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Liu X, Zhao A, Xiao S, Li H, Li M, Guo W, Han Q. PD-1: A critical player and target for immune normalization. Immunology 2024; 172:181-197. [PMID: 38269617 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune system imbalances contribute to the pathogenesis of several different diseases, and immunotherapy shows great therapeutic efficacy against tumours and infectious diseases with immune-mediated derivations. In recent years, molecules targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint have attracted much attention, and related signalling pathways have been studied clearly. At present, several inhibitors and antibodies targeting PD-1 have been utilized as anti-tumour therapies. However, increasing evidence indicates that PD-1 blockade also has different degrees of adverse side effects, and these new explorations into the therapeutic safety of PD-1 inhibitors contribute to the emerging concept that immune normalization, rather than immune enhancement, is the ultimate goal of disease treatment. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in PD-1 research with regard to immune normalization and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Liu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Alison Zhao
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Su Xiao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- People's Hospital of Zhoucun, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Haohao Li
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Menghua Li
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Lei Z, Tang R, Wu Y, Mao C, Xue W, Shen J, Yu J, Wang X, Qi X, Wei C, Xu L, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhang X, Ye C, Chen X, Yang X, Zhou S, Su C. TGF-β1 induces PD-1 expression in macrophages through SMAD3/STAT3 cooperative signaling in chronic inflammation. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e165544. [PMID: 38441961 PMCID: PMC11128204 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a coinhibitory T cell checkpoint, is also expressed on macrophages in pathogen- or tumor-driven chronic inflammation. Increasing evidence underscores the importance of PD-1 on macrophages for dampening immune responses. However, the mechanism governing PD-1 expression in macrophages in chronic inflammation remains largely unknown. TGF-β1 is abundant within chronic inflammatory microenvironments. Here, based on public databases, significantly positive correlations between PDCD1 and TGFB1 gene expression were observed in most human tumors. Of note, among immune infiltrates, macrophages as the predominant infiltrate expressed higher PDCD1 and TGFBR1/TGFBR2 genes. MC38 colon cancer and Schistosoma japonicum infection were used as experimental models for chronic inflammation. PD-1hi macrophages from chronic inflammatory tissues displayed an immunoregulatory pattern and expressed a higher level of TGF-β receptors. Either TGF-β1-neutralizing antibody administration or macrophage-specific Tgfbr1 knockdown largely reduced PD-1 expression on macrophages in animal models. We further demonstrated that TGF-β1 directly induced PD-1 expression on macrophages. Mechanistically, TGF-β1-induced PD-1 expression on macrophages was dependent on SMAD3 and STAT3, which formed a complex at the Pdcd1 promoter. Collectively, our study shows that macrophages adapt to chronic inflammation through TGF-β1-triggered cooperative SMAD3/STAT3 signaling that induces PD-1 expression and modulates macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijie Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yalin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Liver Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the Third People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Department of Liver Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the Third People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of General Surgery, the Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Banerjee A, Narasimhulu CA, Singla DK. Immune interactions in pembrolizumab (PD-1 inhibitor) cancer therapy and cardiovascular complications. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H751-H767. [PMID: 37594487 PMCID: PMC10659324 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00378.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of immunotherapies like pembrolizumab (PEM) is increasingly common for the management of numerous cancer types. The use of PEM to bolster T-cell response against tumor growth is well documented. However, the interactions PEM has on other immune cells to facilitate tumor regression and clearance is unknown and warrants further investigation. In this review, we present literature findings that have reported the interactions of PEM in stimulating innate and adaptive immune cells, which enhance cytotoxic phenotypes. This triggers secretion of cytokines and chemokines, which have both beneficial and detrimental effects. We also describe how this leads to the development of rare but underreported occurrence of PEM-induced immune-related cardiovascular complications that arise suddenly and progress rapidly to debilitating and fatal consequences. This review encourages further research and investigation of PEM-induced cardiovascular complications and other immune cell interactions in patients with cancer. As PEM therapy in treating cancer types is expanding, we expect that this review will inform health care professionals of diverse specializations of medicine like dermatology (melanoma skin cancers), ophthalmology (eye cancers), and pathology (hematological malignancies) about PEM-induced cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Banerjee
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - Dinender K Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
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Roy S, Gupta AK, Banerjee M, Das PK, Ukil A. PD-1 negatively tunes macrophage immune activation by turning off JNK and STAT1 signaling: Exploited by Leishmania for its intra-macrophage survival. Cell Immunol 2023; 391-392:104758. [PMID: 37651886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory role of the programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) is well appreciated. However, the mechanism of how PD-1 signaling inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages, which is further exploited by Leishmania to foster their intracellular survival, was unknown. We found that among three major MAP kinases regulating immune activation, PD-1 signaling decreased only JNK phosphorylation without perturbing p38 and ERK. Inflammatory transcription factor STAT1 was also inhibited by PD-1. Association studies documented that SHP, the downstream phosphatase of PD-1, is directly responsible for the decreased phosphorylation of JNK and STAT1. JNK and STAT1 deactivation led to Elk-1/c-Fos inhibition, which significantly decreased IL-12 and TNF-α levels. Further investigation revealed c-Fos deactivation ultimately rendered transcription factor AP1 inactive and facilitating parasite-favorable anti-inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anand K Gupta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Madhurima Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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5
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Han Z, Wu X, Qin H, Yuan YC, Schmolze D, Su C, Zain J, Moyal L, Hodak E, Sanchez JF, Lee PP, Feng M, Rosen ST, Querfeld C. Reprogramming of PD-1+ M2-like tumor-associated macrophages with anti-PD-L1 and lenalidomide in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163518. [PMID: 37427589 PMCID: PMC10371344 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a disfiguring and incurable disease characterized by skin-homing malignant T cells surrounded by immune cells that promote CTCL growth through an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Preliminary data from our phase I clinical trial of anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) combined with lenalidomide in patients with relapsed/refractory CTCL demonstrated promising clinical efficacy. In the current study, we analyzed the CTCL TME, which revealed a predominant PD-1+ M2-like tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) subtype with upregulated NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways and an aberrant cytokine and chemokine profile. Our in vitro studies investigated the effects of anti-PD-L1 and lenalidomide on PD-1+ M2-like TAMs. The combinatorial treatment synergistically induced functional transformation of PD-1+ M2-like TAMs toward a proinflammatory M1-like phenotype that gained phagocytic activity upon NF-κB and JAK/STAT inhibition, altered their migration through chemokine receptor alterations, and stimulated effector T cell proliferation. Lenalidomide was more effective than anti-PD-L1 in downregulation of the immunosuppressive IL-10, leading to decreased expression of both PD-1 and PD-L1. Overall, PD-1+ M2-like TAMs play an immunosuppressive role in CTCL. Anti-PD-L1 combined with lenalidomide provides a therapeutic strategy to enhance antitumor immunity by targeting PD-1+ M2-like TAMs in the CTCL TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Han
- Division of Dermatology
- Beckman Research Institute
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine
- Integrative Genomics Core
| | - Hanjun Qin
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine
| | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine
- Center for informatics
| | | | - Chingyu Su
- Division of Dermatology
- Beckman Research Institute
| | - Jasmine Zain
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lilach Moyal
- Department of Dermatology, Rabin Medical Center, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emmilia Hodak
- Department of Dermatology, Rabin Medical Center, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Beilinson Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James F Sanchez
- Beckman Research Institute
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Beckman Research Institute
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mingye Feng
- Beckman Research Institute
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Beckman Research Institute
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- Division of Dermatology
- Beckman Research Institute
- Department of Pathology, and
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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6
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Zhao Y, Qu Y, Hao C, Yao W. PD-1/PD-L1 axis in organ fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145682. [PMID: 37275876 PMCID: PMC10235450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological tissue repair activity in which many myofibroblasts are activated and extracellular matrix are excessively accumulated, leading to the formation of permanent scars and finally organ failure. A variety of organs, including the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, can undergo fibrosis under the stimulation of various exogenous or endogenous pathogenic factors. At present, the pathogenesis of fibrosis is still not fully elucidated, but it is known that the immune system plays a key role in the initiation and progression of fibrosis. Immune checkpoint molecules are key regulators to maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis, among which the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has attracted much attention. The exciting achievements of tumor immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 provide new insights into its use as a therapeutic target for other diseases. In recent years, the role of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in fibrosis has been preliminarily explored, further confirming the close relationship among PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, immune regulation, and fibrosis. This review discusses the structure, expression, function, and regulatory mechanism of PD-1 and PD-L1, and summarizes the research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wu Yao
- *Correspondence: Wu Yao, ; Changfu Hao,
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7
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Ou H, Chen L, Wu H. Enhanced Programmed Cell Death Protein 1/Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression Induced by Severe Influenza A Virus Infection Impairs Host's Antiviral Response. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:566-576. [PMID: 36094816 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging research shows that the Programmed Cell Death Protein 1/Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1) pathway modulates the antiviral response following influenza A virus (IAV) infection, and there is a need to understand further the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in IAV infection. BALB/c mice were infected with different types of IAV to establish models of varying degrees of infection (mild and severe). The mice were pretreated with or without a PD-1 antagonist to evaluate the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in IAV infection. The general activity, degree of weight change, viral titer, pathological damage, protein expression, transcriptome level, and cytokine expression were evaluated in the mice. IAV infection, especially severe infection, induced expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the lungs and spleen of the mice at 6 days postinfection. Moreover, the expression level was positively correlated with the degree of pathological damage in the lung. PD-1 antagonists can alleviate weight loss in severely infected mice, reduce the viral load and pathological damage, enhance immune response-related gene expression, and induce the most robust responses of interferon-gamma without inducing an obvious Th1/Th17 response. The PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway induced by severe IAV infection seriously impairs the host's antiviral response; thus, blocking this signaling pathway may promote IAV recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ou
- Ningbo Medical Centre, Li Huili Hospital affiliated of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Linfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongcheng Wu
- Ningbo Medical Centre, Li Huili Hospital affiliated of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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8
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Wei Z, Zhang Y. Immune Cells in Hyperprogressive Disease under Immune Checkpoint-Based Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111758. [PMID: 35681453 PMCID: PMC9179330 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, an antitumor therapy designed to activate antitumor immune responses to eliminate tumor cells, has been deeply studied and widely applied in recent years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are capable of preventing the immune responses from being turned off before tumor cells are eliminated. ICIs have been demonstrated to be one of the most effective and promising tumor treatments and significantly improve the survival of patients with multiple tumor types. However, low effective rates and frequent atypical responses observed in clinical practice limit their clinical applications. Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) is an unexpected phenomenon observed in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapy and is a challenge facing clinicians and patients alike. Patients who experience HPD not only cannot benefit from immunotherapy, but also experience rapid tumor progression. However, the mechanisms of HPD remain unclear and controversial. This review summarized current findings from cell experiments, animal studies, retrospective studies, and case reports, focusing on the relationships between various immune cells and HPD and providing important insights for understanding the pathogenesis of HPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqi Wei
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China;
- Hepatopancreatbiliary Center, Tsinghua University Affiliated Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Hepatopancreatbiliary Center, Tsinghua University Affiliated Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China
- Correspondence:
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Shen Z, Pei Q, Zhang H, Yang C, Cui H, Li B, Liu J, Bo Z, Wei F, Zhang M, Liu C. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibition augments efficacy of programmed cell death 1 antibody in murine prostatic cancer models. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:587-594. [PMID: 35324523 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore whether hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) inhibitor could enhance immunotherapy efficacy in prostate cancer. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HIF-1α in the tumor and peritumor tissues from prostate cancer patients. The analysis from Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to show an association between HIF-1α expression and survival rate in prostate cancer patients. Murine prostate cell-derived xenograft (CDX) model was set up in both nude mice and BALB/c mice to observe the therapeutic effect of HIF-1α inhibitor IDF-11774. Protein expression of HIF-1α, as well as changes in the immune microenvironment, was detected. Moreover, the synergistic antitumor effect of IDF-11774 and PD-1 antibody was detected in another murine prostate cancer model. HIF-1α was found to have higher expression in prostate cancer tumor tissue than in peritumor tissue, and the expression level was negatively correlated with survival rate (P = 0.0157). HIF-1α inhibitor IDF-11774 reduced tumor volume and exhibited better efficacy in BALB/c mouse model (P < 0.0001) with normal immune system, with the same suppression level against HIF-1α. HIF-1α inhibitor reduced CD45+CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (P = 0.0027) and CD45+ CD11b+F4/80+CD206hi M2 macrophages (P = 0.0059) but increased the abundance of CD45+CD3+CD8+ T cells (P = 0.0002) and CD45+CD3+CD4+ T cells (P = 0.0001) in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The same synergistic effect was observed in RM-1 murine prostate CDX tumor model. HIF-1α inhibition augmented the antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor PD-1 antibody in murine prostate cancer models, probably through modulating the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Shen
- Department of Urology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
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10
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Yu S, Ge H, Li S, Qiu HJ. Modulation of Macrophage Polarization by Viruses: Turning Off/On Host Antiviral Responses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:839585. [PMID: 35222345 PMCID: PMC8874017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.839585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells and serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Macrophages are polarized toward the proinflammatory classical (M1) or anti-inflammatory alternative (M2) phenotype upon viral infections. M1-polarized macrophages exert critical roles in antiviral responses via different mechanisms. Within the long competitive history between viruses and hosts, viruses have evolved various immune evasion strategies, inhibiting macrophage acquisition of an antiviral phenotype, impairing the antiviral responses of activated macrophages, and/or exploiting macrophage phenotypes for efficient replication. This review focuses on the sophisticated regulation of macrophage polarization utilized by viruses and is expected to provide systematic insights into the regulatory mechanisms of macrophage polarization by viruses and further facilitate the design of therapeutic targets for antivirals.
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11
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Li H, Liu S, Han J, Li S, Gao X, Wang M, Zhu J, Jin T. Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Neuroimmune Diseases: Therapeutic Targets and Problems. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777606. [PMID: 34790205 PMCID: PMC8591135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins playing a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are involved in the development and progression of neuroimmune diseases via initiating inflammatory responses. Thus, targeting TLRs signaling pathway may be considered as a potential therapy for neuroimmune diseases. However, the role of TLRs is elusive and complex in neuroimmune diseases. In addition to the inadequate immune response of TLRs inhibitors in the experiments, the recent studies also demonstrated that partial activation of TLRs is conducive to the production of anti-inflammatory factors and nervous system repair. Exploring the mechanism of TLRs in neuroimmune diseases and combining with developing the emerging drug may conquer neuroimmune diseases in the future. Herein, we provide an overview of the role of TLRs in several neuroimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome and myasthenia gravis. Emerging difficulties and potential solutions in clinical application of TLRs inhibitors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Shengxian Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Jimbu L, Mesaros O, Neaga A, Nanut AM, Tomuleasa C, Dima D, Bocsan C, Zdrenghea M. The Potential Advantage of Targeting Both PD-L1/PD-L2/PD-1 and IL-10-IL-10R Pathways in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1105. [PMID: 34832887 PMCID: PMC8620891 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells promote the suppression of host anti-tumor type 1 T cell responses by various mechanisms, including the upregulation of surface inhibitory molecules such as programmed death ligand (PD-L)-1, and the production of immunosuppressive cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). There are over 2000 trials investigating PD-L1 and/or its receptor programmed-death 1 (PD-1) blockade in cancer, leading to the approval of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in several types of solid cancers and in hematological malignancies. The available data suggest that the molecule PD-L1 on antigen-presenting cells suppresses type 1 T cell immune responses such as cytotoxicity, and that the cytokine IL-10, in addition to downregulating immune responses, increases the expression of inhibitory molecule PD-L1. We hypothesize that the manipulation of both the co-inhibitory network (with anti-PD-L1 blocking antibodies) and suppressor network (with anti-IL-10 blocking antibodies) is an attractive immunotherapeutic intervention for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients ineligible for standard treatment with chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and with less severe adverse reactions. The proposed combination of these two immunotherapies represents a new approach that can be readily translated into the clinic to improve the therapeutic efficacy of AML disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jimbu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.M.); (A.N.); (A.M.N.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Str., 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Oana Mesaros
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.M.); (A.N.); (A.M.N.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- “Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 19-21 Croitorilor Str., 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Neaga
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.M.); (A.N.); (A.M.N.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ana Maria Nanut
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.M.); (A.N.); (A.M.N.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.M.); (A.N.); (A.M.N.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Str., 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Str., 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Corina Bocsan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.M.); (A.N.); (A.M.N.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Str., 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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13
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Hussain K, Cragg MS, Beers SA. Remodeling the Tumor Myeloid Landscape to Enhance Antitumor Antibody Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4904. [PMID: 34638388 PMCID: PMC8507767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse tumor resident immune cell types, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often the most abundant, possess an anti-inflammatory phenotype, orchestrate tumor immune evasion and are frequently associated with poor prognosis. However, TAMs can also be harnessed to destroy antibody-opsonized tumor cells through the process of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Clinically important tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAb) such as Rituximab, Herceptin and Cetuximab, function, at least in part, by inducing macrophages to eliminate tumor cells via ADCP. For IgG mAb, this is mediated by antibody-binding activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγR), with resultant phagocytic activity impacted by the level of co-engagement with the single inhibitory FcγRIIb. Approaches to enhance ADCP in the tumor microenvironment include the repolarization of TAMs to proinflammatory phenotypes or the direct augmentation of ADCP by targeting so-called 'phagocytosis checkpoints'. Here we review the most promising new strategies targeting the cell surface molecules present on TAMs, which include the inhibition of 'don't eat me signals' or targeting immunostimulatory pathways with agonistic mAb and small molecules to augment tumor-targeting mAb immunotherapies and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen A. Beers
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.H.); (M.S.C.)
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14
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Camelliti S, Le Noci V, Bianchi F, Moscheni C, Arnaboldi F, Gagliano N, Balsari A, Garassino MC, Tagliabue E, Sfondrini L, Sommariva M. Mechanisms of hyperprogressive disease after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: what we (don't) know. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:236. [PMID: 33168050 PMCID: PMC7650183 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made a breakthrough in the treatment of different types of tumors, leading to improvement in survival, even in patients with advanced cancers. Despite the good clinical results, a certain percentage of patients do not respond to this kind of immunotherapy. In addition, in a fraction of nonresponder patients, which can vary from 4 to 29% according to different studies, a paradoxical boost in tumor growth after ICI administration was observed: a completely unpredictable novel pattern of cancer progression defined as hyperprogressive disease. Since this clinical phenomenon has only been recently described, a universally accepted clinical definition is lacking, and major efforts have been made to uncover the biological bases underlying hyperprogressive disease. The lines of research pursued so far have focused their attention on the study of the immune tumor microenvironment or on the analysis of intrinsic genomic characteristics of cancer cells producing data that allowed us to formulate several hypotheses to explain this detrimental effect related to ICI therapy. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important works that, to date, provide important insights that are useful in understanding the mechanistic causes of hyperprogressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Camelliti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentino Le Noci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Molecular Targets Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Balsari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Chiara Garassino
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targets Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Wang Z, Hao C, Zhuang Q, Zhan B, Sun X, Huang J, Cheng Y, Zhu X. Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:563784. [PMID: 33117347 PMCID: PMC7575908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.563784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth-modulated macrophages contribute to attenuating inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases. The programmed death 1 (PD-1) plays an important role in macrophage polarization and is essential in the maintenance of immune system homeostasis. Here, we investigate the role of PD-1-mediated polarization of M2 macrophages and the protective effects of excretory/secretory products from Trichinella spiralis adult worms (AES) on DSS-induced colitis in mice. Colitis in mice was induced by oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) daily. Mice with DSS-induced colitis were treated with T. spiralis AES intraperitoneally, and pathological manifestations were evaluated. Macrophages in mice were depleted with liposomal clodronate. Markers for M1-type (iNOS, TNF-α) and M2-type (CD206, Arg-1) macrophages were detected by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Macrophage expression of PD-1 was quantified by flow cytometry; RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages were used for in vitro tests, and PD-1 gene knockout mice were used for in vivo investigation of the role of PD-1 in AES-induced M2 macrophage polarization. Macrophage depletion was found to reduce DSS-induced colitis in mice. Treatment with T. spiralis AES significantly increased macrophage expression of CD206 and Arg-1 and simultaneously attenuated colitis severity. We found T. spiralis AES to enhance M2 macrophage polarization; these findings were confirmed studying in vitro cultures of RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages from mice. Further experimentation revealed that AES upregulated PD-1 expression, primarily on M2 macrophages expressing CD206. The AES-induced M2 polarization was found to be decreased in PD-1 deficient macrophages, and the therapeutic effects of AES on colitis was reduced in PD-1 knockout mice. In conclusion, the protective effects of T. spiralis AES on DSS-induced colitis were found to associate with PD-1 upregulation and M2 macrophage polarization. Thus, PD-1-mediated M2 macrophage polarization is a key mechanism of helminth-induced modulation of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyue Hao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Zhuang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Golrokh Mofrad M, Taghizadeh Maleki D, Faghihloo E. The roles of programmed death ligand 1 in virus-associated cancers. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091051. [PMID: 32967229 PMCID: PMC7551039 DOI: 10.3390/v12091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidence has mounted that virus-infected cells, such as cancer cells, negatively regulate the function of T-cells via immune checkpoints, it has become increasingly clear that viral infections similarly exploit immune checkpoints as an immune system escape mechanism. Although immune checkpoint therapy has been successfully used in cancer treatment, numerous studies have suggested that such therapy may also be highly relevant for treating viral infection, especially chronic viral infections. However, it has not yet been applied in this manner. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding immune checkpoints in viral infections, including COVID-19, and discussed the role of immune checkpoints in different viral infections, as well as the potential for applying immune checkpoint blockades as antiviral therapy.
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18
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Kim YJ, Won CH, Lee MW, Choi JH, Chang SE, Lee WJ. Correlation Between Tumor-Associated Macrophage and Immune Checkpoint Molecule Expression and Its Prognostic Significance in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082500. [PMID: 32756500 PMCID: PMC7465191 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and the expression of immune checkpoint molecules has not been well described in cutaneous melanoma. We evaluated the correlations between the expression of markers of TAMs, cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), and immune checkpoint molecules, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), and lymphocyte activating gene-3 (LAG-3). We also determined their relationships with the clinicopathological features and disease outcomes in melanoma. Diagnostic tissues collected from melanoma patients were evaluated using immunohistochemistry for CD163, PD-1, and LAG-3 expression. CD163 expression positively correlated with PD-1 and LAG-3 expression. High expression of both CD163 and PD-1 expressions was significantly associated with negative prognostic factors and worse prognosis than high expression of the single markers. High co-expression of CD163 and LAG-3 was associated with poor clinicopathological indexes of melanoma and worse survival compared to the high expression of the single markers. The expression of immune checkpoint molecules PD-1 and LAG-3 positively correlated with the M2-TAM density in melanoma tissue. Simultaneous high M2-TAM density and immune checkpoint molecules expression acted as independent poor prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sung Eun Chang
- Correspondence: (S.E.C.); (W.J.L.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-3460 (S.E.C.); +82-2-3010-3467 (W.J.L.)
| | - Woo Jin Lee
- Correspondence: (S.E.C.); (W.J.L.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-3460 (S.E.C.); +82-2-3010-3467 (W.J.L.)
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19
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Cramer GM, Moon EK, Cengel KA, Busch TM. Photodynamic Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade
†. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:954-961. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M. Cramer
- Department of Radiation Oncology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Edmund K. Moon
- Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Keith A. Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Theresa M. Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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20
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Zhang C, Rong HM, Li T, Zhai K, Tong ZH. PD-1 Deficiency Promotes Macrophage Activation and T-Helper Cell Type 1/T-Helper Cell Type 17 Response in Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:767-782. [PMID: 32048861 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0234oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Mo Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Njiomegnie GF, Read SA, Fewings N, George J, McKay F, Ahlenstiel G. Immunomodulation of the Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Response during HCV Infection. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041030. [PMID: 32268490 PMCID: PMC7230811 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection develops into chronic hepatitis in over two-thirds of acute infections. While current treatments with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) achieve HCV eradication in >95% of cases, no vaccine is available and re-infection can readily occur. Natural killer (NK) cells represent a key cellular component of the innate immune system, participating in early defence against infectious diseases, viruses, and cancers. When acute infection becomes chronic, however, NK cell function is altered. This has been well studied in the context of HCV, where changes in frequency and distribution of NK cell populations have been reported. While activating receptors are downregulated on NK cells in both acute and chronic infection, NK cell inhibiting receptors are upregulated in chronic HCV infection, leading to altered NK cell responsiveness. Furthermore, chronic activation of NK cells following HCV infection contributes to liver inflammation and disease progression through enhanced cytotoxicity. Consequently, the NK immune response is a double-edged sword that is a significant component of the innate immune antiviral response, but persistent activation can drive tissue damage during chronic infection. This review will summarise the role of NK cells in HCV infection, and the changes that occur during HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaitan Fabrice Njiomegnie
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott A. Read
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Fewings
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona McKay
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9851-6073
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22
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Beyond T Cells: Understanding the Role of PD-1/PD-L1 in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1919082. [PMID: 31781673 PMCID: PMC6875348 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1919082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have attracted wide attention from researchers in the field of immunotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 have been shown to exist in many types of cells in addition to T lymphocytes, and studies have accordingly extended from their suppressive effect on T cell activation and function to examining their role in other cells. In this review, we summarize recent research on PD-1/PD-L1 in macrophages, with the aim of furthering our understanding of PD-1/PD-L1 and their detailed roles in macrophages. This information may provide additional insights for researchers, enrich the basic theory of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, and thus ultimately benefit more patients.
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23
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Ma M, Yin X, Zhao X, Guo C, Zhu X, Liu T, Yang M, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Liu J, Xu J, Ding H, Han X, Chu Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. CD56 - CD16 + NK cells from HIV-infected individuals negatively regulate IFN-γ production by autologous CD8 + T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1313-1323. [PMID: 31483071 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0819-171rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The percentage of human CD56- CD16+ NK cells increases during chronic infection with human HIV; however, the biologic role of CD56- CD16+ NK cells in HIV infection is unclear. Our results demonstrate that the percentage of CD56- CD16+ NK cells producing IL-10 and TGF-β was higher than CD56dim CD16+ NK cells. CD56- CD16+ NK cells could inhibit IFN-γ production by autologous CD8+ T cells, and this inhibition could be partially reversed by anti-IL-10, anti-TGF-β, or anti-PD-L1 mAbs. CD56- CD16+ NK cells are potential targets for the development of novel immune therapies against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Roy S, Saha S, Gupta P, Ukil A, Das PK. Crosstalk of PD-1 signaling with the SIRT1/FOXO-1 axis during the progression of visceral leishmaniasis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.226274. [PMID: 30910830 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we documented the role of the programmed death-1 (PD-1, also known as PDCD1) pathway in macrophage apoptosis and the downregulation of this signaling during infection by the intra-macrophage parasite Leishmania donovani However, we also found that, during the late phase of infection, PD-1 expression was significantly increased without activating host cell apoptosis; here we show that inhibition of PD-1 led to markedly decreased parasite survival, along with increased production of TNFα, IL-12, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Increased PD-1 led to inactivation of AKT proteins resulting in nuclear sequestration of FOXO-1. Transfecting infected cells with constitutively active FOXO-1 (CA-FOXO) led to increased cell death, thereby suggesting that nuclear FOXO-1 might be inactivated. Infection significantly induced the expression of SIRT1, which inactivated FOXO-1 through deacetylation, and its knockdown led to increased apoptosis. SIRT1 knockdown also significantly decreased parasite survival along with increased production of TNFα, ROS and NO. Administration of the SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol (10 mg/kg body weight) in infected mice decreased spleen parasite burden and a synergistic effect was found with PD-1 inhibitor. Collectively, our study shows that Leishmania utilizes the SIRT1/FOXO-1 axis for differentially regulating PD-1 signaling and, although they are interconnected, both pathways independently contribute to intracellular parasite survival.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shriya Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Purnima Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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25
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Cai J, Qi Q, Qian X, Han J, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Xia R. The role of PD-1/PD-L1 axis and macrophage in the progression and treatment of cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1377-1385. [PMID: 30963235 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During the past decades, PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade has become a remarkable promising therapy which has exerted durable anti-tumor effect and long-term remissions on part of cancers. However, there are still some patients which do not show good response to the PD-1/PD-L1 targeted monotherapy. Till now, the widely accepted anti-tumor mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is rejuvenating T cells, there is lack of studies which focus on other components of the tumor environment in the treatment of cancer with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, especially the complicated relationship between macrophages and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway during the progression and treatment of cancer. METHODS The relevant literatures from PubMed have been reviewed in this article. RESULTS Even though the widely accepted anti-tumor mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy is rejuvenating T cells, latest studies have demonstrated the complicated relationship between macrophages and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway during the progression and treatment of cancer and their engagement has serious implications for the therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade agents. We focus on the dual regulation mechanisms between PD-1/PD-L1 axis and macrophages, and further clarify the mechanisms of resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors related with macrophages. CONCLUSION The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and macrophage-targeted therapy will exert synergetic anti-tumor effect and shape the future of cancer immunology and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Cai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemeng Qian
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Han
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfang Zhu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rong Xia
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Yang Y, Tu ZK, Liu XK, Zhang P. Mononuclear phagocyte system in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4962-4973. [PMID: 30510371 PMCID: PMC6262249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which consists of monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages, plays a vital role in the innate immune defense against pathogens. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is efficient in evading the host immunity, thereby facilitating its development into chronic infection. Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of end-stage liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acquired immune response was regarded as the key factor to eradicate HCV. However, innate immunity can regulate the acquired immune response. Innate immunity-derived cytokines shape the adaptive immunity by regulating T-cell differentiation, which determines the outcome of acute HCV infection. Inhibition of HCV-specific T-cell responses is one of the most important strategies for immune system evasion. It is meaningful to illustrate the role of innate immune response in HCV infection. With the MPS being the important factor in innate immunity, therefore, understanding the role of the MPS in HCV infection will shed light on the pathophysiology of chronic HCV infection. In this review, we outline the impact of HCV infection on the MPS and cytokine production. We discuss how HCV is detected by the MPS and describe the function and impairment of MPS components in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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27
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PD-1 mediates functional exhaustion of activated NK cells in patients with Kaposi sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72961-72977. [PMID: 27662664 PMCID: PMC5341956 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed by activated lymphocytes, is involved in regulating T- and B-cell responses. PD-1 and its ligands are exploited by a variety of cancers to facilitate tumor escape through PD-1-mediated functional exhaustion of effector T cells. Here, we report that PD-1 is upregulated on Natural Killer (NK) cells from patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS). PD-1 was expressed in a sub-population of activated, mature CD56dimCD16pos NK cells with otherwise normal expression of NK surface receptors. PD-1pos NK cells from KS patients were hyporesponsive ex vivo following direct triggering of NKp30, NKp46 or CD16 activating receptors, or short stimulation with NK cell targets. PD-1pos NK cells failed to degranulate and release IFNγ, but exogenous IL-2 or IL-15 restored this defect. That PD-1 contributed to NK cell functional impairment and was not simply a marker of dysfunctional NK cells was confirmed in PD-1-transduced NKL cells. In vitro, PD-1 was induced at the surface of healthy control NK cells upon prolonged contact with cells expressing activating ligands, i.e. a condition mimicking persistent stimulation by tumor cells. Thus, PD-1 appears to plays a critical role in mediating NK cell exhaustion. The existence of this negative checkpoint fine-tuning NK activation highlights the possibility that manipulation of the PD-1 pathway may be a strategy for circumventing tumor escape not only from the T cell-, but also the NK-cell mediated immune surveillance.
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Receptors That Inhibit Macrophage Activation: Mechanisms and Signals of Regulation and Tolerance. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8695157. [PMID: 29607331 PMCID: PMC5828319 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8695157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of receptors perform the function of attenuating or inhibiting activation of cells in which they are expressed. Examples of these kinds of receptors include TIM-3 and PD-1, among others that have been widely studied in cells of lymphoid origin and, though to a lesser degree, in other cell lines. Today, several studies describe the function of these molecules as part of the diverse mechanisms of immune tolerance that exist in the immune system. This review analyzes the function of some of these proteins in monocytes and macrophages and as well as their participation as inhibitory molecules or elements of immunological tolerance that also act in innate defense mechanisms. We chose the receptors TIM-3, PD-1, CD32b, and CD200R because these molecules have distinct functional characteristics that provide examples of the different regulating mechanisms in monocytes and macrophages.
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Increases PD-L1 and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Human Monocytes. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00917-17. [PMID: 29018115 PMCID: PMC5635685 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00917-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with the human malignancy Kaposi’s sarcoma and the lymphoproliferative disorders primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. KSHV establishes lytic infection of monocytes in vivo, which may represent an important cellular reservoir during KS disease progression. KS tumors consist of latently infected endothelial cells; however, lytic phase gene products are important for KS onset. Early KS lesion progression is driven by proinflammatory cytokines supplied by immune cell infiltrates including T cells and monocytes. KSHV-infected monocytes may supply the lytic viral products and the inflammatory milieu conducive to KS tumor progression. To establish successful infection, KSHV extensively modulates the host immune system. KSHV antigens activate both innate and adaptive immune responses including KSHV-specific T cells, but lifelong infection is still established. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a prosurvival cell surface protein that suppresses T-cell-mediated killing. PD-L1 is variably present on various tumor cells and is a targetable marker for cancer treatment. We show that KSHV infection of human monocytes increases PD-L1 expression and transcription in a dose-dependent manner. We also saw evidence of lytic gene expression in the KSHV-infected monocytes. Intact KSHV is needed for full PD-L1 response in human monocytes. KSHV induces a general proinflammatory cytokine milieu including interleukins 1α, 1β, and 6, which have been implicated in early KS lesion progression. KSHV-mediated PD-L1 increase may represent a novel mechanism of KSHV-mediated immune modulation to allow for virus survival and eventually malignant progression. KSHV is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma and the lymphoproliferative disorders primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immunosuppressive cell surface marker that inhibits T cell activation. We report that KSHV infection of primary human monocytes upregulates PD-L1 transcription and protein expression. Analysis of the cytokine and chemokine milieu following KSHV infection of monocytes revealed that KSHV induces interleukins 1α, 1β, and 6, all of which have been implicated in KS development. Our work has identified another potential immune evasion strategy for KSHV and a potential target for immunotherapy of KSHV-derived disease.
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Abstract
The therapy of different advanced-stage malignancies with monoclonal antibodies blocking programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling has had an impressive long-lasting effect in a portion of patients, but in most cases, this therapy was not successful, or a secondary resistance developed. To enhance its efficacy in treated patients, predictive biomarkers are searched for and various combination treatments are intensively investigated. As the downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is one of the most frequent mechanisms of tumor escape from the host’s immunity, it should be considered in PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition. The potential for the use of a PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the treatment of tumors with aberrant MHC class I expression is discussed, and some strategies of combination therapy are suggested.
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Yi W, Zhang P, Liang Y, Zhou Y, Shen H, Fan C, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Jia Z, Zhang Y. T-bet-mediated Tim-3 expression dampens monocyte function during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Immunology 2016; 150:301-311. [PMID: 27809352 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces a high rate of chronic infection via dysregulation of host immunity. We have previously shown that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein-3 (Tim-3) is up-regulated on monocyte/macrophages (M/Mφ) during chronic HCV infection; little is known, however, about the transcription factor that controls its expression in these cells. In this study, we investigated the role of transcription factor, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), in Tim-3 expression in M/Mφ in the setting of HCV infection. We demonstrate that T-bet is constitutively expressed in resting CD14+ M/Mφ in the peripheral blood. M/Mφ from chronically HCV-infected individuals exhibit a significant increase in T-bet expression that positively correlates with an increased level of Tim-3 expression. Up-regulation of T-bet is also observed in CD14+ M/Mφ incubated with HCV+ Huh7.5 cells, as well as in primary M/Mφ or monocytic THP-1 cells exposed to HCV core protein in vitro, which is reversible by blocking HCV core/gC1qR interactions. Moreover, the HCV core-induced up-regulation of T-bet and Tim-3 expression in M/Mφ can be abrogated by incubating the cells with SP600125 - an inhibitor for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway. Importantly, silencing T-bet gene expression decreases Tim-3 expression and enhances interleukin-12 secretion as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation. These data suggest that T-bet, induced by the HCV core/gC1qR interaction, enhances Tim-3 expression via the JNK pathway, leading to dampened M/Mφ function during HCV infection. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for Tim-3 regulation via T-bet during HCV infection, providing new targets to combat this global epidemic viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Huanjun Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunity, Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunity, Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
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Lack of strong anti-viral immune gene stimulation in Torque Teno Sus Virus1 infected macrophage cells. Virology 2016; 495:63-70. [PMID: 27179346 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While recent findings suggest that swine TTVs (TTSuVs) can act as primary or co-infecting pathogens, very little is known about viral immunity. To determine whether TTSuVs downregulate key host immune responses to facilitate their own survival, a swine macrophage cell line, 3D4/31, was used to over-express recombinant TTSuV1 viral particles or the ORF3 protein. Immune gene expression profiles were assessed by a quantitative PCR panel consisting of 22 immune genes, in cell samples collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48h post-transfection. Despite the upregulation of IFN-β and TLR9, interferon stimulated innate genes and pro-inflammatory genes were not upregulated in virally infected cells. The adaptive immune genes, IL-4 and IL-13, were significantly downregulated at 6h post-transfection. The ORF3 protein did not appear do not have a major immuno-suppressive effect, nor did it stimulate anti-viral immunity. Data from this study warrants further investigation into the mechanisms of TTV related immuno-pathogenesis.
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Ding SX, Ma JB, Hu YR, Hu AR, Shen Q, Gao GS. Outcomes of Interferon/Ribavirin Therapy in Patients with HCV Defined by Expression of Plasma Soluble Human Leukocyte Antigen-G but Not IL-37. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1398-402. [PMID: 27112970 PMCID: PMC4915332 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to life-threatening complications worldwide. Immunomodulation signals the response to virus clearance. The immune-suppressive molecule human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) has been shown to function in inhibiting both innate and adaptive immune responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of HLA-G and IL-37 in sustained virological response (SVR) and non-SVR HCV-positive patients before and after complete treatment with a combination of pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). Material/Methods Our study included 132 chronic hepatitis C patents who received combined therapy with IFN-α and RBV. Both SVR and non-SVR patients were included. The end-of-treatment response was defined as undetectable HCV RNA at week 48. Patients with end-of-treatment response were detected by HCV RNA at 24 weeks after therapy. The expression levels of HLA-G and IL-37 at the end and 24 weeks after treatment were detected by ELISA. Results Plasma HLA-G and IL-37 were significantly increased in HCV-infected patients compared with healthy individuals before treatment. Furthermore, HLA-G in SVR patients was noticeably decreased after treatment, while HLA-G in non-SVR patients had no changes after treatment. Additionally, both in SVR and non-SVR patients, the expression of IL-37 was remarkably reduced compared with baseline after treatment. Conclusions These findings suggest that elevation of HLA-G and IL-37 in HCV may play an important role in response to combined therapy with IFN-α and RBV. Monitoring the expression of HLA-G during therapy could contribute to adjusting the treatment program of HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-xiong Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-bo Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yao-ren Hu
- Institute of Liver Disease, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ai-rong Hu
- Institute of Liver Disease, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Shen
- Institute of Liver Disease, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Guo-shen Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Immune gene expression in swine macrophages expressing the Torque Teno Sus Virus1 (TTSuV1) ORF-1 and 2 proteins. Virus Res 2016; 220:33-8. [PMID: 27059616 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Torque Teno viruses (TTVs) are small DNA viruses which are ubiquitous in nature. Recent reports indicate that swine torque teno viruses (TTSuVs) can act as primary pathogens or play a role in exacerbating co-infections. However, very little is known about the TTSuV host-viral interaction or how they so successfully establish chronic infections in the host. To determine whether the major viral proteins can modulate host immunity, recombinant TTSuV1 ORF1 and 2 proteins were expressed in a swine macrophage cell line (3D4/31). The differential expression of a panel of innate, adaptive, regulatory and inflammatory immune genes was studied by quantitative PCR; using cDNA samples collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48h post-transfection. The ORF1 protein induced an early anti-viral response. However, at 6h post-transfection it also upregulated IL-10, PD-1 and SOCS-1, the suppressors of T cell mediated immunity. An ensuing diminishment of the early protective response was noted. The TTSuV1 ORF2 protein suppressed IFN-β and IL-13 responses but did not significantly influence anti-viral immunity otherwise. These findings indicate that the TTSuV1 ORF1 protein plays a significant but dual role in viral immunity.
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Fan C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li B, He Y, Guo Y, Jia Z. Up-regulation of A20/ABIN1 contributes to inefficient M1 macrophage polarization during Hepatitis C virus infection. Virol J 2015; 12:147. [PMID: 26382585 PMCID: PMC4574525 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) responses are often accompanied by an increase in alanine aminotransferase levels in HCV-infected patients, indicating that inflammatory responses are compromised by the virus. Additionally, inflammation is associated with M1-polarizated macrophages, which secrete cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-12, and present antigens through phagocytosis. HCV-encoded proteins are presented as specific viral antigens in particular infectious steps that influence the immune response. For instance, HCV antigens impact macrophage PD-1 and Tim-3 expression, and contribute to impaired viral clearance. Furthermore, circulatory HCV antigens from infected patients inhibit dendritic cell differentiation, which raises the possibility that HCV antigens may also interfere with macrophage polarization. METHODS In this study, the impact of HCV antigen stimulation on M1-polarized macrophages was investigated. The influence of HCV antigens was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific changes were investigated clinically by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Effects of NF-κB during the process were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS HCV infection dampened M1 macrophage polarization ex vivo and in vitro. After antigen stimulation, NF-κB signaling was suppressed by the up-regulation of A20 and A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB binding protein, which likely leads to a variation of functional molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α, CD163, matrix metalloproteinases, transferrin receptor-1, and CD100, reflecting an anti-inflammatory reaction against M1-polarization. CONCLUSION HCV antigens stimulation up-regulates A20/A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB binding protein expression, which consequently contributes to inefficient M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Bingjie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yu He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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36
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Nan YM, Zhang YG, Zheng HW, An CM, Li YS, Zhang Y, Sun DX, Li CY, Li Q, Tong LX, Kong LB, Zhao SX, Wang RQ, Meng P, Su SS, He H, Niu XM. Individualized treatment strategies and predictors of virological response for chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter prospective study from China. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:14871-14884. [PMID: 26628969 PMCID: PMC4658858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapy comprising pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) and ribavirin (RBV) has been the standard of care for the chronic hepatitis C patients for more than a decade. Recently, direct antiviral agents show better efficacy, tolerance, and shorter treatment duration. However, the prohibitive costs of the regimens limit their use in developing countries where most of the HCV infection exists. Optimizing the treatment and understanding the host- and virus-factors associated with viral clearance were necessary for individualizing therapy to maximize sustained virologic response. To explore individualized antiviral strategies with PegIFNα-2a/IFNα-2b plus ribavirin for CHC patients, and to clarify predictive factors for virological response. A cohort of 314 patients were included in this open-label, prospective clinical trial, which received individualized doses of PegIFNα-2a or IFNα-2b combined with RBV according to body weight, disease status and complications, with the duration of 44 weeks after HCV RNA undetectable. All the IL-28B (rs8099917), IL-17A (rs8193036), IL-17B (rs2275913) and PD-1.1 SNPs were genotyped using the TaqMan system. The sustained virological response (SVR) in PegIFNα-2a group was significantly higher than that in IFNα-2b (85.8% vs 75.0%, P = 0.034), especially in HCV genotype 1 (84.0% vs 64.3%, P = 0.022). However, no significant differences were found in rapid virological response (RVR), complete early virological response (cEVR) and SVR between PegIFNα-2a and IFNα-2b according to different doses, respectively. The genotype frequency of IL-28B TT in patients with cEVR, SVR was higher than that in non-responsed patients (93.8% vs 78.1%, χ(2) = 7.827, P = 0.005; 95.9% vs 80.4%, χ(2) = 9.394, P = 0.002). No significant correlation between the genotype distribution of IL-17A, IL-17B and PD-1.1 with virological response. Individualized regimens of PegIFNα-2a/RBV and IFNα-2b/RBV could achieve satisfied virological response in Chinese HCV patients. The IL-28B (rs8099917) TT genotype is a clinical usefully marker for cEVR and SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Min Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zhang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan-Wei Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang CityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Chun-Mian An
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, People’s Hospital of Xingtai CityXingtai, China
| | - You-Sheng Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Handan CityHandan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Cangzhou CityCangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Xing Sun
- Department of Liver Disease, Bethune International Peace HospitalShijiazhuang, China
| | - Cang-You Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Cangzhou CityCangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Handan CityHandan, China
| | - Li-Xin Tong
- Department of Liver Disease, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling-Bo Kong
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Su-Xian Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong-Qi Wang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Su
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Min Niu
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
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37
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Osna NA, Ganesan M, Kharbanda KK. Hepatitis C, innate immunity and alcohol: friends or foes? Biomolecules 2015; 5:76-94. [PMID: 25664450 PMCID: PMC4384112 DOI: 10.3390/biom5010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C and alcohol are the most widespread causes of liver disease worldwide. Approximately 80% of patients with a history of hepatitis C and alcohol abuse develop chronic liver injury. Alcohol consumption in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients exacerbates liver disease leading to rapid progression of fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocytes are the main sites of HCV-infection and ethanol metabolism, both of which generate oxidative stress. Oxidative stress levels affect HCV replication and innate immunity, resulting in a greater susceptibility for HCV-infection and virus spread in the alcoholic patients. In this review paper, we analyze the effects of ethanol metabolism and other factors on HCV replication. In addition, we illustrate the mechanisms of how HCV hijacks innate immunity and how ethanol exposure regulates this process. We also clarify the effects of HCV and ethanol metabolism on interferon signaling-a crucial point for activation of anti-viral genes to protect cells from virus-and the role that HCV- and ethanol-induced impairments play in adaptive immunity which is necessary for recognition of virally-infected hepatocytes. In conclusion, ethanol exposure potentiates the suppressive effects of HCV on innate immunity, which activates viral spread in the liver and finally, leads to impairments in adaptive immunity. The dysregulation of immune response results in impaired elimination of HCV-infected cells, viral persistence, progressive liver damage and establishment of chronic infection that worsens the outcomes of chronic hepatitis C in alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Jia ZS. Viral (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HIV) persistence and immune homeostasis. Immunology 2014; 143:319-30. [PMID: 24965611 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a host characteristic that maintains biological balance within a host. Humans have evolved many host defence mechanisms that ensure the survival of individuals upon encountering a pathogenic infection, with recovery or persistence from a viral infection being determined by both viral factors and host immunity. Chronic viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV, often result in chronic fluctuating viraemia in the face of host cellular and humoral immune responses, which are dysregulated by multi-faceted mechanisms that are incompletely understood. This review attempts to illuminate the mechanisms involved in this process, focusing on immune homeostasis in the setting of persistent viral infection from the aspects of host defence mechanism, including interferon-stimulated genes, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3), autophagy and interactions of various immune cells, cytokines and regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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39
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells impair alveolar macrophages through PD-1 receptor ligation during Pneumocystis pneumonia. Infect Immun 2014; 83:572-82. [PMID: 25404033 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02686-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were recently found to accumulate in the lungs during Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP). Adoptive transfer of these cells caused lung damage in recipient mice, suggesting that MDSC accumulation is a mechanism of pathogenesis in PcP. In this study, the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) was found to decrease by 40% when they were incubated with MDSCs from Pneumocystis-infected mice compared to those incubated with Gr-1(+) cells from the bone marrow of uninfected mice. The expression of the PU.1 gene in AMs incubated with MDSCs also was decreased. This PU.1 downregulation was due mainly to decreased histone 3 acetylation and increased DNA methylation caused by MDSCs. MDSCs were found to express high levels of PD-L1, and alveolar macrophages (AMs) were found to express high levels of PD-1 during PcP. Furthermore, PD-1 expression in AMs from uninfected mice was increased by 18-fold when they were incubated with MDSCs compared to those incubated with Gr-1(+) cells from the bone marrow of uninfected mice. The adverse effects of MDSCs on AMs were diminished when the MDSCs were pretreated with anti-PD-L1 antibody, suggesting that MDSCs disable AMs through PD-1/PD-L1 ligation during PcP.
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40
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Yao A, Liu F, Chen K, Tang L, Liu L, Zhang K, Yu C, Bian G, Guo H, Zheng J, Cheng P, Ju G, Wang J. Programmed death 1 deficiency induces the polarization of macrophages/microglia to the M1 phenotype after spinal cord injury in mice. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:636-50. [PMID: 24853068 PMCID: PMC4121443 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response following spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the activation of resident microglia and the infiltration of macrophages. Macrophages and microglia can be polarized into the classically activated proinflammatory M1 phenotype or the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a critical immune inhibitory receptor involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. However, whether PD-1 is involved in the modulation of macrophage/microglial polarization is unknown. In this study, the mRNA levels of pd1 gradually increased after SCI, and PD-1 protein was found in macrophages/microglia in injured spinal cord sections. PD-1 knockout (KO) mice showed poor locomotor recovery after spinal cord crushing compared with wild-type mice. M1-type macrophages/microglia accumulated in greater numbers in the injured spinal cord of PD-1-KO mice. Under polarized stimulation, induced expression of PD-1 occurred in cultured macrophages and microglia. PD-1 suppressed M1 polarization by reducing the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and promoted M2 polarization by increasing STAT6 phosphorylation. In PD-1-KO mice, the M1 response was enhanced via the activation of STAT1 and nuclear factor-kappa B. Furthermore, PD-1 played various roles in phagocytosis in macrophages and microglia. Therefore, our results suggest that PD-1 signaling plays an important role in the regulation of macrophage/microglial polarization. Thus, deregulated PD-1 signaling may induce the polarization of macrophages/microglia toward the M1 phenotype. Overall, our results provide new insights into the modulatory mechanisms of macrophage/microglial polarization, thereby possibly facilitating the development of new therapies for SCI via the regulation of macrophage/microglial polarization through PD-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhui Yao
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
- The 153 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Liang Tang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
- The 150 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Luoyang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Caiyong Yu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Ganlan Bian
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Hongmin Guo
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Gong Ju
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
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41
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Ma CJ, Ren JP, Li GY, Wu XY, Brockstedt DG, Lauer P, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Enhanced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses by Listeria monocytogenes-infected dendritic cells in the context of Tim-3 blockade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87821. [PMID: 24498204 PMCID: PMC3909257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we engineered Listeria monocytogens (Lm) by deleting the LmΔactA/ΔinlB virulence determinants and inserting HCV-NS5B consensus antigens to develop a therapeutic vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We tested this recombinant Lm-HCV vaccine in triggering of innate and adaptive immune responses in vitro using immune cells from HCV-infected and uninfected individuals. This live-attenuated Lm-HCV vaccine could naturally infect human dendritic cells (DC), thereby driving DC maturation and antigen presentation, producing Th1 cytokines, and triggering CTL responses in uninfected individuals. However, vaccine responses were diminished when using DC and T cells derived from chronically HCV-infected individuals, who express higher levels of inhibitory molecule Tim-3 on immune cells. Notably, blocking Tim-3 signaling significantly improved the innate and adaptive immune responses in chronically HCV-infected patients, indicating that novel strategies to enhance the potential of antigen presentation and cellular responses are essential for developing an effective therapeutic vaccine against HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jun P. Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Guang Y. Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Lauer
- Aduro BioTech, Inc. Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
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42
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Amador-Cañizares Y, Martínez-Donato G, Álvarez-Lajonchere L, Vasallo C, Dausá M, Aguilar-Noriega D, Valenzuela C, Raíces I, Dubuisson J, Wychowski C, Cinza-Estévez Z, Castellanos M, Núñez M, Armas A, González Y, Revé I, Guerra I, Pérez Aguiar &A, Dueñas-Carrera S. HCV-specific immune responses induced by CIGB-230 in combination with IFN-α plus ribavirin. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:148-162. [PMID: 24415868 PMCID: PMC3886004 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific immune responses in chronically infected patients under triple therapy with interferon-α (IFN-α) plus ribavirin and CIGB-230.
METHODS: CIGB-230 was administered in different schedules with respect to IFN-α plus ribavirin therapy. Paired serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) samples from baseline and end of treatment were analyzed. The HCV-specific humoral response was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, neutralizing antibodies were evaluated by cell culture HCV neutralization assays, PBMC proliferation was assayed by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester staining and IFN-γ secretion was assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot. Data on virological and histological response and their association with immune variables are also provided.
RESULTS: From week 12 to week 48, all groups of patients showed a significant reduction in mean leukocyte counts. Statistically significant reductions in antibody titers were frequent, but only individuals immunized with CIGB-230 as early add-on treatment sustained the core-IgG response, and the neutralizing antibody response was enhanced only in patients receiving CIGB-230. Cell-mediated immune responses also tended to decline, but significant reductions in IFN-γ secretion and total absence of core-specific lymphoproliferation were exclusive of the control group. Only CIGB-230-immunized individuals showed de novo induced lymphoproliferative responses against the structural antigens. Importantly, it was demonstrated that the quality of the CIGB-230-induced immune response depended on the number of doses and timing of administration in relation to the antiviral therapy. Specifically, the administration of 6 doses of CIGB-230 as late add-on to therapy increased the neutralizing antibody activity and the de novo core-specific IFN-γ secretion, both of which were associated with the sustained virological response.
CONCLUSION: CIGB-230, combined with IFN-α-based therapy, modifies the immune response in chronic patients. The study provides evidence for the design of more effective therapeutic vaccine interventions against HCV.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Cuba
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization Schedule
- Interferon alpha-2
- Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage
- Interferon-alpha/adverse effects
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Ribavirin/administration & dosage
- Ribavirin/adverse effects
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/adverse effects
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43
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MacFarlane AW, Jillab M, Plimack ER, Hudes GR, Uzzo RG, Litwin S, Dulaimi E, Al-Saleem T, Campbell KS. PD-1 expression on peripheral blood cells increases with stage in renal cell carcinoma patients and is rapidly reduced after surgical tumor resection. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:320-31. [PMID: 24764579 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor is an inhibitory receptor on hematopoietic cells that can negatively regulate immune responses, particularly responses to tumors, which often upregulate PD-1 ligands. PD-1/PD-1 ligand blocking antibodies can reverse the inhibition and show significant therapeutic promise in treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC), lung cancer, and melanoma. While PD-1 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has been associated with poor outcome in RCC, we sought to define immune cell biomarkers, including PD-1, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that could predict disease progression of RCC patients before and after nephrectomy. We analyzed expression of numerous immune cell markers on fresh PBMCs from 90 RCC patients preoperatively and 25 age-matched healthy controls by 10-color flow cytometry. Postoperative blood samples were also analyzed from 23 members of the RCC patient cohort. The most striking phenotypic immune biomarker in RCC patients was a significant increase in PD-1 expression on certain PBMCs in a subset of patients. Increased PD-1 expression on CD14(bright) myelomonocytic cells, effector T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells correlated to disease stage, and expression was significantly reduced on all cell types soon after surgical resection of the primary tumor. The results indicate that PD-1 expression on fresh peripheral blood leukocytes may provide a useful indicator of RCC disease progression. Furthermore, measuring PD-1 levels in peripheral blood may assist in identifying patients likely to respond to PD-1 blocking antibodies, and these therapies may be most effective before and immediately after surgical resection of the primary tumor, when PD-1 expression is most prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W MacFarlane
- Authors' Affiliations: Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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44
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Araújo AR, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Chaves LPV, de Lima TA, Pimentel JPD, de Paula L, de Almeida CM, Tarragô AM, Tateno A, Levi JE, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho ODA, Lira EDF, Torres KL, Talhari S, Malheiro A. Dual role of IL-12 in the therapeutic efficacy or failure during combined PEG-Interferon-α2A and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Immunol Lett 2013; 154:61-9. [PMID: 23973662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several efforts have been made to establish novel biomarkers with relevant predictive values to monitor HCV-infected patients under pegilated Interferon-α2A-(PEG-IFN-α2A)/ribavirin therapy. The aim of this study was to monitor the kinetics of HCV viral load, serum levels of pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines and leukocyte activation status before and after PEG-IFN-α2A/ribavirin therapy in 52 volunteers, including 12 chronic HCV patients and 40 controls. The HCV viral load, serum levels of cytokines (IL-8/IL-6/TNF-α/IL-12/IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-10) and the phenotype of peripheral blood leukocytes were evaluated before and after 4, 12 and 24 weeks following the PEG-IFN-α2A/ribavirin therapy. Our results demonstrated that sustained virological response-(SVR) is associated with early decrease in the viral load after 4 weeks of treatment. The presence of a modulated pro-inflammatory profile at baseline favors SVR, whereas a strong inflammatory response at baseline predisposes to therapeutic failure. Furthermore, a time-dependent increase on serum IL-12 levels in patients under treatment is critical to support the SVR, while the early predominance of IL-10 correlates to late virological relapse. On the other hand, a broad but unguided "cytokine storm" is observed in the non-responder HCV patients after 12 weeks of treatment. Corroborating these findings, monocyte/lymphocyte activation at baseline is associated with the non-responders to therapy whereas high CD8(+) T-cell numbers associate with SVR. All in all, these data suggest that the baseline pattern of serum pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines and the immunological activation status of chronic HCV patients undergoing PEG-IFN-α2A/ribavirin therapy are closely related with the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruth Araújo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - UEA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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45
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Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Immune exhaustion and immune senescence: two distinct pathways for HBV vaccine failure during HCV and/or HIV infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:193-201. [PMID: 23400275 PMCID: PMC3792483 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given the shared risk factors for transmission, co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is quite common, and may lead to increases in morbidity and mortality. As such, HBV vaccine is recommended as the primary means to prevent HBV super-infection in HCV- and/or HIV-infected individuals. However, vaccine response (sero-conversion with a hepatitis B surface antibody titer >10 IU/L) in this setting is often blunted, with poor response rates to standard HBV vaccinations in virally infected individuals when compared with the healthy subjects. This phenomenon also occurs to other vaccines in adults, such as pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, in other immunocompromised hosts who are really at risk for opportunistic infections, such as individuals with hemodialysis, transplant, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms involving vaccine failure in these conditions, focusing on immune exhaustion and immune senescence--two distinct signaling pathways regulating cell function and fate. We raise the possibility that blocking these negative signaling pathways might improve success rates of immunizations in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Q Yao
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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46
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Wang JM, Ma CJ, Li GY, Wu XY, Thayer P, Greer P, Smith AM, High KP, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 alters the balance of IL-12/IL-23 and drives TH17 cells: role in hepatitis B vaccine failure during hepatitis C infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:2238-45. [PMID: 23499521 PMCID: PMC3667544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is recommended for individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection given their shared risk factors and increased liver-related morbidity and mortality upon super-infection. Vaccine responses in this setting are often blunted, with poor response rates to HBV vaccinations in chronically HCV-infected individuals compared to healthy subjects. In this study, we investigated the role of T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3)-mediated immune regulation in HBV vaccine responses during HCV infection. We found that Tim-3, a marker for T cell exhaustion, was over-expressed on monocytes, leading to a differential regulation of IL-12/IL-23 production which in turn TH17 cell accumulation, in HCV-infected HBV vaccine non-responders compared to HCV-infected HBV vaccine responders or healthy subjects (HS). Importantly, ex vivo blockade of Tim-3 signaling corrected the imbalance of IL-12/IL-23 as well as the IL-17 bias observed in HBV vaccine non-responders during HCV infection. These results suggest that Tim-3-mediated dysregulation of innate to adaptive immune responses is involved in HBV vaccine failure in individuals with chronic HCV infection, raising the possibility that blocking this negative signaling pathway might improve the success rate of HBV immunization in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of
Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Guang Y. Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Penny Thayer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Pamela Greer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Ashley M. Smith
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Kevin P. High
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest
University Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
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47
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Qian F, Bolen CR, Jing C, Wang X, Zheng W, Zhao H, Fikrig E, Bruce RD, Kleinstein SH, Montgomery RR. Impaired toll-like receptor 3-mediated immune responses from macrophages of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:146-55. [PMID: 23220997 PMCID: PMC3571267 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00530-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States, with the majority of patients becoming chronically infected and a subset (20%) progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Individual variations in immune responses may help define successful resistance to infection with HCV. We have compared the immune response in primary macrophages from patients who have spontaneously cleared HCV (viral load negative [VL-], n = 37) to that of primary macrophages from HCV genotype 1 chronically infected (VL+) subjects (n = 32) and found that macrophages from VL- subjects have an elevated baseline expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Macrophages from HCV patients were stimulated ex vivo through the TLR3 pathway and assessed using gene expression arrays and pathway analysis. We found elevated TLR3 response genes and pathway activity from VL- subjects. Furthermore, macrophages from VL- subjects showed higher production of beta interferon (IFN-β) and related IFN response genes by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) and increased phosphorylation of STAT-1 by immunoblotting. Analysis of polymorphisms in TLR3 revealed a significant association of intronic TLR3 polymorphism (rs13126816) with the clearance of HCV and the expression of TLR3. Of note, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the same donors showed opposite changes in gene expression, suggesting ongoing inflammatory responses in PBMCs from VL+ HCV patients. Our results suggest that an elevated innate immune response enhances HCV clearance mechanisms and may offer a potential therapeutic approach to increase viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Zheng
- W. M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- W. M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | | | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
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48
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Huang CQ, Wang FX. Progress in research of genotypes of hepatitis C virus. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3529-3535. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i35.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), belonging to the Flaviviridae family, is divided into six genotypes and different subtypes. There are four nomenclatures for HCV, of which the nomenclature system proposed by Simmonds et al. is widely applied overseas in recent years. HCV genotypes have obvious geographical variation and show significant epidemiological differences. Five methods are currently available for genotyping HCV, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. HCV genotypes closely correlate with the severity, course, progression, treatment, and outcome of hepatitis C. The therapeutic effect for different HCV genotypes varies, and IL-28B polymorphism is a predictor of sustained virological response to treatment among various HCV genotypes. The diversity of HCV genotypes brings certain difficulty to vaccine development. Some success has been achieved in the development of HCV vaccine in animals. The main purpose of the present article is to review the recent progress in research of genotypes of HCV in terms of genotyping methods, associations between genotypes and epidemiological significance, severity of disease, and antiviral treatment response, and vaccine development.
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49
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Wu YL, Liang J, Zhang W, Tanaka Y, Sugiyama H. Immunotherapies: the blockade of inhibitory signals. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1420-30. [PMID: 23197939 PMCID: PMC3509335 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes require signaling by the T cell receptor and by nonclonotypic cosignaling receptors. The costimulatory and inhibitory signals profoundly influence the course of immune responses by amplifying or reducing the transcriptional effects of T cell receptor triggering. The inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA have recently drawn much attention as potential targets for immunotherapies. This review focuses on the progress that has been made with the mentioned receptors in the field of immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/chemistry
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transplantation Immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Virus Inspection Department of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jing Liang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- 4. Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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50
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Walk J, Westerlaken GHA, van Uden NO, Belderbos ME, Meyaard L, Bont LJ. Inhibitory receptor expression on neonatal immune cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 169:164-71. [PMID: 22774991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates are born with quantitative and qualitative defects in both adaptive and innate immune responses. The immune system is regulated by several mechanisms, including the signalling of inhibitory receptors. Increased expression of inhibitory receptors may result in a higher threshold for activation and suppressed function of neonatal cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of seven inhibitory receptors is increased on neonatal immune cells compared to adult immune cells. In a healthy birth cohort, we examined the expression of seven inhibitory immune receptors on neonatal neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+)T cells. The expression of leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1), signal inhibitory receptor on leucocytes-1 (SIRL-1), CD31, signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), Siglec-9, CD200R, immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (IREM-1) and the membrane-bound ligand CD200 was studied by flow cytometry on leucocytes in cord blood (n = 14), neonatal venous blood (n = 24) and adult venous blood (n = 22). Expression of LAIR-1, CD31 and CD200 was increased consistently across all neonatal T cell subsets. Neonatal monocytes exhibited decreased expression of LAIR-1 and IREM-1 compared to adults. Furthermore, cord blood and neonatal venous blood samples contained a distinct LAIR-1-positive neutrophil population, which was not detected in adult blood. We demonstrated distinct expression of inhibitory receptors on neonatal peripheral blood immune cells in a healthy birth cohort. This is the first evidence that inhibitory receptors play a role in regulation of the neonatal immune system. Consistently increased inhibitory receptor expression on T cells may be an important mechanism in preventing the development of allergy and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Walk
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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