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Li Q, Zhan S, Yang X, Zhang Z, Sun N, Wang X, Kang J, Du R, Hong X, Yue M, Li X, Tang Y, Liu G, Liu Y, Liu D. Choline Phosphate-Grafted Nanozymes as Universal Extracellular Vesicle Probes for Bladder Cancer Detection. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16113-16125. [PMID: 38857428 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are regarded as highly promising liquid-biopsy biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer (BC). However, detection of uEVs remains technically challenging owing to their huge heterogeneity and ultralow abundance in real samples. We herein present a choline phosphate-grafted platinum nanozyme (Pt@CP) that acts as a universal EV probe for the construction of a high-throughput and high-sensitivity immunoassay, which allowed multiplex profiling of uEV protein markers for BC detection. With the Pt@CP-based immunoassays, three uEV protein markers (MUC-1, CCDC25, and GLUT1) were identified for BC, by which the BC cases (n = 48), cystitis patients (n = 27), and healthy donors (n = 24) were discriminated with high clinical sensitivity and specificity (area under curve = 98.3%). For the BC cases (n = 9) after surgery, the Pt@CP-based immunoassay could report the postoperative residual tumor that cannot be observed by cystoscopy, which is clinically significant for assessing BC recurrence. This work provides generally high sensitivity for EV detection, facilitating the discovery and clinical use of EV-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Saisong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jingjing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoqin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Minghao Yue
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Medical and Hygienic Materials Research Institute, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yujing Tang
- Medical and Hygienic Materials Research Institute, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Frontiers Science Centers for Cell Responses and New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Merkens L, Sailer V, Lessel D, Janzen E, Greimeier S, Kirfel J, Perner S, Pantel K, Werner S, von Amsberg G. Aggressive variants of prostate cancer: underlying mechanisms of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:46. [PMID: 35109899 PMCID: PMC8808994 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a hormone-driven disease and its tumor cell growth highly relies on increased androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Therefore, targeted therapy directed against androgen synthesis or AR activation is broadly used and continually improved. However, a subset of patients eventually progresses to castration-resistant disease. To date, various mechanisms of resistance have been identified including the development of AR-independent aggressive variant prostate cancer based on neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NED). Here, we review the highly complex processes contributing to NED. Genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional aberrations and posttranscriptional modifications are highlighted and the potential interplay of the different factors is discussed. Background Aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC) with traits of neuroendocrine differentiation emerges in a rising number of patients in recent years. Among others, advanced therapies targeting the androgen receptor axis have been considered causative for this development. Cell growth of AVPC often occurs completely independent of the androgen receptor signal transduction pathway and cells have mostly lost the typical cellular features of prostate adenocarcinoma. This complicates both diagnosis and treatment of this very aggressive disease. We believe that a deeper understanding of the complex molecular pathological mechanisms contributing to transdifferentiation will help to improve diagnostic procedures and develop effective treatment strategies. Indeed, in recent years, many scientists have made important contributions to unravel possible causes and mechanisms in the context of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. However, the complexity of the diverse molecular pathways has not been captured completely, yet. This narrative review comprehensively highlights the individual steps of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation and makes an important contribution in bringing together the results found so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Merkens
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Verena Sailer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ella Janzen
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Greimeier
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany.,Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Werner
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg HaTRiCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Berchuck JE, Viscuse PV, Beltran H, Aparicio A. Clinical considerations for the management of androgen indifferent prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:623-637. [PMID: 33568748 PMCID: PMC8353003 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many systemic therapies for advanced prostate cancer work by disrupting androgen receptor signaling. Androgen indifferent prostate cancer (AIPC) variants, including aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC), neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), and double-negative prostate cancer (DNPC), are increasingly common and often overlapping resistance phenotypes following treatment with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and are associated with poor outcomes. Understanding the underlying biology and identifying effective therapies for AIPC is paramount for improving survival for men with prostate cancer. METHODS In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on AIPC variants, including our current understanding of the clinical, morphologic, and molecular features as well as current therapeutic approaches. We also explore emerging therapies and biomarkers aimed at improving outcomes for men with AIPC. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Establishing consensus definitions, developing novel biomarkers for early and accurate detection, further characterization of molecular drivers of each phenotype, and developing effective therapies will be critical to improving outcomes for men with AIPC. Significant progress has been made toward defining the clinical and molecular characteristics of AVPC, NEPC, and DNPC. Novel diagnostic approaches, including cell-free DNA, circulating tumor cells, and molecular imaging are promising tools for detecting AIPC in clinical practice. Building on previous treatment advances, several clinical trials are underway evaluating novel therapeutic approaches in patients with AIPC informed by an understanding of variant-specific biology. In this review, we discuss how these recent and ongoing studies will help to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for men with AIPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Berchuck
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul V Viscuse
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Gottschalk G, Knox K, Roy A. ACE2: At the crossroad of COVID-19 and lung cancer. GENE REPORTS 2021; 23:101077. [PMID: 33723522 PMCID: PMC7946539 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) was frequently observed in patients with lung cancer. Interestingly, our recent study revealed that the same ACE2 receptor was also strongly upregulated in lungs during SARS-CoV2 infection. Therefore, it is possible that the upregulated expression of ACE2 in lung tumors might increase the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection in lung cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanism for the regulation of ACE2 is known neither in lung tumors nor in COVID-19. Under this review, we attempt to identify transcription factors (TFs) in the promoter of ACE2 that promote the expression of ACE2 both in COVID-19 infection and lung cancer. This review would decipher the molecular role of ACE2 in the upscaled fatality of lung cancer patients suffering from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Gottschalk
- Technology Innovation Center, 10437 W Innovation Drive, Suite # 325, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Konstance Knox
- Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186, United States of America
| | - Avik Roy
- Technology Innovation Center, 10437 W Innovation Drive, Suite # 325, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, United States of America
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5
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Manucha V, Henegan J. Clinicopathologic Diagnostic Approach to Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:18-23. [PMID: 31403335 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0124-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPCa) develops in a subset of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The clinical and histologic overlap of AVPCa with other neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate has resulted in a lack of consensus on its terminology and treatment. OBJECTIVE.— To review AVPCa to familiarize pathologists with this entity so they can actively participate in the detection, ongoing research, and evolving management of AVPCa. DATA SOURCES.— The English language literature was reviewed. CONCLUSIONS.— The current review summarizes the pathologic features of AVPCa, describes how it has been defined clinically, and discusses how biomarkers may inform treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Manucha
- From the Department of Pathology (Dr Manucha) and the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine (Dr Henegan), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - John Henegan
- From the Department of Pathology (Dr Manucha) and the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine (Dr Henegan), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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Kei S, Adeyi OA. Practical Application of Lineage-Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers: Transcription Factors (Sometimes) Behaving Badly. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:626-643. [PMID: 31385722 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0226-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate gene expression and control RNA transcription from DNA. Lineage-specific TFs have increasingly been used by pathologists to determine tumor lineage, especially in the setting of metastatic tumors of unknown primary, among other uses. With experience gathered from its daily application and increasing pitfalls reported from immunohistochemical studies, these often-touted highly specific TFs are not as reliable as once thought. OBJECTIVES.— To summarize the established roles of many of the commonly used TFs in clinical practice and to discuss known and potential sources for error (eg, false-positivity from cross-reactivity, aberrant, and overlap "lineage-specific" expression) in their application and interpretation. DATA SOURCES.— Literature review and the authors' personal practice experience were used. Several examples selected from the University Health Network (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) are illustrated. CONCLUSIONS.— The application of TF diagnostic immunohistochemistry has enabled pathologists to better assess the lineage/origin of primary and metastatic tumors. However, the awareness of potential pitfalls is essential to avoid misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Kei
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
| | - Oyedele A Adeyi
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
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7
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Shen Y, Pan X, Yang J. Gene regulation and prognostic indicators of lung squamous cell carcinoma: TCGA-derived miRNA/mRNA sequencing and DNA methylation data. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22896-22910. [PMID: 31169310 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common cancer worldwide, and this study aimed to investigate the key regulatory networks and prognostic indicators of LSCC. MicroRNA (miRNA)/messenger RNA (mRNA) sequencing and DNA methylation data were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and genes (DEGs) were identified by the limma package. Then, the transcription factors (TFs) of DEmiRNAs/DEGs, as well as the targets of miRNAs, were predicted by the TFmiR online tool. Using the t test, aberrant methylation was detected in TF binding sites (TFBSs) in promoters. Finally, integrated network and survival analyses were conducted using SPSS software. We obtained 104 DEmiRNAs and 4,491 DEGs, and validated 2,113 DEGs (VDEGs). Then, 103 TFs, 295 TFs, and 14 DEmiRNAs were predicted to target 95 DEmiRNAs, 821 DEGs and 283 DEGs, respectively. After TF-DEmiRNA/DEG and TF-DEmiRNA-DEG networks were constructed (e.g., E2F1-CDC25A, miR29a-RAN, miR326-TBL1XR1), five feedforward loops between ZEB1 and miR-141/200a/200b/200c/429 were found. Furthermore, VDEGs CDC25A, RAN, TBL1XR1 as well as miR-130b and miR-590 were negatively correlated with survival rates. E2F1-CDC25A, miR29a-RAN, miR326-TBL1XR1, and the feedforward loops between ZEB1/ZEB2 and miR-141/200a/200b/200c/429 might participate in LSCC development. Compared with BEAS-2B cells, the SK-MES-1 cells presented a higher expression level of miR-141, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c but a lower expression level of ZEB1. Overexpressed miR-200c significantly attenuated the expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2 and inhibited the proliferation and migration of SK-MES-1 cells (all p < 0.05). In addition, CDC25A, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-130b, and miR-590 are potential prognostic indicators of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufeng Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Weiten R, Müller T, Schmidt D, Steiner S, Kristiansen G, Müller SC, Ellinger J, Syring I. The Mediator complex subunit MED15, a promoter of tumour progression and metastatic spread in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:839-847. [PMID: 29400661 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE MED15 is a part of the multiprotein Mediator complex which is involved in the transcription of polymerase (Pol) II-dependent genes. Several studies in this field have reported altered expressions of distinct subunits in human malignancy. However, the role of MED15 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not be investigated yet. METHODS First, we performed an RNA expression and survival analysis of MED15 in RCC by using the database cBioPortal. To confirm these data on the protein level, we executed immunohistochemical (IHC) staining against MED15 on a tissue microarray containing 184 samples of the most common subtypes of the tumour at the various stages. Further, we performed functional analysis including proliferation, migration, and invasion assays on the RCC cell lines A-498 and ACHN following the siRNA-mediated MED15 knockdown. RESULTS On the mRNA level, higher expression of MED15 was associated with worse patient survival rates. IHC staining validated this tendency, unfortunately the results were not significant. However, supporting this tendency, in vitro-assays showed a significant decrease in proliferation, migration, and invasion after knockdown of MED15. CONCLUSION The research concludes that MED15 does seem to play a tumour promoting role in the progression and metastatic spread of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weiten
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Doris Schmidt
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Steiner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan C Müller
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Ellinger
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabella Syring
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Syring I, Weiten R, Müller T, Schmidt D, Steiner S, Kristiansen G, Müller SC, Ellinger J. The knockdown of the Mediator complex subunit MED15 restrains urothelial bladder cancer cells' malignancy. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3013-3021. [PMID: 30127891 PMCID: PMC6096071 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediator complex, a multi-subunit protein complex, plays an integral role in regulating transcription. Genetic alterations of the mediator subunit 15 (MED15) in separate tumor entities have been described previously. However, till now, not much is known about the role of MED15 in urothelial bladder cancer (BCa). Using cBioPortal, database analysis was executed for the mRNA expression and survival analysis of MED15 in BCa. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis against MED15 was performed on tissue microarrays with 18 benign, 126 BCa, and 38 metastases samples. The intensity evaluation was performed using a staining intensity score from 0 to 3 and associated with clinicopathological data. The BCa cell lines T24 and TCCSUP were used for the functional investigation. After the MED15 knockdown by small interfering (si)RNA, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were investigated. On the mRNA level, only a low number of alterations (2%) was found for MED15 in BCa. Due to the small count of events, there were no significant differences or tendencies in survival. For IHC, MED15 was found to have a higher expression in non-muscle invasive BCa compared with benign and muscle invasive BCa. For survival analysis, no significant differences between samples with or without overexpression of MED15 were found. In the functional analysis, proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly reduced in BCa-cells following the transient siRNA-mediated MED15 knockdown. In summary, MED15 appears to play a role in the tumor parameters proliferation, migration, and invasion in BCa, but further investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Syring
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard Weiten
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Doris Schmidt
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Steiner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan C Müller
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Ellinger
- Clinic for Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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10
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The knockdown of the mediator complex subunit MED30 suppresses the proliferation and migration of renal cell carcinoma cells. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 34:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional profile of the Mediator complex across human cancer types. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23043-23055. [PMID: 27050271 PMCID: PMC5029609 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediator complex is a key regulator of gene transcription and several studies demonstrated altered expressions of particular subunits in diverse human diseases, especially cancer. However a systematic study deciphering the transcriptional expression of the Mediator across different cancer entities is still lacking.We therefore performed a comprehensive in silico cancer vs. benign analysis of the Mediator complex subunits (MEDs) for 20 tumor entities using Oncomine datasets. The transcriptional expression profiles across almost all cancer entities showed differentially expressed MEDs as compared to benign tissue. Differential expression of MED8 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and MED12 in lung cancer (LCa) were validated and further investigated by immunohistochemical staining on tissue microarrays containing large numbers of specimen. MED8 in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) associated with shorter survival and advanced TNM stage and showed higher expression in metastatic than primary tumors. In vitro, siRNA mediated MED8 knockdown significantly impaired proliferation and motility in ccRCC cell lines, hinting at a role for MED8 to serve as a novel therapeutic target in ccRCC. Taken together, our Mediator complex transcriptome proved to be a valid tool for identifying cancer-related shifts in Mediator complex composition, revealing that MEDs do exhibit cancer specific transcriptional expression profiles.
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12
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Fine SW. Neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:S122-132. [PMID: 29297494 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in tumors of the prostate or in the setting of prostate cancer (PCa) is rare. A survey of these lesions is presented, including usual PCa with focal NE marker-positive cells, Paneth cell-like change, prostatic 'carcinoid', high-grade NE carcinoma, as well as other tumors that do not fit neatly into these categories. The most significant clinical and pathologic features, emerging molecular evidence and the importance of differentiating NE tumors involving the prostate from secondary involvement are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson W Fine
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Abstract
This review focuses on histopathological aspects of carcinoma of the prostate. A tissue diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is often essential for establishing a diagnosis of prostate cancer, and the foundation for a tissue diagnosis is currently light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections. Markers detected by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections can support a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma that is primary in the prostate gland or metastatic. Histological variants of carcinoma of the prostate are important for diagnostic recognition of cancer or as clinicopathologic entities that have prognostic and/or therapeutic significance. Histological grading of adenocarcinoma of the prostate, including use of the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) modified Gleason grades and the new grade groups, is one of the most powerful prognostic indicators for clinically localized prostate cancer, and is one of the most critical factors in determination of management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Humphrey
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06437
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14
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Li Y, Chen R, Bowden M, Mo F, Lin YY, Gleave M, Collins C, Dong X. Establishment of a neuroendocrine prostate cancer model driven by the RNA splicing factor SRRM4. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66878-66888. [PMID: 28978002 PMCID: PMC5620142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is becoming more prevalent as more potent androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors are applied to patients with metastatic tumors. However, there are limited cell and xenograft models currently available, hindering the investigation of signal pathways involved in regulating NEPC progression and the design of high throughput screening assays for inhibitors to treat NEPC patients. Here, we report an NEPC model, LnNE, that is derived from prostate adenocarcinoma cells and has global similarity in transcription and RNA splicing to tumors from NEPC patients. LnNE xenografts are castrate-resistant and highly aggressive. Its tumor take is ∼3-5 weeks and tumor doubling time is ∼2-3 weeks. LnNE expresses multiple neuroendocrine markers, preserves AR expression, but is PSA negative. Its neuroendocrine phenotype cannot be reversed by androgen treatment. LnNE cells grow as multi-cellular spheroids under 2-dimensional culture conditions similar to the NEPC cell line NCI-H660, but have higher proliferation rate and are easier to be transfected. LnNE cells can also adapt to 3-dimensional culture conditions in a 96-plate format, allowing high throughput screening assays. In summary, the LnNE model is useful to study the mechanisms of NEPC progression and to discover potential therapies for NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary Bowden
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fan Mo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yen-Yi Lin
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Xiao X, Hu R, Deng FM, Shen SS, Yang XJ, Wu CL. Practical Applications of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Genitourinary Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:1181-1194. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0530-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Context.—Pathologic diagnosis of tumors in the genitourinary system can be challenging based on morphology alone, particularly when diagnostic material is limited, such as in core biopsies. Immunohistochemical stain can be a useful tool to aid in the diagnosis.Objective.—To provide an update on practical applications and interpretation of immunohistochemical stains in the diagnosis of tumors in prostate, kidney, bladder, and testis. We particularly focus on difficult differential diagnoses, providing our insights in frequently encountered challenging situations. Commonly used immunohistochemical panels are discussed.Data Sources.—Review of literature and our own experience.Conclusion.—Immunohistochemical stain is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of genitourinary tumors when appropriately used.
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16
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Fromont G. [Prostate cancer histoseminar: Update of the 2016 WHO classification - case n o6: Castration resistant prostate cancer with partial neuroendocrin differenciation]. Ann Pathol 2017; 37:249-253. [PMID: 28522124 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Fromont
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, CHRU, hôpital Bretonneau, boulevard Tonnelle, 37000 Tours, France.
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17
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Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with substantial clinical, pathologic, and molecular heterogeneity. Most tumors remain driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which has clinical implications for patient selection for AR-directed approaches. However, histologic and clinical resistance phenotypes can emerge after AR inhibition, in which the tumors become less dependent on the AR. In this review, we discuss prostate cancer variants including neuroendocrine (NEPC) and aggressive variant (AVPC) prostate cancers and their clinical implications. Improvements in the understanding of the biologic mechanisms and molecular features underlying prostate cancer variants may help prognostication and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches for subclasses of patient with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street 1412,, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Loredana Puca
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street 1412,, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street 1412,, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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18
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Knief J, Reddemann K, Gliemroth J, Brede S, Bartscht T, Thorns C. ERG expression in multiple myeloma-A potential diagnostic pitfall. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 213:130-132. [PMID: 27913051 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ERG expression has been described as a frequent event in prostate cancer indicating poor prognosis and promoting oncogenesis. It has also been demonstrated in Ewing's sarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia and acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia but could not be found in other epithelial tumors, Hodgkin's or Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We aimed to analyze ERG expression in multiple myeloma, following an index case of a patient with metastases of unknown origin in the spine strongly expressing ERG, which were thought to be of prostatic origin but turned out to be plasmacytic lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS We subsequently selected 12 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of multiple myeloma from our archives and performed immunohistochemical staining for ERG. RESULTS All 12 analyzed cases showed strong nuclear expression of ERG in >90% of tumor cells (myeloma cells). CONCLUSIONS This report highlights a potential and critical diagnostic pitfall in biopsy specimens where morphology is only of limited assistance in reaching the correct diagnosis. It urges pathologists to exercise caution in cases where strong ERG-positivity implicates the presence of a prostatic neoplasia and illustrates the need for further immunohistochemical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Knief
- Department of Pathology, Section of Hematopathology and Endocrine Pathology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Katharina Reddemann
- Department of Pathology, Section of Hematopathology and Endocrine Pathology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jan Gliemroth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Swantje Brede
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bartscht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Thorns
- Department of Pathology, Section of Hematopathology and Endocrine Pathology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
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19
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Priemer DS, Montironi R, Wang L, Williamson SR, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Prostate: Emerging Insights from Molecular Data and Updates to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification. Endocr Pathol 2016; 27:123-35. [PMID: 26885643 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-016-9421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the prostate represent a multifarious group of tumors that exist both in pure forms and associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Morphologically, neuroendocrine cells in prostate neoplasms can range from being indistinguishable from surrounding prostate adenocarcinoma cells to having high-grade neuroendocrine appearances similar to neuroendocrine malignancies of other organs. On the molecular level, neuroendocrine malignancies arising in the setting of prostate adenocarcinoma have been the subject of a large amount of recent research, most of which has supported the conclusion that neuroendocrine malignancy within the prostate develops as a transdifferentiation from prostate adenocarcinoma. There has not, however, been substantial investigation into rare, pure neuroendocrine malignancies and the possibility that these tumors may have a different cell of origin and molecular genesis. Here, we discuss the morphologic spectrum of malignant neuroendocrine prostate neoplasms and review the most recent molecular data on the subject of malignant neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinoma. In reflection of the most recent data, we also discuss diagnostic classification of prostate neuroendocrine tumors with reference to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We discuss the reporting of these tumors, placing emphasis on the differentiation between pure and mixed neuroendocrine malignancies so that, in the least, they can be easily identified for the purposes of future clinical and laboratory-based investigation. Finally, we suggest a designation for an unclassifiable (or not otherwise specified) high-grade neuroendocrine prostate malignancy whose features do not easily place it into one of the WHO diagnostic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Priemer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 West 11th Street, IU Health Pathology Laboratory Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Josephine Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
- Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 West 11th Street, IU Health Pathology Laboratory Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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20
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Crea F, Venalainen E, Ci X, Cheng H, Pikor L, Parolia A, Xue H, Nur Saidy NR, Lin D, Lam W, Collins C, Wang Y. The role of epigenetics and long noncoding RNA MIAT in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Epigenomics 2016; 8:721-31. [PMID: 27096814 DOI: 10.2217/epi.16.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is the most lethal prostatic neoplasm. NEPC is thought to originate from the transdifferentiation of AR-positive adenocarcinoma cells. We have previously shown that an epigenetic/noncoding interactome (ENI) orchestrates cancer cells' plasticity, thereby allowing the emergence of metastatic, drug-resistant neoplasms. The primary objective of this manuscript is to discuss evidence indicating that some components of the ENI (Polycomb genes, miRNAs) play a key role in NEPC initiation and progression. Long noncoding RNAs represent vast and largely unexplored component of the ENI. Their role in NEPC has not been investigated. We show preliminary evidence indicating that a lncRNA (MIAT) is selectively upregulated in NEPCs and might interact with Polycomb genes. Our results indicate that long noncoding RNAs can be exploited as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crea
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Erik Venalainen
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xinpei Ci
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Larissa Pikor
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nur Ridzwan Nur Saidy
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wan Lam
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Warrick JI, Owens SR, Tomlins SA. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Prostate. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1286-9. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0276-cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review prostatic lymphomas and discuss the differential diagnosis of high-grade malignant neoplasms of the prostate. We illustrate this with a case of a 46-year-old man seen with lower urinary tract obstruction who had diffuse involvement by a high-grade malignancy on prostate biopsy. Morphologic evaluation and immunohistochemistry were consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the prostate. Workup with positron emission tomography-computed tomography demonstrated intensely hypermetabolic lymph nodes in the mediastinum, as well as widespread osseous involvement and involvement of the pancreatic tail, prostate, and urinary bladder, suggesting secondary prostatic involvement by a nodal lymphoma. Lymphomas of the prostate are uncommon in surgical pathology practice and usually represent secondary involvement from leukemia/lymphoma at a more typical site. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is the most common subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Warrick
- From the Department of Pathology (Drs Warrick, Owens, and Tomlins), Michigan Center for Translational Pathology (Dr Tomlins), Department of Urology (Dr Tomlins), and Comprehensive Cancer Center (Dr Tomlins), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Scott R. Owens
- From the Department of Pathology (Drs Warrick, Owens, and Tomlins), Michigan Center for Translational Pathology (Dr Tomlins), Department of Urology (Dr Tomlins), and Comprehensive Cancer Center (Dr Tomlins), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- From the Department of Pathology (Drs Warrick, Owens, and Tomlins), Michigan Center for Translational Pathology (Dr Tomlins), Department of Urology (Dr Tomlins), and Comprehensive Cancer Center (Dr Tomlins), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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22
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Proposed morphologic classification of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:756-67. [PMID: 24705311 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On July 31, 2013, the Prostate Cancer Foundation assembled a working committee on the molecular biology and pathologic classification of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer. New clinical and molecular data emerging from prostate cancers treated by contemporary androgen deprivation therapies, as well as primary lesions, have highlighted the need for refinement of diagnostic terminology to encompass the full spectrum of NE differentiation. The classification system consists of: Usual prostate adenocarcinoma with NE differentiation; 2) Adenocarcinoma with Paneth cell NE differentiation; 3) Carcinoid tumor; 4) Small cell carcinoma; 5) Large cell NE carcinoma; and 5) Mixed NE carcinoma - acinar adenocarcinoma. The article also highlights "prostate carcinoma with overlapping features of small cell carcinoma and acinar adenocarcinoma" and "castrate-resistant prostate cancer with small cell cancer-like clinical presentation". It is envisioned that specific criteria associated with the refined diagnostic terminology will lead to clinically relevant pathologic diagnoses that will stimulate further clinical and molecular investigation and identification of appropriate targeted therapies.
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23
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Falzarano SM, Magi-Galluzzi C. ERG protein expression as a biomarker of prostate cancer. Biomark Med 2014; 7:851-65. [PMID: 24266818 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TMPRSS2-ERG is a recurrent rearrangement specific for prostate cancer, leading to the overexpression of a truncated ERG protein product that is amenable to immunohistochemical detection. Two monoclonal anti-ERG antibodies have currently been validated, with comparable sensitivity and specificity for detecting ERG rearrangement. ERG immunostaining has been applied in different settings to elucidate the role of ERG rearrangement and overexpression in prostate cancer tumorigenesis and progression, as well as to investigate potential diagnostic and prognostic applications. In this article we review the literature on the topic and suggest potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moscovita Falzarano
- R.T. Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L25, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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24
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Smith SC, Palanisamy N, Zuhlke KA, Johnson AM, Siddiqui J, Chinnaiyan AM, Kunju LP, Cooney KA, Tomlins SA. HOXB13 G84E-related familial prostate cancers: a clinical, histologic, and molecular survey. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:615-26. [PMID: 24722062 PMCID: PMC3988475 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent genetic epidemiologic studies identified a germline mutation in the homeobox transcription factor, HOXB13 G84E, which is associated with markedly increased risk for prostate cancer, particularly early-onset hereditary prostate cancer. The histomorphologic and molecular features of cancers arising in such carriers have not been studied. Here, we reviewed prostatectomy specimens from 23 HOXB13 G84E mutation carriers, mapping the total cancer burden by anatomically distinct cancer focus and evaluating morphologic features. We also assessed basic molecular subtypes for all cancer foci (ERG/SPINK1 status) by dual immunohistochemistry staining on full sections. The cohort showed a median age of 58 years, a median serum PSA level of 5.7 ng/mL, and a median of 6 cancer foci (range, 1 to 14) per case. Of evaluable cases, dominant foci were Gleason score 6 in 23%, 3+4=7 in 41%, 4+3=7 in 23%, and ≥8 in 14%; biochemical recurrence was observed in 1 case over a median of 36 months follow-up. Histologic review found a high prevalence of cases showing cancers with a spectrum of features previously described with pseudohyperplastic carcinomas, with 45% of cases showing a dominant focus with such features. Molecular subtyping revealed a strikingly low prevalence of ERG cancer with increased prevalence of SPINK1 cancer (dominant focus ERG 17%, SPINK1 26%, ERG/SPINK1 52%, single ERG/SPINK1 focus 4%). One ERG/SPINK1 dominant focus showed aberrant p63 immunophenotype. In summary, HOXB13 G84E variant-related prostate cancers show frequent pseudohyperplastic-type features and markedly low prevalence of ERG cancers relative to unselected cases and, especially, to early-onset cohorts. These findings suggest that novel molecular pathways may drive disease in HOXB13 G84E carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kimberly A. Zuhlke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna M. Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kathleen A. Cooney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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25
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Increased androgen receptor gene copy number is associated with TMPRSS2-ERG
rearrangement in prostatic small cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:900-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Menon R, Deng M, Rüenauver K, Queisser A, Peifer M, Pfeifer M, Offermann A, Boehm D, Vogel W, Scheble V, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Wernert N, Oberbeckmann N, Biskup S, Rubin MA, Adler D, Perner S. Somatic copy number alterations by whole-exome sequencing implicates YWHAZ and PTK2 in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Pathol 2014; 231:505-16. [PMID: 24114522 DOI: 10.1002/path.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the most aggressive form of prostate cancer (PCa) and remains a significant therapeutic challenge. The key to the development of novel therapeutic targets for CRPC is to decipher the molecular alterations underlying this lethal disease. The aim of our study was to identify therapeutic targets for CRPC by assessing somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) by whole-exome sequencing on five CRPC/normal paired formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, using the SOLiD4 next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Data were validated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on a PCa progression cohort. PTK2 and YWHAZ amplification, mRNA and protein expression were determined in selected PCa cell lines. Effects of PTK2 inhibition using TAE226 inhibitor and YWHAZ knock-down on cell proliferation and migration were tested in PC3 cells in vitro. In a larger validation cohort, the amplification frequency of YWHAZ was 3% in localized PCa and 48% in CRPC, whereas PTK2 was amplified in 1% of localized PCa and 35% in CRPC. YWHAZ knock-down and PTK2 inhibition significantly affected cell proliferation and migration in the PC3 cells. Our findings suggest that inhibition of YWHAZ and PTK2 could delay the progression of the disease in CRPC patients harbouring amplification of the latter genes. Furthermore, our validated whole-exome sequencing data show that FFPE tissue could be a promising alternative for SCNA screening using next-generation sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopika Menon
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
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27
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Beltran H, Tomlins S, Aparicio A, Arora V, Rickman D, Ayala G, Huang J, True L, Gleave ME, Soule H, Logothetis C, Rubin MA. Aggressive variants of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2846-50. [PMID: 24727321 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A subset of patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer may eventually evolve into an androgen receptor (AR)-independent phenotype, with a clinical picture associated with the development of rapidly progressive disease involving visceral sites and hormone refractoriness, often in the setting of a low or modestly rising serum prostate-specific antigen level. Biopsies performed in such patients may vary, ranging from poorly differentiated carcinomas to mixed adenocarcinoma-small cell carcinomas to pure small cell carcinomas. These aggressive tumors often demonstrate low or absent AR protein expression and, in some cases, express markers of neuroendocrine differentiation. Because tumor morphology is not always predicted by clinical behavior, the terms "anaplastic prostate cancer" or "neuroendocrine prostate cancer" have been used descriptively to describe these rapidly growing clinical features. Patients meeting clinical criteria of anaplastic prostate cancer have been shown to predict for poor prognosis, and these patients may be considered for platinum-based chemotherapy treatment regimens. Therefore, understanding variants within the spectrum of advanced prostate cancer has important diagnostic and treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himisha Beltran
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott Tomlins
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vivek Arora
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Rickman
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gustavo Ayala
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lawrence True
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Howard Soule
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Logothetis
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaAuthors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles; Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Pure small-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate is a rare entity and one of the most aggressive malignancies of the prostate. Histologically, prostatic SCCs of the prostate are part of a spectrum of anaplastic tumours of the prostate and are similar to SCCs of the lungs. In most cases, SCC of the prostate is associated with conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma. Both components of these mixed tumours frequently share molecular alterations such as ERG gene rearrangements or AURKA and MYCN amplifications, suggesting a common clonal origin. The clinical behaviour of small-cell prostate carcinomas is characterized by extensive local disease, visceral disease, and low PSA levels despite large metastatic burden. Commonly, the emergence of the SCC occurs in patients with high-grade adenocarcinoma who are often treated with androgen deprivation treatment (ADT). However, SCCs do not usually benefit from ADT. A biopsy of accessible lesions is strongly recommended to identify those with SCC pathological features, as management is undoubtedly affected by this finding. Chemotherapy is the standard approach for treating patients with either localized or advanced prostatic SCC. Despite the emergence of more-aggressive treatment modalities, the prognosis of men with prostatic SCC remains dismal.
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Brenner JC, Chinnaiyan AM, Tomlins SA. ETS Fusion Genes in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Beltran H, Tagawa ST, Park K, MacDonald T, Milowsky MI, Mosquera JM, Rubin MA, Nanus DM. Challenges in recognizing treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:e386-9. [PMID: 23169519 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.41.5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Himisha Beltran
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Shaikhibrahim Z, Braun M, Nikolov P, Boehm D, Scheble V, Menon R, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Perner S, Wernert N. Rearrangement of the ETS genes ETV-1, ETV-4, ETV-5, and ELK-4 is a clonal event during prostate cancer progression. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1910-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Shaikhibrahim Z, Ochsenfahrt J, Fuchs K, Kristiansen G, Perner S, Wernert N. ERG is specifically associated with ETS-2 and ETV-4, but not with ETS-1, in prostate cancer. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1029-33. [PMID: 22922762 PMCID: PMC3572757 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythroblast transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcription factors plays important roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. Even though many studies have focused on single ETS factors within a single tissue and within the context of specific promoters, the functional impact of multiple ETS members present within a specific cell type has not yet been investigated, especially in prostate cancer (PCa). As the most prominent gene rearrangement in PCa leads to the overexpression of the ETS-related gene (ERG), the aim of this study was to investigate whether ERG is part of a complex integrated transcriptional network that involves other ETS factors. More specifically, as the ETS family consists of 27 members, we focused our efforts initially on investigating whether ERG is associated with the three family members, ETS-1, ETS-2 and ETS variant gene‑4 (ETV‑4), in PCa as a proof of principle. Using western blot analysis, we show that ERG, ETS-1, ETS-2 and ETV-4 are expressed in PC3 cell nuclear extracts and in protein lysates prepared from human PCa prostatectomy specimens. Immunoprecipitations using an anti-ERG antibody were used with PC3 cell nuclear extracts as well as with a pooled protein lysate sample prepared from the PCa tissue samples of five patients. Importantly, our results revealed that ERG is specifically associated with ETS-2 and ETV-4, but not with ETS-1, in PC3 cell nuclear extracts and PCa tissue protein lysates. Our findings strongly support the notion that ERG is part of a complex integrated transcriptional network that involves other ETS factors, which are likely to cooperate or influence the activity of ERG in PCa. The functional impact of multiple ETS factors being associated with ERG in PCa requires further study, as it may provide insights into the mechanism by which ERG exerts its influence in PCa and may subsequently contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaki Shaikhibrahim
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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Scheble VJ, Scharf G, Braun M, Ruiz C, Stürm S, Petersen K, Beschorner R, Bachmann A, Zellweger T, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Bubendorf L, Wernert N, Shaikhibrahim Z, Perner S. ERG rearrangement in local recurrences compared to distant metastases of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Virchows Arch 2012; 461:157-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Braun M, Stomper J, Boehm D, Vogel W, Scheble VJ, Wernert N, Shaikhibrahim Z, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Perner S. Improved method of detecting the ERG gene rearrangement in prostate cancer using combined dual-color chromogenic and silver in situ hybridization. J Mol Diagn 2012; 14:322-7. [PMID: 22642898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently detected TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene was revealed as a recurrent and prevalent prostate cancer (PCa)-specific event, potentially qualifying it for clinical use. To detect this alteration, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the method of choice. However, FISH has some disadvantages for widespread adoption in clinical practice. Subsequently, chromogenic in situ hybridization, which uses organic chromogens, and enzymatic metallography silver in situ hybridization have emerged as promising bright-field alternatives. Compared with chromogenic in situ hybridization, silver in situ hybridization signals are very distinct and superior with regard to signal clarity and resolution, but the method excludes multicolor protocols. Based on the ERG break-apart FISH assay, we established a dual-color ERG break-apart assay using combined chromogenic in situ hybridization and silver in situ hybridization (CS-ISH) and compared these results with those obtained by FISH. We assessed 178 PCa and 10 benign specimens for their ERG rearrangement status by applying dual-color FISH and CS-ISH ERG break-apart assays to consecutive sections. We observed a highly significant concordance (97.7%) between FISH- and CS-ISH-based results (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.955, P < 0.001). Our findings demonstrate that the ERG rearrangement status can reliably be assessed by CS-ISH. Further, the CS-ISH technique combines the accuracy and precision of FISH with the ease of bright-field microscopy. This tool allows a much broader spectrum of applications in which to study the biological role and clinical use of ERG rearrangements in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braun
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, Bonn, Germany
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36
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ERG protein expression and genomic rearrangement status in primary and metastatic prostate cancer--a comparative study of two monoclonal antibodies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012; 15:165-9. [PMID: 22231490 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of the ERG protein is highly prevalent in prostate cancer (PCa) and commonly results from gene fusions involving the ERG gene. Recently, N-terminal epitope-targeted mouse and a C-terminal epitope-targeted rabbit monoclonal anti-ERG antibody (ERG-MAbs) have been introduced for the detection of the ERG protein. Independent studies reported that immunohistochemistry (IHC) with both ERG-MAbs highly correlates with the underlying ERG gene rearrangement status. However, comparative studies of both antibodies are lacking. Here, we are among the first to compare the mouse ERG-MAb with the rabbit ERG-MAb for their concordance on the same PCa cohort. Furthermore, we assessed whether the ERG protein expression is conserved in lymph node and distant PCa metastases. METHODS We evaluated tissue microarrays of 278 specimens containing 265 localized PCa, 29 lymph node, 30 distant metastases and 13 normal prostatic tissues. We correlated ERG protein expression with ERG rearrangement status using an ERG break-apart fluorescence in-situ hybridization assay and IHC of both ERG-MAbs. RESULTS ERG expression and ERG rearrangement status were highly concordant regardless of whether the mouse or rabbit ERG-MAb was used (97.8% versus 98.6%, respectively). Of interest, both ERG antibodies reliably detected the ERG expression in lymph node and distant PCa metastases, of which a subset underwent decalcification. Lymphocytes only revealed immunoreactivity using the rabbit ERG-MAb. If ERG protein expression was present in localized PCa, we observed the same pattern in the corresponding lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating a broad applicability of IHC to study ERG protein expression using either antibody, this study adds an important step toward a facilitated routine clinical application. Further, we demonstrate that the clonal nature of the ERG rearrangement is not restricted to the genomic level, but proceeds in the proteome. Together, our results simplify future efforts to further eliucidate the biological role of ERG in PCa.
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ERG-TMPRSS2 rearrangement is shared by concurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma and prostatic small cell carcinoma and absent in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: evidence supporting monoclonal origin. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:1120-7. [PMID: 21499238 PMCID: PMC3441178 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease with frequent multifocality and variability in morphology. Particularly, prostatic small cell carcinoma is a rare variant with aggressive behavior. Distinction between small cell carcinoma of the prostate and urinary bladder may be challenging, especially in small biopsy specimens without associated prostatic adenocarcinoma or urothelial carcinoma. Recently, gene fusions between ETS genes, particularly ETS-related gene (ERG), and transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) have been identified as a frequent event in prostate cancer. Thus, molecular methods may be helpful in determining the primary site of small cell carcinoma. Thirty cases of prostatic small cell carcinoma from the authors' archives were studied, among which 13 had concurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma. Tricolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections with a probe cocktail for 3'/5' ERG and TMPRSS2. Cases of small cell carcinoma of the bladder and conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma (25 each) were also tested as controls. ERG gene alterations were found only in prostate malignancies and not in benign prostatic tissue or bladder small cell carcinoma. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion was found in 47% (14/30) of prostatic small cell carcinoma. Of cases with concurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma, 85% (11/13) had identical findings in both components. In 20% of rearranged cases, the ERG abnormality was associated with 5' ERG deletion. In 17% (5/30) of cases, gain of the 21q22 locus was present. Two cases showed discordant aberrations in the small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, one with deletion of 5' ERG and one with gain of chromosome 21q, both in only the adenocarcinoma component. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate demonstrates TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement with comparable frequency to prostatic adenocarcinoma. In cases with concurrent adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma, the majority showed identical abnormalities in both components, indicating a likely common clonal origin. Discordant alterations were present in rare cases, suggesting that acquisition of additional genetic changes in multifocal tumors may be responsible for disease progression to a more aggressive phenotype. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion is absent in bladder small cell carcinoma, supporting the utility of FISH in distinguishing prostate from bladder primary tumors and identifying metastatic small cell carcinoma of unknown origin.
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Braun M, Scheble VJ, Menon R, Scharf G, Wilbertz T, Petersen K, Beschorner C, Reischl M, Kuefer R, Schilling D, Stenzl A, Kristiansen G, Rubin MA, Fend F, Perner S. Relevance of cohort design for studying the frequency of the ERG rearrangement in prostate cancer. Histopathology 2011; 58:1028-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Lotan TL, Gupta NS, Wang W, Toubaji A, Haffner MC, Chaux A, Hicks JL, Meeker AK, Bieberich CJ, De Marzo AM, Epstein JI, Netto GJ. ERG gene rearrangements are common in prostatic small cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:820-8. [PMID: 21336263 PMCID: PMC3484363 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare subtype with an aggressive clinical course. Despite the frequent occurrence of ERG gene rearrangements in acinar carcinoma, the incidence of these rearrangements in prostatic small cell carcinoma is unclear. In addition, molecular markers to distinguish prostatic small cell carcinomas from lung and bladder small cell carcinomas may be clinically useful. We examined the occurrence of ERG gene rearrangements by fluorescence in situ hybridization in prostatic, bladder and lung small cell carcinomas. We also examined the expression of ERG, androgen receptor (AR) and NKX3-1 by immunohistochemistry in prostatic cases. Overall, 45% (10/22) of prostatic small cell carcinoma cases harbored ERG rearrangements, whereas no cases of bladder or lung small cell carcinomas showed ERG rearrangement (0/12 and 0/13, respectively). Of prostatic small cell carcinoma cases, 80% (8/10) showed ERG deletion and 20% (2/10) showed ERG translocation. In 83% (5/6) of prostatic small cell carcinoma cases in which a concurrent conventional prostatic acinar carcinoma component was available for analysis, there was concordance for the presence/absence of ERG gene rearrangement between the different subtypes. ERG, AR and NKX3-1 protein expression was detected in a minority of prostatic small cell carcinoma cases (23, 27 and 18%, respectively), while these markers were positive in the majority of concurrent acinar carcinoma cases (66, 83 and 83%, respectively). The presence of ERG rearrangements in nearly half of the prostatic small cell carcinomas is a similar rate of rearrangement to that found in prostatic acinar carcinomas. Furthermore, the high concordance rate of ERG rearrangement between the small cell and acinar components in a given patient supports a common origin for these two subtypes of prostate cancer. Finally, the absence of ERG rearrangement in bladder or lung small cell carcinomas highlights the utility of detecting ERG rearrangement in small cell carcinomas of unknown primary for establishing prostatic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nilesh S Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wenle Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antoun Toubaji
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alcides Chaux
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica L Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles J Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Perner S. [Dangerous liaisons in prostate cancer. Clinical and biological implications of recurrent gene fusions]. DER PATHOLOGE 2011; 31 Suppl 2:121-5. [PMID: 20798944 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-010-1345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common and clinically heterogeneous disease. Understanding the biology of prostate cancer is necessary to best determinate the risk of disease progression and develop novel therapeutic approaches to prevent or slow down disease progression. The recent discovery and subsequent characterization of recurrent gene rearrangements of ETS genes - most frequently ERG - in the majority of prostate cancers is a milestone in translational prostate cancer research. Although multiple molecular alterations have been detected in prostate cancer, a detailed understanding of gene fusion in prostate cancer should help explain the clinical and biologic diversity in addition to providing a rationale for a molecular sub-classification of the disease. This review describes the path from the identification of common ETS gene rearrangements in prostate cancer to possible applications in the treatment of patients, on to the potential scientific implications arising from their discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perner
- Institut für Pathologie, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tübingen.
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43
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Maier S, Wilbertz T, Braun M, Scheble V, Reischl M, Mikut R, Menon R, Nikolov P, Petersen K, Beschorner C, Moch H, Kakies C, Protzel C, Bauer J, Soltermann A, Fend F, Staebler A, Lengerke C, Perner S. SOX2 amplification is a common event in squamous cell carcinomas of different organ sites. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1078-88. [PMID: 21334718 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired chromosomal aberrations, including gene copy number alterations, are involved in the development and progression of human malignancies. SOX2, a transcription factor-coding gene located at 3q26.33, is known to be recurrently and specifically amplified in squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, the esophagus, and the oral cavity. In these organs, the SOX2 protein plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor survival. The aim of this study was to determine whether SOX2 amplification is also found in squamous cell carcinomas in other organs commonly affected by this tumor entity. In addition, we examined a large spectrum of lung cancer entities with neuroendocrine differentiation (ie, small cell cancers, large cell cancers, typical and atypical carcinoids) for SOX2 and TTF1 copy number gains to reveal potential molecular ties to squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas of the lung. Applying fluorescence in situ hybridization, we assessed squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri (n = 47), the skin (n = 57), and the penis (n = 53) for SOX2 copy number alterations and detected amplifications in 28%, 28%, and 32% of tumors, respectively. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemical SOX2 staining and found that SOX2 amplification is significantly associated with overexpression of the corresponding protein in squamous cell carcinomas (P < .001). Of the lung cancer entities with neuroendocrine differentiation, only small cell cancers and large cell cancers exhibited SOX2 or TTF1 amplifications at significant frequencies, indicating that at least a subset of these might be dedifferentiated forms of squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas of the lung. We conclude that SOX2 amplification and consequent SOX2 protein overexpression may represent important mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression in a considerable subset of squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Maier
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2011; 23:227-34. [PMID: 21307677 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328344b687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Netto GJ. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion as a marker of prostatic lineage in small-cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2011; 57:633; author reply 633-4. [PMID: 20955388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Scheble VJ, Perner S. In reply: TMPRSS2-ERG fusion as a marker of prostatic lineage in small cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Scheble VJ, Braun M, Beroukhim R, Mermel CH, Ruiz C, Wilbertz T, Stiedl AC, Petersen K, Reischl M, Kuefer R, Schilling D, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Meyerson M, Rubin MA, Bubendorf L, Perner S. ERG rearrangement is specific to prostate cancer and does not occur in any other common tumor. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1061-7. [PMID: 20473283 PMCID: PMC3606550 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of specific somatic gene alterations is crucial for the insight into the development, progression, and clinical behavior of individual cancer types. The recently discovered recurrent ERG rearrangement in prostate cancer might represent a prostate cancer-specific alteration that has not been systematically assessed in tumors other than prostate cancer. Aim of this study was to assess, whether the ERG rearrangement and the distinct deletion site between TMPRSS2 and ERG, both predominantly resulting in a TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, occur in tumors other than prostate cancer. We assessed 54 different tumor types (2942 samples in total) for their ERG rearrangement status by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To calibrate, we analyzed 285 prostate cancer samples for the ERG rearrangement frequency. Additionally, we interrogated a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data set across 3131 cancer specimens (26 tumor types) for copy number alterations. None of the 54 different tumor types assessed by FISH harbored an ERG rearrangement, whereas the prostate cancer samples revealed an ERG rearrangement in 49.5% of cases. Furthermore, within the 26 tumor types assessed for copy number alterations by SNP, the distinct deletion site between TMPRSS2 and ERG (21q22.2-3) was detectable exclusively in prostate cancer. Although Ewing's sarcoma and AML have known rearrangements rarely involving ERG, we hypothesize that the ERG rearrangement as well as the distinct deletion site on 21q22.2-3 between TMPRSS2 and ERG are prostate-cancer-specific genomic alterations. These observations provide further insight into the oncogenesis of prostate cancer and might be critical for the development of ERG rearrangement assessment as a clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit J. Scheble
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Braun
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Craig H. Mermel
- Cancer Program, Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Ruiz
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Wilbertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Stiedl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karen Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Reischl
- Institute for Applied Informatics, Research Center Karlsruhe
| | - Rainer Kuefer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Schilling
- Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Surgical Pathology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Cancer Program, Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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