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Sun L, He Y, Cao M, Wang X, Zhou X, Yang J, Swenson NG. Tree phytochemical diversity and herbivory are higher in the tropics. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1426-1436. [PMID: 38937611 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A long-standing but poorly tested hypothesis in plant ecology and evolution is that biotic interactions play a more important role in producing and maintaining species diversity in the tropics than in the temperate zone. A core prediction of this hypothesis is that tropical plants deploy a higher diversity of phytochemicals within and across communities because they experience more herbivore pressure than temperate plants. However, simultaneous comparisons of phytochemical diversity and herbivore pressure in plant communities from the tropical to the temperate zone are lacking. Here we provide clear support for this prediction by examining phytochemical diversity and herbivory in 60 tree communities ranging from species-rich tropical rainforests to species-poor subalpine forests. Using a community metabolomics approach, we show that phytochemical diversity is higher within and among tropical tree communities than within and among subtropical and subalpine communities, and that herbivore pressure and specialization are highest in the tropics. Furthermore, we show that the phytochemical similarity of trees has little phylogenetic signal, indicating rapid divergence between closely related species. In sum, we provide several lines of evidence from entire tree communities showing that biotic interactions probably play an increasingly important role in generating and maintaining tree diversity in the lower latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Yunyun He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Xuezhao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Key Lab of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education of China, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China.
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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2
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Zvereva EL, Castagneyrol B, Kozlov MV. Does spatial variation in insect herbivory match variations in plant quality? A meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14440. [PMID: 38778587 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Variation in herbivore pressure has often been predicted from patterns in plant traits considered as antiherbivore defences. Here, we tested whether spatial variation in field insect herbivory is associated with the variation in plant quality by conducting a meta-analysis of 223 correlation coefficients between herbivory levels and the expression of selected plant traits. We found no overall correlation between herbivory and either concentrations of plant secondary metabolites or values of physical leaf traits. This result was due to both the large number of low correlations and the opposing directions of high correlations in individual studies. Field herbivory demonstrated a significant association only with nitrogen: herbivore pressure increased with an increase in nitrogen concentration in plant tissues. Thus, our meta-analysis does not support either theoretical prediction, i.e., that plants possess high antiherbivore defences in localities with high herbivore pressure or that herbivory is low in localities where plant defences are high. We conclude that information about putative plant defences is insufficient to predict plant losses to insects in field conditions and that the only bottom-up factor shaping spatial variation in insect herbivory is plant nutritive value. Our findings stress the need to improve a theory linking plant putative defences and herbivory.
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3
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Penn HJ, Read QD. Stem borer herbivory dependent on interactions of sugarcane variety, associated traits, and presence of prior borer damage. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1126-1136. [PMID: 37855173 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivory risk is mediated by plant traits related to nutrition and defense that can vary within a species by genotype and age. Prior herbivore damage accrued by a plant can also interact with these traits to alter future herbivory potential by changing plant quantity or quality. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a perennial crop where aboveground biomass is harvested annually and with varieties differing in nutrition and defenses, making it conducive to evaluating varietal resistance mechanisms. Using data from 16 sugarcane varieties and 28 years, we assessed damage from the primary pest in Louisiana, the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis, SCB), relative to variety, crop year (ratoon), plant traits, and incidence of prior herbivory. RESULTS SCB damage differed among varieties but not crop year, mostly following previously established classifications of SCB resistance, and correlated with select nutritional and defense traits. Within a crop year, the probability of SCB damage increased with prior conspecific damage on the same stalk. However, the strength of this prior damage effect did not match known resistance patterns but still differed with variety. CONCLUSIONS Interactions of plant variety, traits, and prior pest damage but not age impacted sugarcane borer risk. Borer damage was associated with nutritional traits of fiber and sugar content, but not consistently with defensive traits like high stalk wax or hair density, indicating there may be additional resistance traits or indirect impacts of these traits on predators. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Penn
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarcane Research Unit, Houma, Louisiana, USA
| | - Quentin D Read
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Lebbink G, Risch AC, Schuetz M, Firn J. How plant traits respond to and affect vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores-Are measurements comparable across herbivore types? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:5-23. [PMID: 37853819 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite plants realistically being affected by vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores simultaneously, fundamental differences in the ecology and evolution of these two herbivore guilds often means their impacts on plants are studied separately. A synthesis of the literature is needed to understand the types of plant traits examined and their response to, and effect on (in terms of forage selection) vertebrate and invertebrate herbivory, and to identify associated knowledge gaps. Focusing on grassland systems and species, we found 138 articles that met our criteria: 39 invertebrate, 97 vertebrate and 2 focussed on both vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. Our study identified invertebrate focussed research, research conducted in the Southern Hemisphere and research on nondomesticated herbivores was significantly underrepresented based on our search and should be a focus of future research. Differences in study focus (trait response or trait effect), along with differences in the types of traits examined, led to limited opportunity for comparison between the two herbivore guilds. This review therefore predominantly discusses the response and effect of plant traits to each herbivore guild separately. In future studies, we suggest this review be used as a guide for trait selection, to improve comparability and the broader significance of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Lebbink
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schuetz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Schön JE, Tiede Y, Becker M, Donoso DA, Homeier J, Limberger O, Bendix J, Farwig N, Brandl R. Effects of leaf traits of tropical trees on the abundance and body mass of herbivorous arthropod communities. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288276. [PMID: 37934765 PMCID: PMC10629635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In tropical forests, herbivorous arthropods remove between 7% up to 48% of leaf area, which has forced plants to evolve defense strategies. These strategies influence the palatability of leaves. Palatability, which reflects a syndrome of leaf traits, in turn influences both the abundance and the mean body mass not only of particular arthropod taxa but also of the total communities. In this study, we tested two hypotheses: (H1) The abundance of two important chewer guilds ('leaf chewers' and 'rostrum chewers'), dominant components of arthropod communities, is positively related to the palatability of host trees. (H2) Lower palatability leads to an increased mean body mass of chewers (Jarman-Bell principle). Arthropods were collected by fogging the canopies of 90 tropical trees representing 31 species in three plots at 1000 m and three at 2000 m a.s.l. Palatability was assessed by measuring several 'leaf traits' of each host tree and by conducting a feeding trial with the generalist herbivore Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Leaf traits provided partial support for H1, as abundance of leaf chewers but not of rostrum chewers was positively affected by the experimentally estimated palatability. There was no support for H2 as neither leaf traits nor experimentally estimated palatability affected the mean body mass of leaf chewers. The mean body mass of rostrum chewers was positively related to palatability. Thus, leaf traits and experimentally estimated palatability influenced the abundance and mean body mass of chewing arthropods on the community level. However, the data were not consistent with the Jarman-Bell principle. Overall, our results suggest that the palatability of leaves is not among the dominant factors influencing abundance and mean body mass of the community of chewing arthropod herbivores. If other factors, such as the microclimate, predation or further (a-)biotic interactions are more important has to be analyzed in refined studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana E. Schön
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Yvonne Tiede
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Marcel Becker
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - David A. Donoso
- Departamento de Biología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Faculty of Resource Management, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Oliver Limberger
- Department of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Department of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
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6
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Graham CDK, Forrestel EJ, Schilmiller AL, Zemenick AT, Weber MG. Evolutionary signatures of a trade-off in direct and indirect defenses across the wild grape genus, Vitis. Evolution 2023; 77:2301-2313. [PMID: 37527551 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary correlations between chemical defense and protection by mutualist bodyguards have been long predicted, but tests of these patterns remain rare. We use a phylogenetic framework to test for evolutionary correlations indicative of trade-offs or synergisms between direct defense in the form of plant secondary metabolism and indirect defense in the form of leaf domatia, across 33 species in the wild grape genus, Vitis. We also performed a bioassay with a generalist herbivore to associate our chemical phenotypes with herbivore palatability. Finally, we tested whether defensive traits correlated with the average abiotic characteristics of each species' contemporary range and whether these correlations were consistent with plant defense theory. We found a negative evolutionary correlation between domatia size and the diversity of secondary metabolites in Vitis leaf tissue across the genus, and also that leaves with a higher diversity and richness of secondary metabolites were less palatable to a generalist herbivore, consistent with a trade-off in chemical and mutualistic defense investment. Predictions from plant defense theory were not supported by associations between investment in defense phenotypes and abiotic variables. Our work demonstrates an evolutionary pattern indicative of a trade-off between indirect and direct defense strategies across the Vitis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D K Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elisabeth J Forrestel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ash T Zemenick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marjorie G Weber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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7
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Zlotnik S, Miller CW. Adult presence does not ameliorate juvenile feeding challenges in a leaf-footed bug. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221291. [PMID: 37538745 PMCID: PMC10394403 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores often grapple with structural defences in their host plants, which may pose especially difficult challenges for juveniles due to their underdeveloped feeding morphology. The degree to which juvenile herbivore survival is limited by structural defences as well as the strategies used to overcome them are not well understood. We hypothesized that juveniles benefit from feeding near adults because adults pierce through physical barriers while feeding, enabling juveniles to access nutrients that they otherwise could not. We tested this feeding facilitation hypothesis in the leaf-footed bug Leptoglossus zonatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Bugs were raised with an adult or a juvenile conspecific and fed a diet of pecans with or without shells. As predicted, we found that juveniles suffered greater mortality when fed nuts with shells than when fed nuts without shells. Contrary to our expectations, the presence of an adult feeding on the same nut did not lessen this effect. Therefore, the presence of an adult does not ameliorate the feeding difficulties faced by juvenile L. zonatus, despite evidence for feeding facilitation in related insect species. This study adds to our understanding of how host plant defences can limit the survival of even highly generalist herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Zlotnik
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, 2035 McCarty Hall D, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christine W. Miller
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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8
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Xu C, Sato Y, Yamazaki M, Brasser M, Barbour MA, Bascompte J, Shimizu KK. Genome-wide association study of aphid abundance highlights a locus affecting plant growth and flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230399. [PMID: 37621664 PMCID: PMC10445015 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant life-history traits, such as size and flowering, contribute to shaping variation in herbivore abundance. Although plant genes involved in physical and chemical traits have been well studied, less is known about the loci linking plant life-history traits and herbivore abundance. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of aphid abundance in a field population of Arabidopsis thaliana. This GWAS of aphid abundance detected a relatively rare but significant variant on the third chromosome of A. thaliana, which was also suggestively but non-significantly associated with the presence or absence of inflorescence. Out of candidate genes near this significant variant, a mutant of a ribosomal gene (AT3G13882) exhibited slower growth and later flowering than a wild type under laboratory conditions. A no-choice assay with the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, found that aphids were unable to successfully establish on the mutant. Our GWAS of aphid abundance unexpectedly found a locus affecting plant growth and flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongmeng Xu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Sato
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Institute for Food and Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Misako Yamazaki
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Brasser
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew A. Barbour
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Départemente de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka-ward, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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9
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Kariñho-Betancourt E, Vázquez-Lobo A, Núñez-Farfán J. Effect of Plant Defenses and Plant Nutrients on the Performance of Specialist and Generalist Herbivores of Datura: A Macroevolutionary Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2611. [PMID: 37514225 PMCID: PMC10384791 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Macroevolutionary patterns in the association between plant species and their herbivores result from ecological divergence promoted by, among other factors, plants' defenses and nutritional quality, and herbivore adaptations. Here, we assessed the performance of the herbivores Lema trilineata daturaphila, a trophic specialist on Datura, and Spodoptera frugiperda, a polyphagous pest herbivore, when fed with species of Datura. We used comparative phylogenetics and multivariate methods to examine the effects of Datura species' tropane alkaloids, leaf trichomes, and plant macronutrients on the two herbivores´ performances (amount of food consumed, number of damaged leaves, larval biomass increment, and larval growth efficiency). The results indicate that species of Datura do vary in their general suitability as food host for the two herbivores. Overall, the specialist performs better than the generalist herbivore across Datura species, and performance of both herbivores is associated with suites of plant defenses and nutrient characteristics. Leaf trichomes and major alkaloids of the Datura species are strongly related to herbivores' food consumption and biomass increase. Although hyoscyamine better predicts the key components of the performance of the specialist herbivore, scopolamine better predicts the performance of the generalist; however, only leaf trichomes are implicated in most performance components of the two herbivores. Nutrient quality more widely predicts the performance of the generalist herbivore. The contrasting effects of plant traits and the performances of herbivores could be related to adaptive differences to cope with plant toxins and achieve nutrient balance and evolutionary trade-offs and synergisms between plant traits to deal with a diverse community of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Kariñho-Betancourt
- Laboratorio de Genética Ecológica y Evolución, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vázquez-Lobo
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Juan Núñez-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Genética Ecológica y Evolución, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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10
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Kikuchi DW, Allen WL, Arbuckle K, Aubier TG, Briolat ES, Burdfield-Steel ER, Cheney KL, Daňková K, Elias M, Hämäläinen L, Herberstein ME, Hossie TJ, Joron M, Kunte K, Leavell BC, Lindstedt C, Lorioux-Chevalier U, McClure M, McLellan CF, Medina I, Nawge V, Páez E, Pal A, Pekár S, Penacchio O, Raška J, Reader T, Rojas B, Rönkä KH, Rößler DC, Rowe C, Rowland HM, Roy A, Schaal KA, Sherratt TN, Skelhorn J, Smart HR, Stankowich T, Stefan AM, Summers K, Taylor CH, Thorogood R, Umbers K, Winters AE, Yeager J, Exnerová A. The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:975-991. [PMID: 37363877 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such "defence portfolios" that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Kikuchi
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Evolutionary Biology, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Thomas G Aubier
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 5174, CNRS/IRD, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emily R Burdfield-Steel
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen L Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Klára Daňková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | - Liisa Hämäläinen
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie E Herberstein
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas J Hossie
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Joron
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Krushnamegh Kunte
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Brian C Leavell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Carita Lindstedt
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ugo Lorioux-Chevalier
- Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, Cayenne, France
| | - Melanie McClure
- Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, Cayenne, France
| | | | - Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Viraj Nawge
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Erika Páez
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Arka Pal
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Penacchio
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Computer Vision Center, Computer Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Raška
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Reader
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bibiana Rojas
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja H Rönkä
- HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniela C Rößler
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Candy Rowe
- Institute of Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannah M Rowland
- Max Planck Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Arlety Roy
- Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, Cayenne, France
| | - Kaitlin A Schaal
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - John Skelhorn
- Institute of Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannah R Smart
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ted Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Amanda M Stefan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rose Thorogood
- HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kate Umbers
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Science Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne E Winters
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Justin Yeager
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alice Exnerová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Staab M, Pietsch S, Yan H, Blüthgen N, Cheng A, Li Y, Zhang N, Ma K, Liu X. Dear neighbor: Trees with extrafloral nectaries facilitate defense and growth of adjacent undefended trees. Ecology 2023; 104:e4057. [PMID: 37078562 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant diversity can increase productivity. One mechanism behind this biodiversity effect is facilitation, which is when one species increases the performance of another species. Plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) establish defense mutualisms with ants. However, whether EFN plants facilitate defense of neighboring non-EFN plants is unknown. Synthesizing data on ants, herbivores, leaf damage, and defense traits from a forest biodiversity experiment, we show that trees growing adjacent to EFN trees had higher ant biomass and species richness and lower caterpillar biomass than conspecific controls without EFN-bearing neighbors. Concurrently, the composition of defense traits in non-EFN trees changed. Thus, when non-EFN trees benefit from lower herbivore loads as a result of ants spilling over from EFN tree neighbors, this may allow relatively reduced resource allocation to defense in the former, potentially explaining the higher growth of those trees. Via this mutualist-mediated facilitation, promoting EFN trees in tropical reforestation could foster carbon capture and multiple other ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pietsch
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Haoru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anpeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Naili Zhang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Qianjiangyuan Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Beijing, China
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12
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de Melo Teles E Gomes IJ, Neves MO, Paolucci LN. Trees harbouring ants are better defended than con-generic and sympatric ant-free trees. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:31. [PMID: 37389663 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant strategies against herbivores are classically divided into chemical, physical, biotic defences. However, little is known about the relative importance of each type of plant defence, especially in the same species. Using the myrmecophyte Triplaris americana (both with and without ants), and the congeneric non-myrmecophyte T. gardneriana, we tested whether ant defence is more effective than other defences of naturally ant-free myrmecophytes and the non-myrmecophyte congeneric species, all spatially co-occurring. In addition, we investigated how plant traits vary among plant groups, and how these traits modulate herbivory. We sampled data on leaf area loss and plant traits from these tree groups in the Brazilian Pantanal floodplain, and found that herbivory is sixfold lower in plants with ants than in ant-free plants, supporting a major role of biotic defences against herbivory. Whereas ant-free plants had more physical defences (sclerophylly and trichomes), they had little effect on herbivory-only sclerophylly modulated herbivory, but with opposite effects depending on ants' presence and species identity. Despite little variation in the chemicals among plant groups, tannin concentrations and δ13C signatures negatively affected herbivory in T. americana plants with ants and in T. gardneriana, respectively. We showed that ant defence in myrmecophytic systems is the most effective against herbivory, as the studied plants could not fully compensate the lack of this biotic defence. We highlight the importance of positive insect-plant interactions in limiting herbivory, and therefore potentially plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inácio José de Melo Teles E Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Conservação E Manejo da Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Oliveira Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Navarro Paolucci
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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13
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Bröcher M, Ebeling A, Hertzog L, Roscher C, Weisser W, Meyer ST. Effects of plant diversity on species-specific herbivory: patterns and mechanisms. Oecologia 2023; 201:1053-1066. [PMID: 36964400 PMCID: PMC10113292 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate herbivory can shape plant communities when impacting growth and fitness of some plant species more than other species. Previous studies showed that herbivory varies among plant species and that species-specific herbivory is affected by the diversity of the surrounding plant community. However, mechanisms underlying this variation are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how plant traits and plant apparency explain differences in herbivory among plant species and we explore the effect of plant community diversity on these species-specific relationships. We found that species differed in the herbivory they experienced. Forbs were three times more damaged by herbivores than grasses. Variability within grasses was caused by differences in leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Furthermore, higher plant diversity increased herbivory on 15 plant species and decreased herbivory on nine species. Variation within forb and grass species in their response to changing plant diversity was best explained by species' physical resistance (LDMC, forbs) and biomass (grasses). Overall, our results show that herbivory and diversity effects on herbivory differ among species, and that, depending on the plant functional group, either species-specific traits or apparency are driving those differences. Thus, herbivores might selectively consume palatable forbs or abundant grasses with contrasting consequences for plant community composition in grasslands dominated by either forbs or grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bröcher
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - A Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - L Hertzog
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Brunswick, Germany
| | - C Roscher
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - S T Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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14
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Edwards CB, Ellner SP, Agrawal AA. Plant defense synergies and antagonisms affect performance of specialist herbivores of common milkweed. Ecology 2023; 104:e3915. [PMID: 36336890 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a general rule, plants defend against herbivores with multiple traits. The defense synergy hypothesis posits that some traits are more effective when co-expressed with others compared to their independent efficacy. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested outside of phytochemical mixtures, and seldom under field conditions. We tested for synergies between multiple defense traits of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) by assaying the performance of two specialist chewing herbivores on plants in natural populations. We employed regression and a novel application of random forests to identify synergies and antagonisms between defense traits. We found the first direct empirical evidence for two previously hypothesized defense synergies in milkweed (latex by secondary metabolites, latex by trichomes) and identified numerous other potential synergies and antagonisms. Our strongest evidence for a defense synergy was between leaf mass per area and low nitrogen content; given that these "leaf economic" traits typically covary in milkweed, a defense synergy could reinforce their co-expression. We report that each of the plant defense traits showed context-dependent effects on herbivores, and increased trait expression could well be beneficial to herbivores for some ranges of observed expression. The novel methods and findings presented here complement more mechanistic approaches to the study of plant defense diversity and provide some of the best evidence to date that multiple classes of plant defense synergize in their impact on insects. Plant defense synergies against highly specialized herbivores, as shown here, are consistent with ongoing reciprocal evolution between these antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin B Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen P Ellner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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15
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Salgado-Luarte C, González-Teuber M, Madriaza K, Gianoli E. Trade-off between plant resistance and tolerance to herbivory: Mechanical defenses outweigh chemical defenses. Ecology 2023; 104:e3860. [PMID: 36047784 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance includes mechanical and chemical defenses that reduce herbivory, whereas plant tolerance reduces the fitness impact of herbivory. Because defenses are costly and investing in both resistance and tolerance may be superfluous, trade-offs among them are expected. In forest ecosystems, the mechanical strengthening of leaves is linked both to shade adaptation and antiherbivore defenses, but it also compromises resource uptake, therefore limiting regrowth following damage, suggesting a trade-off between mechanical defenses and tolerance. We tested for the resistance-tolerance trade-off across 11 common tree species in a temperate rainforest and explored mechanistic explanations by measuring chemical and mechanical defenses. Herbivory damage was negatively associated with leaf toughness and fiber content, whereas there was no significant relationship between herbivory and secondary metabolites (flavonols, gallic acid, tannins, and terpenoids). We detected a resistance-tolerance trade-off, as expected. We found a negative relationship between mechanical defenses and tolerance, estimated as the survival ratio between experimentally damaged and undamaged seedlings. Tolerance and secondary metabolites showed no significant association. Results suggest that selective forces other than herbivory acting on defensive traits can favor a resistance-tolerance trade-off. Therefore, plant adaptation to contrasting light environments may contribute to the evolution of resistance-tolerance trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Salgado-Luarte
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Marcia González-Teuber
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karina Madriaza
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, mención en Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ernesto Gianoli
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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16
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Traba J, Gómez‐Catasús J, Barrero A, Bustillo‐de la Rosa D, Zurdo J, Hervás I, Pérez‐Granados C, García de la Morena EL, Santamaría A, Reverter M. Comparative assessment of satellite- and drone-based vegetation indices to predict arthropod biomass in shrub-steppes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2707. [PMID: 35808937 PMCID: PMC10078389 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod biomass is a key element in ecosystem functionality and a basic food item for many species. It must be estimated through traditional costly field sampling, normally at just a few sampling points. Arthropod biomass and plant productivity should be narrowly related because a large majority of arthropods are herbivorous, and others depend on these. Quantifying plant productivity with satellite or aerial vehicle imagery is an easy and fast procedure already tested and implemented in agriculture and field ecology. However, the capability of satellite or aerial vehicle imagery for quantifying arthropod biomass and its relationship with plant productivity has been scarcely addressed. Here, we used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite Sentinel-2 (S2) imagery to establish a relationship between plant productivity and arthropod biomass estimated through ground-truth field sampling in shrub steppes. We UAV-sampled seven plots of 47.6-72.3 ha at a 4-cm pixel resolution, subsequently downscaling spatial resolution to 50 cm resolution. In parallel, we used S2 imagery from the same and other dates and locations at 10-m spatial resolution. We related several vegetation indices (VIs) with arthropod biomass (epigeous, coprophagous, and four functional consumer groups: predatory, detritivore, phytophagous, and diverse) estimated at 41-48 sampling stations for UAV flying plots and in 67-79 sampling stations for S2. VIs derived from UAV were consistently and positively related to all arthropod biomass groups. Three out of seven and six out of seven S2-derived VIs were positively related to epigeous and coprophagous arthropod biomass, respectively. The blue normalized difference VI (BNDVI) and enhanced normalized difference VI (ENDVI) showed consistent and positive relationships with arthropod biomass, regardless of the arthropod group or spatial resolution. Our results showed that UAV and S2-VI imagery data may be viable and cost-efficient alternatives for quantifying arthropod biomass at large scales in shrub steppes. The relationship between VI and arthropod biomass is probably habitat-dependent, so future research should address this relationship and include several habitats to validate VIs as proxies of arthropod biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Traba
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - J. Gómez‐Catasús
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Novia University of Applied SciencesEkenäsFinland
| | - A. Barrero
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - D. Bustillo‐de la Rosa
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - J. Zurdo
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - I. Hervás
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - C. Pérez‐Granados
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Ecology DepartmentAlicante UniversityAlicanteSpain
| | - E. L. García de la Morena
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Biodiversity Node S.L. Sector ForestaMadridSpain
| | - A. Santamaría
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - M. Reverter
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG‐UAM). Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio GlobalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
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17
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Effects of phylogeny, traits, and seasonality on invertebrate herbivory damage in a meadow community. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2022.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Kozlov MV, Zverev V, Zvereva EL. Elevational changes in insect herbivory on woody plants in six mountain ranges of temperate Eurasia: Sources of variation. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9468. [PMID: 36349250 PMCID: PMC9636509 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theory predicts that the intensity of biotic interactions, particularly herbivory, decreases with increasing latitude and elevation. However, recent studies have revealed substantial variation in both the latitudinal and elevational patterns of herbivory. This variation is often attributed to differences in study design and the type of data collected by different researchers. Here, we used a similar sampling protocol along elevational gradients in six mountain ranges, located at different latitudes within temperate Eurasia, to uncover the sources of variation in elevational patterns in insect herbivory on woody plant leaves. We discovered a considerable variation in elevational patterns among different mountain ranges; nevertheless, herbivory generally decreased with increasing elevation at both the community‐wide and individual plant species levels. This decrease was mostly due to openly living defoliators, whereas no significant association was detected between herbivory and elevation among insects living within plant tissues (i.e., miners and gallers). The elevational decrease in herbivory was significant for deciduous plants but not for evergreen plants, and for tall plants but not for low‐stature plants. The community‐wide herbivory increased with increases in both specific leaf area and leaf size. The strength of the negative correlation between herbivory and elevation increased from lower to higher latitudes. We conclude that despite the predicted overall decrease with elevation, elevational gradients in herbivory demonstrate considerable variation, and this variation is mostly associated with herbivore feeding habits, some plant traits, and latitude of the mountain range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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19
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Obermeier C, Mason AS, Meiners T, Petschenka G, Rostás M, Will T, Wittkop B, Austel N. Perspectives for integrated insect pest protection in oilseed rape breeding. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3917-3946. [PMID: 35294574 PMCID: PMC9729155 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past, breeding for incorporation of insect pest resistance or tolerance into cultivars for use in integrated pest management schemes in oilseed rape/canola (Brassica napus) production has hardly ever been approached. This has been largely due to the broad availability of insecticides and the complexity of dealing with high-throughput phenotyping of insect performance and plant damage parameters. However, recent changes in the political framework in many countries demand future sustainable crop protection which makes breeding approaches for crop protection as a measure for pest insect control attractive again. At the same time, new camera-based tracking technologies, new knowledge-based genomic technologies and new scientific insights into the ecology of insect-Brassica interactions are becoming available. Here we discuss and prioritise promising breeding strategies and direct and indirect breeding targets, and their time-perspective for future realisation in integrated insect pest protection of oilseed rape. In conclusion, researchers and oilseed rape breeders can nowadays benefit from an array of new technologies which in combination will accelerate the development of improved oilseed rape cultivars with multiple insect pest resistances/tolerances in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Obermeier
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Rostás
- Division of Agricultural Entomology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Will
- Insitute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Insitute, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wittkop
- Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nadine Austel
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Forde AJ, Feller IC, Parker JD, Gruner DS. Insectivorous birds reduce herbivory but do not increase mangrove growth across productivity zones. Ecology 2022; 103:e3768. [PMID: 35608609 PMCID: PMC9786852 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Top-down effects of predators and bottom-up effects of resources are important drivers of community structure and function in a wide array of ecosystems. Fertilization experiments impose variation in resource availability that can mediate the strength of predator impacts, but the prevalence of such interactions across natural productivity gradients is less clear. We studied the joint impacts of top-down and bottom-up factors in a tropical mangrove forest system, leveraging fine-grained patchiness in resource availability and primary productivity on coastal cays of Belize. We excluded birds from canopies of red mangrove (Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle) for 13 months in zones of phosphorus-limited, stunted dwarf mangroves, and in adjacent zones of vigorous mangroves that receive detrital subsidies. Birds decreased total arthropod densities by 62%, herbivore densities more than fivefold, and reduced rates of leaf and bud herbivory by 45% and 52%, respectively. Despite similar arthropod densities across both zones of productivity, leaf and bud damage were 2.0 and 4.3 times greater in productive stands. Detrital subsidies strongly impacted a suite of plant traits in productive stands, potentially making leaves more nutritious and vulnerable to damage. Despite consistently strong impacts on herbivory, we did not detect top-down forcing that impacted mangrove growth, which was similar with and without birds. Our results indicated that both top-down and bottom-up forces drive arthropod community dynamics, but attenuation at the plant-herbivore interface weakens top-down control by avian insectivores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilka C. Feller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
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21
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Reikowski ES, Refsland T, Cushman JH. Ungulate herbivores as drivers of aspen recruitment and understory composition throughout arid montane landscapes. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Reikowski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
| | - Tyler Refsland
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - J. Hall Cushman
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
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22
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Zvereva EL, Kozlov MV. Meta-analysis of elevational changes in the intensity of trophic interactions: Similarities and dissimilarities with latitudinal patterns. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2076-2087. [PMID: 35950788 PMCID: PMC9545790 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The premise that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increasing latitudes and elevations is broadly accepted; however, whether these geographical patterns can be explained within a common theoretical framework remains unclear. Our goal was to identify the general pattern of elevational changes in trophic interactions and to explore the sources of variation among the outcomes of individual studies. Meta‐analysis of 226 effect sizes calculated from 134 publications demonstrated a significant but interaction‐specific decrease in the intensity of herbivory, carnivory and parasitism with increasing elevation. Nevertheless, this decrease was not significant at high latitudes and for interactions involving endothermic organisms, for herbivore outbreaks or for herbivores living within plant tissues. Herbivory similarly declined with increases in latitude and elevation, whereas carnivory showed a fivefold stronger decrease with elevation than with latitude and parasitism increased with latitude but decreased with elevation. Thus, although these gradients share a general pattern and several sources of variation in trophic interaction intensity, we discovered important dissimilarities, indicating that elevational and latitudinal changes in these interactions are partly driven by different factors. We conclude that the scope of the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis cannot be extended to incorporate elevational gradients.
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Friedrichs J, Schweiger R, Geisler S, Neumann JM, Sadzik SJM, Niehaus K, Müller C. Development of a polyphagous leaf beetle on different host plant species and its detoxification of glucosinolates. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.960850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores face a broad range of defences when feeding on plants. By mixing diets, polyphagous herbivores are assumed to benefit during their development by gaining a better nutritional balance and reducing the intake of toxic compounds from individual plant species. Nevertheless, they also show strategies to metabolically cope with plant defences. In this study, we investigated the development of the polyphagous tansy leaf beetle, Galeruca tanaceti (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on mono diets consisting of one plant species [cabbage (Brassica rapa), Brassicaceae; lettuce (Lactuca sativa), or tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Asteraceae] vs. two mixed diets, both containing tansy. Leaves of the three species were analysed for contents of water, carbon and nitrogen, the specific leaf area (SLA) and trichome density. Furthermore, we studied the insect metabolism of two glucosinolates, characteristic defences of Brassicaceae. Individuals reared on cabbage mono diet developed fastest and showed the highest survival, while the development was slowest for individuals kept on tansy mono diet. Cabbage had the lowest water content, while tansy had the highest water content, C/N ratio and trichome density and the lowest SLA. Lettuce showed the lowest C/N ratio, highest SLA and no trichomes. Analysis of insect samples with UHPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS revealed that benzyl glucosinolate was metabolised to N-benzoylglycine, N-benzoylalanine and N-benzoylserine. MALDI-Orbitrap-MS imaging revealed the localisation of these metabolites in the larval hindgut region. 4-Hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate was metabolised to N-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)glycine. Our results highlight that G. tanaceti deals with toxic hydrolysis products of glucosinolates by conjugation with different amino acids, which may enable this species to develop well on cabbage. The high trichome density and/or specific plant chemistry may lower the accessibility and/or digestibility of tansy leaves, leading to a poorer beetle development on pure tansy diet or diet mixes containing tansy. Thus, diet mixing is not necessarily beneficial, if one of the plant species is strongly defended.
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Wigley BJ, Coetsee C, Mawoyo KA, Fritz H. No evidence for the simultaneous induction of structural and chemical defences in spiny southern African savanna trees. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Wigley
- Plant Ecology University of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- School of Natural Resource Management Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
- Scientific Services, Kruger National Park Skukuza South Africa
| | - Corli Coetsee
- School of Natural Resource Management Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
- Scientific Services, Kruger National Park Skukuza South Africa
| | - Kuzivakwashe A. Mawoyo
- Scientific Services, Kyle Recreational Park Masvingo Zimbabwe
- LTSER France RI, Zone Atelier “Hwange” (Hwange LTSER) Hwange National Park Dete Zimbabwe
| | - Hervé Fritz
- LTSER France RI, Zone Atelier “Hwange” (Hwange LTSER) Hwange National Park Dete Zimbabwe
- REHABS International Research Laboratory CNRS‐Université de Lyon1‐Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
- Sustainability Research Unit Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
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Jacobsen DJ. Growth rate and life history shape plant resistance to herbivores. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1074-1084. [PMID: 35686627 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant defenses are shaped by many factors, including herbivory, lifespan, and mating system. Predictions about plant defense and resistance are often based on resource allocation trade-offs with plant growth and reproduction. Additionally, two types of plant resistance, constitutive and induced resistance, are predicted to be evolutionary alternatives or redundant strategies. Given the variety of plant trait combinations and non-mutually exclusive predictions, examining resistance strategies in related species with different combinations of growth and reproductive traits is important to tease apart roles of plant traits and evolutionary history on plant resistance. METHODS Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to examine the potentially interacting influences of life history (annual/perennial), mating system (self-compatible/self-incompatible), and species growth rates on constitutive resistance and inducibility (additional resistance following damage) across Physalis species (Solanaceae). RESULTS Resistance was evolutionarily labile, and there was no correlation between constitutive resistance and inducibility. Annual species with fast growth rates displayed higher constitutive resistance, but growth rate did not affect constitutive resistance in perennials. In contrast, inducibility was negatively associated with species growth rate regardless of life history or mating system. CONCLUSIONS The different effects of plant life history and growth rate on constitutive resistance and inducibility indicate that defensive evolution is unconstrained by a trade-off between resistance types. The interactions among plant life history, growth, and herbivore resistance show that plant defense is shaped not only by herbivore environment, but also by plant traits that reflect a plant's evolutionary history and local selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidra J Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, 1001 E. Third Street, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses Reveal High Induction of the Phenolamide Pathway in Tomato Plants Attacked by the Leafminer Tuta absoluta. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060484. [PMID: 35736416 PMCID: PMC9230075 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato plants are attacked by a variety of herbivore pests and among them, the leafminer Tuta absoluta, which is currently a major threat to global tomato production. Although the commercial tomato is susceptible to T. absoluta attacks, a better understanding of the defensive plant responses to this pest will help in defining plant resistance traits and broaden the range of agronomic levers that can be used for an effective integrated pest management strategy over the crop cycle. In this study, we developed an integrative approach combining untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to characterize the local and systemic metabolic responses of young tomato plants to T. absoluta larvae herbivory. From metabolomic analyses, the tomato response appeared to be both local and systemic, with a local response in infested leaves being much more intense than in other parts of the plant. The main response was a massive accumulation of phenolamides with great structural diversity, including rare derivatives composed of spermine and dihydrocinnamic acids. The accumulation of this family of specialized metabolites was supported by transcriptomic data, which showed induction of both phenylpropanoid and polyamine precursor pathways. Moreover, our transcriptomic data identified two genes strongly induced by T. absoluta herbivory, that we functionally characterized as putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferases. They catalyze the biosynthesis of several phenolamides, among which is caffeoylputrescine. Overall, this study provided new mechanistic clues of the tomato/T. absoluta interaction.
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Zhang SK, Wang Y, Li ZK, Xue HJ, Zhou XD, Huang JH. Two Apriona Species Sharing a Host Niche Have Different Gut Microbiome Diversity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:1059-1072. [PMID: 34302194 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adaptability of herbivorous insects to toxic plant defense compounds is partly related to the structure of the gut microbiome. To overcome plant resistance, the insect gut microbiome should respond to a wide range of allelochemicals derived from dietary niches. Nevertheless, for sibling herbivorous insect species, whether the gut microbiome contributes to success in food niche competition is unclear. Based on 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing, the gut microbiomes of two Apriona species that share the same food niche were investigated in this study to determine whether the gut microbiome contributes to insect success in food-niche competition. Our observations indicated that the gut microbiome tended to play a part in host niche competition between the two Apriona species. The gut microbiome of Apriona swainsoni had many enriched pathways that can help degrade plant toxic secondary compounds, including xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Meanwhile, A. swainsoni hosted a much greater variety of microorganisms and had more viable bacteria than A. germari. We conclude that gut microbes may influence the coevolution of herbivores and host plants. Gut bacteria may not only serve to boost nutritional relationships, but may also play an important role in insect food niche competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Kun Li
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai-Jun Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Hao Huang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Palmer JB, Hahn PG, Metcalf EC, Maron JL. Seed size of co‐occurring forb species predicts rates of predispersal seed loss from insects. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B. Palmer
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Philip G. Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | | | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
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Galmán A, Vázquez‐González C, Röder G, Castagneyrol B. Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in
Quercus ilex. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC) Pontevedra Spain
- Inst. of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle‐Wittenberg Germany
| | - Carla Vázquez‐González
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC) Pontevedra Spain
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Gregory Röder
- Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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Zettlemoyer MA. Leaf traits mediate herbivory across a nitrogen gradient differently in extirpated vs. extant prairie species. Oecologia 2022; 198:711-720. [PMID: 35192065 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing nitrogen deposition threatens many grassland species with local extinction. In addition to the direct effects of nitrogen deposition, nitrogen can indirectly affect plant populations via phenotypic shifts in plant traits that influence plant susceptibility to herbivory. Here, I test how herbivory varies across an experimental nitrogen gradient and whether differences in susceptibility to herbivory might explain patterns of local species loss. Specifically, I examine how increasing nitrogen availability in a restored prairie influences leaf traits and subsequent herbivory (by leaf-chewers like insects/small mammals versus deer) and the severity of herbivore damage on confamiliar pairs of extirpated versus extant species from Michigan prairies. Nitrogen increased herbivory by both leaf-chewers and deer as well as herbivore damage (proportion of leaves damaged). Leaf hairiness and specific leaf area affected patterns of herbivory following nitrogen addition, although patterns varied between extirpated vs. extant taxa and herbivory type. Nitrogen increased leaf hairiness. At high levels of nitrogen addition, hairy extant plants experienced less herbivory and damage than smooth-leaved plants. In contrast, hairy extirpated plants were more likely to experience leaf-chewer herbivory. Extirpated plants with thin leaves (high specific leaf area) were less likely to experience leaf-chewer herbivory; the opposite was true for extant species. Generally, extant species experienced more herbivory than locally extirpated species, particularly at high levels of nitrogen addition, suggesting that increasing herbivory under nutrient addition likely does not influence extirpation in this system. This study suggests that trait-mediated responses to nitrogen addition and herbivory differ between extant and extirpated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Zettlemoyer
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060-9505, USA. .,Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-5004, USA.
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Ferreira BG, Moreira GRP, Carneiro RGS, Isaias RMS. Complex meristematic activity induced by Eucecidoses minutanus on Schinus engleri turns shoots into galls. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:209-225. [PMID: 34730229 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Gall-inducing organisms change the development of their host plant organs, resulting in ontogenetic patterns not observed in the non-galled plants. Distinct taxa induce galls on Schinus spp., manipulating meristematic patterns in the host plant in distinct ways. Here we report ontogenetic novelties induced in the lateral buds of S. engleri by Eucecidoses minutanus, a Cecidosidae, whose galls have been poorly understood. METHODS The anatomy, histochemistry, and histometry of galls in distinct phases of development, non-galled buds, and stems of Schinus engleri were analyzed in parallel with the instars of E. minutanus to detail the morphogenetic changes in the host with each larval stage. RESULTS Ontogenetic phases of the galls were intricately associated with larval development. First and second-instar larvae induced pericycle and pith cells to dedifferentiate into the gall inner meristem, where hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy characterized the growth and development phase of the gall. The innermost layers were lipid-rich nutritive cells that lined the larval chamber. Additional vascular bundle rows were produced in young galls. Third and fourth instar-larvae were associated with the gall maturation phase: centripetal lignification of the outer parenchyma cell layers, epidermal stratification, and activation of a cambium-like meristem (CLM). The CLM activity resulted in new layers of nutritive cells that differentiated inward as the first layers of nutritive cells were consumed by E. minutanus larvae, and, also, in more parenchyma cell layers that formed outward. All tissues between the innermost layer of nutritive tissue that surround the gall chamber and the outermost layer of the dermal system that externally covers the gall form the gall wall, and increased in thickness until the end of gall maturation. CONCLUSIONS E. minutanus induces a structurally complex globoid stem gall, modifying all host plant tissues and stimulating a novel meristematic pattern in S. engleri. The gall developmental stages are each related to specific gall-inducing instars, as gall development progresses according to the development of E. minutanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 353, A1-104, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilson R P Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renê G S Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rosy M S Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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32
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Do non-native plants affect terrestrial arthropods in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands? Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nantongo JS, Potts BM, Davies NW, Aurik D, Elms S, Fitzgerald H, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM. Chemical Traits that Predict Susceptibility of Pinus radiata to Marsupial Bark Stripping. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:51-70. [PMID: 34611747 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bark stripping by mammals is a major problem in managed conifer forests worldwide. In Australia, bark stripping in the exotic plantations of Pinus radiata is mainly caused by native marsupials and results in reduced survival, growth, and in extreme cases death of trees. Herbivory is influenced by a balance between primary metabolites that are sources of nutrition and secondary metabolites that act as defences. Identifying the compounds that influence herbivory may be a useful tool in the management of forest systems. This study aimed to detect and identify both constitutive and induced compounds that are associated with genetic differences in susceptibility of two-year-old P. radiata trees to bark stripping by marsupials. An untargeted profiling of 83 primary and secondary compounds of the needles and bark samples from 21 susceptible and 21 resistant families was undertaken. These were among the most and least damaged families, respectively, screened in a trial of 74 families that were exposed to natural field bark stripping by marsupials. Experimental plants were in the same field trial but protected from bark stripping and a subset were subjected to artificial bark stripping to examine induced and constitutive chemistry differences between resistant and susceptible families. Machine learning (random forest), partial least squares plus discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and principal components analysis with discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), as well as univariate methods were used to identify the most important totals by compound group and individual compounds differentiating the resistant and susceptible families. In the bark, the constitutive amount of two sesquiterpenoids - bicyclogermacrene and an unknown sesquiterpenoid alcohol -were shown to be of higher levels in the resistant families, whereas the constitutive sugars, fructose, and glucose, as well individual phenolics, were higher in the more susceptible families. The chemistry of the needles was not useful in differentiating the resistant and susceptible families to marsupial bark stripping. After artificial bark stripping, the terpenes, sugars, and phenolics responded in both the resistant and susceptible families by increasing or reducing amounts, which leveled the differences in the amounts of the compounds between the different resistant and susceptible classes observed at the constitutive level. Overall, based on the families with extreme values for less and more susceptibility, differences in the amounts of secondary compounds were subtle and susceptibility due to sugars may outweigh defence as the cause of the genetic variation in bark stripping observed in this non-native tree herbivory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Nantongo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Don Aurik
- Timberlands Pacific Pty Ltd, Launceston, 7250, Australia
| | - Stephen Elms
- Hancock Victorian Plantations, Churchill, 3842, Australia
| | - Hugh Fitzgerald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Julianne M O'Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
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Sun Z, Shi JH, Liu H, Yin LT, Abdelnabby H, Wang MQ. Phytopathogenic infection alters rice-pest-parasitoid tri-trophic interactions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4530-4538. [PMID: 34047439 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogens and pests often occur together, causing damage while interfering with plant growth. The effects of phytopathogenic infections on plant-herbivore-natural enemy tri-trophic interactions (TTIs) have been extensively investigated, but little is known about how the interval of infection influences such relationships. Here, the effect of rice plants infected by the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani on the herbivorous rice brown planthopper (BPH) and associated egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae over a temporal scale was examined. RESULTS Our results showed that rice plants infected by R. solani showed increased volatile profiles and significantly attracted BPH and A. nilaparvatae at 5-15 days post infection (DPI) and 5-10 DPI, respectively, when compared with healthy plants. Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid content decreased significantly in BPH-damaged plants after 15 DPI, whereas oxalic acid accumulated soon after 5 DPI when compared with healthy plants. To adapt to adverse environment, BPH laid more eggs and developed into macropterous adults. Under field conditions, R. solani infection had no substantial effect on the arthropod community when compared with healthy plants. CONCLUSION Taken together, R. solani infection altered rice-pest-parasitoid TTIs over a temporal scale. This result will shed more light on our understanding of plant pathogen-insect cross-talk essential for developing novel pest management strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Hua Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le-Tong Yin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hazem Abdelnabby
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Ali KA, Willenborg CJ. The biology of seed discrimination and its role in shaping the foraging ecology of carabids: A review. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13702-13722. [PMID: 34707812 PMCID: PMC8525183 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of carabid (ground) beetles are among the most important postdispersal weed seed predators in temperate arable lands. Field studies have shown that carabid beetles can remove upwards of 65%-90% of specific weed seeds shed in arable fields each year. Such data do not explain how and why carabid predators go after weed seeds, however. It remains to be proven that weed seed predation by carabids is a genuine ecological interaction driven by certain ecological factors or functional traits that determine interaction strength and power predation dynamics, bringing about therefore a natural regulation of weed populations. Along these lines, this review ties together the lines of evidence around weed seed predation by carabid predators. Chemoperception rather than vision seems to be the primary sensory mechanism guiding seed detection and seed selection decisions in carabid weed seed predators. Selection of weed seeds by carabid seed predators appears directed rather than random. Yet, the nature of the chemical cues mediating detection of different seed species and identification of the suitable seed type among them remains unknown. Selection of certain types of weed seeds cannot be predicted based on seed chemistry per se in all cases, however. Rather, seed selection decisions are ruled by sophisticated behavioral mechanisms comprising the assessment of both chemical and physical characteristics of the seed. The ultimate selection of certain weed seed types is determined by how the chemical and physical properties of the seed match with the functional traits of the predator in terms of seed handling ability. Seed density, in addition to chemical and physical seed traits, is also an important factor that is likely to shape seed selection decisions in carabid weed seed predators. Carabid responses to seed density are rather complex as they are influenced not only by seed numbers but also by trait-based suitability ranks of the different seed types available in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoun A. Ali
- Plant Sciences DepartmentCollege of Agriculture and BioresourcesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Christian J. Willenborg
- Plant Sciences DepartmentCollege of Agriculture and BioresourcesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
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He J, Chen K, Jiang F, Pan X. Host shifts in economically significant fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) with high degree of polyphagy. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13692-13701. [PMID: 34707811 PMCID: PMC8525164 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects tend to feed on related hosts. Coevolution tends to be dominated by interactions resulting from plant chemistry in defense strategies, and evolution of secondary metabolisms being in response to insect herbivory remains a classic explanation of coevolution. The present study examines whether evolutionary constraints existing in host associations of economically important fruit flies in the species-rich tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to what extent these species have evolved specialized dietary patterns. We found a strong effect of host phylogeny on associations on the 37 fruit flies tested, although the fruit fly species feeding on ripe commercially grown fruits that lost the toxic compounds after long-term domestication are mostly polyphagous. We assessed the phylogenetic signal of host breadth across the fruit fly species, showing that the results were substantially different depending on partition levels. Further, we mapped main host family associations onto the fruit fly phylogeny and Cucurbitaceae has been inferred as the most likely ancestral host family for Dacini based on ancestral state reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao He
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Ke Chen
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Xubin Pan
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
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37
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Harrison JG, Beltran LP, Buerkle CA, Cook D, Gardner DR, Parchman TL, Poulson SR, Forister ML. A suite of rare microbes interacts with a dominant, heritable, fungal endophyte to influence plant trait expression. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2763-2778. [PMID: 33790425 PMCID: PMC8397751 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes are microbes that live, for at least a portion of their life history, within plant tissues. Endophyte assemblages are often composed of a few abundant taxa and many infrequently observed, low-biomass taxa that are, in a word, rare. The ways in which most endophytes affect host phenotype are unknown; however, certain dominant endophytes can influence plants in ecologically meaningful ways-including by affecting growth and immune system functioning. In contrast, the effects of rare endophytes on their hosts have been unexplored, including how rare endophytes might interact with abundant endophytes to shape plant phenotype. Here, we manipulate both the suite of rare foliar endophytes (including both fungi and bacteria) and Alternaria fulva-a vertically transmitted and usually abundant fungus-within the fabaceous forb Astragalus lentiginosus. We report that rare, low-biomass endophytes affected host size and foliar %N, but only when the heritable fungal endophyte (A. fulva) was not present. A. fulva also reduced plant size and %N, but these deleterious effects on the host could be offset by a negative association we observed between this heritable fungus and a foliar pathogen. These results demonstrate how interactions among endophytic taxa determine the net effects on host plants and suggest that the myriad rare endophytes within plant leaves may be more than a collection of uninfluential, commensal organisms, but instead have meaningful ecological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G. Harrison
- grid.135963.b0000 0001 2109 0381Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
| | - Lyra P. Beltran
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
| | - C. Alex Buerkle
- grid.135963.b0000 0001 2109 0381Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- grid.417548.b0000 0004 0478 6311Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT USA
| | - Dale R. Gardner
- grid.417548.b0000 0004 0478 6311Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT USA
| | - Thomas L. Parchman
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
| | - Simon R. Poulson
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XDepartment of Geological Sciences & Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
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38
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Soybean leaf age and plant stage influence expression of resistance to velvetbean caterpillar and fall armyworm. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Ecological factors influence balancing selection on leaf chemical profiles of a wildflower. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1135-1144. [PMID: 34140651 PMCID: PMC8325631 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Balancing selection is frequently invoked as a mechanism that maintains variation within and across populations. However, there are few examples of balancing selection operating on loci underpinning complex traits, which frequently display high levels of variation. We investigated mechanisms that may maintain variation in a focal polymorphism-leaf chemical profiles of a perennial wildflower (Boechera stricta, Brassicaceae)-explicitly interrogating multiple ecological and genetic processes including spatial variation in selection, antagonistic pleiotropy and frequency-dependent selection. A suite of common garden and greenhouse experiments showed that the alleles underlying variation in chemical profile have contrasting fitness effects across environments, implicating two ecological drivers of selection on chemical profile: herbivory and drought. Phenotype-environment associations and molecular genetic analyses revealed additional evidence of past selection by these drivers. Together, these data are consistent with balancing selection on chemical profile, probably caused by pleiotropic effects of secondary chemical biosynthesis genes on herbivore defence and drought response.
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40
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Warner E, Marteinsdóttir B, Helmutsdóttir VF, Ehrlén J, Robinson SI, O'Gorman EJ. Impacts of soil temperature, phenology and plant community composition on invertebrate herbivory in a natural warming experiment. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Warner
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus Berkshire UK
- Dept of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Bryndís Marteinsdóttir
- Soil Conservation Service of Iceland Hella Iceland
- Inst. of Life and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | | | - Johan Ehrlén
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sinikka I. Robinson
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Helsinki Lahti Finland
| | - Eoin J. O'Gorman
- School of Life Sciences, Univ. of Essex Wivenhoe Park Colchester UK
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41
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Koprivnikar J, Rochette A, Forbes MR. Risk-Induced Trait Responses and Non-consumptive Effects in Plants and Animals in Response to Their Invertebrate Herbivore and Parasite Natural Enemies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.667030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators kill and consume prey, but also scare living prey. Fitness of prey can be reduced by direct killing and consumption, but also by non-consumptive effects (NCEs) if prey show costly risk-induced trait responses (RITRs) to predators, which are meant to reduce predation risk. Recently, similarities between predators and parasites as natural enemies have been recognized, including their potential to cause victim RITRs and NCEs. However, plant-herbivore and animal host-parasite associations might be more comparable as victim-enemy systems in this context than either is to prey-predator systems. This is because plant herbivores and animal parasites are often invertebrate species that are typically smaller than their victims, generally cause lower lethality, and allow for further defensive responses by victims after consumption begins. Invertebrate herbivores can cause diverse RITRs in plants through various means, and animals also exhibit assorted RITRs to increased parasitism risk. This synthesis aims to broadly compare these two enemy-victim systems by highlighting the ways in which plants and animals perceive threat and respond with a range of induced victim trait responses that can provide pre-emptive defense against invertebrate enemies. We also review evidence that RITRs are costly in terms of reducing victim fitness or abundance, demonstrating how work with one victim-enemy system can inform the other with respect to the frequency and magnitude of RITRs and possible NCEs. We particularly highlight gaps in our knowledge about plant and animal host responses to their invertebrate enemies that may guide directions for future research. Comparing how potential plant and animal victims respond pre-emptively to the threat of consumption via RITRs will help to advance our understanding of natural enemy ecology and may have utility for pest and disease control.
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42
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Whitehead SR, Schneider GF, Dybzinski R, Nelson AS, Gelambi M, Jos E, Beckman NG. Fruits, frugivores, and the evolution of phytochemical diversity. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Whitehead
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | | | - Ray Dybzinski
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola Univ. Chicago IL USA
| | - Annika S. Nelson
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Mariana Gelambi
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VI USA
| | - Elsa Jos
- Dept of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State Univ. Logan UT USA
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43
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Possen BJHM, Rousi M, Keski‐Saari S, Silfver T, Kontunen‐Soppela S, Oksanen E, Mikola J. New evidence for the importance of soil nitrogen on the survival and adaptation of silver birch to climate warming. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. J. H. M. Possen
- Ecology Section Royal HaskoningDHV Larixplein 1 Eindhoven5616 VBThe Netherlands
| | - M. Rousi
- Vantaa Research Unit Natural Resources Institute Finland P.O. Box 18 Vantaa01301Finland
| | - S. Keski‐Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 Joensuu80101Finland
| | - T. Silfver
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme University of Helsinki Niemenkatu 73 Lahti15140Finland
| | - S. Kontunen‐Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 Joensuu80101Finland
| | - E. Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 Joensuu80101Finland
| | - J. Mikola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme University of Helsinki Niemenkatu 73 Lahti15140Finland
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44
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Wang S, Xiao Z, Yang T, Jiang M, Wei X. Shifts in leaf herbivory stress and defense strategies of endangered tree species after 20–35 years of ex-situ conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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45
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Zhang Y, Deng T, Sun L, Landis JB, Moore MJ, Wang H, Wang Y, Hao X, Chen J, Li S, Xu M, Puno PT, Raven PH, Sun H. Phylogenetic patterns suggest frequent multiple origins of secondary metabolites across the seed-plant 'tree of life'. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa105. [PMID: 34691607 PMCID: PMC8288438 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the phylogenetic patterns of the distribution and evolution of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), we selected 8 classes of PSMs and mapped them onto an updated phylogenetic tree including 437 families of seed plants. A significant phylogenetic signal was detected in 17 of the 18 tested seed-plant clades for at least 1 of the 8 PSM classes using the D statistic. The phylogenetic signal, nevertheless, indicated weak clustering of PSMs compared to a random distribution across all seed plants. The observed signal suggests strong diversifying selection during seed-plant evolution and/or relatively weak evolutionary constraints on the evolution of PSMs. In the survey of the current phylogenetic distributions of PSMs, we found that multiple origins of PSM biosynthesis due to external selective forces for diverse genetic pathways may have played important roles. In contrast, a single origin of PSMs seems rather uncommon. The distribution patterns for PSMs observed in this study may also be useful in the search for natural compounds for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jacob B Landis
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Hengchang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Maonian Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | | | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Highly Species-Specific Foliar Metabolomes of Diverse Woody Species and Relationships with the Leaf Economics Spectrum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030644. [PMID: 33805842 PMCID: PMC7999030 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants show an extraordinary diversity in chemical composition and are characterized by different functional traits. However, relationships between the foliar primary and specialized metabolism in terms of metabolite numbers and composition as well as links with the leaf economics spectrum have rarely been explored. We investigated these relationships in leaves of 20 woody species from the Mediterranean region grown as saplings in a common garden, using a comparative ecometabolomics approach that included (semi-)polar primary and specialized metabolites. Our analyses revealed significant positive correlations between both the numbers and relative composition of primary and specialized metabolites. The leaf metabolomes were highly species-specific but in addition showed some phylogenetic imprints. Moreover, metabolomes of deciduous species were distinct from those of evergreens. Significant relationships were found between the primary metabolome and nitrogen content and carbon/nitrogen ratio, important traits of the leaf economics spectrum, ranging from acquisitive (mostly deciduous) to conservative (evergreen) leaves. A comprehensive understanding of various leaf traits and their coordination in different plant species may facilitate our understanding of plant functioning in ecosystems. Chemodiversity is thereby an important component of biodiversity.
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47
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Arias T, Niederhuth CE, McSteen P, Pires JC. The Molecular Basis of Kale Domestication: Transcriptional Profiling of Developing Leaves Provides New Insights Into the Evolution of a Brassica oleracea Vegetative Morphotype. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637115. [PMID: 33747016 PMCID: PMC7973465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphotypes of Brassica oleracea are the result of a dynamic interaction between genes that regulate the transition between vegetative and reproductive stages and those that regulate leaf morphology and plant architecture. In kales, ornate leaves, extended vegetative phase, and nutritional quality are some of the characters potentially selected by humans during domestication. We used a combination of developmental studies and transcriptomics to understand the vegetative domestication syndrome of kale. To identify candidate genes that are responsible for the evolution of domestic kale, we searched for transcriptome-wide differences among three vegetative B. oleracea morphotypes. RNA-seq experiments were used to understand the global pattern of expressed genes during a mixture of stages at one time in kale, cabbage, and the rapid cycling kale line TO1000. We identified gene expression patterns that differ among morphotypes and estimate the contribution of morphotype-specific gene expression that sets kale apart (3958 differentially expressed genes). Differentially expressed genes that regulate the vegetative to reproductive transition were abundant in all morphotypes. Genes involved in leaf morphology, plant architecture, defense, and nutrition were differentially expressed in kale. This allowed us to identify a set of candidate genes we suggest may be important in the kale domestication syndrome. Understanding candidate genes responsible for kale domestication is of importance to ultimately improve Cole crop production.
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48
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Plant Allelochemicals as Sources of Insecticides. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030189. [PMID: 33668349 PMCID: PMC7996276 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the role of plant-derived biochemicals that are toxic to insect pests. Biotic stress in plants caused by insect pests is one of the most significant problems, leading to yield losses. Synthetic pesticides still play a significant role in crop protection. However, the environmental side effects and health issues caused by the overuse or inappropriate application of synthetic pesticides forced authorities to ban some problematic ones. Consequently, there is a strong necessity for novel and alternative insect pest control methods. An interesting source of ecological pesticides are biocidal compounds, naturally occurring in plants as allelochemicals (secondary metabolites), helping plants to resist, tolerate or compensate the stress caused by insect pests. The abovementioned bioactive natural products are the first line of defense in plants against insect herbivores. The large group of secondary plant metabolites, including alkaloids, saponins, phenols and terpenes, are the most promising compounds in the management of insect pests. Secondary metabolites offer sustainable pest control, therefore we can conclude that certain plant species provide numerous promising possibilities for discovering novel and ecologically friendly methods for the control of numerous insect pests.
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49
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Boland JM, Woodward DL. Thick bark can protect trees from a severe ambrosia beetle attack. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10755. [PMID: 33628637 PMCID: PMC7894111 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thick bark has been shown to protect trees from wildfires, but can it protect trees from an ambrosia beetle attack? We addressed this question by examining the distribution of holes of the invasive Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB, Euwallacea kuroshio; Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in the bark of Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii), one of the KSHB's most-preferred hosts. The study was conducted in the Tijuana River Valley, California, in 2016-17, during the peak of the KSHB infestation there. Using detailed measurements of bark samples cut from 27 infested trees, we tested and found support for two related hypotheses: (1) bark thickness influences KSHB attack densities and attack locations, i.e., the KSHB bores abundantly through thin bark and avoids boring through thick bark; and (2) bark thickness influences KSHB impacts, i.e., the KSHB causes more damage to thinner-barked trees than to thicker-barked trees. Our results indicate that thick bark protects trees because it limits the density of KSHB entry points and thereby limits internal structural damage to low, survivable levels. This is the first study to identify bark thickness as a factor that influences the density of KSHB-or any ambrosia beetle-in its host tree, and the first to link bark thickness to rates of host tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Boland
- Boland Ecological Services, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Woodward
- California Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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50
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Jactel H, Moreira X, Castagneyrol B. Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:277-296. [PMID: 32903046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecological research conducted over the past five decades has shown that increasing tree species richness at forest stands can improve tree resistance to insect pest damage. However, the commonality of this finding is still under debate. In this review, we provide a quantitative assessment (i.e., a meta-analysis) of tree diversity effects on insect herbivory and discuss plausible mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. We provide recommendations and working hypotheses that can serve to lay the groundwork for research to come. Based on more than 600 study cases, our quantitative review indicates that insect herbivory was, on average, lower in mixed forest stands than in pure stands, but these diversity effects were contingent on herbivore diet breadth and tree species composition. In particular, tree species diversity mainly reduced damage of specialist insect herbivores in mixed stands with phylogenetically distant tree species. Overall, our findings provide essential guidance for forest pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France;
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
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