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Cortez AO, Yoshinaga N, Mori N, Hwang SY. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulate induced corn defense against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:872-884. [PMID: 38782714 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Common cutworm, Spodoptera litura is an important pest of corn causing significant crop yield loss. Synthetic insecticides have mostly been used to combat this pest, raising human and environmental health concerns. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could compensate for or augment the harmful effects of agrochemicals. Herein, we aimed to assess whether PGPR-induced defenses in corn plants impact the host-plant selection behavior of S. litura. Headspace volatile organic compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Larvae fed inoculated corn exhibited lower weights and relative growth rate than noninoculated plants. Under choice experiments, PGPR-treated plants significantly reduced percentage leaf damage area and oviposition rate compared to untreated plants. Volatile organic compound ratio emission varied significantly between control and PGPR treatments, which, in part, explains feeding and oviposition deterrence in PGPR-treated plants. The results demonstrate that PGPR inoculation can enhance corn resistance to S. litura, making it a promising candidate for crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado O Cortez
- Insect-Plant Interaction Laboratory, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Isabela State University, Echague, Isabela, the Philippines
| | - Naoko Yoshinaga
- Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shaw-Yhi Hwang
- Insect-Plant Interaction Laboratory, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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2
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Frew A, Weinberger N, Powell JR, Watts-Williams SJ, Aguilar-Trigueros CA. Community assembly of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: beyond carbon and into defence? THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae007. [PMID: 38366019 PMCID: PMC10910849 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frew
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Natascha Weinberger
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
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Nemadodzi LE, Prinsloo G. A New Proposed Symbiotic Plant-Herbivore Relationship between Burkea africana Trees, Cirina forda Caterpillars and Their Associated Fungi Pleurostomophora richardsiae and Aspergillus nomius. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1864. [PMID: 37513036 PMCID: PMC10383216 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkea africana is a tree found in savannah and woodland in southern Africa, as well as northwards into tropical African regions as far as Nigeria and Ethiopia. It is used as fuel wood, medicinally to treat various conditions, such as toothache, headache, migraine, pain, inflammation, and sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhoea, but also an ornamental tree. The current study investigated the possible symbiotic relationship between B. africana trees and the C. forda caterpillars and the mutual role played in ensuring the survival of B. africana trees/seedlings in harsh natural conditions and low-nutrient soils. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolation and sequencing results revealed that the fungal species Pleurostomophora richardsiae was highly predominant in the leaves of B. africana trees and present in the caterpillars. The second most prominent fungal species in the caterpillars was Aspergillus nomius. The latter is known to be related to a Penicillium sp. which was found to be highly prevalent in the soil where B. africana trees grow and is suggested to play a role in enhancing the effective growth of B. africana trees in their natural habitat. To support this, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted, and a tree was constructed, which shows a high percentage similarity between Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. The findings of the study revealed that B. africana trees not only serve as a source of feed for the C. forda caterpillar but benefit from C. forda caterpillars which, after dropping onto the soil, is proposed to inoculate the soil surrounding the trees with the fungus A. nomius which suggests a symbiotic and/or synergistic relationship between B. africana trees and C. forda caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Ethel Nemadodzi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- ABBERU, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
- ABBERU, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
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Formenti L, Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Hassemer G, Glauser G, van den Hoogen J, Rønsted N, van der Heijden M, Crowther TW, Rasmann S. Macroevolutionary decline in mycorrhizal colonization and chemical defense responsiveness to mycorrhization. iScience 2023; 26:106632. [PMID: 37168575 PMCID: PMC10165190 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have evolved associations with roots of 60% plant species, but the net benefit for plants vary broadly from mutualism to parasitism. Yet, we lack a general understanding of the evolutionary and ecological forces driving such variation. To this end, we conducted a comparative phylogenetic experiment with 24 species of Plantago, encompassing worldwide distribution, to address the effect of evolutionary history and environment on plant growth and chemical defenses in response to AMF colonization. We demonstrate that different species within one plant genus vary greatly in their ability to associate with AMF, and that AMF arbuscule colonization intensity decreases monotonically with increasing phylogenetic branch length, but not with concomitant changes in pedological and climatic conditions across species. Moreover, we demonstrate that species with the highest colonization levels are also those that change their defensive chemistry the least. We propose that the costs imposed by high AMF colonization in terms of reduced changes in secondary chemistry might drive the observed macroevolutionary decline in mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Formenti
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Terrestrial ecology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Iwanycki Ahlstrand
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo Hassemer
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI 96741, USA
| | - Marcel van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W. Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
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Koziol L, Schultz PA, Parsons S, Bever JD. Native mycorrhizal fungi improve milkweed growth, latex, and establishment while some commercial fungi may inhibit them. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liz Koziol
- Kansas Biological Survey Lawrence Kansas USA
| | | | | | - James D. Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey Lawrence Kansas USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
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Wang Y, Tan R, Zhou L, Lian J, Wu X, He R, Yang F, He X, Zhu W. Heavy metal fixation of lead-contaminated soil using Morchella mycelium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117829. [PMID: 34333266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the exploitation of lead-zinc deposits, lead content around mining areas has seriously exceeded the recommended level. The most challenging problem is how to reduce lead contamination in soil efficiently. In this study, we developed a method to remediate lead-contaminated soil by adding Morchella mycelium. First, we compared the repair effects of mycelium and hyperaccumulator by conducting pot experiments. Then, we investigated the mechanism through which mycelium repairs lead-contaminated soil by conducting simulation experiments. Results showed that using mycelium was a more efficient way to repair soil than using hyperaccumulator. Compared with the untreated group, mycelium reduced the lead content of crops by 34.83 % and raised dry biomass by 134.05 % when lead addition was 800 mg/kg. After mycelium fixation, soil catalase, urease, cellulase, and sucrase activities were significantly enhanced, and the bioavailability of lead decreased significantly. The lead solution exposure simulation test showed that Morchella mycelium immobilized lead due to its extracellular secretions. That is, mycelium secreted metabolites and lead to form salt crystals, reducing bioavailable lead content. In addition, Morchella mycelium restoration may effectively improve soil fertility and increase crop yields. Thus, mycelium may be used successfully in alternative green repair methods for environmental heavy metal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Renhao Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Jie Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Xudong Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Rong He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Xinsheng He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China
| | - Wenkun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, PR China.
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Wang L, Pokharel SS, Chen F. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the food utilization, growth, development and reproduction of armyworm (Mythimna separata) fed on Bacillus thuringiensis maize. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7679. [PMID: 31565581 PMCID: PMC6745183 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cultivation of Bt maize (maize genetically modified with Bacillus thuringiensis) continues to expand globally. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), an important kind of microorganism closely related to soil fertility and plant nutrition, may influence the ecological risk of target lepidopteran pests in Bt crops. METHODS In this study, transgenic Bt maize (Line IE09S034 with Cry1Ie vs. its parental line of non-Bt maize cv. Xianyu335) was inoculated with a species of AMF, Glomus caledonium (GC). Its effects on the food utilization, reproduction and development of armyworm, Mythimna separata, were studied in a potted experiment from 2017 to 2018. RESULTS GC inoculation increased the AMF colonization of both modified and non-modified maize, and also increased the grain weight per plant and 1,000-grain weight of modified and non-modified maize. However, the cultivation of Bt maize did not significantly affect the AMF colonization. The feeding of M. separata with Bt maize resulted in a notable decrease in RCR (relative consumption rate), RGR (relative growth rate), AD (approximate digestibility), ECD (efficiency of conversion of digested food) and ECI (efficiency of conversion of ingested food) parameters in comparison to those observed in larvae fed with non-Bt maize in 2017 and 2018, regardless of GC inoculation. Furthermore, remarkable prolongation of larval life span and decreases in the rate of pupation, weight of pupa, rate of eclosion, fecundity and adult longevity of M. separata were observed in the Bt treatment regardless of GC inoculation during the two-year experiment. Also, when M. separata was fed with Bt maize, a significant prolongation of larval life and significant decreases in the pupal weight, fecundity and adult longevity of M. separata were observed when inoculated with GC. However, it was just the opposite for larvae fed with non-Bt maize that was inoculated with GC. The increased percentage of larval life-span, the decreased percentages of the food utilization, and the other indexes of reproduction, growth, and development of M. separata fed on Bt maize relative to non-Bt maize were all visibly lower when under GC inoculation in contrast to the CK. DISCUSSION It is presumed that Bt maize has a marked adverse impact on M. separata development, reproduction and feeding, especially when in combination with the GC inoculation. Additionally, GC inoculation favors the effectiveness of Bt maize against M. separata larvae by reducing their food utilization ability, which negatively affects the development and reproduction of the armyworm. Thus, Bt maize inoculated with AMF (here, GC) can reduce the severe threats arising of armyworms, and hence the AMF inoculation may play an important ecological functions in the field of Bt maize ecosystem, with potentially high control efficiency for the target lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Resistance to Herbivores in Tomato Plants with Reduced Jasmonic Acid Production. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi favor plant growth by improving nutrient acquisition, but also by increasing their resistance against abiotic and biotic stressors, including herbivory. Mechanisms of AM fungal mediated increased resistance include a direct effect of AM fungi on plant vigor, but also a manipulation of the hormonal cascades, such as the systemic activation of jasmonic acid (JA) dependent defenses. However, how AM fungal inoculation and variation in the endogenous JA production interact to produce increased resistance against insect herbivores remains to be further elucidated. To address this question, three genotypes of Solanum lycopersicum L., a JA-biosynthesis deficient mutant, a JA over-accumulating mutant, and their wild-type were either inoculated with AM fungi or left un-inoculated. Plant growth-related traits and resistance against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) caterpillars, a major crop pest, were measured. Overall, we found that deficiency in JA production reduced plant development and were the least resistant against S. littoralis. Moreover, AM fungi increased plant resistance against S. littoralis, but such beneficial effect was more pronounced in JA-deficient plant than on JA over-accumulating plants. These results highlight that AM fungi-driven increased plant resistance is negatively affected by the ability of plants to produce JA and that AM fungi complement JA-mediated endogenous plant defenses in this system.
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Senior JK, Potts BM, O'Reilly‐Wapstra JM, Bissett A, Wooliver RC, Bailey JK, Glen M, Schweitzer JA. Phylogenetic trait conservatism predicts patterns of plant‐soil feedback. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Senior
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7001Australia
- Institutionen för vilt fisk och miljö Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7001Australia
| | | | - Andrew Bissett
- Oceans and Atmosphere Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation HobartTAS 7001 Australia
| | - Rachel C. Wooliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Morag Glen
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of Tasmania Private Bag 54 HobartTAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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Hill EM, Robinson LA, Abdul-Sada A, Vanbergen AJ, Hodge A, Hartley SE. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Chemical Defence: Effects of Colonisation on Aboveground and Belowground Metabolomes. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:198-208. [PMID: 29392532 PMCID: PMC5843688 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonisation of plant roots is one of the most ancient and widespread interactions in ecology, yet the systemic consequences for plant secondary chemistry remain unclear. We performed the first metabolomic investigation into the impact of AMF colonisation by Rhizophagus irregularis on the chemical defences, spanning above- and below-ground tissues, in its host-plant ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). We used a non-targeted metabolomics approach to profile, and where possible identify, compounds induced by AMF colonisation in both roots and shoots. Metabolomics analyses revealed that 33 compounds were significantly increased in the root tissue of AMF colonised plants, including seven blumenols, plant-derived compounds known to be associated with AMF colonisation. One of these was a novel structure conjugated with a malonyl-sugar and uronic acid moiety, hitherto an unreported combination. Such structural modifications of blumenols could be significant for their previously reported functional roles associated with the establishment and maintenance of AM colonisation. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), key anti-herbivore defence compounds in ragwort, dominated the metabolomic profiles of root and shoot extracts. Analyses of the metabolomic profiles revealed an increase in four PAs in roots (but not shoots) of AMF colonised plants, with the potential to protect colonised plants from below-ground organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Lynne A Robinson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ali Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Adam J Vanbergen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
- York Environment and Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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11
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Tao L, Hunter MD, de Roode JC. Microbial Root Mutualists Affect the Predators and Pathogens of Herbivores above Ground: Mechanisms, Magnitudes, and Missing Links. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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12
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Rasmann S, Bennett A, Biere A, Karley A, Guerrieri E. Root symbionts: Powerful drivers of plant above- and belowground indirect defenses. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:947-960. [PMID: 28374534 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial mutualists of plants, including mycorrhizal fungi, non-mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, have been typically characterized for increasing nutrient acquisition and plant growth. More recently, soil microbes have also been shown to increase direct plant defense against above- and belowground herbivores. Plants, however, do not only rely on direct defenses when attacked, but they can also recruit pest antagonists such as predators and parasitoids, both above and belowground, mainly via the release of volatile organic compounds (i.e., indirect defenses). In this review, we illustrate the main features and effects of soil microbial mutualists of plants on plant indirect defenses and discuss possible applications within the framework of sustainable crop protection against root- and shoot-feeding arthropod pests. We indicate the main knowledge gaps and the future challenges to be addressed in the study and application of these multifaceted interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alison Bennett
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Arjen Biere
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alison Karley
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Portici, Italy
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13
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Biofertilizers and sustainable agriculture: exploring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4871-4881. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Taylor JD, Helgason T, Öpik M. Chapter 1 Molecular Community Ecology of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Mycology 2017. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315119496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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15
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Bennett JA, Maherali H, Reinhart KO, Lekberg Y, Hart MM, Klironomos J. Plant-soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal type influence temperate forest population dynamics. Science 2017; 355:181-184. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Huber M, Bont Z, Fricke J, Brillatz T, Aziz Z, Gershenzon J, Erb M. A below-ground herbivore shapes root defensive chemistry in natural plant populations. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160285. [PMID: 27009228 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants display extensive intraspecific variation in secondary metabolites. However, the selective forces shaping this diversity remain often unknown, especially below ground. Using Taraxacum officinale and its major native insect root herbivore Melolontha melolontha, we tested whether below-ground herbivores drive intraspecific variation in root secondary metabolites. We found that high M. melolontha infestation levels over recent decades are associated with high concentrations of major root latex secondary metabolites across 21 central European T. officinale field populations. By cultivating offspring of these populations, we show that both heritable variation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to the observed differences. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the production of the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) is costly in the absence, but beneficial in the presence of M. melolontha, resulting in divergent selection of TA-G. Our results highlight the role of soil-dwelling insects for the evolution of plant defences in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Huber
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zoe Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Fricke
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Théo Brillatz
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zohra Aziz
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Phylogeny Explains Variation in The Root Chemistry of Eucalyptus Species. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1086-1097. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Rasmann S, Turlings TC. Root signals that mediate mutualistic interactions in the rhizosphere. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:62-68. [PMID: 27393937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent boom in research on belowground ecology is rapidly revealing a multitude of fascinating interactions, in particular in the rhizosphere. Many of these interactions are mediated by photo-assimilates that are excreted by plant roots. Root exudates are not mere waste products, but serve numerous functions to control abiotic and biotic processes. These functions range from changing the chemical and physical properties of the soil, inhibiting the growth of competing plants, combatting herbivores, and regulating the microbial community. Particularly intriguing are root-released compounds that have evolved to serve mutualistic interactions with soil-dwelling organisms. These mutually beneficial plant-mediated signals are not only of fundamental ecological interest, but also exceedingly important from an agronomical perspective. Here, we attempt to provide an overview of the plant-produced compounds that have so far been implicated in mutualistic interactions. We propose that these mutualistic signals may have evolved from chemical defenses and we point out that they can be (mis)used by specialized pathogens and herbivores. We speculate that many more signals and interactions remain to be uncovered and that a good understanding of the mechanisms and ecological implications can be the basis for exploitation and manipulation of the signals for crop improvement and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ted Cj Turlings
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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19
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Abstract
Fungi are widespread in nature and have conquered nearly every ecological niche. Fungi occur not only in terrestrial but also in freshwater and marine environments. Moreover, fungi are known as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Despite these facts, the ecological role of many of these metabolites is still unknown and the chemical ecology of fungi has not been investigated systematically so far. This review intends to present examples of the various chemical interactions of fungi with other fungi, plants, bacteria and animals and to give an overview of the current knowledge of fungal chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2C, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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20
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Johnson SN, Rasmann S. Root-feeding insects and their interactions with organisms in the rhizosphere. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:517-35. [PMID: 25564744 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root-feeding insects are an increasingly studied group of herbivores whose impacts on plant productivity and ecosystem processes are widely recognized. Their belowground habitat has hitherto hindered our understanding of how they interact with other organisms that share the rhizosphere. A surge in research in this area has now shed light on these interactions. We review key interactions between root-feeding insects and other rhizospheric organisms, including beneficial plant microbes (mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria), antagonists/pathogens of root herbivores (arthropod predators, entomopathogenic nematodes/fungi, and bacterial pathogens), competitors, symbiotic microbes, and detritivores. Patterns for these interactions are emerging. The negative impacts of mycorrhizal fungi on root herbivores, for instance, raise the intriguing prospect that these fungi could be used for pest management. Moreover, a better understanding of symbiotic microbes in root herbivores, especially those underpinning digestion, could prove useful in industries such as biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia;
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21
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22
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Miller RE, Gleadow RM, Cavagnaro TR. Age versus stage: does ontogeny modify the effect of phosphorus and arbuscular mycorrhizas on above- and below-ground defence in forage sorghum? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:929-942. [PMID: 24118061 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) can increase plant acquisition of P and N. No published studies have investigated the impact of P and AM on the allocation of N to the plant defence, cyanogenic glucosides. We investigated the effects of soil P and AM on cyanogenic glucoside (dhurrin) concentration in roots and shoots of two forage sorghum lines differing in cyanogenic potential (HCNp). Two harvest times allowed plants grown at high and low P to be compared at the same age and the same size, to take account of known ontogenetic changes in shoot HCNp. P responses were dependent on ontogeny and tissue type. At the same age, P-limited plants were smaller and had higher shoot HCNp but lower root HCNp. Ontogenetically controlled comparisons showed a P effect of lesser magnitude, and that there was also an increase in the allocation of N to dhurrin in shoots of P-limited plants. Colonization by AM had little effect on shoot HCNp, but increased root HCNp and the allocation of N to dhurrin in roots. Divergent responses of roots and shoots to P, AM and with ontogeny demonstrate the importance of broadening the predominantly foliar focus of plant defence studies/theory, and of ontogenetically controlled comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Miller
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne Burnley Campus, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
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23
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Redondo-Gómez S, Petenello MC, Feldman SR. Growth, nutrient status, and photosynthetic response to diesel-contaminated soil of a cordgrass, Spartina argentinensis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 79:34-38. [PMID: 24462235 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conduced to investigate the tolerance limits of Spartina argentinensis, which occurs in inland marshes of the Chaco-Pampean regions of Argentina, to diesel-contaminated soil. A glasshouse experiment was designed to investigate the effect of diesel fuel from 0% to 3% on growth and photosynthetic apparatus of S. densiflora by measuring gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments. We also performed chemical analysis of plant samples, and determined mycorrhizal index. Tiller and root biomasses declined with increasing diesel fuel concentration, as well as photosynthetic rate (A). Reductions in A could be accounted for by non-stomatal limitations. Mycorrhizal roots of S. argentinensis were reduced by the presence of diesel fuel, but did not affect its nutritional status; in fact, most element concentrations increased with diesel contamination. Despite the negative effect of diesel-contaminated soil, S. argentinensis continued growing, which could be useful management options for phytorremediation of diesel-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Redondo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María C Petenello
- Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y CIUNR, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Susana R Feldman
- Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y CIUNR, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
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25
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Vannette RL, Hunter MD, Rasmann S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter above- and below-ground chemical defense expression differentially among Asclepias species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:361. [PMID: 24065971 PMCID: PMC3776932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Below-ground (BG) symbionts of plants can have substantial influence on plant growth and nutrition. Recent work demonstrates that mycorrhizal fungi can affect plant resistance to herbivory and the performance of above- (AG) and BG herbivores. Although these examples emerge from diverse systems, it is unclear if plant species that express similar defensive traits respond similarly to fungal colonization, but comparative work may inform this question. To examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the expression of chemical resistance, we inoculated 8 species of Asclepias (milkweed)-which all produce toxic cardenolides-with a community of AMF. We quantified plant biomass, foliar and root cardenolide concentration and composition, and assessed evidence for a growth-defense tradeoff in the presence and absence of AMF. As expected, total foliar and root cardenolide concentration varied among milkweed species. Importantly, the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on total foliar cardenolide concentration also varied among milkweed species, with foliar cardenolides increasing or decreasing, depending on the plant species. We detected a phylogenetic signal to this variation; AMF fungi reduced foliar cardenolide concentrations to a greater extent in the clade including A. curassavica than in the clade including A. syriaca. Moreover, AMF inoculation shifted the composition of cardenolides in AG and BG plant tissues in a species-specific fashion. Mycorrhizal inoculation changed the relative distribution of cardenolides between root and shoot tissue in a species-specific fashion, but did not affect cardenolide diversity or polarity. Finally, a tradeoff between plant growth and defense in non-mycorrhizal plants was mitigated completely by AMF inoculation. Overall, we conclude that the effects of AMF inoculation on the expression of chemical resistance can vary among congeneric plant species, and ameliorate tradeoffs between growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Vannette
- Biology Department, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark D. Hunter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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Barber NA, Kiers ET, Hazzard RV, Adler LS. Context-dependency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant-insect interactions in an agroecosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:338. [PMID: 24046771 PMCID: PMC3763484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with a variety of other community members that have the potential to indirectly influence each other through a shared host plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally considered plant mutualists because of their generally positive effects on plant nutrient status and growth. AMF may also have important indirect effects on plants by altering interactions with other community members. By influencing plant traits, AMF can modify aboveground interactions with both mutualists, such as pollinators, and antagonists, such as herbivores. Because herbivory and pollination can dramatically influence plant fitness, comprehensive assessment of plant-AMF interactions should include these indirect effects. To determine how AMF affect plant-insect interactions, we grew Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae) under five AMF inoculum treatments and control. We measured plant growth, floral production, flower size, and foliar nutrient content of half the plants, and transferred the other half to a field setting to measure pollinator and herbivore preference of wild insects. Mycorrhizal treatment had no effect on plant biomass or floral traits but significantly affected leaf nutrients, pollinator behavior, and herbivore attack. Although total pollinator visitation did not vary with AMF treatment, pollinators exhibited taxon-specific responses, with honey bees, bumble bees, and Lepidoptera all responding differently to AMF treatments. Flower number and size were unaffected by treatments, suggesting that differences in pollinator preference were driven by other floral traits. Mycorrhizae influenced leaf K and Na, but these differences in leaf nutrients did not correspond to variation in herbivore attack. Overall, we found that AMF indirectly influence both antagonistic and mutualistic insects, but impacts depend on the identity of both the fungal partner and the interacting insect, underscoring the context-dependency of plant-AMF interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalb, IL, USA
- Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalb, IL, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts–AmherstAmherst, MA, USA
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruth V. Hazzard
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts–AmherstAmherst, MA, USA
| | - Lynn S. Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts–AmherstAmherst, MA, USA
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