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Rae O, Parashos P. Prevalence and morphology of different root canal systems in mandibular premolars: a cross-sectional observational study. Aust Dent J 2024; 69:112-123. [PMID: 37970986 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence and morphology of C-shaped and non-C-shaped root canal systems in permanent mandibular first (PM1) and second (PM2) premolars using retrospective analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, and panoramic radiographs. METHODS CBCT scans from 2000 patients were screened for the presence of premolars with C-shaped canals and then assessed at three axial levels to determine the canal classification. The teeth were also assessed for Vertucci configuration, number of roots, and radicular grooves. Pre-existing panoramic radiographs were evaluated to identify features specific to PM1/2 with multiple canals or C-shaped anatomy. RESULTS A total of 1576 PM1 and 1424 PM2 from 880 patients were evaluated. The overall prevalence of C-shaped canals was 2.2% (3.3% PM1, 1.0% PM2), with 49 (5.6%) patients presenting with at least one C-shaped mandibular premolar. There were 2.3 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.5 different classifiable cross-sections per tooth for PM1 and PM2, respectively. The sudden disappearance or bifurcation of a canal on panoramic radiographs was associated with the presence of multiple canals (P < 0.001) or C-shaped anatomy (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS There was substantial variation in cross-sectional anatomy within and between C-shaped premolars, which will affect endodontic treatment planning. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rae
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Parashos
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Shaikh S, Patil AG, Kalgutkar VU, Bhandarkar SA, Hakke Patil A. The Assessment of C-shaped Canal Prevalence in Mandibular Second Molars Using Endodontic Microscopy and Cone Beam Computed Tomography: An In Vivo Investigation. Cureus 2024; 16:e62026. [PMID: 38989337 PMCID: PMC11233462 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding root canal anatomy variations, particularly C-shaped canals, is crucial for successful endodontic treatment. This study used clinical and radiographic methods to assess the prevalence and characteristics of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars in Western Maharashtra. Materials and methods This prospective study was conducted in the western region of Maharashtra, India. The samples included patients requiring endodontic treatment for mandibular second molars. Clinical evaluation was conducted using a surgical endodontic microscope and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. Inclusion and exclusion criteria ensured the selection of a focused and homogeneous sample. Data analysis included assessment of unilateral/bilateral occurrence, canal distribution, and cross-sectional characteristics. Results Out of 200 mandibular second molars, 7.5% exhibited C-shaped root canals, with no significant gender differences. Canal distribution varied across coronal, middle, and apical levels, with prevalent configurations being C1, C2, C3, and C4. No significant differences were observed in canal distribution based on root levels. No significant gender differences were found in the presence of grooves on the root surfaces. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and characteristics of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars in Western Maharashtra. Further research into histological and genetic aspects can enhance our understanding, leading to improved treatment strategies for complex root canal anatomy variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Shaikh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DY Patil Dental School, Pune, IND
| | - Amey G Patil
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's Karmaveer Bhausaheb Hiray Dental College and Hospital, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, IND
| | - Vedant U Kalgutkar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's Karmaveer Bhausaheb Hiray Dental College and Hospital, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, IND
| | - Sailee A Bhandarkar
- Department of Endodontics, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's Karmaveer Bhausaheb Hiray Dental College and Hospital, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, IND
| | - Anuja Hakke Patil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DY Patil Dental School, Pune, IND
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Shin B, Seo JH, Kim W, Ahn YJ, Kim HY, Shon WJ. The flow behavior and sealing ability of calcium silicate root canal cement containing dimethyl sulfoxide: An in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106156. [PMID: 38041883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To develop a calcium silicate (CaSi)-based cement containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and cement deliver device for new root canal filling technique, and to assess the flow behavior, leakage, and root canal filling quality of CaSi containing DMSO. METHODS CaSi containing DMSO (CSC-DMSO) and CaSi containing PEG (CSC-PEG) were prepared, and the flow characteristics of both cements were compared in gypsum and resin channels using a high-speed camera. Eight root canals were obturated by CSC-DMSO or CSC-PEG using a cement delivery device, and root canal filling quality was assessed in terms of filling length using periapical radiographs. The filling length was evaluated by 'apico-coronal extension,' measuring length in reference to apical constriction. Microleakage was measured for thirty human molars that were randomly filled with CSC-DMSO, CSC-PEG, or gutta-percha and AH plus. Preliminary obturation of CSC-DMSO with cement delivery device in human teeth was analyzed in terms of filling length and void, using periapical radiographs. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal Wallis test for simulated root canal fillings and one-way ANOVA for leakage test. RESULTS The flow speed of CSC-DMSO reduced in gypsum channels compared to resin channels, but CSC-PEG did not exhibit significant differences in the channels. The median absolute value of apico-coronal extension was significantly lower in CSC-DMSO compared to CSC-PEG (p < 0.05). Microleakage did not statistically differ between the groups (p > 0.05). In the preliminary obturation, the mean apico-coronal extension of CSC-DMSO was -0.297 ± 0.724 mm, while CSC-PEG was not feasible due to excess apical extrusions. CONCLUSIONS CSC-DMSO could be considered as an alternative filling material for root canal obturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Shin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Ahn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Özer SY, Özkan HD, Oyucu İ. Evaluation of Different Root Canal Obturation Techniques in Internal Root Resorption of Three-Dimensional Printed Teeth Manufactured Using Computer Software. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2022; 9:503-510. [PMID: 36660749 PMCID: PMC9831567 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the filling ability of various root canal obturation techniques on the internal root resorption (IRR) cavities of replicated tooth samples manufactured using computer software and a three-dimensional (3D) printer. Orthographic images and root structures of a healthy upper maxilla central incisor in determined volumes and sizes were drawn as a prototype with the aid of computer software. Using the same software, an IRR defect was also modeled. These two images were then transferred to the AutoDesk Fusion 360 3D modeling program (AutoDesk, San Rafael, CA) for meshing. Afterward, the tooth model was transferred to a 3D modeling and prototyping program (RhinoCeros 3D; Robert McNells & Assoc., New York) and printed on a 3D printer. Eighty replicas with IRR were manufactured and divided into four groups (n = 20 per group) according to the obturating techniques as follows: Group 1: Cold lateral compaction (CLC), Group 2: Core Carrier System (GuttaCore), Group 3: Injectable Cold Filling (GuttaFlow® BioSeal), and Group 4: Continuous Wave Obturation System (Elements Free). After root canal filling, replicas were scanned with a high-resolution micro-computed tomography system (SkyScan 1172; Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium), data regarding voids (unobturated areas) inside the IRR defects were statistically analyzed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. A pairwise comparison between the tested groups showed that Groups 3 and 4 had significantly fewer voids compared with Groups 1 and 2 in IRR defects (p < 0.05). Group 1/Group 2 and Group 3/Group 4 had similar results in terms of voids and there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). The injectable cold filling system (GuttaFlow BioSeal) and the injectable continuous wave obturation system (Elements Free) successfully obturated the pathological IRR irregularities when compared with CLC and core carrier (GuttaCore) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Yiğit Özer
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Efeler-Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hicran Dönmez Özkan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Efeler-Aydin, Turkey
| | - İlayda Oyucu
- Freelance, Industrial Designer, Efeler-Aydin, Turkey
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Alghamdi N, Alamoudi R, Basahel M, Almehayawi N, Alazaiqi M. The effect of heat treatments on the mechanical properties of expired endodontic gutta-percha – An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:S172-S175. [PMID: 36110721 PMCID: PMC9469327 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_880_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Materials and Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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Comparison of the Self-Adjusting File and Hedström File Used as Supplementary Instruments for the Remaining Filling Material Removal During Retreatment of C-Shaped Canals: A Micro-CT Study. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:112-117. [PMID: 32766520 PMCID: PMC7398992 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2019-07-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Self-adjusting file (SAF) system and Hedström (H) file for removing remaining filling material (RFM) from C-shaped canals. Methods: 20 C-shaped mandibular second molars with C1 configurations were instrumented, filled with tagger´s hybrid technique. Samples were divided into 2 groups (n=10). Reciproc R25 and a Mtwo 35/04 file were used for retreatment in both groups. Then, a 2.0 SAF file (group I) and a #35 H file (group II) were used as supplementary steps for RFM removal. Micro-CT scanning was performed after every procedure. Total volumes were calculated and converted into percentages. Also, the minimum wall thickness at 3, 5, 7 mm from apex was calculated. The Prism 7.0 software was used as the analytical tool with a significance of 5%. Results: Initial obturation removal was approximately 64% in group I and 67% in Group II. The apical third had the highest values of RFM. The use of a H file significantly reduced the RFM compared to SAF in the total canal length respectively (30% vs 18%) and at 1-3 mm and 3-6 mm when compared to the use of SAF. A statistically significant decrease of RFM and minimum wall thickness were observed in both groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: None of the retreatment techniques completely removed RFM. The apical region was the more unaffected area. Also, the SAF file was less effective than the H file in removing the RFM. Although C-shaped canals possesses thinner dentinal wall thickness, no excessive dentine removal was observed after each instrument use.
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Karatekin AÖ, Keleş A, Gençoğlu N. Comparison of continuous wave and cold lateral condensation filling techniques in 3D printed simulated C-shape canals instrumented with Reciproc Blue or Hyflex EDM. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224793. [PMID: 31751375 PMCID: PMC6871781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To compare the efficiency of continuous wave obturation and cold lateral condensation techniques and filling time in C-shape canals of 3-dimensional (3D)-printed resin teeth shaped with Reciproc Blue (VDW) or Hyflex EDM (Coltene/Whaledent). Methodology One tooth with C1-type orifice and root canal morphology and one with C2-type orifice and C2-C3 root canal morphology were selected based on CBCT. Two replicas of selected teeth were manufactured with a 3D-printer and their canals were instrumented with Reciproc Blue or Hyflex EDM. These 4 instrumented replicas were scanned with CBCT. Identical 10 replicas of each group (total of 40) were produced using a 3D-printer and randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 5), root filled with either continuous wave obturation (CW) or cold lateral condensation (LC). Horizontal cross-sections of C1-type were made at 2, 4, 6, 8 mm and C2-type at 2, 4, 6 mm from the apical foramen. Gutta-percha, sealer and void areas were evaluated with image analysis sofware. Data were analysed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney-U tests and the Factorial ANOVA was used for interaction effects. Time required to fill canals was evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results For C1-type, LC had more gutta-percha and less sealer compared to CW in 2-mm sections (p<0.05). CW had greater percentages of gutta-percha and lower percentages of sealer compared with LC group in 4, 6, 8 mm sections and total area (p<0.05). LC group had higher percentages of voids compared to CW group in 2 and 4 mm sections (p<0.05). For C2-type, CW had more gutta-percha and less sealer versus LC group in all sections and total area (p<0.05). LC had the least gutta-percha and greatest sealer percentages at 6-mm sections (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the percentages of voids at any level of sections between the filling techniques (p>0.05). In both C-types, there was no significant difference in the percentages of gutta-percha, sealer and voids between Reciproc Blue and Hyflex EDM-shaped groups at any level (p>0.05). Time spent for the LC technique and filling C1-type was significantly longer than when using the CW technique and filling C2-type (p<0.05). Conclusions Continuous wave obturation was more effective than lateral condensation in both C1- and C2-type, except for the apical 2 mm section of C1-type, suggesting the need for a modified CW technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anıl Özgün Karatekin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentsity, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Ali Keleş
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nimet Gençoğlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentsity, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kim Y, Lee D, Kim DV, Kim SY. Analysis of Cause of Endodontic Failure of C-Shaped Root Canals. SCANNING 2018; 2018:2516832. [PMID: 30595786 PMCID: PMC6286757 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2516832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze various characteristics and classification of C-shaped root canals and evaluate the causes of endodontic failure of C-shaped root canals by examining the resected root surface with an endodontic microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Forty-two teeth with C-shaped root canals were included in this study and had undergone intentional replantation surgery. Before surgery, periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography were taken. The root canal configuration was analyzed and classified according to Melton's classification at coronal and apical level. After injection of 1 : 100,000 epinephrine with 2% lidocaine, the tooth was carefully extracted. After the root-end resection, the resected root surface was examined using an operating microscope and SEM. Mandibular second molars were most frequently involved teeth (90.4%). The most frequently observed root canal configurations were C1 at the coronal level (45.2%) and C3 at the apical 3 mm level (45.2%). The most common cause of failure for a C-shaped root canal treatment was a leaky canal (45.2%), followed by an isthmus (23.8%), missing canal, overfilling, and iatrogenic problems. In conclusion, C-shaped root canals were most frequently found in mandibular second molars. The most common cause of failure was a leaky canal and isthmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemi Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Vin Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Young Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gok T, Capar ID, Akcay I, Keles A. Evaluation of Different Techniques for Filling Simulated C-shaped Canals of 3-dimensional Printed Resin Teeth. J Endod 2017; 43:1559-1564. [PMID: 28756962 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of different root canal filling methods on the C1 root canal anatomy using 3-dimensional (3D) printer technology. METHODS Mandibular molars were scanned with cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging. A mandibular molar tooth with a C1 root canal configuration was selected according to images obtained from CBCT technology. The root canals were shaped with ProTaper Universal rotary instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and hand files. After the root canal shaping procedure, the tooth was scanned with micro-computed tomographic imaging, and 80 replicas of the tooth were produced with a 3D printer. Replicas were assigned into 4 groups (n = 20) and were filled using one of the following techniques: a core carrier system (GuttaCore [GC]; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK), a continuous wave obturation system (Elements Free [CW]; Kerr/SybronEndo, Orange, CA), a cold lateral compaction technique (CLC), or the injectable cold filling method (GuttaFlow Bioseal [GFB]; Coltène/Whaledent AG, Altstatten, Switzerland). All specimens were sectioned horizontally at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm from the apices of the specimens. The sections were examined at 32× magnification under a stereomicroscope, and the percentage areas of gutta-percha, sealer, and voids were measured. Statistical analysis of data was performed using multivariate analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference tests (P < .05). RESULTS The CW group had the highest mean percentages for void and the least mean percentages for gutta-percha at 2-mm sections (P < .05). A pairwise comparison between the groups showed significantly less void in the CLC and GFB groups and more void in the CW and GC groups at 2 mm (P < .05). In the total area, the CLC and GFB groups showed a significantly lower percentage of gutta-percha and more sealer compared with the other groups (P < .05), and there was no significant difference between the CLC and GFB groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS At the apical part of the canal, the cold lateral compaction and cold injectable filling techniques were more successful compared with the warm gutta-percha filling techniques in C1 root canal configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Gok
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Katip Celebi University, İzmir, Turkey.
| | | | - Ilgin Akcay
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Keles
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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HORIUCHI ZHFN, SILVA-SOUSA YTC, RAUCCI NETO W, RACHED-JUNIOR FJA, SOUZA-GABRIEL AE, SILVA SRCD, ALFREDO E. Effect of thermoplastic filling techniques on the push-out strength of root sealing materials. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:S1806-83242016000100207. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kato A, Ziegler A, Higuchi N, Nakata K, Nakamura H, Ohno N. Aetiology, incidence and morphology of the C-shaped root canal system and its impact on clinical endodontics. Int Endod J 2014; 47:1012-33. [PMID: 24483229 PMCID: PMC4258081 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The C-shaped root canal constitutes an unusual root morphology that can be found primarily in mandibular second permanent molars. Due to the complexity of their structure, C-shaped root canal systems may complicate endodontic interventions. A thorough understanding of root canal morphology is therefore imperative for proper diagnosis and successful treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding C-shaped roots and root canals, from basic morphology to advanced endodontic procedures. To this end, a systematic search was conducted using the MEDLINE, BIOSIS, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PLoS and BioMed Central databases, and many rarely cited articles were included. Furthermore, four interactive 3D models of extracted teeth are introduced that will allow for a better understanding of the complex C-shaped root canal morphology. In addition, the present publication includes an embedded best-practice video showing an exemplary root canal procedure on a tooth with a pronounced C-shaped root canal. The survey of this unusual structure concludes with a number of suggestions concerning future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kato
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
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Soo WKM, Thong YL, Gutmann JL. A comparison of four gutta-percha filling techniques in simulated C-shaped canals. Int Endod J 2014; 48:736-46. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. K. M. Soo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Y. L. Thong
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - J. L. Gutmann
- Department of Restorative Sciences/Endodontics; Baylor College of Dentistry; Texas A&M University; Dallas TX USA
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Fernandes M, de Ataide I, Wagle R. C-shaped root canal configuration: A review of literature. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:312-9. [PMID: 25125841 PMCID: PMC4127687 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.136437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to review and discuss the etiology, incidence, anatomic features, classification, diagnosis and management of the C-shaped canal configuration. C-shaped canal configuration is a variation that has a racial predilection and is commonly seen in mandibular second molars. The intricacies present in this variation of canal morphology can pose a challenge to the clinician during negotiation, debridement and obturation. Manual and electronic searches of literature were performed from 1979 to 2012, in Pub Med by crossing the keywords: C-shaped canals, mandibular second molar, mandibular first premolar, root canal morphology. Knowledge of the C-shaped canal configuration is essential to achieve success in endodontic therapy. Radiographic and clinical diagnoses can aid in identification and negotiation of the fan-shaped areas and intricacies of the C-shaped anatomy. Effective management of this anomalous canal configuration can be achieved with rotary and hand instrumentation assisted with sonics and ultrasonics. Modifications in the obturation techniques will ensure a 3-dimensional fill of the canal system and chamber retained restorations like amalgam or composites, serve as satisfactory post endodontic restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fernandes
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, India
| | - Ida de Ataide
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, India
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Zhang C, Huang W, Sun Z, Hou B. A comparison of two gutta-percha master points consisting of different phases in filling of artificial lateral canals and depressions in the apical region of root canals when using a warm vertical compaction technique. Int Endod J 2011; 44:1041-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tanomaru-Filho M, Silveira GF, Reis JMSN, Bonetti-Filho I, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Effect of compression load and temperature on thermomechanical tests for gutta-percha and Resilon®. Int Endod J 2011; 44:1019-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tanomaru-Filho M, Pinto RVS, Bosso R, Nascimento CA, Berbert FLCV, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Evaluation of the thermoplasticity of gutta-percha and Resilon® using the Obtura II System at different temperature settings. Int Endod J 2011; 44:764-8. [PMID: 21517905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the thermoplasticity of several endodontic filling materials using the Obtura II System at different temperature settings. METHODOLOGY The following materials based on gutta-percha: Regular Obtura (OBT), Obtura Flow 150 (OBT F), Endo Flow (EDF), Odous (ODO) and the synthetic thermoplastic polymer material Resilon (RE) were heated using the Obtura II System at three temperature settings (140, 170 and 200 °C). Samples of the heated materials were placed on the sensor of a digital thermometer (THR-140; Instrutherm, São Paulo, Brazil) to determine their real temperature (RT) when the system was set at 140 °C (from 64.5 to 69 °C), 170 °C (from 73.8 to 77.5 °C) and 200 °C (from 83.6 °C for EDF and 100 °C for RE). Specimens (n = 30) were made by placing samples of each material in metallic ring moulds and compressing them between two glass slabs. After 24 h, specimens (n = 10) were heated at the different settings (RT) and submitted to compression under a 5-kg load. Plasticization was assessed by calculating the differences between the post-compression and initial diameters of each specimen. Data were submitted to anova and Tukey's test at 5% significance. RESULTS At 140 °C, Obtura Flow presented the highest thermoplasticity values and Regular Obtura, the lowest. At 170 °C, Obtura Flow and Resilon demonstrated greater plasticization. Resilon had the highest mean thermoplasticity values at 200 °C. CONCLUSIONS Thermoplasticity values were influenced both by the temperature settings on the Obtura II System and by the type of material analysed. Obtura Flow and Resilon had the highest mean thermoplasticity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil.
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Schäfer E, Nelius B, Bürklein S. A comparative evaluation of gutta-percha filled areas in curved root canals obturated with different techniques. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:225-30. [PMID: 21249509 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare different obturation techniques in severely curved canals in terms of the percentage of gutta-percha filled area and voids. The obturation times and the incidence of extrusion of filling material were also compared. Curved root canals (curvature, 25-35°) of 48 extracted human teeth were enlarged with Mtwo rotary NiTi instruments and obturated as follows: Group A: 0.04/35 matched-single-cone; Group B: cold lateral compaction with 0.04/35 gutta-percha master cone; Group C: warm vertical compaction; Group D: lateral compaction with standardized gutta-percha master cone. In all groups AHPlus was used as sealer. The teeth were sectioned horizontally at 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mm from the apex. The total area of each canal segment was measured and the areas of gutta-percha, sealer and voids were converted to percentages of the total area. Data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn test. Obturation times were compared using ANOVA and post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test. The matched-single-cone obturation (group A) was significantly the fastest method while warm vertical compaction (group C) required significantly more time than all other techniques (p < 0.05). No significant differences were obtained between the groups in terms of percentage of voids at any level (p > 0.05). At all levels, groups B, C, and D produced significantly higher gutta-percha filled areas (p < 0.05) and lower sealer-filled areas (p < 0.05) than group A. No significant differences were found between groups B, C, and D (p > 0.05) regarding gutta-percha and sealer-filled areas. Within the limitations of the in vitro study, it can be concluded that lateral compaction of greater taper gutta-percha cones is a fast and efficient method for obturation of curved canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Schäfer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance, School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 30, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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Marciano MA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Cunha TVRN, Duarte MAH, Cavenago BC, Garcia RB, Bramante CM, Bernardineli N, Moraes IG. Analysis of four gutta-percha techniques used to fill mesial root canals of mandibular molars. Int Endod J 2011; 44:321-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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