1
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Laitano R, Calzetta L, Motta E, Puxeddu E, Rogliani P. Role of exosomes in exacerbations of asthma and COPD: a systematic review. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1356328. [PMID: 38957448 PMCID: PMC11217169 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1356328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are chronic respiratory disorders characterized by airways obstruction and chronic inflammation. Exacerbations lead to worsening of symptoms and increased airflow obstruction in both airways diseases, and they are associated with increase in local and systemic inflammation. Exosomes are cell-derived membrane vesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that reflect their cellular origin. Through the transfer of these molecules, exosomes act as mediators of intercellular communication. Via selective delivery of their contents to target cells, exosomes have been proved to be involved in regulation of immunity and inflammation. Although, exosomes have been extensively investigated in different diseases, little is currently known about their role in asthma and COPD pathogenesis, and particularly in exacerbations. This review aims to systemically assess the potential role of exosomes in asthma and COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Laitano
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Motta
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ermanno Puxeddu
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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2
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Si G, Chen X, Li Y, Yuan X. Exosomes promote pre-metastatic niche formation in colorectal cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27572. [PMID: 38509970 PMCID: PMC10950591 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high morbidity rate, a poor prognosis when metastasized, and a greatly shortened 5-year survival rate. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of tumor metastasis is still important. Based on the "seed and soil" theory, the concept of " premetastatic niche (PMN)" was introduced by Kaplan et al. The complex interaction between primary tumors and the metastatic organ provides a beneficial microenvironment for tumor cells to colonize at a distance. With further exploration of the PMN, exosomes have gradually attracted interest from researchers. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted from cells that include various biological information and are involved in communication between cells. As a key molecule in the PMN, exosomes are closely related to tumor metastasis. In this article, we obtained information by conducting a comprehensive search across academic databases including PubMed and Web of Science using relevant keywords. Only recent, peer-reviewed articles published in the English language were considered for inclusion. This study aims to explore in depth how exosomes promote the formation of pre-metastatic microenvironment (PMN) in colorectal cancer and its related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifei Si
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Yuquan Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Xuemin Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, China
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3
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Amina SJ, Azam T, Dagher F, Guo B. A review on the use of extracellular vesicles for the delivery of drugs and biological therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:45-70. [PMID: 38226932 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2305115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, are effective tools for delivering small-molecule drugs and biological therapeutics into cells and tissues. Surface modifications with targeting ligands ensure precise delivery to specific cells, minimizing accumulation in healthy organs and reducing the side effects. This is a rapidly growing area in drug delivery research and this review aims to comprehensively discuss the recent advances in the field. AREA COVERED Recent studies have presented compelling evidence supporting the application of exosomes as efficient delivery vehicles that escape endosome trapping, achieving effective in vivo delivery in animal models. This review provides a systemic discussion on the exosome-based delivery technology, with topics covering exosome purification, surface modification, and targeted delivery of various cargos ranging from siRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, to small molecule drugs. EXPERT OPINION Exosome-based gene and drug delivery has low toxicity and low immunogenicity. Surface modifications of the exosomes can effectively avoid endosome trapping and increase delivery efficiency. This exciting technology can be applied to improve the treatments for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Jabeen Amina
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tasmia Azam
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Dagher
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Afzal A, Khawar MB, Habiba U, Afzal H, Hamid SE, Rafiq M, Abbasi MH, Sheikh N, Abaidullah R, Asif Z, Saeed T. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of EVs in lungs diseases and inflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:26. [PMID: 38127201 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived messengers which have been playing an important role in the inflammation and pathogenesis of lung diseases. EVs contain varieties of DNA, RNA, and membrane receptors through which they work as a delivery system for bioactive molecules as well as intracellular communicators. EV signaling mediates tumor progression and metastasis. EVs are linked with many diseases and perform a diagnostic role in lung injury and inflammation so are used to diagnose the severity of diseases. EVs containing a variety of biomolecules communicate with the recipient cells during pathophysiological mechanisms thereby acquiring the attention of clinicians toward the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in different lung diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of EVs in inflammation with an emphasis on their potential as a novel candidate in the diagnostics and therapeutics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afzal
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan.
| | - Ume Habiba
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hanan Afzal
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Eisha Hamid
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mussarat Rafiq
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Abaidullah
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Zoya Asif
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Tahaa Saeed
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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5
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Ma F, Zhang S, Akanyibah FA, Zhang W, Chen K, Ocansey DKW, Lyu C, Mao F. Exosome-mediated macrophage regulation for inflammatory bowel disease repair: a potential target of gut inflammation. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:6970-6987. [PMID: 38186999 PMCID: PMC10767518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a complex condition without a definite cause. During IBD, immune cells such as macrophages release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, contributing to intestinal barrier integrity dysfunction. IBD is largely influenced by macrophages, which are classified into subtypes M1 and M2. M1 macrophages have been found to contribute to the development of IBD, whereas M2 macrophages alleviate IBD. Hence, agents that cause increased polarization of the M2 phenotype could help repair IBD. Exosomes, as ubiquitous conveyors of intercellular messages, are involved in immune responses and immune-mediated disease processes. Exosomes and their microRNA (miRNA) from healthy cells have been found to polarize macrophages to M2 to repair IBD due to their anti-inflammatory properties; however, those from inflammatory-driven cells and disease cells promote M1 macrophages to perpetuate IBD. Here, we review the biogenesis, biochemical composition, and sources of exosomes, as well as the roles of exosomes as extracellular vesicles in regulation of macrophages to repair IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ma
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Francis Atim Akanyibah
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Kangjing Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape CoastCape Coast CC0959347, Ghana
| | - Changkun Lyu
- School of Medical Technology, Shangqiu Medical CollegeShangqiu 476100, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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6
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Tackling the cytokine storm using advanced drug delivery in allergic airway disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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7
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Engeroff P, Vogel M. The Potential of Exosomes in Allergy Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010133. [PMID: 35062793 PMCID: PMC8780385 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases represent a global health and economic burden of increasing significance. The lack of disease-modifying therapies besides specific allergen immunotherapy (AIT) which is not available for all types of allergies, necessitates the study of novel therapeutic approaches. Exosomes are small endosome-derived vesicles delivering cargo between cells and thus allowing inter-cellular communication. Since immune cells make use of exosomes to boost, deviate, or suppress immune responses, exosomes are intriguing candidates for immunotherapy. Here, we review the role of exosomes in allergic sensitization and inflammation, and we discuss the mechanisms by which exosomes could potentially be used in immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of allergic diseases. We propose the following approaches: (a) Mast cell-derived exosomes expressing IgE receptor FcεRI could absorb IgE and down-regulate systemic IgE levels. (b) Tolerogenic exosomes could suppress allergic immune responses via induction of regulatory T cells. (c) Exosomes could promote TH1-like responses towards an allergen. (d) Exosomes could modulate IgE-facilitated antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Engeroff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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8
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Manandhar B, Paudel KR, Panth N, Hansbro P, Oliver BG, Dua K. Applications of extracellular vesicles as a drug-delivery system for chronic respiratory diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:817-820. [PMID: 35019729 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Manandhar
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Nisha Panth
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Philip Hansbro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2037, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
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9
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Paris JL, de la Torre P, Flores AI. New Therapeutic Approaches for Allergy: A Review of Cell Therapy and Bio- or Nano-Material-Based Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122149. [PMID: 34959429 PMCID: PMC8707403 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergy constitutes a major health issue due to its large prevalence. The established therapeutic approaches (allergen avoidance, antihistamines, and corticosteroids) do not address the underlying causes of the pathology, highlighting the need for other long-term treatment options. Antigen-specific immunotherapy enables the long-term control of allergic diseases by promoting immunological tolerance to the allergen. However, efficacious immunotherapies are not available for all possible allergens, and the risk of undesired reactions during therapy remains a concern, especially in patients with severe allergic reactions. In this context, two types of therapeutic strategies appear especially promising for the future in the context of allergy: cell therapy and bio- or nano-material-based therapy. In this review, the main strategies developed this far in these two types of strategies are discussed, with several examples illustrating the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L. Paris
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Paz de la Torre
- Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana I. Flores
- Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Purghè B, Manfredi M, Ragnoli B, Baldanzi G, Malerba M. Exosomes in chronic respiratory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112270. [PMID: 34678722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released by almost all cell types, with a central role as mediators of intercellular communication. In addition to physiological conditions, these extracellular vesicles seem to play a pivotal role in inflammatory processes. This assumption offers the opportunity to study exosomes as promising biomarkers and therapeutic tools for chronic respiratory disorders. Indeed, although it is well-known that at the basis of conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis there is a dysregulated inflammatory process, an unequivocal correlation between different phenotypes and their pathophysiological mechanisms has not been established yet. In this review, we report and discuss some of the most significant studies on exosomes from body fluids of subjects affected by airway diseases. Furthermore, the most widespread techniques for exosome isolation and characterization are described. Further studies are needed to answer the unresolved questions about the functional link between exosomes and chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Purghè
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | | | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; Respiratory Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
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11
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Jiang G, Yun J, Kaplan HJ, Zhao Y, Sun D, Shao H. Vaccination with circulating exosomes in autoimmune uveitis prevents recurrent intraocular inflammation. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 49:1069-1077. [PMID: 34455666 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes participate in intercellular communication and act as important molecular vehicles in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes, including autoimmune development. The role of circulating exosomes in the development of autoimmune uveitis is unknown. In this study, using the rat model of experimental autoimmune uveitis, which has clinical and histological features of pan uveitis in man, we evaluated the immunoregulatory function of circulating exosomes. METHODS Experimental autoimmune uveitis was induced in Lewis rats either immunised with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein R16 peptides or injected with activated R16-specific T cells. The disease incidence and severity were examined by indirect fundoscopy and flow cytometry. Circulating exosomes were isolated from peripheral blood of naïve and Day 14 R16 immunised Lewis rats. The effect of exosomes on specific T cells was evaluated by R16-specific T cell proliferation, cytokine production and recurrent uveitis induction. RESULTS Circulating exosomes derived from active immunised uveitis rats selectively inhibited immune responses of R16-specific T cells in vitro. Vaccination of naïve rats with these exosomes reduced the incidence of recurrent uveitis in an antigen-specific manner. Antigen-specific uveitogenic T cells reduced IFN-γ production and increased IL-10 after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Circulating exosomes in autoimmune uveitis have the potential to be a novel treatment for recurrent autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Juan Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, Texas, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department. Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine/UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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12
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Huang F, Jia H, Zou Y, Yao Y, Deng Z. Exosomes: an important messenger in the asthma inflammatory microenvironment. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520903220. [PMID: 32096421 PMCID: PMC7111029 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China.,The Maternity and Child Care Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Jia
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingfen Zou
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China.,The Maternity and Child Care Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Weng J, Xiang X, Ding L, Wong ALA, Zeng Q, Sethi G, Wang L, Lee SC, Goh BC. Extracellular vesicles, the cornerstone of next-generation cancer diagnosis? Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:105-120. [PMID: 33989735 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has risen up to be a major cause of mortality worldwide over the past decades. Despite advancements in cancer screening and diagnostics, a significant number of cancers are still diagnosed at a late stage with poor prognosis. Hence, the discovery of reliable and accurate methods to diagnose cancer early would be of great help in reducing cancer mortality. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid vesicles found in many biofluids and are released by almost all types of cells. In recent years, using EVs as cancer biomarkers has garnered attention as a novel technique of cancer diagnosis. Compared with traditional tissue biopsy, there are many advantages that this novel diagnostic tool presents - it is less invasive, detects early-stage asymptomatic cancers, and allows for monitoring of tumour progression. As such, EV biomarkers have great potential in improving the diagnostic accuracy of cancers and guiding subsequent therapeutic decisions. Efficient isolation and accurate characterization of EVs are essential for reliable outcomes of clinical application. However, these are complicated by the size and biomolecular diversity of EVs. In this review, we present an analysis and evaluation of the current techniques of EV isolation and characterization, as well as discuss the potential EV biomarkers for specific types of cancer. Taken together, EV biomarkers have a lot of potential as a novel method in cancer diagnostics and diagnosis. However, more work is still needed to streamline the purification, characterization and biomarker identification process to ensure optimal outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Weng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 20203, China
| | - Lingwen Ding
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Li-Ann Wong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Soo Chin Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma-More Than Just a Co-Existence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094984. [PMID: 34067156 PMCID: PMC8124625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which are secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs are also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute to this process. Here we summarize their functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and, from a long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate the importance of different subtypes of EVs and their variable cargoes in the functioning of the pathways underlying asthma, and show some interesting potential for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Association studies in turn demonstrate a good diagnostic potential of EVs in asthma.
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15
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Abreu SC, Lopes-Pacheco M, Weiss DJ, Rocco PRM. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Diseases: Current Status and Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:600711. [PMID: 33659247 PMCID: PMC7917181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.600711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a potential therapy for several diseases. These plasma membrane-derived fragments are released constitutively by virtually all cell types-including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-under stimulation or following cell-to-cell interaction, which leads to activation or inhibition of distinct signaling pathways. Based on their size, intracellular origin, and secretion pathway, EVs have been grouped into three main populations: exosomes, microvesicles (or microparticles), and apoptotic bodies. Several molecules can be found inside MSC-derived EVs, including proteins, lipids, mRNA, microRNAs, DNAs, as well as organelles that can be transferred to damaged recipient cells, thus contributing to the reparative process and promoting relevant anti-inflammatory/resolutive actions. Indeed, the paracrine/endocrine actions induced by MSC-derived EVs have demonstrated therapeutic potential to mitigate or even reverse tissue damage, thus raising interest in the regenerative medicine field, particularly for lung diseases. In this review, we summarize the main features of EVs and the current understanding of the mechanisms of action of MSC-derived EVs in several lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary infections [including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)], asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and cystic fibrosis (CF), among others. Finally, we list a number of limitations associated with this therapeutic strategy that must be overcome in order to translate effective EV-based therapies into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia C. Abreu
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Patricia R. M. Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Sun Y, Xu M, Gao R, Xie S, Sun X, He J, Chen X, Li Q, Lu S, Yang M, Li M, Yang H, Huang T, Sun J. Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs in serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Kazakh sheep at early pregnancy. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:713-724. [PMID: 33547667 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MiRNAs-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess the unique function of mediating intercellular communication and participating in many biological processes such as post-transcriptional gene regulation of embryo implantation and placental development. In the present study, Illumina small-RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in serum EVs of pregnant (P) and non-pregnant (NP) Kazakh sheep at Day 17 from mating. The specifically and differentially expressed miRNAs at early pregnancy in sheep were verified by using RT-PCR. The target genes of DE miRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics software, and the functional and pathway enrichment analysis was performed on Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) terms. A total of 562 miRNAs (210 novel miRNAs) were identified by sequencing, of which 57 miRNAs were differentially expressed, 49 were up-regulated, 8 were down-regulated and 22 novel miRNAs were specifically expressed in the pregnant sheep. Eight highly expressed known miRNA (miR-378-3p, miR-320-3p, miR-22-3p, let-7b, miR-423-3p, miR-221, miR-296-3p, miR-147-3p) in pregnant group were down-regulated in the control group. miRNAs-containing pregnancy-related terms and regulatory pathways regulation were enriched using both GO and KEGG analyses. Moreover, we also envisioned a miRNA-mRNA interaction network to understand the function of miRNAs involved in the early pregnancy serum regulatory network. The results of RT-PCR verification confirmed the reliability of small-RNA sequencing. Among them, miR-22-3p and miR-378-3p were significantly differentially expressed (DE) between pregnant sheep and non-pregnant group (p < 0.01). The site at which oar-miR-22-3p binds MAPK3 was determined with a dual-luciferase system. This is the first integrated analysis of the expression profiles of EV-miRNAs and their targets during early pregnancy in ewes. These data identify key miRNAs that influence the implantation of sheep in the early stage of pregnancy, and provide theoretical basis for further molecular regulatory mechanisms research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Mengsi Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruonan Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Su Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Junfei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qingchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shihao Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Mengxun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingli Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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17
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Cañas JA, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Exosomes: A Key Piece in Asthmatic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:963. [PMID: 33478047 PMCID: PMC7835850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that has an important inflammatory component. Multiple cells are implicated in asthma pathogenesis (lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils), releasing a wide variety of cytokines. These cells can exert their inflammatory functions throughout extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small vesicles released by donor cells into the extracellular microenvironment that can be taken up by recipient cells. Depending on their size, EVs can be classified as microvesicles, exosomes, or apoptotic bodies. EVs are heterogeneous spherical structures secreted by almost all cell types. One of their main functions is to act as transporters of a wide range of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are single-stranded RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides in length. Therefore, exosomes could influence several physiological and pathological processes, including those involved in asthma. They can be detected in multiple cell types and biofluids, providing a wealth of information about the processes that take account in a pathological scenario. This review thus summarizes the most recent insights concerning the role of exosomes from different sources (several cell populations and biofluids) in one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases, asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Cañas
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Approaches to inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in allergy and autoimmunity: Focus on antigen-presenting cells and extracellular vesicles. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12881. [PMID: 32243636 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases urges clinicians and researchers to search for new and efficient treatments. Strategies that activate antigen-specific immune tolerance and simultaneously maintain immune reactivity to all other antigens deserve special attention. Accordingly, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) seem to be the best suited for orchestrating these mechanisms by directing T cell immune responses towards a tolerant subtype. Recent advances in understanding cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) make the latter promising candidates for reprogramming APCs towards a tolerant phenotype, and for mediating tolerogenic APC function. Thus, comprehensive studies have been undertaken to describe the interactions of APCs and EVs naturally occurring during immune tolerance induction, as well as to develop EV-based manoeuvres enabling the induction of immune tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the findings of relevant studies, with a special emphasis on future perspectives on their translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
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19
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Baskara-Yhuellou I, Tost J. The impact of microRNAs on alterations of gene regulatory networks in allergic diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:237-312. [PMID: 32085883 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases including asthma are worldwide on the rise and contribute significantly to health expenditures. Allergic diseases are prototypic diseases with a strong gene by environment interaction component and epigenetic mechanisms might mediate the effects of the environment on the disease phenotype. MicroRNAs, small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs), regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Functional single-stranded miRNAs are generated in multiple steps of enzymatic processing from their precursors and mature miRNAs are included into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). They imperfectly base-pair with the 3'UTR region of targeted genes leading to translational repression or mRNA decay. The cellular context and microenvironment as well the isoform of the mRNA control the dynamics and complexity of the regulatory circuits induced by miRNAs that regulate cell fate decisions and function. MiR-21, miR-146a/b and miR-155 are among the best understood miRNAs of the immune system and implicated in different diseases including allergic diseases. MiRNAs are implicated in the induction of the allergy reinforcing the Th2 phenotype (miR-19a, miR-24, miR-27), while other miRNAs promote regulatory T cells associated with allergen tolerance or unresponsiveness. In the current chapter we describe in detail the biogenesis and regulatory function of miRNAs and summarize current knowledge on miRNAs in allergic diseases and allergy relevant cell fate decisions focusing mainly on immune cells. Furthermore, we evoke the principles of regulatory loops and feedback mechanisms involving miRNAs on examples with relevance for allergic diseases. Finally, we show the potential of miRNAs and exosomes containing miRNAs present in several biological fluids that can be exploited with non-invasive procedures for diagnostic and potentially therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indoumady Baskara-Yhuellou
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
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20
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Sangaphunchai P, Todd I, Fairclough LC. Extracellular vesicles and asthma: A review of the literature. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:291-307. [PMID: 31925972 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, recurrent and incurable allergy-related respiratory disease characterized by inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and narrowing of the airways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a universal feature of cellular function and can be detected in different bodily fluids. Recent evidence has shown the possibility of using EVs in understanding the pathogenesis of asthma, including their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Studies have reported that EVs released from key cells involved in asthma can induce priming and activation of other asthma-associated cells. A literature review was conducted on all current research regarding the role and function of EVs in the pathogenesis of asthma via the PRISMA statement method. An electronic search was performed using EMBASE and PubMed through to November 2018. The EMBASE search returned 76 papers, while the PubMed search returned 211 papers. Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility with a total of 34 studies included in the final qualitative analysis. The review found evidence of association between the presence of EVs and physiological changes characteristic of asthma, suggesting that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis, with the weight of evidence presently favouring deleterious effects of EVs in asthma. Numerous studies highlighted differences in exosomal contents between EVs of healthy and asthmatic individuals, which could be employed as potential diagnostic markers. In some circumstances, EVs were also found to be suppressive to disease, but more often promote inflammation and airway remodelling. In conclusion, EVs hold immense potential in understanding the pathophysiology of asthma, and as diagnostic and therapeutic markers. While more research is needed for definitive conclusions and their application in medical practice, the literature presented in this review should encourage further research and discovery within the field of EVs and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Todd
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lucy C Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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21
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Kan S, Hariyadi DM, Grainge C, Knight DA, Bartlett NW, Liang M. Airway epithelial-targeted nanoparticles for asthma therapy. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L500-L509. [PMID: 31913649 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00237.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease associated with intermittent airflow obstruction caused by airway inflammation, mucus overproduction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Despite current treatment and management options, a large number of patients with asthma still have poorly controlled disease and are susceptible to acute exacerbations, usually caused by a respiratory virus infection. As a result, there remains a need for novel therapies to achieve better control and prevent/treat exacerbations. Nanoparticles (NPs), including extracellular vesicles (EV) and their synthetic counterparts, have been developed for drug delivery in respiratory diseases. In the case of asthma, where airway epithelium dysfunction, including dysregulated differentiation of epithelial cells, impaired barrier, and immune response, is a driver of disease, targeting airway epithelial cells with NPs may offer opportunities to repair or reverse these dysfunctions with therapeutic interventions. EVs possess multiple advantages for airway epithelial targeting, such as their natural intrinsic cell-targeting properties and low immunogenicity. Synthetic NPs can be coated with muco-inert polymers to overcome biological barriers such as mucus and the phagocytic response of immune cells. Targeting ligands could be also added to enhance targeting specificity to epithelial cells. The review presents current understanding and advances in NP-mediated drug delivery to airway epithelium for asthma therapy. Future perspectives in this therapeutic strategy will also be discussed, including the development of novel formulations and physiologically relevant preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Grainge
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mingtao Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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22
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Exosomes: A new approach to asthma pathology. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:139-147. [PMID: 30978325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with a complex pathophysiology, making the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools a challenge. Exosomes are extracellular membranous nanovesicles implicated in intercellular communication. Exosome composition and cargo are highly heterogeneous depending on their cellular origin and physiological state. They contain proteins (tetraspanins, heat-shock proteins), nucleic acids (RNA, microRNA), and lipids (ceramides, cholesterol, sphingolipids). Current scientific advances show that exosomes play a pivotal role in the pathology of asthma as well as other inflammatory diseases, and all types of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils) release exosomes. Also, structural lung cells such as airway epithelial cells and airway smooth muscle cells produce and secrete these nanovesicles. Exosomes influence and modify the functionality of these inflammatory and structural cells, triggering the characteristic processes of asthma disease. Additionally, exosomes are used as biomarkers in several disorders because they are easier to collect from different biofluids, making them a non-invasive method for screening human pathologies. Also, due to their special molecular characteristics, they can be loaded with different molecules and employed as a drug-delivery vehicle. This review focuses on recent advances related to the role of exosomes in asthma disease.
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23
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Serum exosomes mediate delivery of arginase 1 as a novel mechanism for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6927-E6936. [PMID: 29967177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721521115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, abundant in blood, deliver various molecules to recipient cells. Endothelial cells are directly exposed to circulating substances. However, how endothelial cells respond to serum exosomes (SExos) and the implications in diabetes-associated vasculopathy have never been explored. In the present study, we showed that SExos from diabetic db/db mice (db/db SExos) were taken up by aortic endothelial cells, which severely impaired endothelial function in nondiabetic db/m+ mice. The exosomal proteins, rather than RNAs, mostly account for db/db SExos-induced endothelial dysfunction. Comparative proteomics analysis showed significant increase of arginase 1 in db/db SExos. Silence or overexpression of arginase 1 confirmed its essential role in db/db SExos-induced endothelial dysfunction. This study is a demonstration that SExos deliver arginase 1 protein to endothelial cells, representing a cellular mechanism during development of diabetic endothelial dysfunction. The results expand the scope of blood-borne substances that monitor vascular homeostasis.
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24
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Oliveira GP, Porto WF, Palu CC, Pereira LM, Petriz B, Almeida JA, Viana J, Filho NNA, Franco OL, Pereira RW. Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Rats Serum Extracellular Vesicles Diameter, Concentration and Small RNAs Content. Front Physiol 2018; 9:532. [PMID: 29881354 PMCID: PMC5976735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise stimulates organs, mainly the skeletal muscle, to release a broad range of molecules, recently dubbed exerkines. Among them, RNAs, such as miRNAs, piRNAs, and tRNAs loaded in extracellular vesicles (EVs) have the potential to play a significant role in the way muscle and other organs communicate to translate exercise into health. Low, moderate and high intensity treadmill protocols were applied to rat groups, aiming to investigate the impact of exercise on serum EVs and their associated small RNA molecules. Transmission electron microscopy, resistive pulse sensing, and western blotting were used to investigate EVs morphology, size distribution, concentration and EVs marker proteins. Small RNA libraries from EVs RNA were sequenced. Exercise did not change EVs size, while increased EVs concentration. Twelve miRNAs were found differentially expressed after exercise: rno-miR-128-3p, 103-3p, 330-5p, 148a-3p, 191a-5p, 10b-5p, 93-5p, 25-3p, 142-5p, 3068-3p, 142-3p, and 410-3p. No piRNA was found differentially expressed, and one tRNA, trna8336, was found down-regulated after exercise. The differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted to target genes involved in the MAPK pathway. A single bout of exercise impacts EVs and their small RNA load, reinforcing the need for a more detailed investigation into EVs and their load as mediators of health-promoting exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getúlio P Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - William F Porto
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Cintia C Palu
- Bioinformatics, NSilico Life Science Ltd., Cork, Ireland.,University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lydyane M Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Centro Universitário UDF, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jeeser A Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Juliane Viana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nezio N A Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo W Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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25
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Shen J, Zhu X, Fei J, Shi P, Yu S, Zhou J. Advances of exosome in the development of ovarian cancer and its diagnostic and therapeutic prospect. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2831-2841. [PMID: 29844681 PMCID: PMC5961474 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s159829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of female gynecological cancer mortality. Most patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed with advanced stage because of lack of early symptoms, physical signs, and sensitive tumor biomarkers. The standard treatment includes cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy (usually platinum combined with paclitaxel). Despite that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy prolongs survival time, most patients go through relapse within 6–12 months after the treatment. Thus, elucidating the molecular mechanism in cancer development is essential to promote early diagnosis and novel treatments. The role of exosome has been highlighted in multiple research fields in recent years. Exosome has been described as nano-sized vesicle secreted by multiple mammalian cell types, carrying cargos like proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, and lipids. It participates in the formation of tumor microenvironment and the development of tumorigenesis and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Meanwhile, it may also play a pivotal role in diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and prognosis. Besides, studies show that exosome and its processed products have promising value in ovarian cancer treatment. The aim of the current review is to describe the characteristics of exosome in ovarian cancer, especially focusing on its role in immune modulation and drug resistance, hoping to provide new information on its implications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fei
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyao Shi
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqian Yu
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhou X, Jiao Z, Ji J, Li S, Huang X, Lu X, Zhao H, Peng J, Chen X, Ji Q, Ji Y. Characterization of mouse serum exosomal small RNA content: The origins and their roles in modulating inflammatory response. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42712-42727. [PMID: 28514744 PMCID: PMC5522100 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, although studies on exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from serum and other body fluids have increased dramatically; the contents and biological significance of serum exosomes under normal conditions remain unclear. In the present study, we profiled the small RNA content of mouse serum exosomes (mSEs) using small RNAseq and found that fragments of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and miRNAs were the two predominant exosomal RNA species, accounting for approximately 60% and 10% of mapped reads, respectively. Moreover, 466 known and 5 novel miRNAs were identified from two independent experiments, among which the five most abundant miRNAs (miR-486a-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-10b-5p and miR-27b-3p) accounted for approximately 60% of all the aligned miRNA sequences. As inferred from the identities of the well known cell- or tissue-specific miRNAs, mSEs were primarily released by RBCs, liver and intestinal cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed over half of the top 20 miRNAs by abundance were involved in inflammatory responses and further in vitro experiments demonstrated that mSEs potently primed macrophages towards the M2 phenotype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to profile small RNAs from mSEs. In addition to providing a reference for future biomarker studies and extrapolating their origins, our data also suggest the roles of mSEs in maintaining internal homeostasis under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zinan Jiao
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Juling Ji
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodi Huang
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Lu
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jingwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinya Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiuhong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuhua Ji
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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27
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Bakela K, Athanassakis I. Soluble major histocompatibility complex molecules in immune regulation: highlighting class II antigens. Immunology 2018; 153:315-324. [PMID: 29159903 PMCID: PMC5795187 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the development and regulation of immune response has been well defined over the years, starting from maturation, antigenic peptide loading, migration to the cell membrane for recognition by the T-cell receptor and recycling for immune response cessation. During this intracellular trafficking, MHC antigens find a way to be excreted by the cells, because they can be found as soluble MHC class I (sMHC-I) and class II (sMHC-II) molecules in all body fluids. Although secretion mechanisms have not been sufficiently studied, sMHC molecules have been shown to display important immunoregulatory properties. Their levels in the serum have been shown to be altered in a variety of diseases, including viral infections, inflammation, autoimmunities and cancer, etc. while they seem to be involved in a number of physiological reactions, including maintenance of tolerance, reproduction, as well as mate choice vis-à-vis species evolution. The present review aims to present the thus far existing literature on sMHC molecules and point out the importance of these molecules in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Bakela
- Laboratory of ImmunologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklion, CreteGreece
| | - Irene Athanassakis
- Laboratory of ImmunologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklion, CreteGreece
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28
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Chahar HS, Corsello T, Kudlicki AS, Komaravelli N, Casola A. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Changes Cargo Composition of Exosome Released from Airway Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:387. [PMID: 29321591 PMCID: PMC5762922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are microvesicles known to carry biologically active molecules, including RNA, DNA and proteins. Viral infections can induce profound changes in exosome composition, and exosomes have been implicated in viral transmission and pathogenesis. No information is current available regarding exosome composition and function during infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. In this study, we characterized exosomes released from RSV-infected lung carcinoma-derived A549 cells. RNA deep sequencing revealed that RSV exosomes contain a diverse range of RNA species like messenger and ribosomal RNA fragments, as well as small noncoding RNAs, in a proportion different from exosomes isolated from mock-infected cells. We observed that both RNA and protein signatures of RSV were present in exosomes, however, they were not able to establish productive infection in uninfected cells. Exosomes isolated from RSV-infected cells were able to activate innate immune response by inducing cytokine and chemokine release from human monocytes and airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that exosomes may play an important role in pathogenesis or protection against disease, therefore understating their role in RSV infection may open new avenues for target identification and development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harendra Singh Chahar
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston, 77555, USA
| | - Tiziana Corsello
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston, 77555, USA
| | - Andrzej S Kudlicki
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Galveston, 77555, USA
| | - Narayana Komaravelli
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston, 77555, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston, 77555, USA.
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Galveston, 77555, USA.
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, Galveston, 77555, USA.
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29
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Obacz J, Avril T, Rubio-Patiño C, Bossowski JP, Igbaria A, Ricci JE, Chevet E. Regulation of tumor-stroma interactions by the unfolded protein response. FEBS J 2017; 286:279-296. [PMID: 29239107 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved adaptive pathway that helps cells cope with the protein misfolding burden within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Imbalance between protein folding demand and capacity in the ER leads to a situation called ER stress that is often observed in highly proliferative and secretory tumor cells. As such, activation of the UPR signaling has emerged as a key adaptive mechanism promoting cancer progression. It is becoming widely acknowledged that, in addition to its intrinsic effect on tumor biology, the UPR can also regulate tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss how the UPR coordinates the crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells, such as endothelial cells, normal parenchymal cells, and immune cells. In addition, we further describe the involvement of ER stress signaling in the response to current treatments as well as its impact on antitumor immunity mainly driven by immunogenic cell death. Finally, in this context, we discuss the relevance of targeting ER stress/UPR signaling as a potential anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Obacz
- Inserm U1242 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress & Signaling', Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Tony Avril
- Inserm U1242 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress & Signaling', Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Aeid Igbaria
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress & Signaling', Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
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30
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Heffler E, Allegra A, Pioggia G, Picardi G, Musolino C, Gangemi S. MicroRNA Profiling in Asthma: Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:642-650. [PMID: 28489455 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0231tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disorder in which different endotypes contribute to define clinical inflammatory phenotypes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of minute, endogenous 22-25 nt RNA elements that join to particular mRNAs to reduce translation and increase messenger RNA degradation. miRNAs operate in post-transcriptional control and regulate physiological and pathological processes in several illnesses. The purpose of this work is to review and discuss the current knowledge about the function of miRNAs in asthma, focusing particularly on their biological properties, pathophysiologic actions, and possible use as markers and treatments for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Heffler
- 1 Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Clinic, Humanitas Research Hospital, and.,2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- 3 Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery and Oncology, University of Messina
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- 4 Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems-Messina Unit, and
| | - Giuseppe Picardi
- 5 Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- 3 Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery and Oncology, University of Messina
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- 4 Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems-Messina Unit, and.,6 School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "G. Martino," Messina, Italy; and
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31
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Lozano-Ojalvo D, López-Fandiño R. Immunomodulating peptides for food allergy prevention and treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1629-1649. [PMID: 28102702 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1275519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the most promising strategies currently assayed against IgE-mediated allergic diseases stands the possibility of using immunomodulating peptides to induce oral tolerance toward offending food allergens or even to prevent allergic sensitization. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of food derived immunomodulating peptides on food allergy, which can be directly exerted in the intestinal tract or once being absorbed through the intestinal epithelial barrier to interact with immune cells. Food peptides influence intestinal homeostasis by maintaining and reinforcing barrier function or affecting intestinal cell-signalling to nearby immune cells and mucus secretion. In addition, they can stimulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune system while supressing inflammatory responses. Peptides represent an attractive alternative to whole allergens to enhance the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy treatments. The conclusions drawn from curative and preventive experiments in murine models are promising, although there is a need for more pre-clinical studies to further explore the immunomodulating strategy and its mechanisms and for a deeper knowledge of the peptide sequence and structural requirements that determine the immunoregulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- a Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- a Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain
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32
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Xie G, Yang H, Peng X, Lin L, Wang J, Lin K, Cui Z, Li J, Xiao H, Liang Y, Li L. Mast cell exosomes can suppress allergic reactions by binding to IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:788-791. [PMID: 28916187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiwei Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zelin Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.
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33
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Li W, Li C, Zhou T, Liu X, Liu X, Li X, Chen D. Role of exosomal proteins in cancer diagnosis. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:145. [PMID: 28851367 PMCID: PMC5576100 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarkers. Exosome is a bilayered nano-sized vesicle secreted by various living cells in all body fluids. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, exosomes are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of cancer cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma correlate with pathological processes of many diseases including cancer. However, previous studies on exosome application in cancer diagnosis and treatment mainly focussed on miRNAs. With the development of rapid large-scale production, purification, extraction and screening of exosomal contents, exosomal protein application can be explored for early stage cancer diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis evaluation. Here, we summarized the recent developments in application of exosomal proteins for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China.,, NO.8, xitoutiao,Youan men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyun Li
- YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi, China
| | - Xiuhong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhui Li
- YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China.
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34
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Malik S, Eugenin EA. Mechanisms of HIV Neuropathogenesis: Role of Cellular Communication Systems. Curr HIV Res 2017; 14:400-411. [PMID: 27009098 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14666160324124558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the development of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HANDs) in approximately 50-60% of HIV infected individuals. Despite undetectable viral loads in the periphery owing to anti-retroviral therapy, neuroinflammation and neurocognitive impairment are still prevalent in HIV infected individuals. Several studies indicate that the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities observed in HIV infected individuals are not a direct effect of viral replication in the CNS, rather these neurological abnormalities are associated with amplification of HIV specific signals by unknown mechanisms. We propose that some of these mechanisms of damage amplification are mediated by gap junction channels, pannexin and connexin hemichannels, tunneling nanotubes and microvesicles/exosomes. OBJECTIVE Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that HIV infection targets cell to cell communication by altering all these communication systems resulting in enhanced bystander apoptosis of uninfected cells, inflammation and viral infection. Here we discuss the role of these communication systems in HIV neuropathogenesis. CONCLUSION In the current manuscript, we have described the mechanisms by which HIV "hijacks" these host cellular communication systems, leading to exacerbation of HIV neuropathogenesis, and to simultaneously promote the survival of HIV infected cells, resulting in the establishment of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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35
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Sastre B, Cañas JA, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Del Pozo V. Novel Modulators of Asthma and Allergy: Exosomes and MicroRNAs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:826. [PMID: 28785260 PMCID: PMC5519536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is crucial to the immune system response. In the recent years, the discovery of exosomes has changed the way immune response orchestration was understood. Exosomes are able to operate as independent units that act as mediators in both physiological and pathological conditions. These structures contain proteins, lipidic mediators, and nucleic acids and notoriously include microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are short RNA sequences (around 19-22 nucleotides) with a high phylogenetic conservation and can partially or totally regulate multiple mRNAs, inhibiting protein synthesis. In respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergic sensitization, exosomes released by several cell types and their specific content perform crucial functions in the development and continuation of the pathogenic mechanisms. Released exosomes and miRNAs inside them have been found in different types of clinical samples, such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and sputum supernatants, providing new data about the environmental factors and mediators that participate in the inflammatory responses that lead to the exacerbation of asthma. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the role of exosomes and miRNAs in asthma and allergic sensitization, paying attention to the functions that both exosomes and miRNAs are described to perform through the literature. We review the effect of exosomes and miRNAs in cells implicated in asthma pathology and the genes and pathways that they modify in them, depicting how their behavior is altered in disease status. We also describe their possible repercussion in asthma diagnosis through their possible role as biomarkers. Therefore, both exosomes and miRNAs can be viewed as potential tools to be added to the arsenal of therapeutics to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sastre
- Laboratory of Immunoallergy, Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Cañas
- Laboratory of Immunoallergy, Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Immunoallergy, Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Del Pozo
- Laboratory of Immunoallergy, Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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36
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Thakur A, Qiu G, Ng SP, Guan J, Yue J, Lee Y, Wu CML. Direct detection of two different tumor-derived extracellular vesicles by SAM-AuNIs LSPR biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:400-407. [PMID: 28324860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are abundant in various biological fluids including blood, saliva, urine, as well as extracellular milieu. Accumulating evidence has indicated that EVs, which contain functional proteins and small RNAs, facilitate intercellular communication between neighbouring cells, and are critical to maintain various physiological processes. In contrast, EV-derived toxic signals can spread out over the tissues adjacent to the injured area in certain diseases, including brain tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. This demands better characterization of EVs which can be employed for liquid biopsy clinically as well as for the study of intercellular signalling. Exosomes and microvesicles share a number of similar characteristics, but it is important to distinguish between these two types of EVs. Here, we report for the first time that our in-house developed Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance biosensor with self-assembly gold nanoislands (SAM-AuNIs) can be used to detect and distinguish exosomes from MVs isolated from A-549 cells, SH-SY5Y cells, blood serum, and urine from a lung cancer mouse model. Exosomes, compared with MVs, produced a distinguishable response to the bare LSPR biosensor without functionalization, suggesting a different biophysical interaction between exosomes and MVs with SAM AuNIs. This sensor attains the limit of detection to 0.194µg/ml, and the linear dynamic range covers 0.194-100µg/ml. This discovery not only reveals great insight into the distinctive membrane property of tumor-derived exosomes and MVs, but also facilitate the development of novel LSPR biosensors for direct detection and isolation of heterogeneous EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Guangyu Qiu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Pang Ng
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Jintao Guan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Jianbo Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong.
| | - Chi-Man Lawrence Wu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong.
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37
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Abreu SC, Weiss DJ, Rocco PRM. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells: a therapeutic option in respiratory diseases? Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 27075363 PMCID: PMC4831172 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are plasma membrane-bound fragments released from several cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), constitutively or under stimulation. EVs derived from MSCs and other cell types transfer molecules (such as DNA, proteins/peptides, mRNA, microRNA, and lipids) and/or organelles with reparative and anti-inflammatory properties to recipient cells. The paracrine anti-inflammatory effects promoted by MSC-derived EVs have attracted significant interest in the regenerative medicine field, including for potential use in lung injuries. In the present review, we describe the characteristics, biological activities, and mechanisms of action of MSC-derived EVs. We also review the therapeutic potential of EVs as reported in relevant preclinical models of acute and chronic respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Finally, we discuss possible approaches for potentiating the therapeutic effects of MSC-derived EVs so as to enable use of this therapy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia C Abreu
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Ave Given, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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38
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Zhang M, Viennois E, Xu C, Merlin D. Plant derived edible nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach against diseases. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1134415. [PMID: 27358751 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1134415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, nanoparticles containing miRNA, bioactive lipids and proteins serve as extracellular messengers to mediate cell-cell communication in a manner similar to the exosomes secreted by mammalian cells. Notably, such nanoparticles are edible. Moreover, given the proper origin and cargo, plant derived edible nanoparticles could function in interspecies communication and may serve as natural therapeutics against a variety of diseases. In addition, nanoparticles made of plant-derived lipids may be used to efficiently deliver specific drugs. Plant derived edible nanoparticles could be more easily scaled up for mass production, compared to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss recent significant developments pertaining to plant derived edible nanoparticles and provide insight into the use of plants as a bio-renewable, sustainable, diversified platform for the production of therapeutic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Changlong Xu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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39
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40
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Falcon-Perez JM, Royo F. Circulating RNA: looking at the liver through a frosted glass. Biomarkers 2015; 20:339-54. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Falcon-Perez
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain and
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - F. Royo
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain and
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Exosomes and Their Role in the Life Cycle and Pathogenesis of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:3204-25. [PMID: 26102580 PMCID: PMC4488737 DOI: 10.3390/v7062770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles actively released into the extracellular space, whose content reflect the physiological/pathological state of the cells they originate from. These vesicles participate in cell-to-cell communication and transfer of biologically active proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Their role in viral infections is just beginning to be appreciated. RNA viruses are an important class of pathogens and affect millions of people worldwide. Recent studies on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and Dengue Virus (DENV) have demonstrated that exosomes released from infected cells harbor and deliver many regulatory factors including viral RNA and proteins, viral and cellular miRNA, and other host functional genetic elements to neighboring cells, helping to establish productive infections and modulating cellular responses. Exosomes can either spread or limit an infection depending on the type of pathogen and target cells, and can be exploited as candidates for development of antiviral or vaccine treatments. This review summarizes recent progress made in understanding the role of exosomes in RNA virus infections with an emphasis on their potential contribution to pathogenesis.
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Bakela K, Kountourakis N, Aivaliotis M, Athanassakis I. Soluble MHC-II proteins promote suppressive activity in CD4+ T cells. Immunology 2015; 144:158-69. [PMID: 25053509 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble MHCII (sMHCII) molecules are present in body fluids of healthy individuals and are considered to be involved in the maintenance of self tolerance, and are also related to various diseases. Their concentration increases during in vivo antigen-specific tolerogenic stimulation and it was recently shown that exosome-mediated tolerance is MHCII dependent. At the cellular level, sMHCII proteins compete with membrane MHCII for T-cell receptor binding on CD4(+) T cells. Immunoaffinity purification techniques isolated sMHCII antigens from the serum of human serum albumin (HSA) -tolerant mice as a single highly glycosylated protein of ~ 60,000 molecular weight, specifically interacting with anti-class II antibodies in Western blotting and ELISA. Mass spectroscopy showed that these sMHCII proteins were loaded with the tolerogenic peptide as well as multiple self peptides. At the cellular level, sMHCII suppressed antigen-specific, and to a lesser degree antigen-non-specific, spleen cell proliferation and induced CD25 in naive T cells. In T cells activated by antigen-seeded macrophages, sMHCII decreased CD28 and increased CTLA-4 protein expression, while decreasing interleukin-2 and increasing interleukin-10 production. In this case, sMHCII proteins were shown to decrease ZAP-70 and LAT phosphorylation. The results presented here for the first time provide evidence for the role of sMHCII proteins in immune response suppression and maintenance of tolerance, revealing novel regulatory mechanisms for immune system manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Bakela
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Exosome secretion by eosinophils: A possible role in asthma pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1603-13. [PMID: 25617225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils secrete several granules that are involved in the propagation of inflammatory responses in patients with pathologies such as asthma. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that some of these granules are exosomes, which, when transferred to the recipient cells, could modulate asthma progression. METHODS Eosinophils were purified from peripheral blood and cultured with or without IFN-γ or eotaxin. Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in eosinophils were studied by using fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and flow cytometry. Exosome secretion was measured and exosome characterization was performed with TEM, Western blotting, and NanoSight analysis. RESULTS Generation of MVBs in eosinophils was confirmed by using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry and corroborated by means of TEM. Having established that eosinophils contain MVBs, our aim was to demonstrate that eosinophils secrete exosomes. To do this, we purified exosomes from culture medium of eosinophils and characterized them. Using Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that eosinophils secreted exosomes and that the discharge of exosomes to extracellular media increases after IFN-γ stimulation. We measured exosome size and quantified exosome production from healthy and asthmatic subjects using nanotracking analysis. We found that exosome production was augmented in asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION Our findings are the first to demonstrate that eosinophils contain functional MVBs and secrete exosomes and that their secretion is increased in asthmatic patients. Thus exosomes might play an important role in the progression of asthma and eventually be considered a biomarker.
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44
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Azmi AS, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:623-42. [PMID: 23709120 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 864] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trafficking of biological material across membranes is an evolutionary conserved mechanism and is part of any normal cell homeostasis. Such transport is composed of active, passive, export through microparticles, and vesicular transport (exosomes) that collectively maintain proper compartmentalization of important micro- and macromolecules. In pathological states, such as cancer, aberrant activity of the export machinery results in expulsion of a number of key proteins and microRNAs resulting in their misexpression. Exosome-mediated expulsion of intracellular drugs could be another barrier in the proper action of most of the commonly used therapeutics, targeted agents, and their intracellular metabolites. Over the last decade, a number of studies have revealed that exosomes cross-talk and/or influence major tumor-related pathways, such as hypoxia-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, and metastasis involving many cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that exosome-secreted proteins can also propel fibroblast growth, resulting in desmoplastic reaction, a major barrier in effective cancer drug delivery. This comprehensive review highlights the advancements in the understanding of the biology of exosomes secretions and the consequence on cancer drug resistance. We propose that the successful combination of cancer treatments to tackle exosome-mediated drug resistance requires an interdisciplinary understanding of these cellular exclusion mechanisms, and how secreted biomolecules are involved in cellular cross-talk within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, HWCRC 740, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
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45
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Alečković M, Kang Y. Regulation of cancer metastasis by cell-free miRNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1855:24-42. [PMID: 25450578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are integral molecules in the regulation of numerous physiological cellular processes that have emerged as critical players in cancer initiation and metastatic progression, both by promoting and suppressing metastasis. Recently, cell-free miRNAs shed from cancer cells into circulation have been reported in cancer patients, raising hope for development of novel biomarkers that can be routinely measured in easily accessible samples. In fact, establishing miRNA expression in the circulation likely has advantages over determination in primary tumor tissue, further augmenting the potential applications of miRNA detection in oncological practice. In addition, secretion of miRNAs impacting distant cell signaling or promoting the formation of a niche that sustains a distant tumor microenvironment allows for new treatment approaches to thwart cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Alečković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA.
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46
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Beninson LA, Fleshner M. Exosomes in fetal bovine serum dampen primary macrophage IL-1β response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:187-92. [PMID: 25455591 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study identifies a previously unknown immunological function of exosomes present in fetal bovine serum (FBS). Exosomes are small (40-100 nm), biologically active nanoparticles released from cells that associate with a variety of proteins and miRNA. Exosomes are present in nearly all biological fluids, including FBS, a common supplement to cell culture media. While there are a growing number of studies examining cellular responses to exosomes, there is no assessment of how FBS exosomes impact cellular responses to immunological challenges. Our results demonstrate that primary macrophages from Fisher 344 rats cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of FBS exosomes exhibit a dose-dependent reduction in IL-1β compared to macrophages cultured in medium supplemented with exosome-depleted FBS. The addition of fetal bovine exosomes also reduced macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6, but not IL-10, monocyte chemotactic factor-1 (MCP-1), nitric oxide (NO), or lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) response to LPS. The selectivity of exosomal impact on macrophage IL-1β and pro-inflammatory protein responses may implicate the potential role of exosome-inflammasome interactions. These findings suggest that researchers should consider the immunological influence of FBS exosomes, particularly on IL-1β activity, when studying cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida A Beninson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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47
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Beninson LA, Brown PN, Loughridge AB, Saludes JP, Maslanik T, Hills AK, Woodworth T, Craig W, Yin H, Fleshner M. Acute stressor exposure modifies plasma exosome-associated heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) and microRNA (miR-142-5p and miR-203). PLoS One 2014; 9:e108748. [PMID: 25259839 PMCID: PMC4178201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, biologically active nanoparticles (40-100 nm) released by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, contain a variety of proteins and small, non-coding RNA known as microRNA (miRNA). Exposure to various pathogens and disease states modifies the composition and function of exosomes, but there are no studies examining in vivo exosomal changes evoked by the acute stress response. The present study reveals that exposing male Fisher 344 rats to an acute stressor modulates the protein and miRNA profile of circulating plasma exosomes, specifically increasing surface heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) and decreasing miR-142-5p and -203. The selected miRNAs and Hsp72 are associated with immunomodulatory functions and are likely a critical component of stress-evoked modulation of immunity. Further, we demonstrate that some of these stress-induced modifications in plasma exosomes are mediated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (ADRs), since drug-mediated blockade of the receptors significantly attenuates the stress-induced modifications of exosomal Hsp72 and miR-142-5p. Together, these findings demonstrate that activation of the acute stress response modifies the proteomic and miRNA profile of exosomes released into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida A. Beninson
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Peter N. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alice B. Loughridge
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jonel P. Saludes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas Maslanik
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Abigail K. Hills
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tyler Woodworth
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Wendy Craig
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Quantitative proteomic analysis of hepatocyte-secreted extracellular vesicles reveals candidate markers for liver toxicity. J Proteomics 2014; 103:227-40. [PMID: 24747303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular vesicles have created great interest as possible source of biomarkers for different biological processes and diseases. Although the biological function of these vesicles is not fully understood, it is clear that they participate in the removal of unnecessary cellular material and act as carriers of various macromolecules and signals between the cells. In this report, we analyzed the proteome of extracellular vesicles secreted by primary hepatocytes. We used one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with data-independent mass spectrometry. Employing label-free quantitative proteomics, we detected significant changes in vesicle protein expression levels in this in vitro model after exposure to well-known liver toxins (galactosamine and Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide). The results allowed us to identify candidate markers for liver injury. We validated a number of these markers in vivo, providing the basis for the development of novel methods to evaluate drug toxicity. This report strongly supports the application of proteomics in the study of extracellular vesicles released by well-controlled in vitro cellular systems. Analysis of such systems should help to identify specific markers for various biological processes and pathological conditions. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of low invasive candidate marker for hepatotoxicity. Support to apply proteomics in the study of extracellular vesicles released by well-controlled in vitro cellular systems to identify low invasive markers for diseases.
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Beach A, Zhang HG, Ratajczak MZ, Kakar SS. Exosomes: an overview of biogenesis, composition and role in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:14. [PMID: 24460816 PMCID: PMC3932023 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are tiny membrane-bound vesicles that are over produced by most proliferating cell types during normal and pathological states. Their levels are up-regulated during pregnancy and disease states such as cancer. Exosomes contain a wide variety of proteins, lipids, RNAs, non-transcribed RNAs, microRNAs and small RNAs that are representative to their cellular origin and shuttle from a donor cell to a recipient cell. From intercellular communication to tumor proliferation, exosomes carry out a diverse range of functions, both helpful and harmful. Useful as biomarkers, exosomes may be applicable in diagnostic assessments as well as cell-free anti-tumor vaccines. Exosomes of ovarian cancer contain different set of proteins and miRNAs compared to exosomes of normal, cancer-free individuals. These molecules may be used as multiple “barcode” for the development of a diagnostic tool for early detection of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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50
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Exosomes: an emerging factor in stress-induced immunomodulation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:394-401. [PMID: 24405946 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cells constitutively release small (40-100 nm) vesicles known as exosomes, but their composition and function changes in response to a variety of physiological challenges, such as injury, infection, and disease. Advances in our understanding of the immunological relevance of exosomes have been made, however, few studies have explored their role in stress physiology. Exposure to a variety of acute stressors facilitates the efficacy of innate immune responses, but the mechanisms for these effects are not fully understood. Since exosomes are emerging as important inflammatory mediators, they likely exhibit a similar role when an organism is exposed to an acute stressor. Here, we review our current knowledge of the basic properties and immunological functions of exosomes and provide emerging data supporting the role of stress-modified exosomes in regulating the innate immune response, potentially enabling long-distance cellular communication and obviating the need for direct cell-to-cell contact.
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