1
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Wooster EIF, Gaynor KM, Carthey AJR, Wallach AD, Stanton LA, Ramp D, Lundgren EJ. Animal cognition and culture mediate predator-prey interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:52-64. [PMID: 37839906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Predator-prey ecology and the study of animal cognition and culture have emerged as independent disciplines. Research combining these disciplines suggests that both animal cognition and culture can shape the outcomes of predator-prey interactions and their influence on ecosystems. We review the growing body of work that weaves animal cognition or culture into predator-prey ecology, and argue that both cognition and culture are significant but poorly understood mechanisms mediating how predators structure ecosystems. We present a framework exploring how previous experiences with the predation process creates feedback loops that alter the predation sequence. Cognitive and cultural predator-prey ecology offers ecologists new lenses through which to understand species interactions, their ecological consequences, and novel methods to conserve wildlife in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn I F Wooster
- Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental, and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kaitlyn M Gaynor
- Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexandra J R Carthey
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Arian D Wallach
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lauren A Stanton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, TD School, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Erick J Lundgren
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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2
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Yin-Liao I, Mahabir PN, Fisk AT, Bernier NJ, Laberge F. Lingering Effects of Legacy Industrial Pollution on Yellow Perch of the Detroit River. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2158-2170. [PMID: 37341539 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
We used yellow perch (Perca flavescens) captured at four sites differing in legacy industrial pollution in the Lake St. Clair-Detroit River system to evaluate the lingering sublethal effects of industrial pollution. We emphasized bioindicators of direct (toxicity) and indirect (chronic stress, impoverished food web) effects on somatic and organ-specific growth (brain, gut, liver, heart ventricle, gonad). Our results show that higher sediment levels of industrial contaminants at the most downstream Detroit River site (Trenton Channel) are associated with increased perch liver detoxification activity and liver size, reduced brain size, and reduced scale cortisol content. Trenton Channel also displayed food web disruption, where adult perch occupied lower trophic positions than forage fish. Somatic growth and relative gut size were lower in perch sampled at the reference site in Lake St. Clair (Mitchell's Bay), possibly because of increased competition for resources. Models used to determine the factors contributing to site differences in organ growth suggest that the lingering effects of industrial pollution are best explained by trophic disruption. Thus, bioindicators of fish trophic ecology may prove advantageous to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2158-2170. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Yin-Liao
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pria N Mahabir
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron T Fisk
- School of the Environment, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frédéric Laberge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Závorka L, Blanco A, Chaguaceda F, Cucherousset J, Killen SS, Liénart C, Mathieu-Resuge M, Němec P, Pilecky M, Scharnweber K, Twining CW, Kainz MJ. The role of vital dietary biomolecules in eco-evo-devo dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:72-84. [PMID: 36182405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The physiological dependence of animals on dietary intake of vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids is ubiquitous. Sharp differences in the availability of these vital dietary biomolecules among different resources mean that consumers must adopt a range of strategies to meet their physiological needs. We review the emerging work on omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, focusing predominantly on predator-prey interactions, to illustrate that trade-off between capacities to consume resources rich in vital biomolecules and internal synthesis capacity drives differences in phenotype and fitness of consumers. This can then feedback to impact ecosystem functioning. We outline how focus on vital dietary biomolecules in eco-eco-devo dynamics can improve our understanding of anthropogenic changes across multiple levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Závorka
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria.
| | - Andreu Blanco
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, EcoCost, Campus de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Fernando Chaguaceda
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174 EDB), CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Shaun S Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Camilla Liénart
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, Hanko, 10900, Finland
| | - Margaux Mathieu-Resuge
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, Brittany, France; UMR DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Ifremer, INRAE, Institut Agro, Plouzané, France
| | - Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Danube University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, A-3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Kristin Scharnweber
- University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cornelia W Twining
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Danube University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, A-3500 Krems, Austria
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4
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Liao WB, Jiang Y, Li DY, Jin L, Zhong MJ, Qi Y, Lüpold S, Kotrschal A. Cognition contra camouflage: How the brain mediates predator-driven crypsis evolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq1878. [PMID: 35977010 PMCID: PMC9385145 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While crypsis is a prominent antipredator adaptation, the role of the brain in predator-driven evolution remains controversial. Resolving this controversy requires contextualizing the brain with established antipredator traits and predation pressure. We hypothesize that the reduced predation risk through crypsis relaxes predation-driven selection on the brain and provide comparative evidence across 102 Chinese frog species for our hypothesis. Specifically, our phylogenetic path analysis reveals an indirect relationship between predation risk and crypsis that is mediated by brain size. This result suggests that at a low predation risk, frogs can afford to be conspicuous and use their large brain for cognitive predator evasion. This strategy may become less efficient or energetically costlier under higher predation pressure, favoring smaller brains and instead increasing crypsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Bo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Propagation and Utilization in Anurans of Nanchong City, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Da Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Jin
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Mao Jun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Qi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Stefan Lüpold
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kotrschal
- Behavioral Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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5
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Predation impacts brain allometry in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Evol Ecol 2022; 36:1045-1059. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCognitive and sensory abilities are vital in affecting survival under predation risk, leading to selection on brain anatomy. However, how exactly predation and brain evolution are linked has not yet been resolved, as current empirical evidence is inconclusive. This may be due to predation pressure having different effects across life stages and/or due to confounding factors in ecological comparisons of predation pressure. Here, we used adult guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to experimentally test how direct predation during adulthood would impact the relative brain size and brain anatomy of surviving individuals to examine if predators selectively remove individuals with specific brain morphology. To this end, we compared fish surviving predation to control fish, which were exposed to visual and olfactory predator cues but could not be predated on. We found that predation impacted the relative size of female brains. However, this effect was dependent on body size, as larger female survivors showed relatively larger brains, while smaller survivors showed relatively smaller brains when compared to control females. We found no differences in male relative brain size between survivors and controls, nor for any specific relative brain region sizes for either sex. Our results corroborate the important, yet complex, role of predation as an important driver of variation in brain size.
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6
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Fischer S, Jungwirth A. The costs and benefits of larger brains in fishes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:973-985. [PMID: 35612352 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The astonishing diversity of brain sizes observed across the animal kingdom is typically explained in the context of trade-offs: the benefits of a larger brain, such as enhanced cognitive ability, are balanced against potential costs, such as increased energetic demands. Several hypotheses have been formulated in this framework, placing different emphasis on ecological, behavioural, or physiological aspects of trade-offs in brain size evolution. Within this body of work, there exists considerable taxonomic bias towards studies of birds and mammals, leaving some uncertainty about the generality of the respective arguments. Here, we test three of the most prominent such hypotheses, the 'expensive tissue', 'social brain' and 'cognitive buffer' hypotheses, in a large dataset of fishes, derived from a publicly available resource (FishBase). In accordance with predictions from the 'expensive tissue' and the 'social brain' hypothesis, larger brains co-occur with reduced fecundity and increased sociality in at least some Classes of fish. Contrary to expectations, however, lifespan is reduced in large-brained fishes, and there is a tendency for species that perform parental care to have smaller brains. As such, it appears that some potential costs (reduced fecundity) and benefits (increased sociality) of large brains are near universal to vertebrates, whereas others have more lineage-specific effects. We discuss our findings in the context of fundamental differences between the classically studied birds and mammals and the fishes we analyse here, namely divergent patterns of growth, parenting and neurogenesis. As such, our work highlights the need for a taxonomically diverse approach to any fundamental question in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fischer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arne Jungwirth
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Jenkins MR, Cummings JM, Cabe AR, Hulthén K, Peterson MN, Langerhans RB. Natural and anthropogenic sources of habitat variation influence exploration behaviour, stress response, and brain morphology in a coastal fish. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2446-2461. [PMID: 34143892 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary ecology aims to better understand how ecologically important traits respond to environmental heterogeneity. Environments vary both naturally and as a result of human activities, and investigations that simultaneously consider how natural and human-induced environmental variation affect diverse trait types grow increasingly important as human activities drive species endangerment. Here, we examined how habitat fragmentation and structural habitat complexity affect disparate trait types in Bahamas mosquitofish Gambusia hubbsi inhabiting tidal creeks. We tested a priori predictions for how these factors might influence exploratory behaviour, stress reactivity and brain anatomy. We examined approximately 350 adult Bahamas mosquitofish from seven tidal-creek populations across Andros Island, The Bahamas that varied in both human-caused fragmentation (three fragmented and four unfragmented) and natural habitat complexity (e.g. fivefold variation in rock habitat). Populations that had experienced severe human-induced fragmentation, and thus restriction of tidal exchange from the ocean, exhibited greater exploration of a novel environment, stronger physiological stress responses to a mildly stressful event and smaller telencephala (relative to body size). These changes matched adaptive predictions based mostly on (a) reduced chronic predation risk and (b) decreased demands for navigating tidally dynamic habitats. Populations from sites with greater structural habitat complexity showed a higher propensity for exploration and a relatively larger optic tectum and cerebellum. These patterns matched adaptive predictions related to increased demands for navigating complex environments. Our findings demonstrate environmental variation, including recent anthropogenic impacts (<50 years), can significantly affect complex, ecologically important traits. Yet trait-specific patterns may not be easily predicted, as we found strong support for only six of 12 predictions. Our results further highlight the utility of simultaneously quantifying multiple environmental factors-for example had we failed to account for habitat complexity, we would not have detected the effects of fragmentation on exploratory behaviours. These responses, and their ecological consequences, may be complex: rapid and adaptive phenotypic responses to anthropogenic impacts can facilitate persistence in human-altered environments, but may come at a cost of population vulnerability if ecological restoration was to occur without consideration of the altered traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jenkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John M Cummings
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alex R Cabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M Nils Peterson
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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8
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Mai 麦春兰 CL, Liao 廖文波 WB, Lüpold S, Kotrschal A. Relative Brain Size Is Predicted by the Intensity of Intrasexual Competition in Frogs. Am Nat 2020; 196:169-179. [PMID: 32673088 DOI: 10.1086/709465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Competition over mates is a powerful force shaping trait evolution. For instance, better cognitive abilities may be beneficial in male-male competition and thus be selected for by intrasexual selection. Alternatively, investment in physical attributes favoring male performance in competition for mates may lower the resources available for brain development, and more intense male mate competition would coincide with smaller brains. To date, only indirect evidence for such relationships exists, and most studies are heavily biased toward primates and other homoeothermic vertebrates. We tested the association between male brain size (relative to body size) and male-male competition across N=30 species of Chinese anurans. Three indicators of the intensity of male mate competition-operational sex ratio (OSR), spawning-site density, and male forelimb muscle mass-were positively associated with relative brain size, whereas the absolute spawning group size was not. The relationship with the OSR and male forelimb muscle mass was stronger for the male than for the female brains. Taken together, our findings suggest that the increased cognitive abilities of larger brains are beneficial in male-male competition. This study adds taxonomic breadth to the mounting evidence for a prominent role of sexual selection in vertebrate brain evolution.
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9
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Axelrod CJ, Laberge F, Robinson BW. Intraspecific brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1971. [PMID: 30404883 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in spatial complexity and foraging requirements between habitats can impose different cognitive demands on animals that may influence brain size. However, the relationship between ecologically related cognitive performance and brain size is not well established. We test whether variation in relative brain size and brain region size is associated with habitat use within a population of pumpkinseed sunfish composed of different ecotypes that inhabit either the structurally complex shoreline littoral habitat or simpler open-water pelagic habitat. Sunfish using the littoral habitat have on average 8.3% larger brains than those using the pelagic habitat. We found little difference in the proportional sizes of five brain regions between ecotypes. The results suggest that cognitive demands on sunfish may be reduced in the pelagic habitat given no habitat-specific differences in body condition. They also suggest that either a short divergence time or physiological processes may constrain changes to concerted, global modifications of brain size between sunfish ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Axelrod
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Frédéric Laberge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Beren W Robinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Quévreux
- Sorbonne Universités, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot Univ Paris 07, CNRS, INRA, IRD, UPEC, Inst. d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement - Paris, iEES-Paris, 4 place Jussieu; FR-75252 Paris France
| | - Ulrich Brose
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena; Jena Germany
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11
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Iglesias TL, Dornburg A, Warren DL, Wainwright PC, Schmitz L, Economo EP. Eyes Wide Shut: the impact of dim-light vision on neural investment in marine teleosts. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1082-1092. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Iglesias
- Physics and Biology Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; Okinawa Japan
- Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Alex Dornburg
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Dan L. Warren
- Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F); Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department Claremont; Claremont McKenna, Scripps and Pitzer Colleges; Claremont CA USA
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; Okinawa Japan
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12
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Reddon AR, Chouinard‐Thuly L, Leris I, Reader SM. Wild and laboratory exposure to cues of predation risk increases relative brain mass in male guppies. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Reddon
- Department of BiologyMcGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Ioannis Leris
- Department of BiologyMcGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Biology and Helmholtz InstituteUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Simon M. Reader
- Department of BiologyMcGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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13
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Samuk K, Xue J, Rennision DJ. Exposure to predators does not lead to the evolution of larger brains in experimental populations of threespine stickleback. Evolution 2018; 72:916-929. [PMID: 29392719 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection is often invoked to explain differences in brain size among vertebrates. However, the particular agents of selection that shape brain size variation remain obscure. Recent studies suggest that predators may select for larger brains because increased cognitive and sensory abilities allow prey to better elude predators. Yet, there is little direct evidence that exposure to predators causes the evolution of larger brains in prey species. We experimentally tested this prediction by exposing families of 1000-2000 F2 hybrid benthic-limnetic threespine stickleback to predators under naturalistic conditions, along with matched controls. After two generations of selection, we found that fish from the predator addition treatment had significantly smaller brains (specifically smaller telencephalons and optic lobes) than fish from the control treatment. After an additional generation of selection, we reared experimental fish in a common environment and found that this difference in brain size was maintained in the offspring of fish from the predator addition treatment. Our results provide direct experimental evidence that (a) predators can indeed drive the evolution of brain size--but not in the fashion commonly expected and (b) that the tools of experimental evolution can be used to the study the evolution of the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Samuk
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Jan Xue
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diana J Rennision
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Kotrschal A, Deacon AE, Magurran AE, Kolm N. Predation pressure shapes brain anatomy in the wild. Evol Ecol 2017; 31:619-633. [PMID: 32009719 PMCID: PMC6961500 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-017-9901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is remarkable diversity in brain anatomy among vertebrates and evidence is accumulating that predatory interactions are crucially important for this diversity. To test this hypothesis, we collected female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from 16 wild populations and related their brain anatomy to several aspects of predation pressure in this ecosystem, such as the biomass of the four major predators of guppies (one prawn and three fish species), and predator diversity (number of predatory fish species in each site). We found that populations from localities with higher prawn biomass had relatively larger telencephalon size as well as larger brains. Optic tectum size was positively associated with one of the fish predator’s biomass and with overall predator diversity. However, both olfactory bulb and hypothalamus size were negatively associated with the biomass of another of the fish predators. Hence, while fish predator occurrence is associated with variation in brain anatomy, prawn occurrence is associated with variation in brain size. Our results suggest that cognitive challenges posed by local differences in predator communities may lead to changes in prey brain anatomy in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kotrschal
- 1Department of Ethology/Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arheniusväg 18B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amy E Deacon
- 2Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Anne E Magurran
- 3School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Niclas Kolm
- 1Department of Ethology/Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arheniusväg 18B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Buechel SD, Booksmythe I, Kotrschal A, Jennions MD, Kolm N. Artificial selection on male genitalia length alters female brain size. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161796. [PMID: 27881751 PMCID: PMC5136585 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Male harassment is a classic example of how sexual conflict over mating leads to sex-specific behavioural adaptations. Females often suffer significant costs from males attempting forced copulations, and the sexes can be in an arms race over male coercion. Yet, despite recent recognition that divergent sex-specific interests in reproduction can affect brain evolution, sexual conflict has not been addressed in this context. Here, we investigate whether artificial selection on a correlate of male success at coercion, genital length, affects brain anatomy in males and females. We analysed the brains of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), which had been artificially selected for long or short gonopodium, thereby mimicking selection arising from differing levels of male harassment. By analogy to how prey species often have relatively larger brains than their predators, we found that female, but not male, brain size was greater following selection for a longer gonopodium. Brain subregion volumes remained unchanged. These results suggest that there is a positive genetic correlation between male gonopodium length and female brain size, which is possibly linked to increased female cognitive ability to avoid male coercion. We propose that sexual conflict is an important factor in the evolution of brain anatomy and cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine D Buechel
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isobel Booksmythe
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alexander Kotrschal
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Edmunds NB, Laberge F, McCann KS. A role for brain size and cognition in food webs. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:948-55. [PMID: 27339557 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Predators tend to be large and mobile, enabling them to forage in spatially distinct food web compartments (e.g. littoral and pelagic aquatic macrohabitats). This feature can stabilise ecosystems when predators are capable of rapid behavioural response to changing resource conditions in distinct habitat compartments. However, what provides this ability to respond behaviourally has not been quantified. We hypothesised that predators require increased cognitive abilities to occupy their position in a food web, which puts pressure to increase brain size. Consistent with food web theory, we found that fish relative brain size increased with increased ability to forage across macrohabitats and increased relative trophic positions in a lacustrine food web, indicating that larger brains may afford the cognitive capacity to exploit various habitats flexibly, thus contributing to the stability of whole food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Edmunds
- Department of integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Frédéric Laberge
- Department of integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kevin S McCann
- Department of integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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Edmunds NB, McCann KS, Laberge F. Food Web Structure Shapes the Morphology of Teleost Fish Brains. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 87:128-38. [PMID: 27216606 DOI: 10.1159/000445973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous work showed that teleost fish brain size correlates with the flexible exploitation of habitats and predation abilities in an aquatic food web. Since it is unclear how regional brain changes contribute to these relationships, we quantitatively examined the effects of common food web attributes on the size of five brain regions in teleost fish at both within-species (plasticity or natural variation) and between-species (evolution) scales. Our results indicate that brain morphology is influenced by habitat use and trophic position, but not by the degree of littoral-pelagic habitat coupling, despite the fact that the total brain size was previously shown to increase with habitat coupling in Lake Huron. Intriguingly, the results revealed two potential evolutionary trade-offs: (i) relative olfactory bulb size increased, while relative optic tectum size decreased, across a trophic position gradient, and (ii) the telencephalon was relatively larger in fish using more littoral-based carbon, while the cerebellum was relatively larger in fish using more pelagic-based carbon. Additionally, evidence for a within-species effect on the telencephalon was found, where it increased in size with trophic position. Collectively, these results suggest that food web structure has fundamentally contributed to the shaping of teleost brain morphology.
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18
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van der Bijl W, Kolm N. Why direct effects of predation complicate the social brain hypothesis. Bioessays 2016; 38:568-77. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology/Ethology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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19
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van der Bijl W, Thyselius M, Kotrschal A, Kolm N. Brain size affects the behavioural response to predators in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Proc Biol Sci 2016. [PMID: 26203003 PMCID: PMC4528528 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large brains are thought to result from selection for cognitive benefits, but how enhanced cognition leads to increased fitness remains poorly understood. One explanation is that increased cognitive ability results in improved monitoring and assessment of predator threats. Here, we use male and female guppies (Poecilia reticulata), artificially selected for large and small brain size, to provide an experimental evaluation of this hypothesis. We examined their behavioural response as singletons, pairs or shoals of four towards a model predator. Large-brained females, but not males, spent less time performing predator inspections, an inherently risky behaviour. Video analysis revealed that large-brained females were further away from the model predator when in pairs but that they habituated quickly towards the model when in shoals of four. Males stayed further away from the predator model than females but again we found no brain size effect in males. We conclude that differences in brain size affect the female predator response. Large-brained females might be able to assess risk better or need less sensory information to reach an accurate conclusion. Our results provide experimental support for the general idea that predation pressure is likely to be important for the evolution of brain size in prey species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van der Bijl
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Malin Thyselius
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Alexander Kotrschal
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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20
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Relative Brain and Brain Part Sizes Provide Only Limited Evidence that Machiavellian Behaviour in Cleaner Wrasse Is Cognitively Demanding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135373. [PMID: 26263490 PMCID: PMC4532450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently widely accepted that the complexity of a species’ social life is a major determinant of its brain complexity, as predicted by the social brain hypothesis. However, it remains a challenge to explain what social complexity exactly is and what the best corresponding measures of brain anatomy are. Absolute and relative size of the brain and of the neocortex have often been used as a proxy to predict cognitive performance. Here, we apply the logic of the social brain hypothesis to marine cleaning mutualism involving the genus Labroides. These wrasses remove ectoparasites from ‘client’ reef fish. Conflict occurs as wrasse prefer client mucus over ectoparasites, where mucus feeding constitutes cheating. As a result of this conflict, cleaner wrasse show remarkable Machiavellian-like behaviour. Using own data as well as available data from the literature, we investigated whether the general brain anatomy of Labroides provides any indication that their Machiavellian behaviour is associated with a more complex brain. Neither data set provided evidence for an increased encephalisation index compared to other wrasse species. Published data on relative sizes of brain parts in 25 species of the order Perciformes suggests that only the diencephalon is relatively enlarged in Labroides dimidiatus. This part contains various nuclei of the social decision making network. In conclusion, gross brain anatomy yields little evidence for the hypothesis that strategic behaviour in cleaning selects for larger brains, while future research should focus on more detailed aspects like the sizes of specific nuclei as well as their cryoarchitectonic structure and connectivity.
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21
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Kotrschal A, Buechel SD, Zala SM, Corral-Lopez A, Penn DJ, Kolm N. Brain size affects female but not male survival under predation threat. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:646-52. [PMID: 25960088 PMCID: PMC4676298 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is remarkable diversity in brain size among vertebrates, but surprisingly little is known about how ecological species interactions impact the evolution of brain size. Using guppies, artificially selected for large and small brains, we determined how brain size affects survival under predation threat in a naturalistic environment. We cohoused mixed groups of small- and large-brained individuals in six semi-natural streams with their natural predator, the pike cichlid, and monitored survival in weekly censuses over 5 months. We found that large-brained females had 13.5% higher survival compared to small-brained females, whereas the brain size had no discernible effect on male survival. We suggest that large-brained females have a cognitive advantage that allows them to better evade predation, whereas large-brained males are more colourful, which may counteract any potential benefits of brain size. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that trophic interactions can affect the evolution of brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kotrschal
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B. SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, 1160-Vienna, Austria
| | - Séverine D Buechel
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B. SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, 1160-Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah M Zala
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, 1160-Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Corral-Lopez
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B. SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dustin J Penn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, 1160-Vienna, Austria
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B. SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Weisbecker V, Blomberg S, Goldizen AW, Brown M, Fisher D. The evolution of relative brain size in marsupials is energetically constrained but not driven by behavioral complexity. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2015; 85:125-35. [PMID: 25966967 DOI: 10.1159/000377666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary increases in mammalian brain size relative to body size are energetically costly but are also thought to confer selective advantages by permitting the evolution of cognitively complex behaviors. However, many suggested associations between brain size and specific behaviors - particularly related to social complexity - are possibly confounded by the reproductive diversity of placental mammals, whose brain size evolution is the most frequently studied. Based on a phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis of a data set on the reproductively homogenous clade of marsupials, we provide the first quantitative comparison of two hypotheses based on energetic constraints (maternal investment and seasonality) with two hypotheses that posit behavioral selection on relative brain size (social complexity and environmental interactions). We show that the two behavioral hypotheses have far less support than the constraint hypotheses. The only unambiguous associates of brain size are the constraint variables of litter size and seasonality. We also found no association between brain size and specific behavioral complexity categories within kangaroos, dasyurids, and possums. The largest-brained marsupials after phylogenetic correction are from low-seasonality New Guinea, supporting the notion that low seasonality represents greater nutrition safety for brain maintenance. Alternatively, low seasonality might improve the maternal support of offspring brain growth. The lack of behavioral brain size associates, found here and elsewhere, supports the general 'cognitive buffer hypothesis' as the best explanatory framework of mammalian brain size evolution. However, it is possible that brain size alone simply does not provide sufficient resolution on the question of how brain morphology and cognitive capacities coevolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Weisbecker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld., Australia
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23
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Stephan JG, Stenberg JA, Björkman C. How far away is the next basket of eggs? Spatial memory and perceived cues shape aggregation patterns in a leaf beetle. Ecology 2015; 96:908-14. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1143.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Tomida L, Lee JT, Barreto RE. Stomach fullness modulates prey size choice in the frillfin goby, Bathygobius soporator. ZOOLOGY 2012; 115:283-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Ishii Y, Shimada M. Learning predator promotes coexistence of prey species in host-parasitoid systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5116-20. [PMID: 22411808 PMCID: PMC3324012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115133109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological theory suggests that frequency-dependent predation, in which more common prey types are disproportionately favored, promotes the coexistence of competing prey species. However, many of the earlier empirical studies that investigated the effect of frequency-dependent predation were short-term and ignored predator-prey dynamics and system persistence. Therefore, we used long-term observation of population dynamics to test how frequency-dependent predation influences the dynamics and coexistence of competing prey species using insect laboratory populations. We established two-host-one-parasitoid populations with two bruchid beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis and C. maculatus, as the hosts and the pteromalid wasp Anisopteromalus calandrae as their common parasitoid. When the parasitoid was absent, C. chinensis was competitively excluded in ∼20 wk. Introducing the parasitoid greatly enhanced the coexistence time to a maximum of 118 wk. In the replicates of long-lasting coexistence, the two host species C. maculatus and C. chinensis exhibited periodic antiphase oscillations. Behavioral experiments showed frequency-dependent predation of A. calandrae that was caused by learning. Females of A. calandrae learned host-related olfactory cues during oviposition and increased their preference for the common host species. Numerical simulations showed that parasitoid learning was the essential mechanism that promoted persistence in this host-parasitoid system. Our study is an empirical demonstration that frequency-dependent predation has an important role in greatly enhancing the coexistence of prey populations, suggesting that predator learning affects predator-prey population dynamics and shapes biological communities in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ishii
- Department of Systems Sciences (Biology), University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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26
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Heckmann L, Drossel B, Brose U, Guill C. Interactive effects of body-size structure and adaptive foraging on food-web stability. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:243-50. [PMID: 22276597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Body-size structure of food webs and adaptive foraging of consumers are two of the dominant concepts of our understanding how natural ecosystems maintain their stability and diversity. The interplay of these two processes, however, is a critically important yet unresolved issue. To fill this gap in our knowledge of ecosystem stability, we investigate dynamic random and niche model food webs to evaluate the proportion of persistent species. We show that stronger body-size structures and faster adaptation stabilise these food webs. Body-size structures yield stabilising configurations of interaction strength distributions across food webs, and adaptive foraging emphasises links to resources closer to the base. Moreover, both mechanisms combined have a cumulative effect. Most importantly, unstructured random webs evolve via adaptive foraging into stable size-structured food webs. This offers a mechanistic explanation of how size structure adaptively emerges in complex food webs, thus building a novel bridge between these two important stabilising mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Heckmann
- Institut fur Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 6, Darmstadt, Germany
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27
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VIRANT-DOBERLET META, KING RANDREW, POLAJNAR JERNEJ, SYMONDSON WILLIAMOC. Molecular diagnostics reveal spiders that exploit prey vibrational signals used in sexual communication. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:2204-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Beckerman A, Petchey OL, Morin PJ. Adaptive foragers and community ecology: linking individuals to communities and ecosystems. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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