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Torland LA, Lai X, Kumar S, Riis MH, Geisler J, Lüders T, Tekpli X, Kristensen V, Sahlberg K, Tahiri A. Benign breast tumors may arise on different immunological backgrounds. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38757377 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Benign breast tumors are a nonthreatening condition defined as abnormal cell growth within the breast without the ability to invade nearby tissue. However, benign lesions hold valuable biological information that can lead us toward better understanding of tumor biology. In this study, we have used two pathway analysis algorithms, Pathifier and gene set variation analysis (GSVA), to identify biological differences between normal breast tissue, benign tumors and malignant tumors in our clinical dataset. Our results revealed that one-third of all pathways that were significantly different between benign and malignant tumors were immune-related pathways, and 227 of them were validated by both methods and in the METABRIC dataset. Furthermore, five of these pathways (all including genes involved in cytokine and interferon signaling) were related to overall survival in cancer patients in both datasets. The cellular moieties that contribute to immune differences in malignant and benign tumors were analyzed using the deconvolution tool, CIBERSORT. The results showed that levels of some immune cells were specifically higher in benign than in malignant tumors, and this was especially the case for resting dendritic cells and follicular T-helper cells. Understanding the distinct immune profiles of benign and malignant breast tumors may aid in developing noninvasive diagnostic methods to differentiate between them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Anne Torland
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken HF, Drammen Hospital, Norway
| | - Xiaoran Lai
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Margit H Riis
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Clinic of Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Torben Lüders
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Xavier Tekpli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Sahlberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken HF, Drammen Hospital, Norway
| | - Andliena Tahiri
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken HF, Drammen Hospital, Norway
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Peng Y, Qiao S, Wang H, Shekhar S, Wang S, Yang J, Fan Y, Yang X. Enhancement of Macrophage Immunity against Chlamydial Infection by Natural Killer T Cells. Cells 2024; 13:133. [PMID: 38247825 PMCID: PMC10813948 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung macrophage (LM) is vital in host defence against bacterial infections. However, the influence of other innate immune cells on its function, including the polarisation of different subpopulations, remains poorly understood. This study examined the polarisation of LM subpopulations (monocytes/undifferentiated macrophages (Mo/Mφ), interstitial macrophages (IM), and alveolar macrophages (AM)). We further assessed the effect of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) on LM polarisation in a protective function against Chlamydia muridarum, an obligate intracellular bacterium, and respiratory tract infection. We found a preferentially increased local Mo/Mφ and IMs with a significant shift to a type-1 macrophage (M1) phenotype and higher expression of iNOS and TNF-α. Interestingly, during the same infection, the alteration of macrophage subpopulations and the shift towards M1 was much less in iNKT KO mice. More importantly, functional testing by adoptively transferring LMs isolated from iNKT KO mice (iNKT KO-Mφ) conferred less protection than those isolated from wild-type mice (WT-Mφ). Further analyses showed significantly reduced gene expression of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway molecules in iNKT KO-Mφ. The data show an important role of iNKT in promoting LM polarisation to the M1 direction, which is functionally relevant to host defence against a human intracellular bacterial infection. The alteration of JAK/STAT signalling molecule gene expression in iNKT KO-Mφ suggests the modulating effect of iNKT is likely through the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Yijun Fan
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
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Armitage CW, Carey AJ, Bryan ER, Kollipara A, Trim LK, Beagley KW. Pathogenic NKT cells attenuate urogenital chlamydial clearance and enhance infertility. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13263. [PMID: 36872855 PMCID: PMC10909442 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital chlamydial infections continue to increase with over 127 million people affected annually, causing significant economic and public health pressures. While the role of traditional MHCI and II peptide presentation is well defined in chlamydial infections, the role of lipid antigens in immunity remains unclear. Natural killer (NK) T cells are important effector cells that recognize and respond to lipid antigens during infections. Chlamydial infection of antigen-presenting cells facilitates presentation of lipid on the MHCI-like protein, CD1d, which stimulates NKT cells to respond. During urogenital chlamydial infection, wild-type (WT) female mice had significantly greater chlamydial burden than CD1d-/- (NKT-deficient) mice, and had significantly greater incidence and severity of immunopathology in both primary and secondary infections. WT mice had similar vaginal lymphocytic infiltrate, but 59% more oviduct occlusion compared to CD1d-/- mice. Transcriptional array analysis of oviducts day 6 post-infection revealed WT mice had elevated levels of Ifnγ (6-fold), Tnfα (38-fold), Il6 (2.5-fold), Il1β (3-fold) and Il17a (6-fold) mRNA compared to CD1d-/- mice. In infected females, oviduct tissues had an elevated infiltration of CD4+ -invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, however, iNKT-deficient Jα18-/- mice had no significant differences in hydrosalpinx severity or incidence compared to WT controls. Lipid mass spectrometry of surface-cleaved CD1d in infected macrophages revealed an enhancement of presented lipids and cellular sequestration of sphingomyelin. Taken together, these data suggest an immunopathogenic role for non-invariant NKT cells in urogenital chlamydial infections, facilitated by lipid presentation via CD1d via infected antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Armitage
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alison J. Carey
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Emily R. Bryan
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Avinash Kollipara
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Logan K. Trim
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kenneth W. Beagley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Functional NK Cell Activation by Ovalbumin Immunization with a Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Poly I:C Combination Adjuvant Promoted Dendritic Cell Maturation. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101061. [PMID: 34696169 PMCID: PMC8540815 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the types of innate immune cells to remove pathogen-infected cells and modulate inflammatory immune responses. Recent studies have revealed that NK cells could enhance vaccine efficacy by coordinating the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we have evaluated the efficacy of intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) immunization with a monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) combination adjuvant in promoting NK cell recruitment, differentiation, and activation. The frequencies of NK cells were positively correlated with those of dendritic cells (DCs) at the site of immunization. Moreover, the activated NK cells and DCs by the MPL + poly I:C combination adjuvant induced activations of each other cells in vitro. Taken together, this study suggested that the MPL and poly I:C combination adjuvant in OVA vaccination mediated NK cell activation and cellular crosstalk between NK cells and DCs, suggesting a promising vaccine adjuvant candidate for promoting cellular immune responses.
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Li J, Zheng J, Wang M, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Guo P. [Inhibition of CD96 enhances interferon-γ secretion by natural killer cells to alleviate lung injury in mice with pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum infection]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:930-935. [PMID: 32895152 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of neutralizing CD96 on natural killer (NK) cell functions in mice with pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum infection and explore the possible mechanism. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into infection group (Cm group), anti-CD96 treatment group (anti-CD96 group) and control group (n=5). In the former two groups, C. muridarum was inoculated via intranasal administration to establish mouse models of pulmonary C. muridarum infection, and the mice in the control group received intranasal administration of the inhalation buffer. In anti-CD96 group, the mice were injected with anti-CD96 antibody intraperitoneally at the dose of 250 μg every 3 days after the infection; the mice in Cm group received intraperitoneal injections of saline. The body weight of the mice was recorded daily. The mice were sacrificed 5 days after C. muridarum infection, and CD96 expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. HE staining and pathological scores were used to evaluate pneumonia of the mice. The inclusion body forming units (IFUs) were detected in the lung tissue homogenates to assess lung tissue chlamydia load. Flow cytometry and ELISA were used to assess the capacity of the lung NK cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and regulate macrophages and Th1 cells. RESULTS C. muridarum infection inhibited CD96 expression in NK cells of the mice. Compared with those in Cm group, the mice in antiCD96 mice showed significantly milder lung inflammation (P < 0.05) and reduced chlamydia load in the lung tissue (P < 0.05). Neutralizing CD96 with anti-CD96 significantly enhanced IFN-γ secretion by the NK cells (P < 0.05) and augmented the immunoregulatory effect of the NK cells shown by enhanced responses of the lung macrophages (P < 0.05) and Th1 cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of CD96 alleviates pneumonia in C. muridarum-infected mice possibly by enhancing IFN-γ secretion by NK cells and augmenting the immunoregulatory effect of the NK cells on innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Minda Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Pu Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, China
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Keb G, Fields KA. An Ancient Molecular Arms Race: Chlamydia vs. Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) Domain Proteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1490. [PMID: 32760406 PMCID: PMC7371996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions that govern the balance between host and pathogen determine the outcome of infection and are shaped by evolutionary pressures. Eukaryotic hosts have evolved elaborate and formidable defense mechanisms that provide the basis for innate and adaptive immunity. Proteins containing a membrane attack complex/Perforin (MACPF) domain represent an important class of immune effectors. These pore-forming proteins induce cell killing by targeting microbial or host membranes. Intracellular bacteria can be shielded from MACPF-mediated killing, and Chlamydia spp. represent a successful paradigm of obligate intracellular parasitism. Ancestors of present-day Chlamydia likely originated at evolutionary times that correlated with or preceded many host defense pathways. We discuss the current knowledge regarding how chlamydiae interact with the MACPF proteins Complement C9, Perforin-1, and Perforin-2. Current evidence indicates a degree of resistance by Chlamydia to MACPF effector mechanisms. In fact, chlamydiae have acquired and adapted their own MACPF-domain protein to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Keb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kenneth A Fields
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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Zhao L, Wang H, Thomas R, Gao X, Bai H, Shekhar S, Wang S, Yang J, Zhao W, Yang X. NK cells modulate T cell responses via interaction with dendritic cells in Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. Cell Immunol 2020; 353:104132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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The Important Role of Dendritic Cell (DC) in iNKT-Mediated Modulation of NK Cell Function in Chlamydia pneumoniae Lung Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4742634. [PMID: 31236064 PMCID: PMC6545808 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4742634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection causes multiple acute and chronic human diseases. The role of DCs in host defense against Cpn infection has been well documented. The same is true for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and NK cells, but the interaction among cells is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the influence and mechanism of iNKT cell on the differentiation and function of NK cell in Cpn lung infection and the role played by DCs in this process. We found that expansion of IFN-γ-producing NK cells quickly happened after the infection, but this response was altered in iNKT knockout (KO) mice. The expression of activation markers and the production of IFN-γ by different NK subsets were significantly lower in KO mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Using in vitro DC-NK coculture and in vivo adoptive transfer approaches, we further examined the role of DCs in iNKT-mediated modulation of NK cell function. We found that NK cells expressed lower levels of activation markers and produced less IFN-γ when they were cocultured with DCs from KO mice than WT mice. More importantly, we found that the adoptive transfer of DCs from the KO mice induced less NK cell activation and IFN-γ production. The results provided evidence on the modulating effect of iNKT cell on NK cell function, particularly the critical role of DCs in this modulation process. The finding suggests the complexity of cellular interactions in Cpn lung infection, which should be considered in designing preventive and therapeutic approaches for diseases and infections.
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Qiao S, Zhang H, Zha X, Niu W, Liang J, Pang G, Tang Y, Liu T, Zhao H, Wang Y, Bai H. Endogenous IL-17A mediated neutrophil infiltration by promoting chemokines expression during chlamydial lung infection. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:106-111. [PMID: 30703475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacteria, which can infect cervix, urethra, conjunctiva, joints, lungs and so on. Neutrophils are important in host protection against microbial invasion during the early phase of infection. Here, to investigate the mechanism of IL-17A in recruiting neutrophils during Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) lung infection, we introduced IL-17A antibodies and IL-17-/- mice to confirm the effect of IL-17A on influencing neutrophil attractants expressions. From the analysis of the data, we found that showed that Cm infection could upregulate the expression of neutrophil-related chemokines such as KC, MIP-2 and IL-6, as well as adhesion molecules including ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. With blocking endogenous IL-17A, the upregulated MIP-2 and IL-6 were decreased, which induced less neutrophil recruitment in lung. Comparing to WT mice, IL-17-/- mice showed decreased infiltration of neutrophils in lung during the early phase of Cm infection, which were accordant with decreased chemokines, such as KC, MIP-2 and IL-6 expression. Whereas, the expression of adhesion molecules including ICAM and VCAM-1 in lungs were significantly increased in IL-17-/- mice comparing to WT mice during Cm lung infection. The results demonstrated that IL-17A influenced neutrophil infiltration by affecting expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules during the early phase of chlamydial lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Zha
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Juyou Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tengli Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China.
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Alam A, Puri N, Saxena RK. Uptake of poly-dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes and decline of functions in mouse NK cells undergoing activation. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:758-65. [PMID: 27416475 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1191562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of poly-dispersed acid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (AF-SWCNT) with NK cells undergoing activation was examined. Exposure to AF-SWCNT during NK activation in vitro by interleukin (IL)-2, and in vivo by Poly(I:C) significantly lowered cytotoxic activity generated against YAC-1 tumor cells. Recoveries of spleen NK1.1(+) cells as well as the activated subset of NK cells (NK1.1(+)CD69(+) cells) were significantly reduced by the AF-SWCNT exposure. The proportion of apoptotic NK cells (NK1.1(+) phosphatidylserine(+)) in the spleen cell preparations activated in vitro was also significantly elevated. Expression levels of CD107a [for assessing NK cell degranulation] as well as of FasL marker [mediating non-secretory pathway of NK cell killing] were significantly lower in cells exposed to AF-SWCNT during the activation phase. Intracellular levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the cells were also significantly reduced. Fluorescent AF-SWCNT (FAF-SWCNT) were internalized by the NK cells and uptake was significantly greater in activated cells. Confocal microscopy indicated the internalized FAF-SWCNT were localized to the cytoplasm of the NK cells. These results indicated that AF-SWCNT were internalized by NK cells and caused a general down-regulation of a variety of parameters associated with NK cell cytotoxicity and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Alam
- a School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India ;,b Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Niti Puri
- a School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Rajiv K Saxena
- b Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: understanding the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in vaccine research. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:346-70. [PMID: 24696438 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00105-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide, and despite significant advances in chlamydial research, a prophylactic vaccine has yet to be developed. This Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, which often causes asymptomatic infection, may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancies, scarring of the fallopian tubes, miscarriage, and infertility when left untreated. In the genital tract, Chlamydia trachomatis infects primarily epithelial cells and requires Th1 immunity for optimal clearance. This review first focuses on the immune cells important in a chlamydial infection. Second, we summarize the research and challenges associated with developing a chlamydial vaccine that elicits a protective Th1-mediated immune response without inducing adverse immunopathologies.
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12
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Li J, Dong X, Zhao L, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang H, Zhao W. Natural killer cells regulate Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance in chlamydial lung infection. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1339-51. [PMID: 27028780 PMCID: PMC4929289 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell is an important component in innate immunity, playing a critical role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by modulating the function of other immune cells including T cells. In this study, we focused on the role of NK cells in regulating Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance during chlamydial lung infection. We found that NK cell‐depleted mice showed decreased Th1 and Th17 cells, which was correlated with reduced interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐17 and IL‐22 production as well as T‐bet and receptor‐related orphan receptor gamma t expression compared with mice treated with the isotype control antibody. In contrast, NK cell depletion significantly increased Treg in cell number and related transcription factor (Foxp3) expression. The opposite trends of changes of Th1/Th17 and Treg led to significant reduction in the Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg ratios. The data implicate that NK cells play an important role in host defence against chlamydial lung infection, mainly through maintaining Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology and Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Choi JY, Choi B, Shim JA, Lee ES, Kim DY, Bang D, Sohn S. IL-2/IL-2 antibody immune complex regulates HSV-induced inflammation through induction of IL-2 receptor alpha, beta, and gamma in a mouse model. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26213097 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The differences of serum IL-2 levels were not consistent between Behçet's Disease (BD) patients and healthy controls, however, the correlation of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) and BD has not been investigated. IL-2R is composed of three subunits; alpha, beta, and gamma. The expression frequencies of IL-2R subunits were analyzed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spleens, and lymph node (LN) cells. The expression of IL-2R subunits was different between BD mice and controls. IL-2R beta expressing cell frequencies were also different between BD patients and healthy controls. The IL-2/anti-mIL-2 antibody complex administration regulated the IL-2R subunits in mice. The change of expression in IL-2R was accompanied by the increase of CD8+CD44+ memory T cells, CD3-NK1.1+CD11b+CD27+ natural killer cells, and improvement of symptoms. In this study, we elucidated the role of IL-2R subunits on BD, a finding that can be connected to therapeutic strategy for patients based on the results from the treatment of BD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bunsoon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju A Shim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-So Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsik Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Shekhar S, Joyee AG, Yang X. Dynamics of NKT-Cell Responses to Chlamydial Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:233. [PMID: 26029217 PMCID: PMC4432794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells have gained great attention owing to their critical functional roles in immunity to various pathogens. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of NKT cells in host defense against and pathogenesis due to Chlamydia, which is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that poses a threat to the public health worldwide. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NKT cells, particularly invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, play a crucial role in host defense against chlamydial infections, especially in C. pneumoniae infection. iNKT cells can promote type-1 protective responses to C. pneumoniae by inducing enhanced production of IL-12 by dendritic cells (DCs), in particular CD8α+ DCs, which promote the differentiation of naive T cells into protective IFN-γ-producing Th1/Tc1 type CD4+/CD8+ T cells. This iNKT-cell-mediated modulation of DC function is largely dependent upon CD40–CD40L interaction, IFN-γ production, and cell-to-cell contact. In addition, iNKT cells modulate the function of natural killer cells. NKT cells may be also involved in the pathogenesis of some chlamydial diseases by inducing different patterns of cytokine production. A better understanding of NKT-cell biology will enable us to rationally design prophylactic and therapeutic tools to combat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada ; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
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15
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Hu T, Yang P, Zhu H, Chen X, Xie X, Yang M, Liu S, Wang H. Accumulation of invariant NKT cells with increased IFN-γ production in persistent high-risk HPV-infected high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:20. [PMID: 25885042 PMCID: PMC4416328 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection has been implicated in the development of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells produce large amounts of cytokines to regulate immune responses. However, the role of iNKT cells in human persistent HPV-infected cervical tissues is unknown. METHODS In our study, 201 patients with diagnoses ranging from normal ectocervical tissue to CINIII from June 2010 to May 2012 were enrolled. HPV DNA and HPV types were detected using the hybrid capture-2 HPV DNA test. Flow cytometry was used to investigate iNKT and CD3+ T cell infiltration into cervical tissues. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to study IFN-γ expression and immunohistochemistry was used to determine CD3+ T cell distribution. RESULTS A significant increase in iNKT cells was observed in HPV-positive cervical tissues (p < 0.05), especially in CINII-III (p < 0.01). IFN-γ expression was also increased in HPV-positive cervical tissues (p < 0.05). CD3+ T cells were detected among both epithelium and stromal layers in cervical tissues, and the percentage of CD3+ T cells in HPV-positive cervical tissues was similar to that in HPV-negative cervical tissues (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The iNKT cell aggregation in cervical tissues during the progression from HPV infection to CIN indicates that iNKT cells might play an important role in suppressing immunity. IFN-γ expression could also be related to the HPV infection status. Preventing the accumulation or functioning of iNKT cells in cervical tissues may be a viable method to prevent the development of CIN. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2521874671514142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xinlian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Laboratory of Genetics, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Laboratory of Genetics, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Shanling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - He Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Laboratory of Genetics, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, No. 20, Section 3, Renming Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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16
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Peng Y, Gao X, Yang J, Shekhar S, Wang S, Fan Y, Yang X. Chlamydial lung infection induces transient IL-9 production which is redundant for host defense against primary infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115195. [PMID: 25646821 PMCID: PMC4315580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9/Th9 responses are recently found to be important for innate and adaptive immunity particularly in parasitic infections. To date, the study on the role of IL-9 in bacterial infections is limited and the reported data are contradictory. One reported function of IL-9/Th9 is to modulate Th1/Th17 responses. Since our and others’ previous work has shown a critical role of Th1 and Th17 cells in host defense against chlamydial lung infection, we here examined the role of IL-9 responses in Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) lung infection, particularly its effect on Th1 and Th17 responses and outcome infection. Our data showed quick but transient IL-9 production in the lung following infection, peaking at day 3 and back to baseline around day 7. CD4+ T cell was the major source of IL-9 production in the lung infection. Blockade of endogenous IL-9 using neutralizing antibody failed to change Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-17 production by cultured spleen mononuclear cells isolated from Cm infected mice. Similarly, in vivo neutralization of IL-9 failed to show significant effect on T cell (Th1 and Th17) and antibody responses (IgA, IgG1 and IgG2a). Consistently, the neutralization of IL-9 had no significant effect on disease process, including body weight change, bacterial burden and histopathological score. The data suggest that IL-9 production following chlamydial lung infection is redundant for host defense against the intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yijun Fan
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Shekhar S, Joyee AG, Yang X. Invariant natural killer T cells: boon or bane in immunity to intracellular bacterial infections? J Innate Immun 2014; 6:575-84. [PMID: 24903638 DOI: 10.1159/000361048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a specialized subset of innate lymphocytes that recognize lipid and glycolipid antigens presented to them by nonclassical MHC-I CD1d molecules and are able to rapidly secrete copious amounts of a variety of cytokines. iNKT cells possess the ability to modulate innate as well as adaptive immune responses against various pathogens. Intracellular bacteria are one of the most clinically significant human pathogens that effectively evade the immune system and cause a myriad of diseases of public health concern globally. Emerging evidence suggests that iNKT cells can confer immunity to intracellular bacteria but also inflict pathology in certain cases. We summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of iNKT cells in the host defense against intracellular bacterial infections, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms by which these cells induce protective or pathogenic reactions including the pathways of direct action (acting on infected cells) and indirect action (modulating dendritic, NK and T cells). The rational exploitation of iNKT cells for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes awaits a profound understanding of their functional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada
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Peng Y, Gao X, Yang J, Shekhar S, Wang S, Fan Y, Zhao W, Yang X. Interleukin-22 promotes T helper 1 (Th1)/Th17 immunity in chlamydial lung infection. Mol Med 2014; 20:109-19. [PMID: 24531835 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in intracellular bacterial infections is a controversial issue, although the contribution of this cytokine to host defense against extracellular bacterial pathogens has been well established. In this study, we focused on an intra-cellular bacterium, Chlamydia, and evaluated the production and function of IL-22 in host defense against chlamydial lung infection using a mouse model. We found that Chlamydia muridarum infection elicited quick IL-22 responses in the lung, which increased during infection and were reduced when bacterial loads decreased. More importantly, blockade of endogenous IL-22 using neutralizing anti-IL-22 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) resulted in more severe disease in the mice, leading to significantly higher weight loss and bacterial growth and much more severe pathological changes than treatment with isotype control antibody. Immunological analyses identified significantly lower T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses in the IL-22-neutralized mice. In contrast, intranasal administration of exogenous IL-22 significantly enhanced protection following chlamydial lung infection, which was associated with a significant increase of Th17 response. The data demonstrate that IL-22 is a critical cytokine, mediating host defense against chlamydial lung infection and coordinating the function of distinct Th-cell subsets, particularly Th1 and Th17, in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yijun Fan
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Thim HL, Iliev DB, Christie KE, Villoing S, McLoughlin MF, Strandskog G, Jørgensen JB. Immunoprotective activity of a Salmonid Alphavirus Vaccine: comparison of the immune responses induced by inactivated whole virus antigen formulations based on CpG class B oligonucleotides and poly I:C alone or combined with an oil adjuvant. Vaccine 2012; 30:4828-34. [PMID: 22634299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligonucleotides and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) are toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists that mimic the immunostimulatory properties of bacterial DNA and double-stranded viral RNA respectively, and which have exhibited potential to serve as vaccine adjuvants in previous experiments. Here, a combination of CpGs and poly I:C together with water- or oil-formulated Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) antigen preparations has been used for a vaccine in Atlantic salmon and tested for protection in SAV challenge trial. The results demonstrate that vaccination with a high dose of the SAV antigen induced protection against challenge with SAV which correlated with production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). As the high antigen dose alone induced full protection, no beneficial effect from the addition of CpG and poly I:C could be observed. Nevertheless, these TLR ligands significantly enhanced the levels of NAbs in serum of vaccinated fish. Interestingly, gene expression analysis demonstrated that while addition of oil suppressed the CpG/poly I:C-induced expression of IFN-γ, the upregulation of IFNa1 was substantially enhanced. A low dose of the SAV antigen combined with oil did not induce any detectable levels of NAbs either with or without TLR ligands present, however the addition of CpG and poly I:C to the low SAV antigen dose formulation significantly enhanced the protection against SAV suggesting that CpG/poly I:C may have enhanced a cytotoxic response - a process which is dependent on the up-regulation of type I IFN. These results highlight the immunostimulatory properties of the tested TLR ligands and will serve as a ground for further, more detailed studies aimed to investigate their capacity to serve as adjuvants in vaccine formulations for Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Thim
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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