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Mohan T, Bhatnagar S, Gupta DL, Rao DN. Current understanding of HIV-1 and T-cell adaptive immunity: progress to date. Microb Pathog 2014; 73:60-9. [PMID: 24930593 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has different components originating from both the adaptive and innate immune systems. HIV cleverly utilizes the host machinery to survive by its intricate nature of interaction with the host immune system. HIV evades the host immune system at innate ad adaptive, allows the pathogen to replicate and transmit from one host to another. Researchers have shown that HIV has multipronged effects especially on the adaptive immunity, with CD4(+) cells being the worst effect T-cell populations. Various analyses have revealed that, the exposure to HIV results in clonal expansion and excessive activation of the immune system. Also, an abnormal process of differentiation has been observed suggestive of an alteration and blocks in the maturation of various T-cell subsets. Additionally, HIV has shown to accelerate immunosenescence and exhaustion of the overtly activated T-cells. Apart from causing phenotypic changes, HIV has adverse effects on the functional aspect of the immune system, with evidences implicating it in the loss of the capacity of T-cells to secrete various antiviral cytokines and chemokines. However, there continues to be many aspects of the immune- pathogenesis of HIV that are still unknown and thus required further research in order to convert the malaise of HIV into a manageable epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Santwana Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Dablu L Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - D N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
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2
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Daniel V, Scherer S, Sadeghi M, Terness P, Huth-Kühne A, Opelz G. HIV-Specific CD8(+) T Lymphocytes in Blood of Long-Term HIV-Infected Hemophilia Patients. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:399-411. [PMID: 24380050 PMCID: PMC3869412 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 30 years ago show increased proportions of activated CD8+DR+ blood lymphocytes. We hypothesized that this might indicate a cellular immune response directed against HIV and might be the reason for long-term clinical stability of these patients. CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) reactive with six HIV and two cytomegalovirus (CMV) pentamers were determined in heparinized whole blood. Additional lymphocyte subsets as well as plasma cytokines and HIV-1 load were studied. Long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients with (n=15) or without (n=33) currently detectable HIV-1 load in the plasma showed higher proportions of CD8+ lymphocytes reactive with HIV (p<0.001) and CMV pentamers (p=0.010) than healthy individuals. The cellular anti-HIV response tended to be stronger and more polyclonal in patients during periods of viral replication than in patients with retroviral quiescence (p=0.077). Anti-HIV CD8+ lymphocyte responses were strongest in patients with high counts of activated CD8+DR+ T (r=0.353; p=0.014) and low CD19+ B lymphocyte counts (r=−0.472; p=0.001). Patients with or without HIV-1 viral load showed normal Th1 and Th2 plasma cytokine levels and high plasma interleukin-6 (versus healthy controls, p=0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (p=0.020). Hemophilia patients who have been living with HIV for more than 30 years showed a polyclonal CD8+ T-cell response against HIV and CMV. This cellular antiviral immune response was strongest during periods of HIV-1 replication and remained detectable during periods of HIV-1 quiescence. We hypothesize that the consistent cellular anti-HIV-1 response in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy ensures stability and survival of these chronically HIV-1–infected hemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Daniel
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Scherer
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Terness
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Opelz
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Figueiredo S, Charmeteau B, Surenaud M, Salmon D, Launay O, Guillet JG, Hosmalin A, Gahery H. Memory CD8(+) T cells elicited by HIV-1 lipopeptide vaccines display similar phenotypic profiles but differences in term of magnitude and multifunctionality compared with FLU- or EBV-specific memory T cells in humans. Vaccine 2013; 32:492-501. [PMID: 24291199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation marker, multifunctionality and magnitude analyses of specific-CD8(+) memory T cells are crucial to improve development of HIV vaccines designed to generate cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, we fully characterized the HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses induced in volunteers vaccinated with HIV lipopeptide vaccines for phenotypic markers, tetramer staining, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxic activities. The frequency of ex vivo CD8(+) T cells elicited by lipopeptide vaccines is very rare and central-memory phenotype and functions of these cells were been shown to be important in AIDS immunity. So, we expanded them using specific peptides to compare the memory T cell responses induced in volunteers by HIV vaccines with responses to influenza (FLU) or Epstein Barr virus (EBV). By analyzing the differentiation state of IFN-γ-secreting CD8(+) T cells, we found a CCR7(-)CD45RA(-)CD28(+int)/CD28(-) profile (>85%) belonging to a subset of intermediate-differentiated effector T cells for HIV, FLU, and EBV. We then assessed the quality of the response by measuring various T cell functions. The percentage of single IFN-γ T cell producers in response to HIV was 62% of the total of secreting T cells compared with 35% for FLU and EBV, dual and triple (IFN-γ/IL-2/CD107a) T cell producers could also be detected but at lower levels (8% compared with 37%). Finally, HIV-specific T cells secreted IFN-γ and TNF-α, but not the dual combination like FLU- and EBV-specific T cells. Thus, we found that the functional profile and magnitude of expanded HIV-specific CD8(+) T precursors were more limited than those of to FLU- and EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells. These data show that CD8(+) T cells induced by these HIV vaccines have a similar differentiation profile to FLU and EBV CD8(+) T cells, but that the vaccine potency to induce multifunctional T cells needs to be increased in order to improve vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Figueiredo
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Charmeteau
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Salmon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Odile Launay
- Inserm CIC BT505, CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Gérard Guillet
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Hanne Gahery
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, INSERM U976, Saint-Louis Hospital, Skin Research Center, 75010 Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Immunology, Dermatology & Oncology, UMR-S 976, 75010 Paris, France.
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4
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Nitta H, Harada Y, Hyodo H, Kimura A, Harada H. Expansion of CD8+/perforin+T-cells predicts response to ciclosporin A therapy in patients with erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia. Br J Haematol 2012; 157:641-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nitta
- Division of Clinical Research; Department of Haematology and Oncology; Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima
| | - Yuka Harada
- Division of Radiation Information Registry; Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Hideo Hyodo
- Division of Clinical Research; Department of Haematology and Oncology; Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima
| | - Akiro Kimura
- Division of Clinical Research; Department of Haematology and Oncology; Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima
| | - Hironori Harada
- Division of Clinical Research; Department of Haematology and Oncology; Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima
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5
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Keane NM, Roberts SG, Almeida CAM, Krishnan T, Chopra A, Demaine E, Laird R, Tschochner M, Carlson JM, Mallal S, Heckerman D, James I, John M. High-avidity, high-IFNγ-producing CD8 T-cell responses following immune selection during HIV-1 infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:224-34. [PMID: 21577229 PMCID: PMC3173576 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 mutations, which reduce or abolish CTL responses against virus-infected cells, are frequently selected in acute and chronic HIV infection. Among population HIV-1 sequences, immune selection is evident as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele-associated substitutions of amino acids within or near CD8 T-cell epitopes. In these cases, the non-adapted epitope is susceptible to immune recognition until an escape mutation renders the epitope less immunogenic. However, several population-based studies have independently identified HLA-associated viral changes, which lead to the formation of a new T-cell epitope, suggesting that the immune responses that these variants or 'neo-epitopes' elicit provide an evolutionary advantage to the virus rather than the host. Here, we examined the functional characteristics of eight CD8 T-cell responses that result from viral adaptation in 125 HLA-genotyped individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection. Neo-epitopes included well-characterized immunodominant epitopes restricted by common HLA alleles, and in most cases the T-cell responses against the neo-epitope showed significantly greater functional avidity and higher IFNγ production than T cells for non-adapted epitopes, but were not more cytotoxic. Neo-epitope formation and emergence of cognate T-cell response coincident with a rise in viral load was then observed in vivo in an acutely infected individual. These findings show that HIV-1 adaptation not only abrogates the immune recognition of early targeted epitopes, but may also increase immune recognition to other epitopes, which elicit immunodominant but non-protective T-cell responses. These data have implications for immunodominance associated with polyvalent vaccines based on the diversity of chronic HIV-1 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Keane
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Evaluation of cellular phenotypes implicated in immunopathogenesis and monitoring immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV/leprosy cases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28735. [PMID: 22205964 PMCID: PMC3244401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now evident that HAART-associated immunological improvement often leads to a variety of new clinical manifestations, collectively termed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, or IRIS. This phenomenon has already been described in cases of HIV coinfection with Mycobacterium leprae, most of them belonging to the tuberculoid spectrum of leprosy disease, as observed in leprosy reversal reaction (RR). However, the events related to the pathogenesis of this association need to be clarified. This study investigated the immunological profile of HIV/leprosy patients, with special attention to the cellular activation status, to better understand the mechanisms related to IRIS/RR immunopathogenesis, identifying any potential biomarkers for IRIS/RR intercurrence. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Eighty-five individuals were assessed in this study: HIV/leprosy and HIV-monoinfected patients, grouped according to HIV-viral load levels, leprosy patients without HIV coinfection, and healthy controls. Phenotypes were evaluated by flow cytometry for T cell subsets and immune differentiation/activation markers. As expected, absolute counts of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the HIV-infected individuals changed in relation to those of the leprosy patients and controls. However, there were no significant differences among the groups, whether in the expression of cellular differentiation phenotypes or cellular activation, as reflected by the expression of CD38 and HLA-DR. Six HIV/leprosy patients identified as IRIS/RR were analyzed during IRIS/RR episodes and after prednisone treatment. These patients presented high cellular activation levels regarding the expression of CD38 in CD8+ cells T during IRIS/RR (median: 77,15%), dropping significantly (p<0,05) during post-IRIS/RR moments (median: 29,7%). Furthermore, an increase of cellular activation seems to occur prior to IRIS/RR. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest CD38 expression in CD8+ T cells interesting tool identifying HIV/leprosy individuals at risk for IRIS/RR. So, a comparative investigation to leprosy patients at RR should be conducted.
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Nitta H, Harada Y, Okikawa Y, Fujii M, Arihiro K, Kimura A, Harada H. Good's syndrome-associated pure red cell aplasia with myelodysplastic syndrome. Intern Med 2011; 50:2011-4. [PMID: 21921387 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Good's syndrome-associated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In this case, effector memory T (T(EM)) cells were expanded in the bone marrow. It remains uncertain whether the development of MDS was caused by the basic marrow defects or radiation therapy. However, since CD8(+) perforin(+) T(EM) cells expanded in the bone marrow, as was previously described for 3 of our patients with thymoma-associated PRCA, it is highly possible that the pathogenic mechanism of PRCA that is accompanied by thymoma is related to the expanded CD8(+) perforin(+) T(EM) cells in this MDS-complicated case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nitta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Chattopadhyay PK, Roederer M. Good cell, bad cell: flow cytometry reveals T-cell subsets important in HIV disease. Cytometry A 2010; 77:614-22. [PMID: 20583275 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a key technology in the study of HIV disease. In this article, we review various cellular markers that can be measured in the setting of pathogenesis or vaccination studies, including markers of activation, differentiation, senescence, immune suppression, and function. In addition, we discuss important considerations for making these measurements. Finally, we examine how flow cytometry studies have taught researchers about the disease process, and the potential for flow cytometry technology to guide treatment decisions and evaluate vaccine candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Nitta H, Mihara K, Sakai A, Kimura A. correspondence: Expansion of CD8+/perforin+ effector memory T cells in the bone marrow of patients with thymoma-associated pure red cell aplasia. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:712-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rasmussen AM, Borelli G, Hoel HJ, Lislerud K, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Aarvak T. Ex vivo expansion protocol for human tumor specific T cells for adoptive T cell therapy. J Immunol Methods 2010; 355:52-60. [PMID: 20171968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy is a promising treatment strategy for patients with different types of cancer. The methods used for generation of high numbers of tumor specific T cells usually require long-term ex vivo culture, which frequently lead to generation of terminally differentiated effector cells, demonstrating low persistence in vivo. Therefore, optimization of protocols for generation of T cells for adoptive cell therapy is warranted. The aim of this work was to develop a protocol for expansion of antigen-specific T cells using Dynabeads CD3/CD28 to obtain T cells expressing markers important for in vivo persistence and survival. To achieve high numbers of antigen-specific T cells following expansion, we have tested the effect of depleting regulatory T cells using Dynabeads CD25 and including a pre-stimulation step with peptide prior to the non-specific expansion with Dynabeads. Our data demonstrate that virus- and tumor specific T cells can be expanded to high numbers using Dynabeads CD3/CD28 following optimization of the culture conditions. The expansion protocol presented here results in enrichment of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells with an early/intermediate memory phenotype. This is observed even when the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells demonstrated a terminal effector phenotype prior to expansion. This protocol thus results in expanded T cells with a phenotypic profile which may increase the chance of retaining long-term persistence following adoptive transfer. Based on these data we have developed a cGMP protocol for expansion of tumor specific T cells for adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Rasmussen
- Department of Immunology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Premature aging of T cells is associated with faster HIV-1 disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:137-47. [PMID: 19131896 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181926c28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if untreated HIV-1 infection and progression is associated with premature aging of memory CD8 and CD4 T cells and naive CD4 T cells. METHODS Twenty HIV-1-infected fast progressors and 40 slow progressors were included in our study, using risk set sampling. The expression of cell surface markers reflecting the differentiation stages of lymphocytes was measured using flow cytometry analyses performed on cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS We found that HIV-1 disease progression is associated with a decreased CD28 median florescence intensity on CD4 and CD8 T cells; an increased proportion of intermediate- and late-differentiated CD8 T cells and a decreased CD31 median florescence intensity on naive CD4 T cells of recent thymic origin. A selective depletion of peripherally expanded naive CD4 T cells was found to be associated with HIV-1 infection but not with HIV-1 disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The overall change during HIV-1 infection and progression is associated with a shift in the T-cell population toward an aged conformation, which may be further compromised by impaired renewal of the less-differentiated CD4 T-cell population. Our results suggest that HIV-1 infection induces an accelerated aging of T lymphocytes, which is associated with the clinical progression to AIDS and death.
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Söderberg-Nauclér C. HCMV microinfections in inflammatory diseases and cancer. J Clin Virol 2007; 41:218-23. [PMID: 18164235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a wide-spread human virus that was mainly known to cause disease in immunocompromised patients. A new entity of infection can be diagnosed with high sensitive techniques; HCMV microinfections that often exhibit an altered pattern of IE protein expression. We have recently discovered that HCMV microinfections are very common in patients with inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. The discovery of active HCMV infections in tissue specimens from patients with inflammatory diseases raises the question of whether the infection is an epiphenomenon or whether the virus plays a causative role in disease development. After a primary infection, which is generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, HCMV establishes latency and persists in its host. In infected cells, the virus can produce over 250 proteins, but only about 50-60 are believed to be essential for viral replication. Thus, the vast majority of these viral proteins enable the virus to co-exist with its host. Such proteins act through highly sophisticated mechanisms to control different cellular and immunological functions in order to facilitate viral production and to avoid detection and elimination of the virus by the immune system. These proteins may also contribute to the development of common inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Karolinska Insititutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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