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Ortega-Portilla PA, Carrisoza-Urbina J, Bedolla-Alva MA, Cortéz-Hernández O, Juárez-Ramírez M, Baay-Guzmán G, Huerta-Yepez S, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA. Necrosis plays a role in the concentration of mycobacterial antigens in granulomas from Mycobacterium bovis naturally infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110757. [PMID: 38723459 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The dynamics that develop between cells and molecules in the host against infection by Mycobacterium bovis, leads to the formation of granulomas mainly present in the lungs and regional lymph nodes in cattle. Cell death is one of the main features in granuloma organization, however, it has not been characterized in granulomatous lesions caused by M. bovis. In this study we aimed to identify the profiles of cell death in the granuloma stages and its relationship with the accumulation of bacteria. We identified necrosis, activated caspase-3, LC3B/p62 using immunohistochemistry and digital pathology analysis on 484 granulomatous lesions in mediastinal lymph nodes from 23 naturally infected cattle. Conclusions: greater amounts of mycobacterial antigens were identified in granulomas from calves compared with adult cattle. The highest percentage of necrosis and quantity of mycobacterial antigens were identified in granuloma stages (III/IV) from adults. The LC3B/p62 profile was heterogeneous in granulomas between adults and calves. Our data suggest that necrosis is associated with a higher amount of mycobacterial antigens in the late stages of granuloma and the development of autophagy appears to play an heterogeneous effector response against infection in adults and calves. These results represent one of the first approaches in the identification of cell death in the four stages of granulomas in bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Ortega-Portilla
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Carrisoza-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario A Bedolla-Alva
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Cortéz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya Juárez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Baay-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Pabello
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis y Brucelosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Ding S, Wang X, Ma F, Cai Z, Li X, Gao J, Chen X, Wu L. Effect and Mechanism of Mycobacterium avium MAV-5183 on Apoptosis of Mouse Ana-1 Macrophages. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:885-894. [PMID: 38430410 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effects and mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium MAV-5183 protein on apoptosis in mouse Ana-1 macrophages. A pET-21a-MAV-5183 recombinant plasmid was constructed. The recombinant MAV-5183 protein was cloned, expressed, purified, and identified using an anti-His-tagged antibody. Rabbits were immunized to obtain antiserum, and its potency and immunoreactivity were assessed through WB. Mouse Ana-1 macrophages were incubated with varying concentrations of MAV-5183 protein. Flow cytometry, following ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI double staining, detected apoptosis. Western Blot analysis was conducted to identify apoptosis-related molecules Caspase-9/8/3 and vesicle-related molecules ASC, NLRP3, and Cleaved-casp1. ELISA measured TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the culture supernatant. LDH activity and ROS levels were analyzed separately. RT-qPCR measured mRNA levels of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, Bax, MAPK-p38, Bcl-2, TNF-α, and IL-6. MAV-5183 protein was successfully cloned, purified, and identified. In in vitro studies on Ana-1 macrophages, MAV-5183 protein increased the expression of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3 (P < 0.01), induced ROS secretion (P < 0.05), and promoted inflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-6, P < 0.0001); however, it did not significantly affect LDH (P > 0.05). MAV-5183 also induced apoptosis in Ana-1 macrophages (P < 0.05). RT-qPCR results indicated a significant increase in mRNA expression of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, MAPK-p38, and pro-apoptotic factor Bax (P < 0.01), with no significant effect on Bcl-2 and IL-1β mRNA (P > 0.05). The data indicate that MAV-5183 induces macrophage apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway and promotes inflammatory cytokine secretion via ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gutian County Hospital, Gutian, 352200, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Fengqian Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Zihan Cai
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Siyang Hospital, Suqian, 237000, China
| | - Xiangfang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Jinghua Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Lixian Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
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Park HE, Lee W, Choi S, Jung M, Shin MK, Shin SJ. Modulating macrophage function to reinforce host innate resistance against Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931876. [PMID: 36505429 PMCID: PMC9730288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the main causative agent of infectious diseases in humans among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that are ubiquitous organisms found in environmental media such as soil as well as in domestic and natural waters. MAC is a primary causative agent of NTM-lung disease that threaten immunocompromised or structural lung disease patients. The incidence and the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection have been reduced, while MAC infections and mortality rates have increased, making it a cause of global health concern. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of long-term drug use have led to a poor outcome of treatment regimens against MAC infections. Therefore, the development of host-directed therapy (HDT) has recently gained interest, aiming to accelerate mycobacterial clearance and reversing lung damage by employing the immune system using a novel adjuvant strategy to improve the clinical outcome of MAC infection. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the innate immune responses that contribute to MAC infection focusing on macrophages, chief innate immune cells, and host susceptibility factors in patients. We also discuss potential HDTs that can act on the signaling pathway of macrophages, thereby contributing to antimycobacterial activity as a part of the innate immune response during MAC infection. Furthermore, this review provides new insights into MAC infection control that modulates and enhances macrophage function, promoting host antimicrobial activity in response to potential HDTs and thus presenting a deeper understanding of the interactions between macrophages and MACs during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
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4
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Bouzeyen R, Chugh S, Gosain TP, Barbouche MR, Haoues M, Rao KVS, Essafi M, Singh R. Co-Administration of Anticancer Candidate MK-2206 Enhances the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice and Guinea Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645962. [PMID: 34122406 PMCID: PMC8190480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of M. bovis BCG to induce long-term protection has been endowed to its inability to escape the phagolysosome, leading to mild activation of CD8+ mediated T cell response. Induction of apoptosis in host cells plays an important role in potentiating dendritic cells-mediated priming of CD8+ T cells, a process defined as “cross-priming.” Moreover, IL-10 secretion by infected cells has been reported to hamper BCG-induced immunity against Tuberculosis (TB). Previously, we have reported that apoptosis of BCG-infected macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion is FOXO3 dependent, a transcription factor negatively regulated by the pro-survival activated threonine kinase, Akt. We speculate that FOXO3-mediated induction of apoptosis and abrogation of IL-10 secretion along with M. bovis BCG immunization might enhance the protection imparted by BCG. Here, we have assessed whether co-administration of a known anti-cancer Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, enhances the protective efficacy of M. bovis BCG in mice model of infection. We observed that in vitro MK-2206 treatment resulted in FOXO3 activation, enhanced BCG-induced apoptosis of macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion. Co-administration of M. bovis BCG along with MK-2206 also increased apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells in draining lymph nodes of immunized mice. Further, MK-2206 administration improved BCG-induced CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells responses and its ability to induce both effector and central memory T cells. Finally, we show that co-administration of MK-2206 enhanced the protection imparted by M. bovis BCG against Mtb in aerosol infected mice and guinea pigs. Taken together, we provide evidence that MK-2206-mediated activation of FOXO3 potentiates BCG-induced immunity and imparts protection against Mtb through enhanced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bouzeyen
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | - Meriam Haoues
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kanury V S Rao
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Makram Essafi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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Yang H, Chen J, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Ge B, Hong L. Sirt1 activation negatively regulates overt apoptosis in Mtb-infected macrophage through Bax. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107283. [PMID: 33373810 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic pathways play an important role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Sirt1 is a member of the deacetylase family that is known to promote apoptosis resistance in many mammalian cells. However, the apoptotic role of Sirt1 in the process of M. tuberculosis infection remains unclear. With the help of mouse macrophage samples, 129/Sv background mice, and PBMCs-derived macrophages from healthy controls and patients with tuberculosis, we have shown that M. tuberculosis infection reduced Sirt1 mRNA and protein expression, however, increased Bax mRNA and protein expression. Further, we found that resveratrol, a Sirt1 activator, inhibited M. tuberculosis-induced Bax expression. Thus, it seems that Sirt1 acts as a novel regulator of apoptosis signaling in M. tuberculosis infection via its effects on Bax. Sirt1 activation may therefore be a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianxia Chen
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanghaoyu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Hong
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China.
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Yang H, Chen J, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Ge B, Hong L. Sirtuin inhibits M. tuberculosis -induced apoptosis in macrophage through glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 694:108612. [PMID: 33007281 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic and inflammatory pathways play important roles in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Sirt1 is a member of the deacetylase family that is known to promote apoptosis resistance in mammalian cells and was recently reported to regulate mycobacterial immunopathogenesis via inflammatory responses. However, the apoptotic role of Sirt1 in the process of M. tuberculosis infection remains unclear. With the help of mouse peritoneal macrophage samples, we have shown that resveratrol, a Sirt1 activator, inhibited M. tuberculosis-induced apoptosis in peritoneal macrophages. Further, we found that Sirt1 activation prompted M. tuberculosis induced GSK3β phosphorylation. Further investigation into the possible mechanisms of action showed that Sirt1 directly interacted with GSK3β and enhanced GSK3β phosphorylation by promoting its deacetylation. Sirt1 activation inhibited M. tuberculosis growth. Thus, it seemed that Sirt1 acted as a novel regulator of apoptosis signaling in M. tuberculosis infection via its direct effects on GSK3β. Sirt1 may therefore be a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jianxia Chen
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanghaoyu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ling Hong
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China.
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Benítez-Guzmán A, Arriaga-Pizano L, Morán J, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA. Endonuclease G takes part in AIF-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis in Mycobacterium bovis-infected bovine macrophages. Vet Res 2018; 49:69. [PMID: 30021619 PMCID: PMC6052627 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis encodes different virulence mechanisms to survive inside of host cells. One of the possible outcomes in this host-pathogen interaction is cell death. Previous results from our group showed that M. bovis induces a caspase-independent apoptosis in bovine macrophages with the possible participation of apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 (AIFM1/AIF), a flavoprotein that functions as a cell-death regulator. However, contribution of other caspase-independent cell death mediators in M. bovis-infected macrophages is not known. In this study, we aimed to further characterize M. bovis-induced apoptosis, addressing Endonuclease G (Endo G) and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). In order to accomplish our objective, we infected bovine macrophages with M. bovis AN5 (MOI 10:1). Analysis of M. bovis-infected nuclear protein extracts by immunoblot, identified a 15- and 43-fold increase in concentration of mitochondrial proteins AIF and Endo G respectively. Interestingly, pretreatment of M. bovis-infected macrophages with cyclosporine A, a mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor, abolished AIF and Endo G nuclear translocation. In addition, it also decreased macrophage DNA fragmentation to baseline and caused a 26.2% increase in bacterial viability. We also demonstrated that PARP-1 protein expression in macrophages did not change during M. bovis infection. Furthermore, pretreatment of M. bovis-infected bovine macrophages with 3-aminobenzamide, a PARP-1 inhibitor, did not change the proportion of macrophage DNA fragmentation. Our results suggest participation of Endo G, but not PARP-1, in M. bovis-induced macrophage apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report associating Endo G with caspase-independent apoptosis induced by a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Benítez-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis Bovina, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano
- Unidad Médica de Investigación en Inmunoquímica, Hospital Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Morán
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Pabello
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Tuberculosis Bovina, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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8
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SipA Activation of Caspase-3 Is a Decisive Mediator of Host Cell Survival at Early Stages of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. Infect Immun 2017. [PMID: 28630067 PMCID: PMC5563584 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00393-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA) is a dual-function effector protein that plays roles in both actin polymerization and caspase-3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells. To date its function in other cell types has remained largely unknown despite its expression in multiple cell types and its extracellular secretion during infection. Here we show that in macrophages SipA induces increased caspase-3 activation early in infection. This activation required a threshold level of SipA linked to multiplicity of infection and may be a limiting factor controlling bacterial numbers in infected macrophages. In polymorphonuclear leukocytes, SipA or other Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 effectors had no effect on induction of caspase-3 activation either alone or in the presence of whole bacteria. Tagging of SipA with the small fluorescent phiLOV tag, which can pass through the type three secretion system, allowed visualization and quantification of caspase-3 activation by SipA-phiLOV in macrophages. Additionally, SipA-phiLOV activation of caspase-3 could be tracked in the intestine through multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in an ex vivo intestinal model. This allowed visualization of areas where the intestinal epithelium had been compromised and demonstrated the potential use of this fluorescent tag for in vivo tracking of individual effectors.
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Vyas SP, Goswami R. Striking the right immunological balance prevents progression of tuberculosis. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:1031-1056. [PMID: 28711989 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major burden for human health worldwide. Current standard treatments for TB require prolonged administration of antimycobacterial drugs leading to exaggerated inflammation and tissue damage. This can result in the reactivation of latent TB culminating in TB progression. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop therapies that would shorten the duration of anti-TB treatment and to induce optimal protective immune responses to control the spread of mycobacterial infection with minimal lung pathology. FINDINGS Granulomata is the hallmark structure formed by the organized accumulation of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells to the site of Mtb infection. It safeguards the host by containing Mtb in latent form. However, granulomata can undergo caseation and contribute to the reactivation of latent TB, if the immune responses developed to fight mycobacterial infection are not properly controlled. Thus, an optimal balance between innate and adaptive immune cells might play a vital role in containing mycobacteria in latent form for prolonged periods and prevent the spread of Mtb infection from one individual to another. CONCLUSION Optimal and well-regulated immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis may help to prevent the reactivation of latent TB. Moreover, therapies targeting balanced immune responses could help to improve treatment outcomes among latently infected TB patients and thereby limit the dissemination of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bio Science, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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10
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Mycobacterium avium MAV2052 protein induces apoptosis in murine macrophage cells through Toll-like receptor 4. Apoptosis 2016; 21:459-72. [PMID: 26842846 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium and its sonic extracts induce apoptosis in macrophages. However, little is known about the M. avium components regulating macrophage apoptosis. In this study, using multidimensional fractionation, we identified MAV2052 protein, which induced macrophage apoptosis in M. avium culture filtrates. The recombinant MAV2052 induced macrophage apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. The loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial translocation of Bax, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were observed in macrophages treated with MAV2052. Further, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was required for the apoptosis induced by MAV2052. In addition, ROS and mitogen-activated protein kinases were involved in MAV2052-mediated TNF-α and IL-6 production. ROS-mediated activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-JNK pathway was a major signaling pathway for MAV2052-induced apoptosis. Moreover, MAV2052 bound to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 molecule and MAV2052-induced ROS production, ΔΨm loss, and apoptosis were all significantly reduced in TLR4(-/-) macrophages. Altogether, our results suggest that MAV2052 induces apoptotic cell death through TLR4 dependent ROS production and JNK pathway in murine macrophages.
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Chen Q, Tong Q, Ge H, Li W, Liu J, Wang Y, Guo Z, Quan F, Zhang Y. Identification of SP110 in horse (Equus caballus): Isolation of novel splice variants and evidence of activation effects on macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:85-94. [PMID: 27865405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SP110 has previously shown to be a genetic determinant of host resistance to the intracellular pathogen infection in mouse and human. However, its relevant biological information in large non-primate animals still remains unknown. Here we report the novel discovery and characterization of three transcript variants of horse SP110. The transcript variant 1 (Tv1) of horse SP110 with the longest open reading frame has four domains (Sp100, SAND, PHD and Bromo domain). Tv2 and Tv3 share the same N-terminal sequence as Tv1, which contains Sp100 and SAND. We show that Tv2 is generated from alternative splicing and deletion of Exon17-Exon18 segment, while Tv3 is generated by pre-mature transcriptional termination at Exon 16. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the heterologous expression of horse SP110 variants stimulate macrophages into an activation-like phenotype. The macrophages underwent a shift in enhancing the secretion of cytokines (interleukin-1 (IL-1) and TNF-α) and accelerating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and eventually went into apoptotic cell death. Intriguingly, horse SP110 Tv1 showed more capability to trigger the immune activities compared to Tv2 and Tv3. To our knowledge, the identification of SP110 transcript variants from horse is the first report on biological function of SP110 in perissodactyla animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengtao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zekun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Low Dose BCG Infection as a Model for Macrophage Activation Maintaining Cell Viability. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4048235. [PMID: 27833923 PMCID: PMC5090099 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4048235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the current vaccine against tuberculosis, is ingested by macrophages promoting the development of effector functions including cell death and microbicidal mechanisms. Despite accumulating reports on M. tuberculosis, mechanisms of BCG/macrophage interaction remain relatively undefined. In vivo, few bacilli are sufficient to establish a mycobacterial infection; however, in vitro studies systematically use high mycobacterium doses. In this study, we analyze macrophage/BCG interactions and microenvironment upon infection with low BCG doses and propose an in vitro model to study cell activation without affecting viability. We show that RAW macrophages infected with BCG at MOI 1 activated higher and sustained levels of proinflammatory cytokines and transcription factors while MOI 0.1 was more efficient for early stimulation of IL-1β, MCP-1, and KC. Both BCG infection doses induced iNOS and NO in a dose-dependent manner and maintained nuclear and mitochondrial structures. Microenvironment generated by MOI 1 induced macrophage proliferation but not MOI 0.1 infection. In conclusion, BCG infection at low dose is an efficient in vitro model to study macrophage/BCG interactions that maintains macrophage viability and mitochondrial structures. This represents a novel model that can be applied to BCG research fields including mycobacterial infections, cancer immunotherapy, and prevention of autoimmunity and allergies.
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13
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Dubey RK. Assuming the role of mitochondria in mycobacterial infection. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:379-383. [PMID: 27931677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) affecting millions of people worldwide. Mycobacterium species enter host macrophages during infection and target various cellular organelles and their function for their own benefit. Mitochondria appear to be among the important targets for bacterial pathogens. Mtb and other pathogenic bacteria secrete various proteins that initiate structural changes in mitochondria to modulate its function. Additionally, virulent mycobacteria interfere with the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors to inhibit apoptosis and, in later stages, promote necrosis. Furthermore, mitochondria perform multiple biological functions in the cell, and the inhibition of these functions by bacterial proteins promotes Mtb survival, growth, and successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikesh K Dubey
- Division of Microbiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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14
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Abdalla AE, Lambert N, Duan X, Xie J. Interleukin-10 Family and Tuberculosis: An Old Story Renewed. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:710-7. [PMID: 27194948 PMCID: PMC4870714 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-10 (IL-10) family of cytokines consists of six immune mediators, namely IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. IL-10, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26 are critical for the regulation of host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Specifically, IL-10 and IL-26 can suppress the antimycobacterial immunity and promote the survival of pathogen, while IL-22 and IL-24 can generate protective responses and inhibit the intracellular growth of pathogen. Knowledge about the new players in tuberculosis immunology, namely IL-10 family, can inform novel immunity-based countermeasures and host directed therapies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- 1. Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2. Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nzungize Lambert
- 1. Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiangke Duan
- 1. Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- 1. Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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15
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Hussain Bhat K, Mukhopadhyay S. Macrophage takeover and the host-bacilli interplay during tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:853-72. [PMID: 26000654 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key type of antigen-presenting cells that arbitrate the first line of defense against various intracellular pathogens. Tuberculosis, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, is an infectious disease of global concern caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacillus is a highly successful pathogen and has acquired various strategies to downregulate critical innate-effector immune responses of macrophages, such as phagosome-lysosome fusion, autophagy, induction of cytokines, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antigen presentation. In addition, the bacilli also subvert acquired immunity. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of different antimycobacterial immune functions of macrophage and the strategies adopted by the bacilli to manipulate these functions to favor its survival and replication inside the host.
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16
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Cruz A, Ludovico P, Torrado E, Gama JB, Sousa J, Gaifem J, Appelberg R, Rodrigues F, Cooper AM, Pedrosa J, Saraiva M, Castro AG. IL-17A Promotes Intracellular Growth of Mycobacterium by Inhibiting Apoptosis of Infected Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:498. [PMID: 26483789 PMCID: PMC4588696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of infected macrophages is a critical aspect of immunity to mycobacteria. By depriving the pathogen of its intracellular niche, apoptotic death of the infected macrophage has been shown to be an important mechanism to control bacterial growth. Here, we show that IL-17 inhibits apoptosis of Mycobacterium bovis BCG- or Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages thus hampering their ability to control bacterial growth. Mechanistically, we show that IL-17 inhibits p53, and impacts on the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, by increasing the Bcl2 and decreasing Bax expression, decreasing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and inhibiting caspase-3 activation. The same effect of IL-17 was observed in infected macrophages upon blockade of p53 nuclear translocation. These results reveal a previously unappreciated role for the IL-17/p53 axis in the regulation of mycobacteria-induced apoptosis and can have important implications in a broad spectrum of diseases where apoptosis of the infected cell is an important host defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cruz
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Egidio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; Trudeau Institute , Saranac Lake, NY , USA
| | - José Bernardo Gama
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Department of Immunophysiology, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | | | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - António G Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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17
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Jain R, Dandekar P, Loretz B, Koch M, Lehr CM. Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer-siRNA nanoparticles for silencing a therapeutically relevant gene in macrophages. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DMC nanoparticles target Bfl1/A1 gene in lung macrophages and effective silencing of Bfl1/A1 gene by DMC nanoparticles paves the way for research on alternative treatment strategies for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- NP Marg
- Mumbai 400019
- India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- NP Marg
- Mumbai 400019
- India
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL)
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)
- Campus A4 1
- Saarland University
- Saarbrücken
| | - Marcus Koch
- Innovative Electron Microscopy
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials
- Service Group Physical Analysis
- Campus D2 2
- Saarland University
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL)
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)
- Campus A4 1
- Saarland University
- Saarbrücken
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18
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Rodrigues MF, Alves CCS, Figueiredo BBM, Rezende AB, Wohlres-Viana S, Silva VLD, Machado MA, Teixeira HC. Tumour necrosis factor receptors and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages during early infection with attenuated and virulent Mycobacterium bovis. Immunology 2013; 139:503-12. [PMID: 23489296 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of macrophages has been reported as an effective host strategy to control the growth of intracellular pathogens, including pathogenic mycobacteria. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays an important role in the modulation of apoptosis of infected macrophages. It exerts its biological activities via two distinct cell surface receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, whose extracellular domain can be released by proteolysis forming soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2). The signalling through TNFR1 initiates the majority of the biological functions of TNF-α, leading to either cell death or survival whereas TNFR2 mediates primarily survival signals. Here, the expression of TNF-α receptors and the apoptosis of alveolar macrophages were investigated during the early phase of infection with attenuated and virulent mycobacteria in mice. A significant increase of apoptosis and high expression of TNFR1 were observed in alveolar macrophages at 3 and 7 days after infection with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis but only on day 7 in infection with the virulent M. bovis. Low surface expression of TNFR1 and increased levels of sTNFR1 on day 3 after infection by the virulent strain were associated with reduced rates of apoptotic macrophages. In addition, a significant reduction in apoptosis of alveolar macrophages was observed in TNFR1(-/-) mice at day 3 after bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection. These results suggest a potential role for TNFR1 in mycobacteria-induced alveolar macrophage apoptosis in vivo. In this scenario, shedding of TNFR1 seems to contribute to the modulation of macrophage apoptosis in a strain-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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19
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Nitric oxide not apoptosis mediates differential killing of Mycobacterium bovis in bovine macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63464. [PMID: 23691050 PMCID: PMC3655162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the resistance phenotype against Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, we used a bactericidal assay that has been considered a marker of this trait. Three of 24 cows (12.5%) were phenotyped as resistant and 21 as susceptible. Resistance of bovine macrophages (MΦ) to BCG challenge was evaluated for its association with SLC11A1 GT microsatellite polymorphisms within 3'UTR region. Twenty-three cows (95.8%) had a GT13 genotype, reported as resistant, consequently the SLC11A1 polymorphism was not in agreement with our bactericidal assay results. MΦ of cows with resistant or susceptible phenotype were challenged in vitro with virulent M. bovis field strain or BCG, and nitric oxide production, bacterial killing and apoptosis induction were measured in resting and LPS-primed states. M. bovis field strain induced more apoptosis than BCG, although the difference was not significant. Resistant MΦ controlled better the replication of M. bovis (P<0.01), produced more nitric oxide (P<0.05) and were slightly more prone to undergo apoptosis than susceptible cells. LPS pretreatment of MΦ enhanced all the functional parameters analyzed. Inhibition of nitric oxide production with n (G)-monomethyl-L-arginine monoacetate enhanced replication of M. bovis but did not modify apoptosis rates in both resistant and susceptible MΦ. We conclude that nitric oxide production not apoptosis is a major determinant of macrophage resistance to M. bovis infection in cattle and that the influence of SLC11A1 gene 3'UTR polymorphism is not associated with this event.
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20
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Dobson B, Liggett S, O'Brien R, Griffin JFT. Innate immune markers that distinguish red deer (Cervus elaphus) selected for resistant or susceptible genotypes for Johne's disease. Vet Res 2013; 44:5. [PMID: 23347398 PMCID: PMC3574005 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While many factors contribute to resistance and susceptibility to infectious disease, a major component is the genotype of the host and the way in which it is expressed. Johne’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting ruminants and is caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). We have previously identified red deer breeds (Cervus elaphus) that are resistant; have a low rate of MAP infection and do not progress to develop Johne’s disease. In contrast, susceptible breeds have a high rate of MAP infection as seen by seroconversion and progress to develop clinical Johne’s disease. The aim of this study was to determine if immunological differences exist between animals of resistant or susceptible breeds. Macrophage cultures were derived from the monocytes of deer genotypically defined as resistant or susceptible to the development of Johne’s disease. Following in vitro infection of the cells with MAP, the expression of candidate genes was assessed by quantitative PCR as well as infection rate and cell death rate. The results indicate that macrophages from susceptible animals show a significantly higher upregulation of inflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1α, TNF-α and IL-23p19) than the macrophages from resistant animals. Cells from resistant animals had a higher rate of apoptosis at 24 hours post infection (hpi) compared to macrophages from susceptible animals. The excessive expression of inflammatory mRNA transcripts in susceptible animals could cause inefficient clearing of the mycobacterial organism and the establishment of disease. Controlled upregulation of inflammatory pathways coupled with programmed cell death in the macrophages of resistant animals may predispose the host to a protective immune response against this mycobacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Dobson
- Disease Research Laboratory, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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21
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Ryan RCM, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces non-apoptotic cell death of human dendritic cells. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:237. [PMID: 22024399 PMCID: PMC3229477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) connect innate and adaptive immunity, and are necessary for an efficient CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We previously described the macrophage cell death response to Mtb infection. To investigate the effect of Mtb infection on human DC viability, we infected these phagocytes with different strains of Mtb and assessed viability, as well as DNA fragmentation and caspase activity. In parallel studies, we assessed the impact of infection on DC maturation, cytokine production and bacillary survival. Results Infection of DCs with live Mtb (H37Ra or H37Rv) led to cell death. This cell death proceeded in a caspase-independent manner, and without nuclear fragmentation. In fact, substrate assays demonstrated that Mtb H37Ra-induced cell death progressed without the activation of the executioner caspases, 3/7. Although the death pathway was triggered after infection, the DCs successfully underwent maturation and produced a host-protective cytokine profile. Finally, dying infected DCs were permissive for Mtb H37Ra growth. Conclusions Human DCs undergo cell death after infection with live Mtb, in a manner that does not involve executioner caspases, and results in no mycobactericidal effect. Nonetheless, the DC maturation and cytokine profile observed suggests that the infected cells can still contribute to TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C M Ryan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Mannosylated lipoarabinomannan balances apoptosis and inflammatory state in mycobacteria-infected and uninfected bystander macrophages. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Herbst S, Schaible UE, Schneider BE. Interferon gamma activated macrophages kill mycobacteria by nitric oxide induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19105. [PMID: 21559306 PMCID: PMC3085516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of macrophages and escapes the macrophages' bactericidal effectors by interfering with phagosome-lysosome fusion. IFN-γ activation renders the macrophages capable of killing intracellular mycobacteria by overcoming the phagosome maturation block, nutrient deprivation and exposure to microbicidal effectors including nitric oxide (NO). While the importance about NO for the control of mycobacterial infection in murine macrophages is well documented, the underlying mechanism has not been revealed yet. In this study we show that IFN-γ induced apoptosis in mycobacteria-infected macrophages, which was strictly dependent on NO. Subsequently, NO-mediated apoptosis resulted in the killing of intracellular mycobacteria independent of autophagy. In fact, killing of mycobacteria was susceptible to the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). However, 3-MA also suppressed NO production, which is an important off-target effect to be considered in autophagy studies using 3-MA. Inhibition of caspase 3/7 activation, as well as NO production, abolished apoptosis and elimination of mycobacteria by IFN-γ activated macrophages. In line with the finding that drug-induced apoptosis kills intracellular mycobacteria in the absence of NO, we identified NO-mediated apoptosis as a new defense mechanism of activated macrophages against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herbst
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bianca E. Schneider
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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24
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Widdison S, Watson M, Coffey TJ. Early response of bovine alveolar macrophages to infection with live and heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:580-591. [PMID: 21232552 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of economic importance and a significant animal health and welfare issue. The alveolar macrophage (AlvMϕ) plays a vital role in the immune response to TB and recent studies provide insights into the interactions between Mϕ and Mycobacterium bovis. Here we reveal the early transcriptional response of bovine AlvMϕ to M. bovis infection. We demonstrate up-regulation of immune response genes, including chemokines, members of the NF-κB pathway which may be involved in their transcription and also pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. M. bovis may therefore induce multiple mechanisms to manipulate the host immune response. We compared the response of AlvMϕ to infection with live and heat-killed M. bovis to determine transcriptional differences dependent on the viable pathogen. Several chemokines up-regulated following live M. bovis infection were not up-regulated after heat-killed M. bovis stimulation; hence the Mϕ seems to differentiate between the two stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Widdison
- Livestock Infectious Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK
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25
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Bru A, Cardona PJ. Mathematical modeling of tuberculosis bacillary counts and cellular populations in the organs of infected mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12985. [PMID: 20886087 PMCID: PMC2944881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a particularly aggressive microorganism and the host's defense is based on the induction of cellular immunity, in which the creation of a granulomatous structure has an important role. METHODOLOGY We present here a new 2D cellular automata model based on the concept of a multifunctional process that includes key factors such as the chemokine attraction of the cells; the role of innate immunity triggered by natural killers; the presence of neutrophils; apoptosis and necrosis of infected macrophages; the removal of dead cells by macrophages, which induces the production of foamy macrophages (FMs); the life cycle of the bacilli as a determinant for the evolution of infected macrophages; and the immune response. RESULTS The results obtained after the inclusion of two degrees of tolerance to the inflammatory response triggered by the infection shows that the model can cover a wide spectrum, ranging from highly-tolerant (i.e. mice) to poorly-tolerant hosts (i.e. mini-pigs or humans). CONCLUSIONS This model suggest that stopping bacillary growth at the onset of the infection might be difficult and the important role played by FMs in bacillary drainage in poorly-tolerant hosts together with apoptosis and innate lymphocytes. It also shows the poor ability of the cellular immunity to control the infection, provides a clear protective character to the granuloma, due its ability to attract a sufficient number of cells, and explains why an already infected host can be constantly reinfected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bru
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut per a la Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto Carlos III, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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26
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Shen H, Wang C, Yang E, Xu Y, Liu W, Yan J, Wang F, Wang H. Novel recombinant BCG coexpressing Ag85B, ESAT-6 and mouse TNF-α induces significantly enhanced cellular immune and antibody responses in C57BL/6 mice. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:435-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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