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Chronic treatment with cinnamaldehyde prevents spontaneous atherosclerotic plaque development in ovariectomized LDLr-/- female mice. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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2
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Wu X, Zhao Q, Chen Z, Geng YJ, Zhang W, Zhou Q, Yang W, Liu Q, Liu H. Estrogen inhibits vascular calcification in rats via hypoxia-induced factor-1α signaling. Vascular 2020; 28:465-474. [PMID: 32089109 PMCID: PMC7391482 DOI: 10.1177/1708538120904297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcification serves as a surrogate for atherosclerosis-associated vascular diseases, and coronary artery calcification is mediated by multiple pathogenic factors. Estrogen is a known factor that protects the arterial wall against atherosclerosis, but its role in the coronary artery calcification development remains largely unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that estrogen inhibits coronary artery calcification via the hypoxia-induced factor-1α pathway. METHODS Eight-week-old healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated, and vitamin D3 was administered orally to establish. Hypoxia-induced factor-1 inhibitor was administered to test its effect on vascular calcification and expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and runt-related transcription factor-2. Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification was induced with CaCl2 in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in the presence or absence of E2(17β-estradiol) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 siRNA intervention. RESULTS The estrogen levels in ovariectomized rats were significantly decreased, as determined by ELISA. Expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α mRNA and protein was significantly increased in vascular cells with calcification as compared to those without calcification (p < 0.01). E2 treatment decreased the calcium concentration in vascular cell calcification and cell calcium nodules in vitro (p < 0.05). E2 also lowered the levels of hypoxia-induced factor-1α mRNA and protein (p < 0.01). Oral administration of the hypoxia-induced factor-1α inhibitor dimethyloxetane in castrated rats alleviated vascular calcification and expression of osteogenesis-related transcription factors, bone morphogenetic protein 2 and RUNX2 (p < 0.01). Finally, bone morphogenetic protein 2 siRNA treatment decreased the levels of p-Smad1/5/8 in A7r5 calcification cells (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Estrogen deficiency enhances vascular calcification. Treatment with estrogen reduces the expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α as well as vascular calcification in rats. The estrogen effects occur in a fashion dependent on hypoxia-induced factor-1α regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and downstream Smad1/5/8.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Ovariectomy
- Phosphorylation
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Trans-plateau Cardiovascular Disease of Prevention and Treatment Research Center, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Trans-plateau Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhangrong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Trans-plateau Cardiovascular Disease of Prevention and Treatment Research Center, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Trans-plateau Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wanting Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Trans-plateau Cardiovascular Disease of Prevention and Treatment Research Center, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Trans-plateau Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Bochkareva EV, Kim IV, Butina EK, Stulin ID, Trukhanov SA, Rudenko BA, Boytsov SA, Drapkina OM. Mammographic Screening as a Tool for Cardiovascular Risk Assessing. Part 1. Breast Arterial Calcification: Pathomorphology, Prevalence and Risk Factors. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2019-15-2-244-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - I. V. Kim
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| | - E. K. Butina
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| | - I. D. Stulin
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - S. A. Trukhanov
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - B. A. Rudenko
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| | | | - O. M. Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
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Shen C, Yuan Y, Li F, Hu Y, Song Y, Zhao S, Zhong Q. Mechanism of genistein regulating the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblasts via the OPG/RANKL pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76857-76864. [PMID: 29100354 PMCID: PMC5652748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, regulating the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblasts via the OPG/RANKL (Osteoprotegerin/Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand) pathway. Methods The mouse VSMCs were isolated, purified and cultured. We constructed the LV5-Tnfrsf11b overexpression lentiviral vector and LV3-OPG-309 interference lentiviral vector. The OPG overexpression was induced and the growth of VSMCs infected with the lentiviral vector was observed. The VSMC calcification and control group were treated with different doses of genistein. The mRNA and protein expression levels of OPG, α-SM-actin (smooth muscle actin), ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and OPN (osteopontin) were detected in VSMCs after treatment using RT-PCR and Western Blot. Result We induced OPG overexpression and performed lentiviral vector infection of the VSMCs to suppress OPG expression, respectively, which was followed by treatment with genistein. The results showed that the relative expression of OPG was the highest in the VSMC calcification +genistein +OPG overexpression-inducing treatment group. It was the lowest in the VSMC calcification +OPG expression-suppressing treatment group. The relative expression of ALP was the highest in the VSMC calcification +OPG expression-suppressing treatment group, and the lowest in the VSMCs+genistein treatment group. Conclusion OPG gene plays an important regulatory role in the growth of VSMCs, by suppressing the calcification of VSMCs. Genistein could regulate the differentiation of VSMCs into osteoblasts via the OPG/RANKL pathway in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuping Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yijie Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianjin Zhong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Shamsuzzaman S, Onal M, St John HC, Pike JW. Deletion of a Distal RANKL Gene Enhancer Delays Progression of Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4240-4253. [PMID: 28419519 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is a TNF-like cytokine which mediates diverse physiological functions including bone remodeling and immune regulation. RANKL has been identified in atherosclerotic lesions; however, its role in atherosclerotic plaque development remains elusive. An enhancer located 75 kb upstream of the murine Rankl gene's transcription start site designated D5 is important for its calciotropic hormone- and cytokine-mediated expression. Here, we determined the impact of RANKL levels in atherosclerotic plaque development in the D5 enhancer-null (D5-/- ) mice in an atherogenic Apoe-/- background fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Rankl mRNA transcripts were increased in aortic arches and thoracic aortae of Apoe-/- mice; however, this increase was blunted in Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice. Similarly, higher Rankl transcripts were identified in splenic T lymphocytes in Apoe-/- mice, and their levels were reduced in Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice. When analyzed by micro-computed tomography (µCT), atherosclerotic plaque calcification was identified in six out of eight Apoe-/- mice, whereas only one out of eight Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice developed plaque calcification after 12 weeks of HFD. However, following 18 weeks of HFD challenge, all of Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- ;D5-/- animals developed atherosclerotic plaque calcification. Likewise, atherosclerotic lesion sizes were site-specifically reduced in the aortic arch of Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice at initial stage of atherosclerosis and this effect was diminished as atherosclerosis proceeded to a more advanced stage. Our data suggest that deletion of the RANKL D5 enhancer delays the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development and plaque calcification in hypercholesterolemic mice. This work provides important insight into RANKL's regulatory role in atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4240-4253, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohel Shamsuzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Melda Onal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Hillary C St John
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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Ryan AJ, Choi AD, Choi BG, Lewis JF. Breast arterial calcification association with coronary artery calcium scoring and implications for cardiovascular risk assessment in women. Clin Cardiol 2017; 40:648-653. [PMID: 28444996 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast arterial calcification (BAC) is a type of medial artery calcification that can be seen incidentally on mammography. Studies have suggested association of BAC with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary artery disease (CAD), and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recently published studies have also suggested a modest correlation of BAC with coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring. Roughly 40 million mammograms are already performed annually in the United States with overlap in patients that undergo CAD screening via CAC scoring. Thus, identification of cardiovascular risk by demonstrating an association between BAC and CAC may enable an instrumental sex-specific methodology to identify asymptomatic women at risk for CAD. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of the literature for BAC and its association with CAC, to review contemporary breast cancer screening guidelines, and to discuss the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Ryan
- Division of Cardiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Andrew D Choi
- Division of Cardiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Brian G Choi
- Division of Cardiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jannet F Lewis
- Division of Cardiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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Nanao-Hamai M, Son BK, Hashizume T, Ogawa S, Akishita M. Protective effects of estrogen against vascular calcification via estrogen receptor α-dependent growth arrest-specific gene 6 transactivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:429-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Higgins CL, Isbilir S, Basto P, Chen IY, Vaduganathan M, Vaduganathan P, Reardon MJ, Lawrie G, Peterson L, Morrisett JD. Distribution of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin in calcified human carotid atheroma. Protein J 2016; 34:315-28. [PMID: 26307009 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic vascular calcification is a significant component of atherosclerotic disease. Osteopontin (OPN), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Receptor Activator of NFκB Ligand (RANKL), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are each thought to play central roles in the calcification or demineralization of atherosclerotic lesions. Abnormalities in the balance of these proteins may lead to perturbations in bone remodeling and arterial calcification. The purpose of this study was to measure the distribution of these proteins in human carotid lesions and to elucidate possible mechanism(s) whereby they control the deposition or depletion of arterial calcification. Thirty-three patients who had undergone carotid endarterectomy (CEA) within the previous 18 months and 11 control patients were enrolled. CEA specimens were analyzed by EBCT for calcification content in terms of Agatston (AGAT) and Volume scores. CEA specimens were then cut into 5 mm segments which were homogenized and extracted. Extracts were analyzed for tissue levels of calcium, phosphorus, ALP, OPN, RANKL, and OPG. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for the same components. In CEA tissue segments, the calcification levels (CHA AGAT) were inversely associated with the levels of OPG (r = -0.432/-0.579, p < 0.05) and positively associated with the levels of RANKL (r = 0.332/0.415, p < 0.05). In turn, the tissue levels of OPG were associated with homologous serum levels of OPG (r = 0.820/0.389, p < 0.001), and the tissue levels of RANKL were associated with the serum levels of homologous RANKL (r = 0.739/0.666, p < 0.0001). This study suggests that serum levels of OPG and RANKL may be useful biomarkers for estimating the degree of calcification in carotid atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salim Isbilir
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pamela Basto
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Iou Yih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, A601, 6565 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Periyanan Vaduganathan
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, A601, 6565 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Reardon
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, A601, 6565 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gerald Lawrie
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, A601, 6565 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Leif Peterson
- Department of Public Health, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joel D Morrisett
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, A601, 6565 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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10
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Giannarelli C, Cimmino G, Ibanez B, Chiesa G, Garcia-Prieto J, Santos-Gallego CG, Alique-Aguilar M, Fuster V, Sirtori C, Badimon JJ. Acute ApoA-I Milano administration induces plaque regression and stabilisation in the long term. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:1246-8. [PMID: 23093000 DOI: 10.1160/th12-08-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Karwowski W, Naumnik B, Szczepański M, Myśliwiec M. The mechanism of vascular calcification - a systematic review. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:RA1-11. [PMID: 22207127 PMCID: PMC3560673 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification of vessels reduces their elasticity, affecting hemodynamic parameters of the cardiovascular system. The development of arterial hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease or peripheral arterial disease significantly increases mortality in patients over 60 years of age. Stage of advancement and the extent of accumulation of calcium deposits in vessel walls are key risk factors of ischemic events. Vascular calcification is an active and complex process that involves numerous mechanisms responsible for calcium depositions in arterial walls. They lead to increase in arterial stiffness and in pulse wave velocity, which in turn increases cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. In-depth study and thorough understanding of vascular calcification mechanisms may be crucial for establishing an effective vasculoprotective therapy. The aim of this study was to present a comprehensive survey of current state-of-the-art research into the impact of metabolic and hormonal disorders on development of vascular calcification. Due to strong resemblance to the processes occurring in bone tissue, drugs used for osteoporosis treatment (calcitriol, estradiol, bisphosphonates) may interfere with the processes occurring in the vessel wall. On the other hand, drugs used to treat cardiovascular problems (statins, angiotensin convertase inhibitors, warfarin, heparins) may have an effect on bone tissue metabolism. Efforts to optimally control calcium and phosphate concentrations are also beneficial for patients with end-stage renal disease, for whom vessel calcification remains a major problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Karwowski
- Department of Pathophysiology of Pregnancy, District Hospital in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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den Uyl D, Nurmohamed MT, van Tuyl LH, Raterman HG, Lems WF. (Sub)clinical cardiovascular disease is associated with increased bone loss and fracture risk; a systematic review of the association between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R5. [PMID: 21241491 PMCID: PMC3241350 DOI: 10.1186/ar3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Both cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis are important causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. The co-occurrence of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis prompted us to review the evidence of an association between cardiovascular (CV) disease and osteoporosis and potential shared common pathophysiological mechanisms. Methods A systematic literature search (Medline, Pubmed and Embase) was conducted to identify all clinical studies that investigated the association between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Relevant studies were screened for quality according to guidelines as proposed by the Dutch Cochrane Centre and evidence was summarized. Results Seventy studies were included in this review. Due to a large heterogeneity in study population, design and outcome measures a formal meta-analysis was not possible. Six of the highest ranked studies (mean n = 2,000) showed that individuals with prevalent subclinical CV disease had higher risk for increased bone loss and fractures during follow-up compared to persons without CV disease (range of reported risk: hazard ratio (HR) 1.5; odds ratio (OR) 2.3 to 3.0). The largest study (n = 31,936) reported a more than four times higher risk in women and more than six times higher risk in men. There is moderate evidence that individuals with low bone mass had higher CV mortality rates and incident CV events than subjects with normal bone mass (risk rates 1.2 to 1.4). Although the shared common pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully elucidated, the most important factors that might explain this association appear to be, besides age, estrogen deficiency and inflammation. Conclusions The current evidence indicates that individuals with prevalent subclinical CV disease are at increased risk for bone loss and subsequent fractures. Presently no firm conclusions can be drawn as to what extent low bone mineral density might be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby den Uyl
- Department of Rheumatology, VU Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 NV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Atherosclerosis and thrombosis: insights from large animal models. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:907575. [PMID: 21274431 PMCID: PMC3022266 DOI: 10.1155/2011/907575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications are responsible for remarkably high numbers of deaths. The combination of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental approaches has largely contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the atherothrombotic process. Indeed, different animal models have been implemented in atherosclerosis and thrombosis research in order to provide new insights into the mechanisms that have already been outlined in isolated cells and protein studies. Yet, although no model completely mimics the human pathology, large animal models have demonstrated better suitability for translation to humans. Indeed, direct translation from mice to humans should be taken with caution because of the well-reported species-related differences. This paper provides an overview of the available atherothrombotic-like animal models, with a particular focus on large animal models of thrombosis and atherosclerosis, and examines their applicability for translational research purposes as well as highlights species-related differences with humans.
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Osako MK, Nakagami H, Koibuchi N, Shimizu H, Nakagami F, Koriyama H, Shimamura M, Miyake T, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Estrogen inhibits vascular calcification via vascular RANKL system: common mechanism of osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Circ Res 2010; 107:466-75. [PMID: 20595654 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.216846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Arterial calcification and osteoporosis are associated in postmenopausal women. RANK (the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB), RANKL (RANK ligand), and osteoprotegerin are key proteins in bone metabolism and have been found at the site of aortic calcification. The role of these proteins in vasculature, as well as the contribution of estrogen to vascular calcification, is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To clarify the mechanism of RANKL system to vascular calcification in the context of estrogen deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS RANKL induced the calcification inducer bone morphogenetic protein-2 by human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and decreased the calcification inhibitor matrix Gla protein (MGP) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), as quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. RANKL also induced bone-related gene mRNA expression and calcium deposition (Alizarin red staining) followed by the osteogenic differentiation of HASMCs. Estrogen inhibited RANKL signaling in HAECs and HASMCs mainly through estrogen receptor alpha. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed with Western high-fat diet for 3 months presented atherosclerotic calcification (Oil red and Alizarin red staining) and osteoporosis (microcomputed tomographic analysis) after ovariectomy and increased expression of RANKL, RANK, and osteopontin in atherosclerotic lesion, as detected by in situ hybridization. Estrogen replacement inhibited osteoporosis and the bone morphogenetic protein osteogenic pathway in aorta by decreasing phosphorylation of smad-1/5/8 and increasing MGP mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS RANKL contributes to vascular calcification by regulating bone morphogenetic protein-2 and MGP expression, as well as bone-related proteins, and is counteracted by estrogen in a receptor-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kiomy Osako
- Division of Clinical Gene Therapy, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
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Persy V, D'Haese P. Vascular calcification and bone disease: the calcification paradox. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:405-16. [PMID: 19733120 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification or ectopic mineralization in blood vessels is an active, cell-regulated process, increasingly recognized as a general cardiovascular risk factor. Remarkably, ectopic artery mineralization is frequently accompanied by decreased bone mineral density or disturbed bone turnover. This contradictory association, observed mainly in osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease, is called the 'calcification paradox'. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the calcification paradox, including protein expression patterns governing both normal and ectopic mineralization, the conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells to bone-like cells, and the regulatory pathways involved in both bone and vessel mineralization. Further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the calcification paradox is crucial in order to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies to deal with vascular calcification and reduce the associated cardiovascular risk.
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Van Campenhout A, Golledge J. Osteoprotegerin, vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:321-9. [PMID: 19007931 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The association of bone pathologies with atherosclerosis has stimulated the search for common mediators linking the skeletal and the vascular system. Since its initial discovery as a key regulator in bone metabolism, osteoprotegerin (OPG) has become the subject of intense interest for its role in vascular disease and calcification. Studies in vitro and in animal models suggest that OPG inhibits vascular calcification. Paradoxically however, clinical studies suggest that serum OPG levels increase in association with vascular calcification, coronary artery disease, stroke and future cardiovascular events. This has led to an extensive debate on the potential of OPG as a biomarker of vascular disease. However the exact significance and mechanisms by which this bone-regulatory protein influences cardiovascular pathophysiology is still unclear. The need for a more complete picture is being addressed in increasing valuable research indicating OPG as not only a marker but also a mediator of vascular pathology modulating osteogenic, inflammatory and apoptotic responses. By integrating the results of recent experimental research, animal models and clinical studies, this review summarises the present understanding of the role of OPG in vascular disease and calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Campenhout
- Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Ouyang P, Vaidya D, Dobs A, Golden SH, Szklo M, Heckbert SR, Kopp P, Gapstur SM. Sex hormone levels and subclinical atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:255-61. [PMID: 18849030 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined cross-sectional associations between sex hormones and carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (cIMT) and coronary artery calcium in women in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Serum testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone levels were measured in 1947 postmenopausal women aged 45-84 years (30% White, 14% Chinese-American, 31% Black, and 25% Hispanic) and not on hormone therapy. Using multiple linear regression we evaluated associations between log(sex hormone) levels and log(cIMT) adjusted for age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) and cardiac risk factors. Associations between sex hormone levels and the presence and extent of coronary calcium were evaluated. Total and bioavailable testosterone were positively associated with common cIMT independent of age, BMI, hypertension, smoking, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and insulin sensitivity (p=0.009 and p=0.002, respectively). SHBG was negatively associated with common cIMT (p=0.001) but further adjustment for BMI, cardiovascular risk factors, and LDL- and HDL-cholesterol removed significance. Estradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone were not associated with common cIMT. Sex hormones were not associated with presence of coronary calcium. Among women with measurable coronary calcium, higher SHBG (p=0.012) and lower bioavailable testosterone (p=0.007) were associated with greater coronary calcium score. No heterogeneity by ethnicity was found. In postmenopausal women, testosterone is independently associated with greater common cIMT. SHBG is negatively associated and this may be mediated by LDL- and HDL-cholesterol. In contrast, SHBG and testosterone were associated with extent of coronary calcium but in the opposite direction compared to carotid intimal-medial thickness. These differences warrant further evaluation.
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Choi BG, Vilahur G, Zafar MU, Cardoso L, Yadegar D, Ibanez B, Tunstead J, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Schaffler MB, Fuster V, Badimon JJ. Selective estrogen receptor modulation influences atherosclerotic plaque composition in a rabbit menopause model. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:76-84. [PMID: 18367192 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis trials suggest raloxifene decreased cardiovascular events in women with pre-existing atherosclerosis. We assessed the hypothesis that selective estrogen receptor modulation induces plaque stability in "menopausal" animals. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced in 42 ovariectomized New Zealand white rabbits by cholesterol feeding and mechanical injury. Animals were imaged by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for baseline atherosclerosis, and randomized to control (OVX (ovariectomized control group), n=12), raloxifene 35-60 mg/kg/day by diet admixture (RLX (raloxifene therapy group), n=24), or immediate sacrifice (n=6) for immunohistopathologic correlation of MRI. Six months later, rabbits underwent repeat MRI then sacrifice for micro-computed tomography (microCT) and molecular analysis. Unlike OVX, RLX reduced atheroma volume. Analysis for lesion inflammation revealed reductions in COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) expression and macrophage infiltration in RLX versus OVX with concomitant upregulation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). microCT showed similar total vascular calcification between groups, but calcifications in RLX were less nodular with better radial organization (mean calcific arc angle 63+/-7 degrees versus 33+/-6 degrees in OVX), the predicted result of a 53% increase in BMP-2 (bone-morphogenetic protein-2). CONCLUSIONS Raloxifene treatment results in reduced lesion volume, enhanced mechanical stability of vascular calcification, and less inflamed lesions characterized by less macrophage infiltration and reduced COX-2, MMP-1 and MCP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Choi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Laboratory, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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