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Chawla M, Cuspoca AF, Akthar N, Magdaleno JSL, Rattanabunyong S, Suwattanasophon C, Jongkon N, Choowongkomon K, Shaikh AR, Malik T, Cavallo L. Immunoinformatics-aided rational design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting feline infectious peritonitis virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1280273. [PMID: 38192725 PMCID: PMC10773687 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1280273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a grave and frequently lethal ailment instigated by feline coronavirus (FCoV) in wild and domestic feline species. The spike (S) protein of FCoV assumes a critical function in viral ingress and infection, thereby presenting a promising avenue for the development of a vaccine. In this investigation, an immunoinformatics approach was employed to ascertain immunogenic epitopes within the S-protein of FIP and formulate an innovative vaccine candidate. By subjecting the amino acid sequence of the FIP S-protein to computational scrutiny, MHC-I binding T-cell epitopes were predicted, which were subsequently evaluated for their antigenicity, toxicity, and allergenicity through in silico tools. Our analyses yielded the identification of 11 potential epitopes capable of provoking a robust immune response against FIPV. Additionally, molecular docking analysis demonstrated the ability of these epitopes to bind with feline MHC class I molecules. Through the utilization of suitable linkers, these epitopes, along with adjuvants, were integrated to design a multi-epitope vaccine candidate. Furthermore, the stability of the interaction between the vaccine candidate and feline Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was established via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analyses. This suggests good prospects for future experimental validation to ascertain the efficacy of our vaccine candidate in inducing a protective immune response against FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chawla
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Felipe Cuspoca
- Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica de Colombia (GRECO), Universidad Pedagógica yTecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
- Centro de Atención e Investigación Médica–CAIMED, Chía, Colombia
| | - Nahid Akthar
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Jorge Samuel Leon Magdaleno
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Nathjanan Jongkon
- Department of Social and Applied Science, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Abdul Rajjak Shaikh
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Targeting TLR2 for vaccine development. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:619410. [PMID: 25057505 PMCID: PMC4098989 DOI: 10.1155/2014/619410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel and more effective immunization strategies against many animal diseases may profit from the current knowledge on the modulation of specific immunity through stimulation of innate immune receptors. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-targeting formulations, such as synthetic lipopeptides and antigens expressed in fusion with lipoproteins, have been shown to have built-in adjuvant properties and to be effective at inducing cellular and humoral immune mechanisms in different animal species. However, contradictory data has arisen concerning the profile of the immune response elicited. The benefits of targeting TLR2 for vaccine development are thus still debatable and more studies are needed to rationally explore its characteristics. Here, we resume the main features of TLR2 and TLR2-induced immune responses, focusing on what has been reported for veterinary animals.
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Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) shares genomic organization, receptor usage, lymphocyte tropism, and induction of immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to cancer with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Global distribution, marked heterogeneity and variable host adaptation are also properties of both viruses. These features render the FIV-cat model suitable to explore many aspects of lentivirus-host interaction and adaptation, and to explore treatment and prevention of infection. Examples of fundamental discoveries that have emerged from study in the FIV-cat model concern two-receptor entrance strategies that target memory T-lymphocytes, host factors that restrict retroviral infection, viral strategies for replication in non-dividing cells, and identification of correlates of immunity to the virus. This article provides a brief overview of strengths and limitations of the FIV-cat model for comparative biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia), and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less commonly diagnosed than in the previous 20 years; prevalence has been decreasing in most countries. However, FeLV importance may be underestimated as it has been shown that regressively infected cats (that are negative in routinely used FeLV tests) also can develop clinical signs. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. This article provides a review of clinical syndromes in progressively and regressively FeLV-infected cats as well as in FIV-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, LMU University of Munich, Germany, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Lewis D, Chan D, Pinheiro D, Armitage‐Chan E, Garden O. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient-based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Present address:
Langford Veterinary ServicesSmall Animal HospitalLangford HouseLangfordBristol, BS40 5DUUK
| | - D.L. Chan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
| | - D. Pinheiro
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
| | - E. Armitage‐Chan
- Davies Veterinary SpecialistsManor Farm Business ParkHertfordshireSG5 3HR, UK (Armitage‐Chan)
| | - O.A. Garden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
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Hartmann K. Clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:190-201. [PMID: 21807418 PMCID: PMC7132395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with a global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia) and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less important as a deadly infectious agent as in the last 20 years prevalence has been decreasing in most countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Lehman TL, O'Halloran KP, Hoover EA, Avery PR. Utilizing the FIV model to understand dendritic cell dysfunction and the potential role of dendritic cell immunization in HIV infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 134:75-81. [PMID: 19896214 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen presenting cells which initiate and coordinate the immune response making them central targets of and attractive candidates for manipulation in chronic lentiviral infections. Emerging evidence suggests that DC immune function is disrupted during both acute and chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Despite some early promising data, the use of DC for lentiviral immunotherapy has not fulfilled its expected potential and has been complicated by the large number of variables involved in DC harvesting, purifying, and antigen loading. Pre-clinical studies aimed at identifying successful strategies for DC augmentation of current HIV treatment protocols are needed. Over the past two decades, the FIV model for HIV infection has increased the understanding of retroviral pathogenesis, and studies have begun using the FIV model to study DC dysfunction and DC-mediated immunotherapy. Careful consideration of the many variables involved in DC function and therapy should help develop protocols to explore the potential of DC vaccine-based therapies for lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Lehman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Chen P, Chen R, Yang Y, Yu Y, Xie Y, Zou Y, Ge J, Chen H. Coxsackievirus B3 infection promotes generation of myeloid dendritic cells from bone marrow and accumulation in the myocardium. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1304-12. [PMID: 19664723 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is associated with increased number of CD4+ T cells in the myocardium after coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. Previous studies show that CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) loaded with myosin could induce myocarditis. This study aims to investigate the generation and accumulation of mDC in CVB3-induced myocarditis. The presence of mDC in myocardium was detected by immunohistochemisty. Bone marrow-derived mDC were generated from uninfected and CVB3-infected mice. The percentage of CD11c+ mDC on cultured cells and mean fluorescence index (MFI) of double positive cells (CD11c+CD40+, CD11c+CD80+) were measured by flow cytometry. The expression of chemokine receptors (CCR5, CCR7) on mDC and chemokines (CCL4, CCL19) in the myocardium was detected. The migration of mDC in response to CCL4 or CCL19 was measured by chemotaxis assay. Mature mDC were elevated in the myocardium from CVB3-infected mice. The percentage of mDC generated from CVB3-infected group was increased. The MFI of CD11c+CD40+ and CD11c+CD80+ was increased in CVB3-infected group. The mDC showed a down-regulation of CCR5 and unaffected CCR7 mRAN levels associated with elevated CCL4 and CCL19 in the myocardium in CVB3-infected group. Numbers of migrating bone marrow-derived mDC from CVB3-infected mice were increased in vitro. We conclude that CVB3 infection induced the greater generation of mDC from bone marrow and accumulation of mature mDC in myocardial tissues. This migration was associated with increased levels of both CCL4 and CCL19 in the heart tissue. These suggest that blocking the migration of mDC may provide a novel therapy for myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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