1
|
The First Identification of Nanobacteria-Like Structures in Vascular Plaques of Atherosclerosis Patients in Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.82826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
2
|
Xu X, Lai Y, Zhou W, Wu L, Hua Z. Quantification of a cell culture contaminant using 16S rDNA. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:815-822. [PMID: 31197845 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identified a "black dot"-like cell culture contaminant as a species belonging to the genus of Pusillimonas using 16S rDNA sequencing. Among all antibiotics tested, a combinatorial treatment of ampicillin and gentamicin both at 100 µg/mL was able to eliminate this contaminant. The contaminant was then visualized by fluorescence microscopy using propidium iodide staining and was found inside the cytosol of contaminated A549 cells. To characterize the efficacy of antibiotics for contaminant removal, we devised a quantitative method to determine the average number of 16S rDNA copies associated with a single A549 cell, which is directly proportional to the average number of contaminant per A549 cell. By using primers specific to the 16S rDNA sequence of the contaminant, we were able to estimate contaminants per single contaminated cell using both qPCR-based relative and absolute quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Xu
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyang Lai
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leyang Wu
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichun Hua
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sardarabadi H, Mashreghi M, Jamialahmadi K, Matin MM, Darroudi M. Selenium nanoparticle as a bright promising anti-nanobacterial agent. Microb Pathog 2019; 126:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
4
|
Yaghobee S, Bayani M, Samiei N, Jahedmanesh N. What are the nanobacteria? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
|
5
|
Martel J, Peng HH, Young D, Wu CY, Young JD. Of nanobacteria, nanoparticles, biofilms and their role in health and disease: facts, fancy and future. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:483-99. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobacteria have been at the center of a major scientific controversy in recent years owing to claims that they represent not only the smallest living microorganisms on earth but also new emerging pathogens associated with several human diseases. We and others have carefully examined these claims and concluded that nanobacteria are in fact nonliving mineralo-organic nanoparticles (NPs) that form spontaneously in body fluids. We have shown that these mineral particles possess intriguing biomimetic properties that include the formation of cell- and tissue-like morphologies and the possibility to grow, proliferate and propagate by subculture. Similar mineral NPs (bions) have now been found in both physiological and pathological calcification processes and they appear to represent precursors of physiological calcification cycles, which may at times go awry in disease conditions. Furthermore, by functioning at the nanoscale, these mineralo-organic NPs or bions may shed light on the fate of nanomaterials in the body, from both nanotoxicological and nanopathological perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Primordia Institute of New Sciences & Medicine, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei 24301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alenazy MS, Mosadomi HA. Clinical implications of calcifying nanoparticles in dental diseases: a critical review. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 9:27-31. [PMID: 24376354 PMCID: PMC3865087 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unknown cell-culture contaminants were described by Kajander and Ciftçioğlu in 1998. These contaminants were called nanobacteria initially and later calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs). Their exact nature is unclear and controversial. CNPs have unique and unusual characteristics, which preclude placing them into any established evolutionary branch of life. AIM The aim of this systematic review was to assess published data concerning CNPs since 1998 in general and in relation to dental diseases in particular. MATERIALS AND METHODS The National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) electronic and manual searches were conducted. Nanobacteria and calcifying nanoparticles were used as keywords. The search yielded 135 full-length papers. Further screening of the titles and abstracts that followed the review criteria resulted in 43 papers that met the study aim. CONCLUSION The review showed that the existence of nanobacteria is still controversial. Some investigators have described a possible involvement of CNPs in pulpal and salivary gland calcifications, as well as the possible therapeutic use of CNPs in the treatment of cracked and/or eroded teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alenazy
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hezekiah A Mosadomi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salmons NA. Widespread Psammoma Body Formation Arising in the Background of a Uterine Serous Carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2013; 22:83-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896913510026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This report highlights a very rare phenomenon of widespread psammomatous calcification without accompanying epithelium, present in the background of a uterine serous carcinoma. Psammomatous calcification is associated with benign and malignant pathology in different organ systems including the gynaecological tract.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu CY, Young L, Young D, Martel J, Young JD. Bions: a family of biomimetic mineralo-organic complexes derived from biological fluids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75501. [PMID: 24086546 PMCID: PMC3783384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralo-organic nanoparticles form spontaneously in human body fluids when the concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions exceed saturation. We have shown previously that these mineralo-organic nanoparticles possess biomimetic properties and can reproduce the whole phenomenology of the so-called nanobacteria-mineralized entities initially described as the smallest microorganisms on earth. Here, we examine the possibility that various charged elements and ions may form mineral nanoparticles with similar properties in biological fluids. Remarkably, all the elements tested, including sodium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, and barium form mineralo-organic particles with bacteria-like morphologies and other complex shapes following precipitation with phosphate in body fluids. Upon formation, these mineralo-organic particles, which we term bions, invariably accumulate carbonate apatite during incubation in biological fluids; yet, the particles also incorporate additional elements and thus reflect the ionic milieu in which they form. Bions initially harbor an amorphous mineral phase that gradually converts to crystals in culture. Our results show that serum produces a dual inhibition-seeding effect on bion formation. Using a comprehensive proteomic analysis, we identify a wide range of proteins that bind to these mineral particles during incubation in medium containing serum. The two main binding proteins identified, albumin and fetuin-A, act as both inhibitors and seeders of bions in culture. Notably, bions possess several biomimetic properties, including the possibility to increase in size and number and to be sub-cultured in fresh culture medium. Based on these results, we propose that bions represent biological, mineralo-organic particles that may form in the body under both physiological and pathological homeostasis conditions. These mineralo-organic particles may be part of a physiological cycle that regulates the function, transport and disposal of elements and minerals in the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lena Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - John D. Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis of immunoglobulin light-chain immunoreactive amyloid in psammoma bodies of the human choroid plexus. Anat Sci Int 2013; 89:71-8. [PMID: 23996683 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-013-0201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to establish the presence of amyloid and to quantify immunohistochemical reactions of kappa and lambda light chains of psammoma bodies of the choroid plexus. Choroid plexus tissue obtained from 14 right lateral ventricles postmortem was processed histologically and stained with Congo red, thioflavin T, and monoclonal antibodies for kappa and lambda light chains. Morphological analysis was performed with a light microscope at lens magnifications of 4×, 10×, 20×, 25×, and 40×. The morphometric characteristics of psammoma bodies that were kappa and lambda positive and negative were analyzed with ImageJ. Histological analysis showed that the psammoma bodies, stromal blood vessel walls, and some epithelial cells reacted positively with Congo red and thioflavin T. Psammoma bodies were predominantly positive for lambda light chains. Lambda positivity was detected inside some stromal blood vessels, which pointed to a probable systemic origin for these light chains. Morphometric analysis showed that the mean optical densities of lambda- and kappa-positive psammoma bodies were significantly higher than those that gave a negative reaction. The percentage of lambda-positive psammoma bodies was significantly higher than the percentage of lambda-negative psammoma bodies in 80% of the cases, while the reaction with kappa light chains was negative in the majority of the cases. Linear regression analysis showed a significant increase in the percentage of lambda-positive psammoma bodies and their mean optical density with age. Finally, it can be concluded that the positive reaction of psammoma bodies in the choroid plexus with respect to amyloid and lambda light chains may point to the presence of light-chain amyloid in their structures.
Collapse
|
10
|
A silicon cell cycle in a bacterial model of calcium phosphate mineralogenesis. Micron 2012; 44:419-32. [PMID: 23098642 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prokaryote Corynebacterium matruchotii produces calcium phosphate (bone salt) and may serve as a convenient model for examining individual factors relevant to vertebrate calcification. A factor of current clinical uncertainty is silicon. To investigate its possible role in biomineralisation advanced optical (digital deconvolution and 3D fluorescent image rendering) and electron microscopy (EDX microanalysis and elemental mapping) were applied to calcifying microbial colonies grown in graded Si concentrations (0-60mM). Cell viability was confirmed throughout by TO-PRO-3-iodide and SYTO-9 nucleic acid staining. It was observed that calcium accumulated in dense intracellular microspherical objects (types i-iii) as nanoparticles (5 nm, type i), nanospheres (30-50 nm, type ii) and filamentous clusters (0.1-0.5 μm, type iii), with a regular transitory Si content evident. With bacterial colony development (7-28 days) the P content increased from 5 to 60%, while Si was displaced from 60 to 5%, distinguishing the phenomenon from random contamination, and with a significant relationship (p<0.001) found between calcified object number and Si supplementation (optimum 0.01mM). The Si-containing, intracellular calcified objects (also positive for Mg and negative with Lysensor blue DND-167 for acidocalcisomes) were extruded naturally in bubble-like chains to complete the cycle by coating the cell surface with discrete mineral particles. These could be harvested by lysis, French press and density fractionation when Si was confirmed in a proportion. It was concluded that the unexplained orthopaedic activity of Si may derive from its special property to facilitate calcium phosphorylation in biological systems, thereby recapitulating an ancient and conserved bacterial cycle of calcification via silicification.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hemoglobin aggregates studied under static and dynamic conditions involving the formation of nanobacteria-like structures. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2012; 62:201-9. [PMID: 22750818 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-012-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Laser light scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to study hemoglobin in the aqueous phase. The impact that salts [NaCl, Ca₃(PO₄)₂] and iron oxide nanoparticles have on the hemoglobin size are also studied. The first set of experiments examined hemoglobin aggregates in the aqueous phases in the presence of salts and nanoparticles. Aqueous phase samples were then dehydrated and examined using SEM. The resulting structures resemble those observed in nanobacteria studies conducted in other labs. This study demonstrates that aggregates of hemoglobin and various salts found in a physiological environment can produce structures that resemble nanobacteria.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu H, Guo YN, Liu SN, Zhu H, Zhang DC. Isolation, cultivation and identification of nanobacteria from placental calcification. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2182-5. [PMID: 22524984 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.684106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The etiology of placental calcification (PC) is lack of research. To detect the bacterial infection mechanisms for PC, the experiment of isolating, culturing and identifying the nanobacteria in PC was done. METHOD The calcified placental tissues from 18 confirmed PC cases with normal placental tissue samples from 18 cases were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), special nanobacterial culture methods, and identification of 16S rRNA sequence. RESULT Under transmission electron microscope (TEM), Nanobacteria-like particles (NLP) in extra-cellular matrix (ECM) of calcified placental tissues were found, they were 50-500 nm in diameter, existed aggregation, among hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals. Isolation and culture of NLP from the calcified tissues with methods described for nanobacteria were successful. All calcified placental tissue samples showed white granular deposition, which were firmly attached to the bottom of the culture tubes visible to the naked eyes. In the control group they could not be seen. According to 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis and was amplified adopting PCR and obtained 1407 bp fragment. Submit to GenBank after sequencing with accession number JN029830. CONCLUSION Indicating that nanobacteria infection is related with placental calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chong Qing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo Y, Zhang D, Lu H, Luo S, Shen X. Association between calcifying nanoparticles and placental calcification. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1679-86. [PMID: 22615531 PMCID: PMC3357051 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the possible contribution of calcifying nanoparticles to the pathogenesis of placental calcification. METHODS Calcified placental tissues and distal tissue samples were collected from 36 confirmed placental calcification cases. In addition, 20 normal placental tissue samples were obtained as a control group. All the tissue samples were cultured using special nanobacterial culture methods. The cultured calcifying nanoparticles were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their growth was monitored by optical density (OD) at a wavelength of 650 nm. 16S rRNA gene expression of the cultured calcifying nanoparticles was also isolated and sequenced. RESULTS Novel calcifying nanoparticles wrapped with electron-dense shells between 50 nm to 500 nm in diameter were observed in the extracellular matrix of calcified placental tissues. They were detected in placental villi and hydroxyapatite crystals, and contained "nucleic acid-like materials". After isolation and four weeks of culture, 28 of 36 calcified placental tissue samples showed white granular precipitates attached to the bottom of the culture tubes. OD(650) measurements indicated that the precipitates from the calcified placental tissues were able to grow in culture, whereas no such precipitates from the control tissues were observed. The 16S rRNA genes were isolated from the cultured calcifying nanoparticles and calcified placental tissues, and their gene sequencing results implied that calcifying nanoparticles were novel nanobacteria (GenBank JF823648). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that these novel calcifying nanoparticles may play a role in placental calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Molecular Medicine and Tumor Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kutikhin AG, Brusina EB, Yuzhalin AE. The role of calcifying nanoparticles in biology and medicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:339-50. [PMID: 22287843 PMCID: PMC3266001 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs) (nanobacteria, nanobacteria-like particles, nanobes) were discovered over 25 years ago; nevertheless, their nature is still obscure. To date, nobody has been successful in credibly determining whether they are the smallest self-replicating life form on Earth, or whether they represent mineralo-protein complexes without any relation to living organisms. Proponents of both theories have a number of arguments in favor of the validity of their hypotheses. However, after epistemological analysis carried out in this review, all arguments used by proponents of the theory about the physicochemical model of CNP formation may be refuted on the basis of the performed investigations, and therefore published data suggest a biological nature of CNPs. The only obstacle to establish CNPs as living organisms is the absence of a fairly accurately sequenced genome at the present time. Moreover, it is clear that CNPs play an important role in etiopathogenesis of many diseases, and this association is independent from their nature. Consequently, emergence of CNPs in an organism is a pathological, not a physiological, process. The classification and new directions of further investigations devoted to the role of CNPs in biology and medicine are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Epidemiology, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russian Federation.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takahashi T, Hatakeyama S, Machida T. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with psammomatous calcification: report of a case with immunohistochemical study for bone morphogenetic protein. Pathol Int 2011; 61:603-7. [PMID: 21951671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with psammomatous calcification. A 57-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of abdominal pain and vomiting. Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas was diagnosed based on precise clinical examinations. A subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was subsequently performed. Histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma composed of irregular tubular structures involving the head of the pancreas. Conspicuously, numerous tiny psammomatous-type calcifications were observed, mainly within the neoplastic lumen, but also in association with carcinoma cells that had infiltrated the lymphatics and lymph nodes. In addition, expression of bone morphogenetic protein, cartilage and bone-inducing factor cloned from demineralized bone matrix and the transforming growth factor-β subfamily was immunohistochemically examined for carcinoma cells. Reactivity for multiple kinds of bone morphogenetic protein (types 5, 6 and 7) was identified in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells. Psammoma body formation is an unusual event in invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, with only one similar case previously reported in the English literature. We also discuss the formation of psammomatous calcifications by pancreatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Departments of Pathology Internal Medicine, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo Department of Oral Pathology, School of Density, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumon H, Matsumoto A, Uehara S, Abarzua F, Araki M, Tsutsui K, Tomochika KI. Detection and isolation of nanobacteria-like particles from urinary stones: long-withheld data. Int J Urol 2011; 18:458-65. [PMID: 21488976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report our experimental results on detection and isolation of nanobacteria-like particles (NLP) from urinary stone samples. METHODS From March 2001 to August 2003, 47 urinary stone samples from Japanese patients and 18 from Paraguayan patients were collected and used for compositional analysis, direct survey of NLP by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their cultural isolation. For the isolation, culturing was carried out using strict aseptic techniques. Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium with 10% gamma-irradiated fetal bovine serum was used based on the original method described by Kajander and Ciftçioglu. RESULTS Positive NLP detection rates for Japanese and Paraguayan patient samples were 61.7% (29/47) and 66.7% (12/18), respectively. Positive NLP isolation rates for Japanese patient samples were 20.6% (7/34) and 20.0% (2/10) for Paraguayan patient samples. In the initial isolation, markedly different periods of incubation time were needed for each of the nine cases (6-220 days; median 36 days). Positive detection and isolation were obtained in stone samples with or without calcium phosphate. Growth modes and morphogenesis of NLP were divided into two phases; rod-shaped NLP was detected mainly as a floating form growing in culture medium and spherical NLP with a characteristic apatite shell was detected as an attached form growing on the surface of culture dishes. CONCLUSIONS Lifeless calcifying nanoparticles can be isolated from various human urinary stones, cultured in cell culture mediums and show two characteristic growth phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kumon
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim TH, Kim HR, Myung SC. Detection of nanobacteria in patients with chronic prostatitis and vaginitis by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Korean J Urol 2011; 52:194-9. [PMID: 21461284 PMCID: PMC3065132 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2011.52.3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the detection of nanobacteria (NB) from expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) in patients with category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and from vaginal swabs in patients with vaginitis by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and to evaluate the association between NB and Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum), Mycoplasma hominis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. MATERIALS AND METHODS A group of 11 men attending a specialized CP/CPPS clinic and a group of 157 women who reported symptoms of lower genital tract infection were enrolled in this study. NB were detected by RT-PCR. A Seeplex Sexually Transmitted Disease Detection assay (Seegene Inc., Seoul, Korea) was used that could detect DNA for 6 types of sexually transmitted pathogens. RESULTS In EPS samples, the detection rate of NB in patients with CP/CPPS was 9.1%, and 9 (5.7%) of 157 vaginitis patients showed positive results in RT-PCR for NB in vaginal swabs. Associations observed among the 7 microorganisms included 6 (54.5%) patients who tested positive on EPS and 75 (47.8%) patients who tested positive on vaginal swabs. Five patients with vaginitis were found to have monoinfection of NB (6.7%). CONCLUSIONS We found that conventional RT-PCR for NB was rapid, simple, low in cost, and easily available for the detection of NB, and that NB may be a possible etiological factor for vaginitis and CP/CPPS. The prevalence of U. urealyticum among the four patients with NB coinfection was 75%; the presence of U. urealyticum might therefore raise suspicion for nanobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
EL-Sooud KA, Hashem M, Ramadan A, EL-Aty AA, Awadallaha KY, Gab-Allaha A. Research Strategies for Treatment of Nanobacteria. INSIGHT NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 1:1-8. [DOI: 10.5567/inano-ik.2011.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
19
|
Pasquinelli G, Papadopulos F, Nigro M. Nanobacteria and Psammoma Bodies: Ultrastructural Observations in a Case of Pathological Placental Calcification. Ultrastruct Pathol 2010; 34:344-50. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2010.504323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
20
|
Psammoma bodies – Friends or foes of the aging choroid plexus. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:1017-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
21
|
Ciftçioğlu N, McKay DS. Pathological calcification and replicating calcifying-nanoparticles: general approach and correlation. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:490-9. [PMID: 20094006 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181d476ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcification, a phenomenon often regarded by pathologists little more than evidence of cell death, is becoming recognized to be important in the dynamics of a variety of diseases from which millions of beings suffer in all ages. In calcification, all that is needed for crystal formation to start is nidi (nuclei) and an environment of available dissolved components at or near saturation concentrations, along with the absence of inhibitors for crystal formation. Calcifying nanoparticles (CNP) are the first calcium phosphate mineral containing particles isolated from human blood and were detected in numerous pathologic calcification related diseases. Controversy and critical role of CNP as nidi and triggering factor in human pathologic calcification are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neva Ciftçioğlu
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science [N.C., D.S.M.], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang SM, Tian F, Jiang XQ, Li J, Xu C, Guo XK, Zhang FQ. Evidence for calcifying nanoparticles in gingival crevicular fluid and dental calculus in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1462-70. [PMID: 19722797 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs), also known as nanobacteria, can produce carbonate apatite on their cell walls and initiate pathologic calcification. The objective of this study was to determine whether CNPs are present in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from subjects with periodontal disease and whether they can induce the pathologic calcification of primary cultured human gingival epithelial cells. METHODS GCF and dental calculus samples were collected from 10 subjects with gingivitis and 10 subjects with chronic periodontitis. CNPs in GCF and calculus filtrates were detected with nanocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The CNPs in cultures of dental calculus filtrates were also identified using immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and chemical analysis. Pathologic changes in the CNP-treated gingival epithelial cells were observed with TEM, alizarin red staining, and disk-scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS CNPs were found in GCF samples from two subjects with chronic periodontitis. Based on chemical analysis, the surface-associated material from CNPs isolated and cultured from calculus has a composition similar to dental calculus. The pathologic calcification of CNP-treated gingival epithelial cells was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Self-replicating calcifying nanoparticles can be cultured and identified from dental calculus. This raises the issue of whether CNPs contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Mei Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu CY, Martel J, Young D, Young JD. Fetuin-A/albumin-mineral complexes resembling serum calcium granules and putative nanobacteria: demonstration of a dual inhibition-seeding concept. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8058. [PMID: 19956594 PMCID: PMC2779105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum-derived granulations and purported nanobacteria (NB) are pleomorphic apatite structures shown to resemble calcium granules widely distributed in nature. They appear to be assembled through a dual inhibitory-seeding mechanism involving proteinaceous factors, as determined by protease (trypsin and chymotrypsin) and heat inactivation studies. When inoculated into cell culture medium, the purified proteins fetuin-A and albumin fail to induce mineralization, but they will readily combine with exogenously added calcium and phosphate, even in submillimolar amounts, to form complexes that will undergo morphological transitions from nanoparticles to spindles, films, and aggregates. As a mineralization inhibitor, fetuin-A is much more potent than albumin, and it will only seed particles at higher mineral-to-protein concentrations. Both proteins display a bell-shaped, dose-dependent relationship, indicative of the same dual inhibitory-seeding mechanism seen with whole serum. As ascertained by both seeding experiments and gel electrophoresis, fetuin-A is not only more dominant but it appears to compete avidly for nanoparticle binding at the expense of albumin. The nanoparticles formed in the presence of fetuin-A are smaller than their albumin counterparts, and they have a greater tendency to display a multi-layered ring morphology. In comparison, the particles seeded by albumin appear mostly incomplete, with single walls. Chemically, spectroscopically, and morphologically, the protein-mineral particles resemble closely serum granules and NB. These particles are thus seen to undergo an amorphous to crystalline transformation, the kinetics and completeness of which depend on the protein-to-mineral ratios, with low ratios favoring faster conversion to crystals. Our results point to a dual inhibitory-seeding, de-repression model for the assembly of particles in supersaturated solutions like serum. The presence of proteins and other inhibitory factors tend to block apatite nuclei formation or to stabilize the nascent nuclei as amorphous or semi-crystalline spherical nanoparticles, until the same inhibitory influences are overwhelmed or de-repressed, whereby the apatite nuclei grow in size to coalesce into crystalline spindles and films-a mechanism that may explain not only the formation of calcium granules in nature but also normal or ectopic calcification in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John D. Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Mingchi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pillai KR, Sujathan K, Mani KS, Jayalal KS, Somanathan T. Psammoma bodies in cervical smear in association with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of cervix: A case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2009; 37:450-4. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Jing J, Lu J, Hao Y, Han Y. Nanobacteria's potential involvement in enamel repair in caries. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:359-60. [PMID: 19409717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is the accumulation of numerous episodes of demineralization and remineralization, rather than a unidirectional demineralization process. Demineralization and remineralization occur constantly either simultaneously or alternately and whether a lesion will progress or be repaired depends upon the predominant process over periods. Even if fluoride has demonstrated the anti-caries effect by shifting the demineralization/remineralization balance favorably, little is known about non-fluoride action in favor of the balance and the effect of fluoride could not fully explain enamel repair in caries. Recently, in vitro experiments demonstrated enamel repair by synthetic apatite nanocrystals which showed the strong affinity, excellent biocompatibility, mechanical improvement, and a higher resistance to acids than apatite from teeth. This reminds us of a controversial microorganism called nanobacteria (NB) which form nanocrystalline apatite around themselves. Although NB have been detected in some pathological calcifications, epidemiologic literature suggests that they are widespread present in the healthy people blood. Considering the similarity of synthetic nanocrystalline apatite to that of NB and blood circulation communicating with saliva, we put forward a hypothesis that NB may act in enamel surface just like what the synthetic nanocrystalline apatite does in vitro to repair enamel in caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Young JD, Martel J, Young L, Wu CY, Young A, Young D. Putative nanobacteria represent physiological remnants and culture by-products of normal calcium homeostasis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4417. [PMID: 19198665 PMCID: PMC2636888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Putative living entities called nanobacteria (NB) are unusual for their small sizes (50-500 nm), pleomorphic nature, and accumulation of hydroxyapatite (HAP), and have been implicated in numerous diseases involving extraskeletal calcification. By adding precipitating ions to cell culture medium containing serum, mineral nanoparticles are generated that are morphologically and chemically identical to the so-called NB. These nanoparticles are shown here to be formed of amorphous mineral complexes containing calcium as well as other ions like carbonate, which then rapidly acquire phosphate, forming HAP. The main constituent proteins of serum-derived NB are albumin, fetuin-A, and apolipoprotein A1, but their involvement appears circumstantial since so-called NB from different body fluids harbor other proteins. Accordingly, by passage through various culture media, the protein composition of these particles can be modulated. Immunoblotting experiments reveal that antibodies deemed specific for NB react in fact with either albumin, fetuin-A, or both, indicating that previous studies using these reagents may have detected these serum proteins from the same as well as different species, with human tissue nanoparticles presumably absorbing bovine serum antigens from the culture medium. Both fetal bovine serum and human serum, used earlier by other investigators as sources of NB, paradoxically inhibit the formation of these entities, and this inhibition is trypsin-sensitive, indicating a role for proteins in this inhibitory process. Fetuin-A, and to a lesser degree albumin, inhibit nanoparticle formation, an inhibition that is overcome with time, ending with formation of the so-called NB. Together, these data demonstrate that NB are most likely formed by calcium or apatite crystallization inhibitors that are somehow overwhelmed by excess calcium or calcium phosphate found in culture medium or in body fluids, thereby becoming seeds for calcification. The structures described earlier as NB may thus represent remnants and by-products of physiological mechanisms used for calcium homeostasis, a concept which explains the vast body of NB literature as well as explains the true origin of NB as lifeless protein-mineralo entities with questionable role in pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jelic TM, Roque R, Yasar U, Tomchin SB, Serrato JM, Deem SG, Tierney JP, Chang HH. Calcifying nanoparticles associated encrusted urinary bladder cystitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2008; 3:385-90. [PMID: 18990947 PMCID: PMC2626932 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Encrusted cystitis is a subtype of chronic cystitis characterized by multiple calcifications in the form of plaques located in the interstitium of the urinary bladder mucosa and frequently associated with mucosal ulcers. It is a very rare disease of controversial etiology. Our transmission electron microscopy of the calcified plaques of encrusted cystitis has revealed that the smallest formed particles (elementary units) of these calcifications are electron-dense shells surrounding an electron lucent core, diagnostic of calcifying nanoparticles (previously called nanobacteria). We pioneer the notion that calcifying nanoparticles are the causative agents of encrusted urinary bladder cystitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav M Jelic
- Department of Pathology, CAMC, Memorial Hospital, 3200 MacCorkle Avenue, Charleston, WV 25304, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou Z, Hong L, Shen X, Rao X, Jin X, Lu G, Li L, Xiong E, Li W, Zhang J, Chen Z, Pan J, Song B. Detection of nanobacteria infection in type III prostatitis. Urology 2008; 71:1091-5. [PMID: 18538692 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between nanobacterial infection and type III prostatitis. The etiology of type III prostatitis remains unclear to date, although the recently discovered nanobacteria (NB) have been implicated in this disease. METHODS A total of 48 patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome for whom conventional therapy had failed were selected and randomly divided into two groups, one receiving anti-NB treatment and the other receiving a placebo. The NB were isolated and cultured from expressed prostatic secretions and urine samples before and after treatment. The morphologic features were recorded and 16s rRNA gene expression was determined. The curative effect was evaluated by the NB-positive rate and symptomatic changes using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. RESULTS After anti-NB treatment, the NB-positive rates had decreased from 62.5% to 16.7% in the expressed prostatic secretions and from 12.5% to 0% in the urine samples after prostatic massage (P <0.001). In the patients receiving a placebo, the positive rates had no obvious change in either the expressed prostatic secretions or the urine samples after prostatic massage (P >0.05). The NB were coccoid or coccobacillary and clustered in a diameter of 100 to 500 nm. The BLAST result revealed that the 16s rRNA gene sequence from the NB in the patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome was 97%, similar to that of the known NB with identity (97%). After anti-NB treatment, the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index scores decreased significantly. In contrast, no change in the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index scores was seen after placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study have shown that nanobacterial infection might be an important etiologic factor of type III prostatitis. Anti-NB treatment could be an effective therapy against refractory type III prostatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhansong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ciftçioğlu N, Vejdani K, Lee O, Mathew G, Aho KM, Kajander EO, McKay DS, Jones JA, Stoller ML. Association between Randall's plaque and calcifying nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2008; 3:105-15. [PMID: 18488421 PMCID: PMC2526355 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Randall initially described calcified subepithelial papillary plaques, which he hypothesized as nidi for urinary calculi. The discovery of calcifying nanoparticles (CNP), also referred to as nanobacteria, in calcified soft tissues has raised another hypothesis about their possible involvement in urinary stone formation. This research is the first attempt to investigate the potential association of these two hypotheses. Methods We collected renal papilla and blood samples from 17 human patients who had undergone laparoscopic nephrectomy. Immunohistochemical staining (IHS) was applied using monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CNP. Homogenized papillary tissues and serum samples were cultured for CNP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed on papillary samples. Serum samples were tested for CNP antigen and antibody with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Randall’s plaques (RP) were visible on gross inspection in 11 out of 17 samples. IHS was positive for CNP antigen in 8 of the visually positive samples, but in only 1 of the remaining samples. SEM revealed spherical apatite-formations in 14 samples confirmed by EDS analysis. In cultures, all serum samples and 13 tissue homogenates grew CNP. In ELISA, 14 samples were positive for CNP-antigen and 11 samples were positive for CNP-antibody. Conclusion There was evidence of a link between detection of CNP and presence of RP. Although causality was not demonstrated, these results suggest that further studies with negative control samples should be made to explore the etiology of RP formation, thus leading to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of stone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neva Ciftçioğlu
- Nanobac Pharmaceuticals, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Purported nanobacteria in human blood as calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5549-54. [PMID: 18385376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711744105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a role for nanobacteria in a growing number of human diseases, including renal stone formation, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This large body of research studies promotes the view that nanobacteria are not only alive but that they are associated with disease pathogenesis. However, it is still unclear whether they represent novel life forms, overlooked nanometer-size bacteria, or some other primitive self-replicating microorganisms. Here, we report that CaCO(3) precipitates prepared in vitro are remarkably similar to purported nanobacteria in terms of their uniformly sized, membrane-delineated vesicular shapes, with cellular division-like formations and aggregations in the form of colonies. The gradual appearance of nanobacteria-like particles in incubated human serum as well as the changes seen with their size and shape can be influenced and explained by introducing varying levels of CO(2) and NaHCO(3) as well as other conditions known to influence the precipitation of CaCO(3). Western blotting reveals that the monoclonal antibodies, claimed to be specific for nanobacteria, react in fact with serum albumin. Furthermore, nanobacteria-like particles obtained from human blood are able to withstand high doses of gamma-irradiation up to 30 kGy, and no bacterial DNA is found by performing broad-range PCR amplifications. Collectively, our results provide a more plausible abiotic explanation for the unusual properties of purported nanobacteria.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rao P, Lyons B. Pure mucinous carcinoma of the breast with extensive psammomatous calcification. Histopathology 2008; 52:650-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.02972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
32
|
Demir T. Is there any relation of nanobacteria with periodontal diseases? Med Hypotheses 2007; 70:36-9. [PMID: 17587506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, have been described as inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth. The main cause of periodontal disease is dental plaque. If dental plaque is not eliminated of dental surface, mineralized dental plaque (calculus) occur. The mineralization process of calculus is similar to that of other ectopic calcifications, such as kidney stones and gallstones. The presence of a certain type of microorganism discovered during the last decade in various pathogenic calcification such as renal stones, atherosclerotic plaques. This microorganism is nanobacterium that has unique characteristics in different regards. Nanobacteria appear as self-propagating calcifying macro-molecular complexes found in bovine and human blood and blood products. The fact that nanobacteria is present in various pathogenic calcification incidences in the body and that it is responsible for the formation of calcification may remind us the hypothesis that it may be present in dental calculus which has a similar mineralization formation process and that it may play an efficient role in the calcification of dental calculus. Thus, nanobacteria may be considered to be a risk factor for the periodontal diseases providing that it has effect on the formation of dental calculus. The nucleating role of the microorganisms in the formation of dental calculus show similarities to that of nanobacteria in calcification. What is more significant is that the presence of an alkali environment is essential for nanobacteria to cause calcification as is the case for dental calculus to occur. These significant conditions support the idea that nanobacteria may be present in the formation and in the contents of dental calculus. Unfortunately, there are only few studies on nanobacteria conducted in the field of dentistry. It is not known whether or not dental plaque is associated with nanobacteria. A study may reveal the fact whether nanobactera are really a new bacteria species or they were the bacteria previously found and given a different name, but not yet proved to be involved in calcification. Nanobacteria may be proved to be a helpful criterion in explaining the relation of nanobacteria with periodontal disease formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Demir
- Department of Periodontology, Atatürk University, Faculty of Dentistry, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Conti M. Cancer determining information transmission and circulation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26:215-20. [PMID: 17252205 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer determining information transmission, typically oncogene transfer, is known in many cases of virus initiated tumors. Transmission of carcinogenic information, that stored in plasmids named T-DNAs, is also known to take place in one type of bacteria induced tumor, that caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in dicotyledon plants roots. Other mechanisms of carcinogenic information transmission have been more recently recognized, that involve horizontal transfer of genetic material among cells. Despite this latter issue is not new, insights in its mechanisms have just beginning to appear in the literature. Horizontal transfer processes, in addition to the well known vertical transfer from parental to daughter cancer cells, have been tentatively put together with a reductionistic approach in this work, leading to a unifying framework that summarizes the state of the art in carcinogenic information transmission and circulation in the world of cells. Counteracting vectors of carcinogenic information transmission and circulation, such as oncoviruses, has already been shown to be important both in the fields of cancer prevention and therapy. Investigating today unexplored ways of transmission could lead to implement new anticancer strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Conti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ospedale, S. Maria delle Croci, 48100, Ravenna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Urbano
- Medical School of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Al-Salam S, Al Ashari M. Psammoma bodies in medulloblastoma. Histopathology 2007; 50:527-9. [PMID: 17448037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Benzerara K, Miller VM, Barell G, Kumar V, Miot J, Brown GE, Lieske JC. Search for microbial signatures within human and microbial calcifications using soft x-ray spectromicroscopy. J Investig Med 2007; 54:367-79. [PMID: 17169258 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2006.06016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of advanced arterial and renal calcification remains poorly understood. Self-replicating, calcifying entities have been detected and isolated from calcified human tissues, including blood vessels and kidney stones, and are referred to as nanobacteria. However, the microbiologic nature of putative nanobacteria continues to be debated, in part because of the difficulty in discriminating biomineralized microbes from minerals nucleated on anything else (eg, macromolecules, cell membranes). To address this controversy, the use of techniques capable of characterizing the organic and mineral content of these self-replicated structures at the submicrometer scale would be beneficial. METHODS Calcifying gram-negative bacteria (Caulobacter crescentus, Ramlibacter tataouinensis) used as references and self-replicating calcified nanoparticles cultured from human samples of calcified aneurysms were examined using a scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM) at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This microscope uses a monochromated and focused synchrotron x-ray beam (80-2,200 eV) to yield microscopic and spectroscopic information on both organic compounds and minerals at the 25 nm scale. RESULTS High-spatial and energy resolution near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra indicative of elemental speciation acquired at the C K-edge, N K-edge, and Ca L(2,3)-edge on a single-cell scale from calcified C. crescentus and R. tataouinensis displayed unique spectral signatures different from that of nonbiologic hydroxyapatite (Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2)). Further, preliminary NEXAFS measurements of calcium, carbon, and nitrogen functional groups of cultured calcified nanoparticles from humans revealed evidence of organics, likely peptides or proteins, specifically associated with hydroxyapatite minerals. CONCLUSION Using NEXAFS at the 25 nm spatial scale, it is possible to define a biochemical signature for cultured calcified bacteria, including proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and hydroxyapatite. These preliminary studies suggest that nanoparticles isolated from human samples share spectroscopic characteristics with calcified proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minèralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR 7590 and Institut de Physique du Glove de Paris, Paris Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jovanović I, Ugrenović S, Antić S, Stefanović N, Mihailović D. Morphometric and Some Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Human Choroids Plexus Stroma and Psammoma Bodies. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:617-27. [PMID: 17262792 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Psammoma bodies (PBs) are one of many choroids plexus aging changes. The aim of our research was to perform the quantification of PBs' presence in human choroids plexus stroma, as well as to evaluate the characteristics of choroids plexus stroma in cases in which PBs were present. Afterwards, the observations of the histochemical analysis would be confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Choroid plexuses of 30 cadavers were used for the histochemical and, choroids plexuses of 15 cadavers in which PBs' presence was confirmed during the histochemical analysis, were used as material for the immunohistochemical analysis. Light microscopy, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric method were applied during the study. Classification of the cases was performed by cluster analysis. We observed increase of choroids plexus PBs' presence during the aging process. But this increase is not linear. Their presence is the largest in the second cluster that is younger than the third and older than the first. Nuclear morphometric parameters of the stroma in these cases showed that the cellular composition in this cluster is different than in other two and, that contain larger number of lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed PBs' positive reaction on vimentin, CD45R0, and LCA markers, while in their vicinity, as well as inside them, numerous T-cells were observed. So, the presence of CD45R0 and LCA-positive T cells, PBs' positive reaction on the same markers, indirectly connect these cells with PBs' formation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jovanović
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jeong BC, Kim BS, Kim HH. Association between Nanobacteria and Urinary Calcium Stone Disease. Korean J Urol 2007. [DOI: 10.4111/kju.2007.48.5.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Korea
| | - Bong Sub Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Hoe Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- Neva Ciftcioglu
- Nanobac Pharmaceuticals Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Nanobacteria, also known as calcifying nanoparticles (CNP), are controversial infectious agents not matching the current criteria for 'living organism'. Despite the controversy of their classification, they propagate and cause cell death in vitro and are associated or found in many human diseases. Thus, more efforts should be focussed on research on pathogenicity of CNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E O Kajander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tsurumoto T, Matsumoto T, Yonekura A, Shindo H. Nanobacteria-Like Particles in Human Arthritic Synovial Fluids. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1276-8. [PMID: 16674119 DOI: 10.1021/pr050450w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the existence of nanosize particles in synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. These specimens were cultured under mammalian cell culture conditions (37 degrees C; 5% CO2/95% air) for a long period. After about 2 months, many nanoparticles appeared and they gradually increased in number and in size. The nanobacteria-like particles exist in synovial fluids of arthritis patients. The possibility of their existence and pathogenesis in various diseases should be verified cautiously.
Collapse
|
42
|
Wood HM, Shoskes DA. The role of nanobacteria in urologic disease. World J Urol 2006; 24:51-4. [PMID: 16402263 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-005-0041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data proposing an extremely small, self-replicating agent termed "nanobacteria" has raised a great deal of controversy within the scientific community. Since these agents have been isolated within the genitourinary tract, much research has focused attention on the potential role these particles may play in the development of urologic pathology, including polycystic kidney disease, renal calculi, and chronic prostatitis. Recent clinical research targeting these agents has proven effective in treating some patients with refractory category III prostatitis (chronic pelvic pain syndrome). This article reviews the current state of nanobacteria research and explore where these particles may impact urologic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadley M Wood
- Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Mail Code: A100 OH, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2783-2787. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i23.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
|
44
|
Abstract
Nanobacteria are suspected to be responsible for a number of diseases, i.e., kidney stones, heart disease, ovarian cancer, peripheral neuropathy, and reduced bone mineral density. Being protected by a mineral shell consisting of apatite, the nanovesicles can enter eukaryotic cells. Depending on the host's stress level, nanobacteria may carry a substantial layer of a protein based slime, instrumental in collecting calcium phosphate from the environment. Calcium phosphate is known to mediate the uptake of nucleic acids by eukaryotic cells. Surprisingly, a pathogenic effect of nanobacteria in HIV can be derived primarily from the trafficking of calcium phosphate in HIV infected cells, performed by primordial proteins. The inescapable conclusion is that nanobacteria could promote genetic diversity in HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei P Sommer
- Central Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|