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Giannattasio S, Citarella A, Trocchianesi S, Filardi T, Morano S, Lenzi A, Ferretti E, Crescioli C. Cell-Target-Specific Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Empagliflozin: In Vitro Evidence in Human Cardiomyocytes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:879522. [PMID: 35712355 PMCID: PMC9194473 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.879522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiabetic sodium–glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) empagliflozin efficiently reduces heart failure (HF) hospitalization and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Empagliflozin-cardioprotection likely includes anti-inflammatory effects, regardless glucose lowering, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Inflammation is a primary event in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and HF development. The interferon (IFN)γ-induced 10-kDa protein (IP-10/CXCL10), a T helper 1 (Th1)-type chemokine, promotes cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and diseases, including DCM, ideally representing a therapeutic target. This preliminary study aims to explore whether empagliflozin directly affects Th1-challenged human cardiomyocytes, in terms of CXCL10 targeting. To this purpose, empagliflozin dose–response curves were performed in cultured human cardiomyocytes maintained within a Th1-dominant inflammatory microenvironment (IFNγ/TNFα), and CXCL10 release with the intracellular IFNγ-dependent signaling pathway (Stat-1) was investigated. To verify possible drug–cell-target specificity, the same assays were run in human skeletal muscle cells. Empagliflozin dose dependently inhibited CXCL10 secretion (IC50 = 76,14 × 10-9 M) in association with Stat-1 pathway impairment only in Th1-induced human cardiomyocytes, suggesting drug-selective cell-type-targeting. As CXCL10 plays multifaceted functions in cardiac remodeling toward HF and currently there is no effective method to prevent it, these preliminary data might be hypothesis generating to open new scenarios in the translational approach to SGLT2i-dependent cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giannattasio
- Laboratory of Endocrine Research, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Citarella
- Laboratory of Oncogemics, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Trocchianesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine “Alberto Gulino” Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Filardi
- Laboratory of Oncogemics, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Morano
- Laboratory of Oncogemics, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Laboratory of Oncogemics, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Laboratory of Oncogemics, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elisabetta Ferretti, ; Clara Crescioli,
| | - Clara Crescioli
- Laboratory of Endocrine Research, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elisabetta Ferretti, ; Clara Crescioli,
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2
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Greiner JV, Glonek T. Intracellular ATP Concentration and Implication for Cellular Evolution. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1166. [PMID: 34827159 PMCID: PMC8615055 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline lens and striated muscle exist at opposite ends of the metabolic spectrum. Lens is a metabolically quiescent tissue, whereas striated muscle is a mechanically dynamic tissue with high-energy requirements, yet both tissues contain millimolar levels of ATP (>2.3 mM), far exceeding their underlying metabolic needs. We explored intracellular concentrations of ATP across multiple cells, tissues, species, and domains to provide context for interpreting lens/striated muscle data. Our database revealed that high intracellular ATP concentrations are ubiquitous across diverse life forms including species existing from the Precambrian Era, suggesting an ancient highly conserved role for ATP, independent of its widely accepted view as primarily "metabolic currency". Our findings reinforce suggestions that the primordial function of ATP was non-metabolic in nature, serving instead to prevent protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack V. Greiner
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Clinical Eye Research of Boston, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Thomas Glonek
- Clinical Eye Research of Boston, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
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3
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Mitonuclear mismatch alters nuclear gene expression in naturally introgressed Rhinolophus bats. Front Zool 2021; 18:42. [PMID: 34488775 PMCID: PMC8419968 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial function involves the interplay between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Such mitonuclear interactions can be disrupted by the introgression of mitochondrial DNA between taxa or divergent populations. Previous studies of several model systems (e.g. Drosophila) indicate that the disruption of mitonuclear interactions, termed mitonuclear mismatch, can alter nuclear gene expression, yet few studies have focused on natural populations. Results Here we study a naturally introgressed population in the secondary contact zone of two subspecies of the intermediate horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis), in which individuals possess either mitonuclear matched or mismatched genotypes. We generated transcriptome data for six tissue types from five mitonuclear matched and five mismatched individuals. Our results revealed strong tissue-specific effects of mitonuclear mismatch on nuclear gene expression with the largest effect seen in pectoral muscle. Moreover, consistent with the hypothesis that genes associated with the response to oxidative stress may be upregulated in mitonuclear mismatched individuals, we identified several such gene candidates, including DNASE1L3, GPx3 and HSPB6 in muscle, and ISG15 and IFI6 in heart. Conclusion Our study reveals how mitonuclear mismatch arising from introgression in natural populations is likely to have fitness consequences. Underlying the processes that maintain mitonuclear discordance is a step forward to understand the role of mitonuclear interactions in population divergence and speciation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00424-x.
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Huang J, Ma J, Wang J, Ma K, Zhou K, Huang W, Zhao F, Lv B, Hu Q. Whole-transcriptome analysis of rat cavernosum and identification of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks to investigate nerve injury erectile dysfunction pathogenesis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6516-6528. [PMID: 34461805 PMCID: PMC8806524 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1973863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a vital role in many kinds of diseases, including erectile dysfunction (ED). Nevertheless, the role of circRNAs in cavernous nerve-damaging ED (CNI-ED) is unknown. Here, we aimed to discover novel circRNAs, probed their potential role in the CNI-ED, and construct a ceRNA network of circRNAs. Twelve male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups by us: bilateral cavernous nerve crush (BCNC) and control groups. Four weeks after surgery, the spongy smooth muscle tissue of the rat penis was sequenced using high-throughput full transcriptome sequencing. We analyzed the expression of circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in the two groups. Twenty circRNAs with significantly different expressions were selected for RT-qPCR. CeRNA network of circRNAs was established using Cytoscape. GO and KEGG analysis was done by R package. Sequencing showed that 4,587 circRNAs, 762 miRNAs, and 21,661 mRNAs were dysregulated in the BCNC group. The top 20 differentially expressed circRNAs were further verified via RT-qPCR. The ceRNA network contained ten circRNAs, six miRNAs, and 227 mRNAs, including 23 circRNA-miRNA pairs and 227 miRNA-mRNA pairs. GO and KEGG analysis suggested that these ten circRNAs could main regulate energy metabolism processes. A protein‐protein interaction network was constructed with the mRNAs in ceRNA network, and five hub genes were identified. Our study revealed a potential link between circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in CNI-ED, suggesting that circRNAs may contribute to the occurrence of ED by regulating the cellular energy metabolism in CNI-ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiong Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Urology, First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bodong Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Combined Chinese and Western Sexual Dysfunction, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Jiang X, Zheng YW, Bao S, Zhang H, Chen R, Yao Q, Kou L. Drug discovery and formulation development for acute pancreatitis. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:1562-1580. [PMID: 33118404 PMCID: PMC7598990 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1840665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation and only last for a short time, but might lead to a life-threatening emergency. Traditional drug therapy is an essential supportive method for acute pancreatitis treatment, yet, failed to achieve satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. To date, it is still challenging to develop therapeutic medicine to redress the intricate microenvironment promptly in the inflamed pancreas, and more importantly, avoid multi-organ failure. The understanding of the acute pancreatitis, including the causes, mechanism, and severity judgment, could help the scientists bring up more effective intervention and treatment strategies. New formulation approaches have been investigated to precisely deliver therapeutics to inflammatory lesions in the pancreas, and some even could directly attenuate the pancreatic damages. In this review, we will briefly introduce the involved pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of acute pancreatitis, as well as the traditional Chinese medicine and the new drug option. Most of all, we will summarize the drug delivery strategies to reduce inflammation and potentially prevent the further development of pancreatitis, with an emphasis on the bifunctional nanoparticles that act as both drug delivery carriers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Paediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shihui Bao
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Paediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Paediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Children's Respiration Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Paediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Paediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Longfa Kou
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Paediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Gao J, Wu L, Wang S, Chen X. Role of Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 10 (CXCL10) in Renal Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6194864. [PMID: 32089645 PMCID: PMC7025113 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6194864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine C-X-C ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), exerts biological function mainly through binding to its specific receptor, CXCR3. Studies have shown that renal resident mesangial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, podocytes, endothelial cells, and infiltrating inflammatory cells express CXCL10 and CXCR3 under inflammatory conditions. In the last few years, strong experimental and clinical evidence has indicated that CXCL10 is involved in the development of renal diseases through the chemoattraction of inflammatory cells and facilitation of cell growth and angiostatic effects. In addition, CXCL10 has been shown to be a significant biomarker of disease severity, and it can be used as a prognostic indicator for a variety of renal diseases, such as renal allograft dysfunction and lupus nephritis. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological functions of CXCL10 and CXCR3, focusing on the important role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, and provide a theoretical basis for CXCL10 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in human kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road 324, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Siyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
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7
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Bellei B, Picardo M. Premature cell senescence in human skin: Dual face in chronic acquired pigmentary disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100981. [PMID: 31733332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although senescence was originally described as an in vitro acquired cellular characteristic, it was recently recognized that senescence is physiologically and pathologically involved in aging and age-related diseases in vivo. The definition of cellular senescence has expanded to include the growth arrest caused by various cellular stresses, including DNA damage, inadequate mitochondria function, activated oncogene or tumor suppressor genes and oxidative stress. While senescence in normal aging involves various tissues over time and contributes to a decline in tissue function even with healthy aging, disease-induced premature senescence may be restricted to one or a few organs triggering a prolonged and more intense rate of accumulation of senescent cells than in normal aging. Organ-specific high senescence rate could lead to chronic diseases, especially in post-mitotic rich tissue. Recently, two opposite acquired pathological conditions related to skin pigmentation were described to be associated with premature senescence: vitiligo and melasma. In both cases, it was demonstrated that pathological dysfunctions are not restricted to melanocytes, the cell type responsible for melanin production and transport to surrounding keratinocytes. Similar to physiological melanogenesis, dermal and epidermal cells contribute directly and indirectly to deregulate skin pigmentation as a result of complex intercellular communication. Thus, despite senescence usually being reported as a uniform phenotype sharing the expression of characteristic markers, skin senescence involving mainly the dermal compartment and its paracrine function could be associated with the disappearance of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions and with the exacerbated activity of melanocytes in the hyperpigmentation spots of melasma. This suggests that the difference may arise in melanocyte intrinsic differences and/or in highly defined microenvironment peculiarities poorly explored at the current state of the art. A similar dualistic phenotype has been attributed to intratumoral stromal cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts presenting a senescent-like phenotype which influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. Here, we present a framework dissecting senescent-related molecular alterations shared by vitiligo and melasma patients and we also discuss disease-specific differences representing new challenges for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Yi Y, Sun X, Gibson-Corley K, Xie W, Liang B, He N, Tyler SR, Uc A, Philipson LH, Wang K, Hara M, Ode KL, Norris AW, Engelhardt JF. A Transient Metabolic Recovery from Early Life Glucose Intolerance in Cystic Fibrosis Ferrets Occurs During Pancreatic Remodeling. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1852-65. [PMID: 26862997 PMCID: PMC4870869 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes in humans is intimately related to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, yet little is known about how these 2 disease processes simultaneously evolve in CF. In this context, we examined CF ferrets during the evolution of exocrine pancreatic disease. At 1 month of age, CF ferrets experienced a glycemic crisis with spontaneous diabetic-level hyperglycemia. This occurred during a spike in pancreatic inflammation that was preceded by pancreatic fibrosis and loss of β-cell mass. Surprisingly, there was spontaneous normalization of glucose levels at 2-3 months, with intermediate hyperglycemia thereafter. Mixed meal tolerance was impaired at all ages, but glucose intolerance was not detected until 4 months. Insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemic clamp and to arginine was impaired. Insulin sensitivity, measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, was normal. Pancreatic inflammation rapidly diminished after 2 months of age during a period where β-cell mass rose and gene expression of islet hormones, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and adiponectin increased. We conclude that active CF exocrine pancreatic inflammation adversely affects β-cells but is followed by islet resurgence. We predict that very young humans with CF may experience a transient glycemic crisis and postulate that pancreatic inflammatory to adipogenic remodeling may facilitate islet adaptation in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yi
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Xingshen Sun
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Katherine Gibson-Corley
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Weiliang Xie
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Bo Liang
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Nan He
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Scott R Tyler
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Aliye Uc
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Louis H Philipson
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Kai Wang
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Manami Hara
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Katie Larson Ode
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Anatomy and Cell Biology (Y.Y., X.S., W.X., B.L., N.H., S.R.T., J.F.E.), Departments of Pathology (K.G.-C.) and Pediatrics (A.U., K.L.O., A.W.N.), Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (A.W.N., J.F.E.), and Department of Biostatistics (K.W.), College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and Department of Medicine (L.H.P., M.H.), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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10
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Yang G, Zhang W, Qin Q, Wang J, Zheng H, Xiong W, Yuan J. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces apoptosis in p53-silenced L02 cells via activation of both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1178-1191. [PMID: 24706461 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is one of the main metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The evidence shows that DEHP may exert its toxic effects primarily via MEHP, which is 10-fold more potent than its parent compound in toxicity in vitro. MEHP-induced apoptosis is mediated by either p53-dependent or -independent pathway. However, the detailed mechanism of its toxicity remains unclear. In this study, immortalized normal human liver cell line L02 was chosen, as an in vitro model of nonmalignant liver, to elucidate the role of p53 in MEHP-induced apoptosis. The cells were treated with MEHP (6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00, and 100.00 μM) for 24 and 36 h, then small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to specifically silence p53 gene of L02 cells. The results indicated that MEHP caused oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in L02 cells were associated with the p53 signaling pathway. Further study found that MEHP (50.00 and 100.00 μM) induced apoptosis in p53-silenced L02 cells, along with the up-regulations of Fas and FasL proteins as well as increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase 3, 8, and 9 activities. Additionally, both FasL inhibitor (AF-016) and Caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp- fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK) could prevent the cell apoptosis induced by MEHP. The findings suggested that MEHP-induced apoptosis in L02 cells involving a Caspases-mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway and/or death receptor pathway. p53 was not absolutely necessary for MEHP-induced L02 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhi Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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11
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Gao J, Gao J, Qian L, Wang X, Wu M, Zhang Y, Ye H, Zhu S, Yu Y, Han W. Activation of p38-MAPK by CXCL4/CXCR3 axis contributes to p53-dependent intestinal apoptosis initiated by 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:982-91. [PMID: 24800927 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced mucositis (CIM) is a major does limiting side-effect of chemoagents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Molecules involved in this disease process are still not fully understood. We proposed that the homeostatically regulated genes during CIM may participate in the disease. A cluster of such genes were previously identified by expression gene-array from the mouse jejunum in 5-FU-induced mucositis model. Here, we report that CXCL4 is such a homeostatically regulated gene and serves as a new target for the antibody treatment of CIM. CXCL4 and its receptor CXCR3 were confirmed at both the gene and protein levels to be homeostatically regulated during 5-FU-induced mucositis. Using of CXCL4 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (CXCL4mab) decreased the incidence, severity, and duration of the chemotherapy-induced diarrhea, the major symptom of CIM, in a 5-FU mouse CIM model. Mechanistically, CXCL4mab reduced the apoptosis of the crypt epithelia by suppression of the 5-FU-induced expression of p53 and Bax through its receptor CXCR3. The downstream signaling pathway of CXCL4 in activation of the epithelial apoptosis was identified in an intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6). CXCL4 activated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which mediated the stimulated expression of p53 and Bax, and resulted in the ultimate activation of Caspase-8, -9, and -3. Taken together, activation of CXCL4 expression by 5-FU in mice participates in 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis through upregulation of p53 via activation of p38-MAPK, and CXCL4mab is potentially beneficial in preventing CIM in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jin Gao
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lan Qian
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Ye
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shunying Zhu
- Shanghai Municipality Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Yu
- Shanghai Municipality Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Han
- Laboratory of Regeneromics; School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai, PR China
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12
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Blocking type I interferon signaling rescues lymphocytes from oxidative stress, exhaustion, and apoptosis in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of type I diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:148725. [PMID: 23533683 PMCID: PMC3606800 DOI: 10.1155/2013/148725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of type I interferon (IFN) during type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are associated with a defective immune response. In the present study, we investigated whether blocking type I IFN signaling during streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced T1D in mice improves lymphocyte proliferation and escape from continuous apoptosis. Three groups of mice were examined: diabetic mice, type I IFN signaling-incompetent diabetic mice, and control nondiabetic mice. We first found that diabetes induction was accompanied by an elevation in the plasma levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroperoxide, malondialdehyde (MDN), and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL10. Blocking type 1 IFN signaling in diabetic mice significantly decreased the levels of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, lymphocytes from diabetic mice exhibited a marked reduction in their proliferative capacity, increased apoptosis, upregulation of the exhaustion marker PD-1, and aberrant phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, AKT and IκB-α. Interestingly, following the blocking of type I IFN signaling in diabetic mice, the lymphocytes exhibited restored proliferative capacity, decreased apoptosis, normal expression of PD-1, and normal phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, AKT and IκB-α. Our data suggest that elevated levels of type I IFN during T1D trigger lymphocyte exhaustion and a defective lymphocyte-medicated immune response.
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13
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Sahin H, Borkham-Kamphorst E, do O NT, Berres ML, Kaldenbach M, Schmitz P, Weiskirchen R, Liedtke C, Streetz KL, Maedler K, Trautwein C, Wasmuth HE. Proapoptotic effects of the chemokine, CXCL 10 are mediated by the noncognate receptor TLR4 in hepatocytes. Hepatology 2013; 57:797-805. [PMID: 22996399 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aberrant expression of the chemokine CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)10 has been linked to the severity of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver injury, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we describe a yet-unknown proapoptotic effect of CXCL10 in hepatocytes, which is not mediated through its cognate chemokine receptor, but the lipopolysaccharide receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). To this end, we investigated the link of CXCL10 expression with apoptosis in HCV-infected patients and in murine liver injury models. Mice were treated with CXCL10 or neutralizing antibody to systematically analyze effects on hepatocellular apoptosis in vivo. Direct proapoptotic functions of CXCL10 on different liver cell types were evaluated in detail in vitro. The results showed that CXCL10 expression was positively correlated with liver cell apoptosis in humans and mice. Neutralization of CXCL10 ameliorated concanavalin A-induced tissue injury in vivo, which was strongly associated with reduced liver cell apoptosis. In vitro, CXCL10 mediated the apoptosis of hepatocytes involving TLR4, but not CXC chemokine receptor 3 signaling. Specifically, CXCL10 induced long-term protein kinase B and Jun N-terminal kinase activation, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis by caspase-8, caspase-3, and p21-activated kinase 2 cleavage. Accordingly, systemic application of CXCL10 led to TLR4-induced liver cell apoptosis in vivo. CONCLUSION The results identify CXCL10 and its noncognate receptor, TLR4, as a proapoptotic signaling cascade during liver injury. Antagonism of the CXCL10/TLR4 pathway might be a therapeutic option in liver diseases associated with increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Sahin
- Medical Department III and University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Sidahmed AME, León AJ, Bosinger SE, Banner D, Danesh A, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. CXCL10 contributes to p38-mediated apoptosis in primary T lymphocytes in vitro. Cytokine 2012; 59:433-41. [PMID: 22652417 PMCID: PMC7129786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CXCL10 is part of the group of interferon-stimulated genes and it plays an important role during different viral infections by inducing cell activation, chemotaxis and lymphocyte priming toward the Th1 phenotype. In this study, we investigated in vitro the effects of CXCL10 in activated human primary T lymphocytes in terms of apoptosis or survival, and delineated the signaling pathways that are involved. CXCL10, in combination with IL-2 and/or IFNα, induces apoptosis in T lymphocytes. Moreover, CXCL10-induced activation of CXCR3 also triggers pro-survival signals that can be blocked by pertussis toxin. The analysis of the downstream signaling kinases shows that apoptosis is p38 MAPK-dependent and the pro-survival signals rely on the sustained activation of PI3K and the transient activation of Akt. On the other hand, the transient activation of p44/p42 ERK did not have an impact on T lymphocyte survival. We propose an immunological model in which CXCL10, together with other co-stimulating cytokines, participates in the activation of T lymphocytes, promotes survival and expansion of certain lymphocyte subsets, and induces chemotaxis toward the infected tissues. On the other hand, CXCL10 might contribute to the triggering of apoptosis in other subsets of T lymphocytes, including those lymphocytes that were transiently activated but later lacked the appropriate sets of specific co-stimulating signals to ensure their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubaker M E Sidahmed
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Tirotta E, Ransohoff RM, Lane TE. CXCR2 signaling protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from IFN-γ/CXCL10-mediated apoptosis. Glia 2011; 59:1518-28. [PMID: 21656856 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration of activated lymphocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) is potentially harmful by damaging resident cells through release of cytokines. Among these is IFN-γ that is secreted by activated natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes and can exert a cytotoxic effect on resident glial populations including oligodendrocytes. Here we show that treatment of mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC)-enriched cultures with IFN-γ resulted in a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis. IFN-γ-induced apoptosis is mediated, in part, through induction of the CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10; IP-10) from cultured OPCs. Treatment of OPCs with CXCL10 resulted in cell death in a concentration-dependent manner and IFN-γ-treatment of CXCL10-/- OPCs resulted in >50% reduction in cell death. Further, treatment of CXCR3-/- OPC cultures with either IFN-γ or CXCL10 resulted in reduced cell death supporting an important role for CXCL10 signaling in IFN-γ-mediated OPC apoptosis. Data is also provided demonstrating that signaling through CXCR2 protects either IFN-γ or CXCL10-treated OPC cultures from apoptosis and this effect is abolished in CXCR2-/- OPCs. CXCR2-mediated protection from apoptosis is associated with impaired cleavage of caspase 3 and elevated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for CXCL10 in contributing to neuropathology by promoting oligodendrocyte apoptosis and emphasize the potential relevance in targeting CXCL10 in treating human demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Tirotta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
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