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Rae O, Parashos P. Prevalence and morphology of different root canal systems in mandibular premolars: a cross-sectional observational study. Aust Dent J 2023. [PMID: 37970986 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence and morphology of C-shaped and non-C-shaped root canal systems in permanent mandibular first (PM1) and second (PM2) premolars using retrospective analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, and panoramic radiographs. METHODS CBCT scans from 2000 patients were screened for the presence of premolars with C-shaped canals and then assessed at three axial levels to determine the canal classification. The teeth were also assessed for Vertucci configuration, number of roots, and radicular grooves. Pre-existing panoramic radiographs were evaluated to identify features specific to PM1/2 with multiple canals or C-shaped anatomy. RESULTS A total of 1576 PM1 and 1424 PM2 from 880 patients were evaluated. The overall prevalence of C-shaped canals was 2.2% (3.3% PM1, 1.0% PM2), with 49 (5.6%) patients presenting with at least one C-shaped mandibular premolar. There were 2.3 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.5 different classifiable cross-sections per tooth for PM1 and PM2, respectively. The sudden disappearance or bifurcation of a canal on panoramic radiographs was associated with the presence of multiple canals (P < 0.001) or C-shaped anatomy (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS There was substantial variation in cross-sectional anatomy within and between C-shaped premolars, which will affect endodontic treatment planning. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rae
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Parashos
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Shekarian M, Majlesi M, Zare Jahromi M. Prevalence of C-shaped canals and three-rooted mandibular molars in the Iranian population by using cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:906-912. [PMID: 37786348 PMCID: PMC10582229 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of C-shaped canals and three-rooted mandibular molars in the Iranian population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study evaluated mandibular teeth on 292 CBCT scans of patients referred to the Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. All CBCT scans were obtained with the same three-dimensional CBCT scanner, and sections were reconstructed in all three planes (sagittal, axial, and coronal) with 1 mm slice thickness. A total of 291,402, and 200 first, second, and third molars, respectively, were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26.0). RESULTS Of 291 mandibular first molars, 0.7% were single-rooted, 96.6% were two-rooted, and 2.7% were three-rooted. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 1.7% in mandibular first molars. Of 402 mandibular second molars, 8.5% were single-rooted, 90.5% were two-rooted, and 1% were three-rooted. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 2% in mandibular second molars. Of 200 mandibular third molars, 21.5% were single-rooted, 77.5% were two-rooted, and 1% were three-rooted. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 2% in mandibular third molars. CONCLUSION In the present study, the majority of mandibular molars were two-rooted, and three-rooted mandibular molars were less common. The third and second mandibular molars both had an increased prevalence of C-shaped canals. Mandibular first molars had the highest prevalence of three-rooted molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shekarian
- School of Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Dental Research InstituteIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Masih Majlesi
- School of Dentistry, Isfahan (Khorasgan) BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahanIran
| | - Maryam Zare Jahromi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan (Khorasgan) BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahanIran
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Gomez F, Brea G, Gomez-Sosa JF. Root canal morphology and variations in mandibular second molars: an in vivo cone-beam computed tomography analysis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:424. [PMID: 34470619 PMCID: PMC8411505 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical variations of the root canal system of mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS 190 mandibular second molars cone-beam computed tomography images were reviewed. The evaluation was performed by a radiologist with endodontic experience and two endodontists trained with CBCT technology. Tooth position, number of root and root canals, C-shaped root canal system configuration, presence of extra root (radix), and radicular grooves were assessed. Data was statistically analyzed using The Chi-square test (α = 0,05) to determine any significant difference between gender and the total number of root and root canals, and any significant difference between gender and root canal anatomical variation. RESULTS Overall, 85.5% showed two separated roots, 12.1% a single root, 2.6% three roots or radix. 87.7% showed three root canals, 12.1% two root canals, 2.6% four root canals, and 1.6% a single root canal. 10% showed a single foramen, 75.3% two foramina, 13.6% three foramina and 1% showed four foramina.19.5% showed C-shaped anatomical variation, 51.4% in male patients, 48.6% in female patients. According to Fan classification: C1 13.6% in cervical third, C2 10% in the middle third, C3 17.3% in middle third, 15.5% in apical third, and C4 12.7% in the apical third. Root canals number in these samples were 5.4% a single canal, 21.6% two canals, 70.3% three canals, and 2.7% four canals. The root showed 46% with one foramen, 46% two foramina, and 8% three foramina. Radicular grooves 83.3% were found in the lingual area and 16.2% towards the buccal area. CONCLUSIONS The most prevalent anatomic presentation of the evaluated sample was a mandibular second molars with two roots, three root canals, and two apical foramina. Their variation was C-shaped root canals and Radix Paramolaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gomez
- Postgraduate Department of Endodontics, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gisbeli Brea
- Postgraduate Department of Endodontics, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Hashem M, Altinawi A, Fouad H, Vellappally S, Khan AA. Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on bonding strength and failure modes of fiber-posts in c-shaped treated root canals. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102469. [PMID: 34333143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) and failure modes of fiber-posts after photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Erbium yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) in c-shaped canals. METHODS Sixty molars with c-shaped root configuration were studied. The endodontic prepared teeth specimen were equally randomized into four groups: i) photodynamic therapy (PDT); ii) Er,Cr:YSGG; iii) chlorhexidine and; iv) control group. Post root filling, 10 mm space was prepared for insertion of post in the root canals. The push-out bond strength was evaluated using Universal testing machine. Modes of failure were evaluated as adhesive, cohesive and admixed. Mean values were computed between groups using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Comparison between two thirds of root sections were analyzed using Friedman test. P-value was set at 0.05 or less. RESULTS Specimens treated with PDT reported the highest mean PBS (8.56 ± 2.12 MPa), while the lowest PBS was observed in NaOCl group (6.92 ± 2.21 MPa). Thirteen failures were observed at the adhesive post interface, whereas 22 failures were found at the interface forming between the dentin surface and adhesive. Similarly, 9 failures were categorized as mixed. For PDT group, a sum of 3 failures and 4 failures were noted at the apical and cervical points. CONCLUSION The specimens treated with PDT showed the highest push out bond strength with least number of failures.in c-shaped root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hashem
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amir Altinawi
- Biomedical Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Fouad
- Applied Medical Science Department, CC, King Saud University, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajith Vellappally
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmed Khan
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Silva PA, Alcalde MP, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH. Comparison of the Self-Adjusting File and Hedström File Used as Supplementary Instruments for the Remaining Filling Material Removal During Retreatment of C-Shaped Canals: A Micro-CT Study. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:112-7. [PMID: 32766520 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2019-07-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Self-adjusting file (SAF) system and Hedström (H) file for removing remaining filling material (RFM) from C-shaped canals. Methods: 20 C-shaped mandibular second molars with C1 configurations were instrumented, filled with tagger´s hybrid technique. Samples were divided into 2 groups (n=10). Reciproc R25 and a Mtwo 35/04 file were used for retreatment in both groups. Then, a 2.0 SAF file (group I) and a #35 H file (group II) were used as supplementary steps for RFM removal. Micro-CT scanning was performed after every procedure. Total volumes were calculated and converted into percentages. Also, the minimum wall thickness at 3, 5, 7 mm from apex was calculated. The Prism 7.0 software was used as the analytical tool with a significance of 5%. Results: Initial obturation removal was approximately 64% in group I and 67% in Group II. The apical third had the highest values of RFM. The use of a H file significantly reduced the RFM compared to SAF in the total canal length respectively (30% vs 18%) and at 1-3 mm and 3-6 mm when compared to the use of SAF. A statistically significant decrease of RFM and minimum wall thickness were observed in both groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: None of the retreatment techniques completely removed RFM. The apical region was the more unaffected area. Also, the SAF file was less effective than the H file in removing the RFM. Although C-shaped canals possesses thinner dentinal wall thickness, no excessive dentine removal was observed after each instrument use.
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Kaya Büyükbayram I, Sübay RK, Çolakoğlu G, Elçin MA, Ordulu Sübay M. Investigation using cone beam computed tomography analysis, of radicular grooves and canal configurations of mandibular premolars in a Turkish subpopulation. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 107:104517. [PMID: 31442932 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct an in vivo evaluation of prevalence of root canal configurations, lengths of C-shaped canals, prevalence and depths of radicular grooves (RGs), in mandibular first and second premolars in a Turkish subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS CBCT images of 327 first and 264 second premolars were included. Canal configurations, locations, lengths, and types of C-shaped canals, and RGs were evaluated on CBCT images. Data were statistically analyzed (P < 0.05). RESULTS First and second premolars were classified as follows: type I, (83.8%, 97.72%); type V, (12.22%, 0.76%); type III, (3.06%, 0.76%); and other types. RGs were exhibited by 14.68% of first and 2.27% of second premolars (P < 0.05). Incidence of complex canals (types III, V and other types, 89.8%) in first premolars with RGs was significantly higher versuswithout RGs (P < 0.05). C-shaped configuration was exhibited by 4.58% of first (80% semilunar-type), and 1.13% of second premolars (P < 0.05). All first premolars with C-shaped canals showed RGs and complex canals. CONCLUSIONS Complex canals and RGs frequently co-exist in mandibular premolars. C-shaped canals are not common in mandibular premolars, and mostly located in middle thirds. Type V is the most prevalent complex canal configuration in first premolars, and frequently associated with a C-shaped semilunar-type anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Kaya Büyükbayram
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Aydın University, Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, 34295, Turkey.
| | - Rüstem Kemal Sübay
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Aydın University, Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, 34295, Turkey
| | - Gizem Çolakoğlu
- Department of Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Aydın University, Küçükçekmece, 34295, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Elçin
- Department of Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Aydın University, Küçükçekmece, 34295, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Ordulu Sübay
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul University, Çapa, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
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Fernandes M, de Ataide I, Wagle R. C-shaped root canal configuration: A review of literature. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:312-9. [PMID: 25125841 PMCID: PMC4127687 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.136437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to review and discuss the etiology, incidence, anatomic features, classification, diagnosis and management of the C-shaped canal configuration. C-shaped canal configuration is a variation that has a racial predilection and is commonly seen in mandibular second molars. The intricacies present in this variation of canal morphology can pose a challenge to the clinician during negotiation, debridement and obturation. Manual and electronic searches of literature were performed from 1979 to 2012, in Pub Med by crossing the keywords: C-shaped canals, mandibular second molar, mandibular first premolar, root canal morphology. Knowledge of the C-shaped canal configuration is essential to achieve success in endodontic therapy. Radiographic and clinical diagnoses can aid in identification and negotiation of the fan-shaped areas and intricacies of the C-shaped anatomy. Effective management of this anomalous canal configuration can be achieved with rotary and hand instrumentation assisted with sonics and ultrasonics. Modifications in the obturation techniques will ensure a 3-dimensional fill of the canal system and chamber retained restorations like amalgam or composites, serve as satisfactory post endodontic restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fernandes
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, India
| | - Ida de Ataide
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, India
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