, Rosenzweig T. Anti-diabetic activity of aerial parts of Sarcopoterium spinosum. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:356. [PMID: 28683738 PMCID: PMC5501114 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Sarcopoterium spinosum (S. spinosum) is used by Bedouin medicinal practitioners for the treatment of diabetes. While the anti-diabetic activity of S. spinosum root extract was validated in previous studies, the activity of aerial parts of the same plants has not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to clarify the glucose lowering properties of the aerial parts of the shrub. Methods Anti-diabetic properties were evaluated by measuring the activity of carbohydrate digesting enzymes, glucose uptake into 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, and insulin secretion. Insulin signaling cascade was followed in L6 myotubes using Western blot and PathScan analysis. Results Activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was inhibited by extracts of all S. spinosum organs. Basal and glucose-induced insulin secretion was measured in Min6 cells and found to be enhanced as well. Glucose uptake was induced by all S. spinosum extracts, with roots found to be the most effective and fruits the least. The effect of S. spinosum on Akt phosphorylation was minor compared to insulin effect. However, GSK3β and PRAS40, which are downstream elements of the insulin cascade, were found to be highly phosphorylated by S. spinosum extracts. Inhibition of PI3K and Akt, but not AMPK and ERK, abrogated the induction of glucose uptake by the aerial parts of the shrub. Conclusion The aerial organs of S. spinosum have anti-diabetic properties and may be used as a basis for the development of dietary supplements or to identify new agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Li Y, Zheng X, Yi X, Liu C, Kong D, Zhang J, Gong M. Myricetin: a potent approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as a natural class B GPCR agonist. FASEB J 2017; 31:2603-2611. [PMID: 28270518 PMCID: PMC5434659 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601339r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The physiologic properties of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) make it a potent candidate drug target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1 is capable of regulating the blood glucose level by insulin secretion after administration of oral glucose. The advantages of GLP-1 for the avoidance of hypoglycemia and the control of body weight are attractive despite its poor stability. The clinical efficacies of long-acting GLP-1 derivatives strongly support discovery pursuits aimed at identifying and developing orally active, small-molecule GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize a novel oral agonist of GLP-1R (i.e., myricetin). The insulinotropic characterization of myricetin was performed in isolated islets and in Wistar rats. Long-term oral administration of myricetin demonstrated glucoregulatory activity. The data in this study suggest that myricetin might be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of T2DM as a GLP-1R agonist. Further structural modifications on myricetin might improve its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.-Li, Y., Zheng, X., Yi, X., Liu, C., Kong, D., Zhang, J., Gong, M. Myricetin: a potent approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as a natural class B GPCR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiulin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China;
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; .,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Qi Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Lu H, Jin N. Comparative analysis of interactions between the hydropyridine dicarboxylate derivatives and different proteins by molecular docking and charge density analysis. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633616500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking and charge density analysis were carried out to understand the geometry, charge density distribution and electrostatic properties of one of newly synthesized 4-substituted-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates (PDE), which is regarded as the best [Formula: see text]-Glucosidase inhibitor among the hydropyridine dicarboxylate derivatives. The different bonding models of the PDE molecule in the active sites of proteins Human serum albumin (HSA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Formula: see text]-glucosidase (SAG) are firstly compared, which is important to understand the different intermolecular interactions between drug-transport protein and drug-target protein. The deformation density maps suggest that the electron densities of the PDE molecule are redistributed when it presents in the active sites. When the molecule presents in the active site of the SAG, it is evident to find that the negative region does not appear at the vicinity of the oxygen atoms on one of the carboxylic acid dimethyl ester group. Frontier molecular orbital density distributions for the PDE molecule are similar in all forms. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps in the active sites are higher than that of the molecule in pure solution phase. It is generally noticed that all of the orientations of the dipole moment vectors are reoriented in both active sites. These fine details at electronic level allow to better understand the exact drug-transport protein and drug-target protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, P. R. China
| | - Yaming Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoe Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, P. R. China
| | - Huining Lu
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730124, P. R. China
| | - Nengzhi Jin
- Gansu Province Computing Center, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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Novel application of hydrophobin in medical science: a drug carrier for improving serum stability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26461. [PMID: 27212208 PMCID: PMC4876437 DOI: 10.1038/srep26461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple physiological properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ensure that it is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the in vivo half-life of GLP-1 is short because of rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance. The poor serum stability of GLP-1 has significantly limited its clinical utility, although many studies are focused on extending the serum stability of this molecule. Hydrophobin, a self-assembling protein, was first applied as drug carrier to stabilize GLP-1 against protease degradation by forming a cavity. The glucose tolerance test clarified that the complex retained blood glucose clearance activity for 72 hours suggesting that this complex might be utilized as a drug candidate administered every 2–3 days. Additionally, it was found that the mutagenesis of hydrophobin preferred a unique pH condition for self-assembly. These findings suggested that hydrophobin might be a powerful tool as a drug carrier or a pH sensitive drug-release compound. The novel pharmaceutical applications of hydrophobin might result in future widespread interest in hydrophobin.
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Zhang L, Tu ZC, Yuan T, Wang H, Xie X, Fu ZF. Antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors from Ipomoea batatas leaves identified by bioassay-guided approach and structure-activity relationships. Food Chem 2016; 208:61-7. [PMID: 27132824 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaf (SPL) is an underused commercial vegetable with considerable bio-activities. By means of DPPH scavenging ability and α-glucosidase inhibitory oriented isolation, 9 and 7 compounds were isolated and identified, respectively. Among them, trans-N-(p-coumaroyl)tyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyltyramine (2), cis-N-feruloyltyramine (3), 4,5-feruloylcourmaoylquinic acid (8), caffeic acid ethyl ester (10), 7-hydroxy-5-methoxycoumarin (11), 7,3'-dimethylquercetin (13) and indole-3-carboxaldehyde (15), were firstly identified from SPL, and four of them (1, 2, 3 and 10) were firstly identified from genus Ipomoea. Phenethyl cinnamides and 3,4,5-triCQA exhibited the strongest α-glucosidase inhibition, while 3,4,5-triCQA and diCQAs were the dominant antioxidants. Structure-activity relationship revealed that higher caffeoylation of quinic acid and lower methoxylation of flavonols resulted in stronger antioxidant activity, and methylation and cis-configuration structure of phenethyl cinnamides weaken the α-glucosidase inhibition. Aforementioned results could help to explain the antioxidant activity and anti-diabetic activity of SPL, and provide theoretical basis for its further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Zong-Cai Tu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Tao Yuan
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Wang G, Agenor K, Pizot J, Kotler DP, Harel Y, Van Der Schueren BJ, Quercia I, McGinty J, Laferrère B. Accelerated gastric emptying but no carbohydrate malabsorption 1 year after gastric bypass surgery (GBP). Obes Surg 2012; 22:1263-7. [PMID: 22527599 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following gastric bypass surgery (GBP), there is a post-prandial rise of incretin and satiety gut peptides. The mechanisms of enhanced incretin release in response to nutrients after GBP is not elucidated and may be in relation to altered nutrient transit time and/or malabsorption. METHODS Seven morbidly obese subjects (BMI = 44.5 ± 2.8 kg/m(2)) were studied before and 1 year after GBP with a D: -xylose test. After ingestion of 25 g of D: -xylose in 200 mL of non-carbonated water, blood samples were collected at frequent time intervals to determine gastric emptying (time to appearance of D: -xylose) and carbohydrate absorption using standard criteria. RESULTS One year after GBP, subjects lost 45.0 ± 9.7 kg and had a BMI of 27.1 ± 4.7 kg/m(2). Gastric emptying was more rapid after GBP. The mean time to appearance of D: -xylose in serum decreased from 18.6 ± 6.9 min prior to GBP to 7.9 ± 2.7 min after GBP (p = 0.006). There was no significant difference in absorption before (serum D: -xylose concentrations = 35.6 ± 12.6 mg/dL at 60 min and 33.9 ± 9.1 mg/dL at 180 min) or 1 year after GBP (serum D: -xylose = 31.5 ± 18.1 mg/dL at 60 min and 27.2 ± 11.9 mg/dL at 180 min). CONCLUSIONS These data confirm the acceleration of gastric emptying for liquid and the absence of carbohydrate malabsorption 1 year after GBP. Rapid gastric emptying may play a role in incretin response after GBP and the resulting improved glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wang
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, New York, NY, USA
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Diakogiannaki E, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Nutrient detection by incretin hormone secreting cells. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:387-93. [PMID: 22182802 PMCID: PMC3361765 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulintropic polypeptide (GIP) are secreted after a meal. Like other enteroendocrine hormones they help to orchestrate the bodies' response to the availability of newly absorbable nutrients and are noteworthy as they stimulate postprandial insulin secretion, underlying what is known as the incretin effect. GLP-1-mimetics are now widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and advantages over older insulinotropic therapies include weight loss. An alternative treatment regime might be the recruitment of endogenous GLP-1, however, very little is known about the physiological control of enteroendocrine responses. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms to detect nutrient arrival in the gut that have been implicated within the incretin secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Reimann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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Gabbay MDAL. [Adjunctive therapies to glycaemic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:279-87. [PMID: 18438538 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), intensive therapy has been directed at achieving glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values as close to normal as possible regarding safety issues. However, hyperglycemia (especially postprandial hyperglycemia) and hypoglicemia continue to be problematic in the management of type 1 diabetes. The objective of associating other drugs to insulin therapy is to achieve better metabolic control lowering postprandial blood glucose levels. Adjunctive therapies can be divided in four categories based on their mechanism of action: enhancement of insulin action (e.g. the biguanides and thiazolidinediones), alteration of gastrointestinal nutrient delivery (e.g. acarbose and amylin) and other targets of action (e.g. pirenzepine, insulin-like growth factor I and glucagon-like peptide-1). Many of these agents have been found to be effective in short-term studies with decreases in HbA1c of 0.5-1%, lowering postprandial blood glucose levels and decreasing daily insulin doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica de A Lima Gabbay
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Riddle
- Section of Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Rosenberg DE, Jabbour SA, Goldstein BJ. Insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular risk: approaches to treatment. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:642-53. [PMID: 16219008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus are major predictors of cardiovascular ischaemic disease. Other risk factors for cardiovascular death including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking and visceral obesity are especially lethal in diabetics. C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, matrix metalloproteinases and other emerging risk factors and their roles are continually being researched and discovered. Treatment of this syndrome must be aimed at lifestyle modification, glycaemic control and management of concomitant risk factors. Diet and exercise play a vital role in the treatment of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Weight reduction and increased physical activity will improve insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Hypertension management has been shown to be especially important in diabetics to prevent cardiovascular events. Likewise, multiple clinical trials show that reduction of cholesterol is even more vital in diabetics than the general population for risk reduction of coronary disease. There is a great deal of evidence that tight control of glycaemia is essential to treatment of this condition. There are a variety of available pharmacological agents available including metformin, insulin secretagogues, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and insulin. The mechanisms and side effects of these medications are discussed. As macrovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality, an early, aggressive, multi-factorial approach to treatment of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes is vital to prevent adverse cardiac outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Rosenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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SELS JPJE, NAUTA JJP, MENHEERE PPCA, WOLFFENBUTTEL BHR, NIEUWENHUIJZEN KRUSEMAN AC. Miglitol (Bay m 1099) has no extraintestinal effects on glucose control in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yang YS, Danis RP, Peterson RG, Dolan PL, Wu YQ. Acarbose partially inhibits microvascular retinopathy in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat (ZDF/Gmi-fa). J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2000; 16:471-9. [PMID: 11110039 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2000.16.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared quantitative capillary retinopathic changes between non-insulin-dependent diabetic Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats and heterozygous nondiabetic Zucker controls and evaluated the effect of an orally administered glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, on retinopathy in these animals. Four groups of eight rats were analyzed: treated and untreated ZDF and treated and untreated Zuckers. Retinal capillary basement membrane thickening and retinal capillary cell density were determined from transmission electron microscopy and trypsin digestion preparations. ZDF rats had thicker basement membranes (p<0.0001) and more cells per unit capillary length (p=0.0003) compared to Zuckers. Acarbose treatment significantly reduced basement membrane thickening in the treated ZDF rats (p=0.001), but the effects on cell density showed only a favorable trend. Acarbose treatment has an ameliorative effect on the development of microvascular retinopathy in the ZDF rat, probably due to lessening of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Herrmann BL, Schatz H, Pfeiffer A. [Continuous blood glucose monitoring: the acute effect of acarbose on blood glucose variations]. MEDIZINISCHE KLINIK (MUNICH, GERMANY : 1983) 1998; 93:651-5. [PMID: 9872041 DOI: 10.1007/bf03044876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acarbose, a pseudo-tetrasaccharid, inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidases, effects a reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia and is particularly used in the treatment of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study is to analyse by a continuous blood glucose measurement the acute effect of acarbose after a carbohydrate loading and during a 12 hours period. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined 10 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 59.2 +/- 3.79, HbA1 9.2 +/- 0.26%) treated with sulfonylureas and/or insulin after a carbohydrate meal and 12 hours during daytime, to test whether the first application of acarbose influences the mean blood glucose or the blood glucose amplitudes. Four measurements were enrolled using a portable continuous blood glucose sensor (Glucosensor, unitec Ulm). A measurement after a carbohydrate loading (Fresubin, 500 kcal, 69 g carbohydrate) with 100 mg acarbose (Glucobay) was followed by a 12-hour measurement during daytime with 3 x 100 mg acarbose and standard diet. These measurements were repeated without acarbose. RESULTS After a carbohydrate loading, the mean blood glucose level (AUC 44,320 +/- 10,660 with acarbose vs. 61,390 +/- 12,590 without acarbose; mean + SD; p = 0.004) decreased by 28%. During daytime blood glucose levels were not significantly decreased (165.7 +/- 50.3 mg/dl vs 183.7 + 67.4 mg/dl; p = 0.1) although the postprandial blood glucose amplitudes after the 3 meals were reduced significantly (85.90 +/- 24.6 mg/dl vs 106.5 +/- 20.5 mg/dl; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Continuous blood glucose monitoring indicated that acarbose diminished mean blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate loading in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, but not during 12 hours of standard diet, although blood glucose amplitudes decreased. Long-term improvements of metabolism by acarbose may therefore be related to the reduction of blood glucose amplitudes which is likely to reduce toxic effects of glucose on islet cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Herrmann
- Universitätsklinikum Essen, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Abteilung für Endokrinologie
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Campbell LK, White JR, Campbell RK. Acarbose: its role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30:1255-62. [PMID: 8913408 DOI: 10.1177/106002809603001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the clinical pharmacology of acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and to summarize its role in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search identified all relevant articles, including reviews; Bayer Pharmaceuticals. STUDY SELECTION Due to the large number of clinical trials available, specific criteria were used to narrow the focus of this review: (1) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study design; (2) a minimum of 25 patients enrolled per treatment arm; (3) a treatment duration of 90 days or more; and (4) adherence to Food and Drug Administration Good Clinical Practice guidelines. DATA EXTRACTION All clinical trials that were available up to December 1995 were reviewed. Preliminary trials and unpublished reports were not reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS Acarbose is effective in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia. It does not stimulate endogenous insulin secretion and, therefore, will not cause hypoglycemia when used as monotherapy. The enhanced glycemic control achieved with acarbose is additive to that of sulfonylureas. It lowers postprandial serum glucose and insulin concentrations and does not promote weight gain. Acarbose can be used as first-line therapy with diet and exercise, or it can be used in combination with sulfonylureas to lower hemoglobin A1c concentrations an additional 0.5-0.9%. Acarbose is not a cure for diabetes, nor is it a substitute for diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents, or insulin. Adverse effects are gastrointestinal and can be diminished by starting with an initial dosage of 25 mg tid. Depending on patient response, the dosage can be increased up to a maximum of 100 mg tid over time. CONCLUSIONS Acarbose, through its unique mechanism of action, appears to be a safe and effective adjunctive agent to diet/exercise therapy or sulfonylurea therapy for treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Campbell
- College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane 99204, USA
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Abstract
Acarbose represents a new pharmacological approach to achieving the metabolic benefits of a slower carbohydrate absorption in diabetes, by acting as a potent, competitive inhibitor of intestinal alpha-glucosidases. Acarbose molecules attach to the carbohydrate binding sites of alpha-glucosidases, with an affinity constant that is much higher than that of the normal substrate. Because of the reversible nature of the inhibitor-enzyme interaction, the conversion of oligosaccharides to monosaccharides is only delayed rather than completely blocked. Acarbose has the structural features of a tetrasaccharide and does not cross the enterocytes after ingestion. Thus, its pharmacokinetic properties are well suited to the pharmacological action directed exclusively towards the intestinal glucosidases. The most important clinical consequence of the delayed carbohydrate digestion caused by acarbose is the attenuation of postprandial increases in blood glucose levels. Other effects have also been described: a decreased beta-pancreatic response to meals, and influences on gut hormone secretion and plasma lipid levels. Gastrointestinal discomfort is frequently reported as an adverse effect of acarbose administration, but incidence usually decreases with time. The suitability of acarbose for improving glucose homeostasis as an adjunct to dietary control or to administration of sulphonylureas or insulin has been extensively studied in patients both with type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Acarbose can be used as first-line therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes which is poorly controlled by diet alone. Moreover, the lack of bodyweight gain or hypoglycaemic effects reported during acarbose treatment may be advantageous for obese or elderly patients. Finally, the reduction in fluctuations of glucose levels throughout the day may help to control type 1 diabetes in patients with 'brittle diabetes'. Long term prospective studies are still needed to confirm these indications and the usefulness of acarbose in conditions other than diabetes, notably reactive hypoglycaemia and dumping syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Salvatore
- Department of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- J Donckier
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Mont-Godinne (UCL), Yvoir, Belgium
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